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Academic literature on the topic 'Ore deposit formation'

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Published: 10 December 2022
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Journal articles on the topic "Ore deposit formation"

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Antonijevic, Ivan, and Predrag Mijatovic. "The copper deposits of Bor, eastern Serbia: Geology and origin of the deposits." Annales g?ologiques de la Peninsule balkanique, no. 75 (2014): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gabp1475059a.

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The copper deposits of Bor, volcanic activities in the area and relationship of minerals through time are presented by formations within the Cenomanian-Turonian range. Geology and age of the deposits are given in the geological-time order based on superposition of the Timok mineral-ore Formation and the underlying (Cenomanian) and fossiliferous overlying (Senonian) strata. The concept of dating Bor deposits the Turonian is discussed in this context. Bor deposits lie between the Cenomanian Krivelj Formation and the Senonian epiclastic Metovnica Formation. Embedded between the two formations is the Timok volcanogenic Formation. Described in this paper are principal members of the Timok Formation strata: volcanogenic and subvolcanogenic- intrusive rocks, a zone of hydrothermally altered rocks and main types of the Bor ore deposits: (a) Deposits of massive sulphide coppers; (b) Vein and stockwork-disseminated type of mineralisation; (c) Porphyry mineralisation; and (d) Reworked ore-clasts of copper sulphides of the Novo Okno deposit. Identified deposits, according to the Bor Geological Service records and published works, are systematized and summarized into three geographic units: (1) Group of deposits Severozapad (Brezanik); (2) Central Bor Deposits (Tilva Ros, Coka Dulkan, Tilva Mika, Borska Reka, and Veliki Krivelj) and many ore bodies; (3) Copper deposits Jugoistok (ore bodies X and J) and olistostrome deposit Novo Okno. Information given in this paper, the discussion on relative geologic age of the Bor deposit?s floor and roof in particular, support our concept that the process ceased before the Upper Turonian, and that age of the primary copper mineralization is Turonian.
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Guo, Dongwei, Yanhe Li, Chao Duan, and Changfu Fan. "Involvement of Evaporite Layers in the Formation of Iron Oxide-Apatite Ore Deposits: Examples from the Luohe Deposit in China and the El Laco Deposit in Chile." Minerals 12, no. 8 (August 19, 2022): 1043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12081043.

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Iron oxide-apatite (IOA) deposits are important sources of iron. The role of evaporite layers in the formation of IOA ore deposits remains controversial. The Luohe deposit in eastern China and the El Laco deposit in Chile are representative IOA deposits. In this study, the S isotope characteristics of these two deposits are revisited. The formation of the Luohe ore deposit is closely related to marine evaporite layers in the Middle Triassic Dongma’anshan Formation. At Luohe, most of the sulfides and sulfates have high δ34SV-CDT values (concentrated from 6‰ to 10‰ and 16‰ to 20‰, respectively). The δ34SV-CDT values of sulfates are similar to those of marine evaporite layers (28–30‰) in the Dongma’anshan Formation. Estimates show that 46–82% of sulfur in the Luohe deposit is derived from marine evaporite layers. Unlike the Luohe deposit, the El Laco ore deposit formed in close relation to terrestrial evaporite layers from the Cretaceous-Tertiary Salta Group. At El Laco, the sulfides and sulfates have lower δ34SV-CDT values of −2.3‰ to −0.9‰ and 6.8‰ to 10.5‰, respectively. The δ34SV-CDT values of sulfates from the El Laco deposit are similar to those of sulfates from terrestrial evaporite layers (9.5‰) in the Salta Group. Estimates reveal that more than 70% of sulfur comes from terrestrial evaporite layers. These results indicate that evaporite layers have been involved in IOA ore-forming systems of both hydrothermal and magmatic deposits. Evaporite layers are proposed to have played key roles in the ore-forming processes of the Luohe and the Laco deposits and in other IOA deposits elsewhere.
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Nikiforov, Alexander. "ORE CONTROL OF KHIZOVAARA STRUCTURE DEPOSITS." SWS Journal of EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCES 1, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35603/eps2019/issue1.02.

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Abstract Ore-controlling factors determine the patterns of formation and localization of mineralization within ore regions and deposits. The need for this study arises from the importance of integrated assessment of mineral resources and improvement of metasomatic formation techniques. This is especially important for geological materials which are mined for their direct commercial value (industrial materials). This article is devoted to the study of the ore control of complex industrial minerals. The Khizovaara structure belongs to the Tikshozero greenstone belt. Within the structure, a multistage metamorphism and metasomatism processes are manifested. The totality of lithological, structural and petrologic ore control factors determines the existence within the structure of several deposits. These are deposits of industrial minerals, such as garnet, quartz, muscovite, kyanite, staurolite. In almost all cases, the ores are complex. The following objects were studied: Southern Lens (kyanite + quartz) deposit, Northern lens (kyanite + quartz) deposit, East Khizovaara (muscovite + quartz) deposit, Vysota-181 (garnet + staurolite + kyanite + muscovite + quartz) deposit, ore occurence Fuxit (decorative rocks). For the ores of each site, the processes of regional metamorphism of the amphibolite facies of kyanite-biotite and muscovite-chlorite-kyanite subfacies are important. Metamorphism, tectonic regime and geological connection with rocks has been studied as a ore control factor, based on this, data on the quantitative distribution of industrial minerals of metamorphic genesis have been obtained. Acidic and alkaline metasomatites of each site are considered. On the basis of these data, metasomatic processes that lead to the formation of complex ores are revealed. The process of superposition of metasomatosis products of the late stage on the products of early stage metasomatosis was studied. This process leads to the formation of complex ores of three or four minerals. The result of the work is a general scheme of metamorphic and metasomatic ores control
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Lima, Luciana M. K., and Waldyr L. O. Filho. "Formation of Fine Iron Ore Tailings Deposits." Soils and Rocks 35, no. 2 (May 1, 2012): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.28927/sr.352141.

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Deposit formation back analysis of a two-year iron ore slime impoundment managed by the sub-aerial method is performed using two complementary approaches. The first one tries to identify the deposit stratigraphy and its formation history. This is made possible through sorted document review (reports, design documents, personal communication, photos, etc.) and by means of an extensive geotechnical investigation program, including laboratory and field testing. The second approach, considered more quantitative, deals with modeling the sub-aerial deposition method, using a numerical solution for events such as large strain consolidation and desiccation of fine, soft tailings, following filling and waiting periods, according to that disposal technique. For modeling, the computer program CONDES is used with constitutive functions of available material, also using actual slime management data. The numerical model rendered a final deposit height of 8.16 m, very close to the actual height measured in the field, providing the model validation. The analyses suggest that the desiccation process inherent to the sub-aerial method had a minimal effect or did not even occur during the impoundment operation. Other potential disposal schemes were also evaluated and comparisons were made. The study has shown the ability to understand the formation of fine iron ore mining tailing deposits, and how to make use of this tool in projects.
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STEPANOV, VITALY ALEKSEEVICH, and ANTON VLADIMIROVICH MELNIKOV. "DISCOVERY, DEVELOPMENT AND STUDY OF THE KIROVSKYI GOLD ORE DEPOSIT OF AMUR PROVINCE (AMUR REGION, RUSSIA)." Messenger AmSU, no. 93 (2021): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/jasu.93.24.

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The history of the discovery, development and study of the Kirovskyi gold ore deposit in the Priamur gold-bearing province is considered. The deposit is attributed to the gold-bismuth type of vein deposits of the gold-sulfide-quartz formation. Gold mineralization is genetically related to the formation of the Dzhalinda intrusion of Early Cretaceous granitoids or a series of later dikes of «variegated» composition. The isotopic age of gold mineralization, determined by the Rb-Sr method, is in the fork 131-126 Ma. Further prospects of the deposit are associated with the search for large-volume deposits with stockwork type ore bodies.
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Nurzhanov, Galym Zh, Vladimir V. Kuznetsov, Pavel A. Nicenko, Nelly G. Kudryavtseva, Tatiana P. Kuznetsova, and Mergen M. Murzagulov. "Geological features and genesis of the Dyusembay Central (Sayakhat) ore deposit." Ores and metals, no. 4 (January 11, 2023): 79–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.47765/0869-5997-2022-10023.

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The article considers the geological features and ore composition of the Dyusembay Central (Sayakhat) leadzinc deposit in the Karsakpai metallogenic complex in the Central Kazakhstan. Historically, the complex was considered industrially significant in terms of iron ores, rather than of lead, zinc, and copper. It is shown that the ore deposit is composed of tuffaceous, silty-sandstone, carbonaceous-terrigenous (ore-hosting), terrigenous, and volcanogenic rocks assigned to the lower subformation of the Zhilandysai Formation of the Upper Proterozoic. The subvolcanic rocks identified and outlined in the area of the ore deposit belong to vent volcanic facies and are represented by felsic automagmatic breccias. All the rock complexes developed within the deposit have undergone multiple alterations: the regional, postvolcanic, contact, and hydrothermal (near-ore) ones. Commercial ores are represented by veinlet-disseminated sulfide mineralization in carbonaceous mudstones and silty sandstones, regionally and metasomatically altered to varying degrees. The ore bodies are composed of heterogeneous mineral assemblages corresponding to various stages and phases of the ore formation. The composition and structural and textural features of the ores reflect the long and complicated history of their formation. It is concluded that this ore deposit belongs to a new formational type of veinlet-disseminated stratified lead-zinc deposits localized in black shale sequences, with a significant role of volcanic activity and regional metamorphism, and is a remobilized SEDEX-type ore deposit.
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Marques, Diego Machado, Ricardo Hundelshaussen Rubio, João Felipe Coimbra Leite Costa, and Evangelina Maria Apparicio da Silva. "The effect of accumulation in 2D estimates in phosphatic ore." Rem: Revista Escola de Minas 67, no. 4 (December 2014): 431–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0370-44672014670179.

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The geological modeling of stratiform deposits can become very complex, often making use of geological envelopes of small thickness and requiring the use of subblocks (based on Cartesian coordinates) to produce a coherent block model. However, geological events after the formation of the deposit (folds, faults, etc.) can change the direction of spatial continuity of certain attributes, with the mixing of samples belonging to different formation eras (in the case of stratiform deposits) in the same elevation. This study presents a solution for deposits with stratigraphic grades combined with samples of different origins. The solution is a two-dimensional estimate obtained by accumulating the thicknesses of P2O5 in a phosphate deposit (as compared to traditional statistical analysis in three dimensions).
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Lien, Nguyen Thi, and Nguyen Van Pho. "Formation of secondary nonsulfide zinc ore in Cho Dien Pb-Zn deposits." VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 40, no. 3 (June 4, 2018): 228–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/40/3/12615.

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In Viet Nam, non-sulfide zinc ore in the Cho Dien deposit has been exploited for a long time. Up to the present, zinc ore remains the major exploited ore in Cho Dien. There are numerous studies of Pb-Zn ore in Cho Dien. However, most of the studies have dedicated only to description of mineralogical and chemical composition of Pb-Zn ore. There has been no publication on this non-sulfide zinc ore. Based on the mineralogical studies, the content of Pb and Zn in groundwater determined by reflective microscope, SEM, EPMA and ICP-MS methods, the study explained the formation of secondary non-sulfide zinc ore in the Cho Dien deposit. Strong weathering process makes the upper part of ore bodies completely oxidized. Difference in geochemical behavior of lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in the oxidation process of Pb-Zn ore is the reason to form non-sulfide zinc ore in the Cho Dien deposit. Oxidation of primary Pb-Zn ore is mainly sphalerite, pyrite, galena minerals which creates a low pH environment and transforms of zinc from immobile (sphalerite - ZnS) to mobile (Zn2+) and retained in solution under acid pH conditions whereas lead has the tendency to form soluble minerals (anglesite, cerussite). The acid neutralization actions of the surrounding rocks make zinc precipitate, to form secondary non-sulfide zinc minerals.ReferencesAndreas Nuspl, 2009. Genesis of nonsulfide zinc deposits and their future utilization (www.geo.tu-frei berg.de/oberseminar/OS_09/Andreas_Nuspl.pdf.Boland M.B., et al., 2003. The Shaimerden supergene zinc deposit, Kazakhstan: Economic Geology, 98(4), 787-795.Chau N.D., Jadwiga P., Adam P., D.V. Hao, L.K. Phon, J. Paweł, 2017. General characteristics of rare earth and radioactive elements in Dong Pao deposit, Lai Chau, Vietnam, Vietnam J. Earth Sci., 39(1), 14-26.Dao Thai Bac, 2012. Characteristics and distribution law of lead-zinc metallogenic fomations in Viet Bac region. Doctoral thesis.Heyl A.V., Bozion C.N., 1962. Oxidized zinc deposits of the United States, Part 1. General Geology: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1135-A.Hoa T.T., et al., 2010. By-products in lead-zinc and copper ores of Northeast Vietnam. J. Sci. of the Earth, 289-298 (in Vietnamese).Hoang Minh Thao, Tran Thi Hien, Dao Duy Anh, Pham Thi Nga, 2017. Mineralogical characteristics of graphite ore from Bao Ha deposit, Lao Cai Province and proposing a wise use. Vietnam J. Earth Sci., 39(4), 324-336.Jurjovec J., et al., 2002. Acid neutralization mechanisms and metal release in mine tailings: A laboratory column experiment: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 66, 1511-1523.Large D., 2001. The geology of non-sulphide zinc Deposits - an Overview: Erzmetall, 54(5), 264-276.Maria Boni, 2003. Nonsulfide Zinc Deposits: a new - (old) type of economic mineralization. Society for geology applied to mineral deposits (SGA) News, Number 15. https://www.e-sga.org/fileadmin/sga/newsletter/news15/art01.html.McPhail D.C., et al., 2003, The geochemistry and mobility of zinc in the regolith: in Roach, I.C., ed., Advances in Regolith, 287-291.Murray W. Hitzman, et al., 2003. Classification, genesis, and exploration guides for non-sulfide zinc deposits: Economic Geology, 98(4), 685-714.Nguyen V.P., 2013. Wet tropical wethering in Viet Nam. Natural Science and Technology Publisher.Nicola Mondillo, 2013. Supergene Nonsulfide Zinc-Lead Deposits: The Examples of Jabali (Yemen) and Yanque (Peru). Doctoral thesis.Nordstrom D.K., Alpers C.N., 1999. Geochemistry of acid mine waste. Review in Economic Geology, the environmental geochemistry of ore deposits/Eds. G.S.Plumlee, M.J. Logsdon. Part A: Processes, techniques, and health issues, 6A, 133-160.Reynolds N.A., et al., 2003. The Padaeng Supergene Nonsulfide Zinc Deposit, Mae Sod, Thailand. Economic Geology, 98(4), 773-785.Sangameshwar S.R., Barnes H.L., 1983. Supergene Processes in Zinc-Lead-Silver Sulfide Ores in Carbonates: Economic Geology, 78, 1379-1397.Stumm W., Morgan J.J., 1996. Aquatic Chemistry, Third Edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.Takahashi T., 1960. Supergene alteration of zinc and lead deposits in limestone: Economic Geology, 55, 1083-1115.Thornber M.R. and Taylor G.F., 1992. The mechanisms of sulphide oxidation and gossan formation, in: Butt, C.R.M., and Zeegers H., (Eds.)., Regolith exploration geochemistry in tropical and subtropical terrains, in Govett G.J.S., ed., Handbook of exploration geochemistry: Amsterdam, Elsevier, 4, 119-138.Tran Trong Hoa, 2005. Potential assessment of By- products in lead-zinc and copper deposits of Northeast Vietnam. Final report.Tran Tuan Anh, 2010. Studying accompanying component in the types of potential deposits of basic metals and precious - rare metals of north Viet Nam to improve the efficiency of mining and environmental protection. Final report. KC.08.24/06-10.Tran Tuan Anh, et al., 2011. Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics and forming conditions of lead - zinc deposits in Lo Gam structure, northern Vietnam. J. Sci. of the Earth, 33(3DB), 393-408 ( in Vietnamese).Vito Coppola et al., 2009. Nonsulfide zinc deposits in the Silesia - Cracow district, Southern Poland. Springer Link, 44, 559-580.Vito Coppola, et al., 2007. Non-sulfide zinc deposits in Upper Silesia, Southern Poland. Proceeding of the Ninth Biennial SGA Meeting, Dublin, 1401-1404.Williams P.A., 1990. Oxide zone geochemistry: Ellis Horwood Ltd., Chichester, UK, 286p.
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Damdinova, Ludmila, and Bulat Damdinov. "Tungsten Ores of the Dzhida W-Mo Ore Field (Southwestern Transbaikalia, Russia): Mineral Composition and Physical-Chemical Conditions of Formation." Minerals 11, no. 7 (July 5, 2021): 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11070725.

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This article discusses the peculiarities of mineral composition and a fluid inclusions (FIs further in the text) study of the Kholtoson W and Inkur W deposits located within the Dzhida W-Mo ore field (Southwestern Transbaikalia, Russia). The Mo mineralization spatially coincides with the apical part of the Pervomaisky stock (Pervomaisky deposit), and the W mineralization forms numerous quartz veins in the western part of the ore field (Kholtoson vein deposit) and the stockwork in the central part (Inkur stockwork deposit). The ore mineral composition is similar at both deposits. Quartz is the main gangue mineral; there are also present muscovite, K-feldspar, and carbonates. The main ore mineral of both deposits is hubnerite. In addition to hubnerite, at both deposits, more than 20 mineral species were identified; they include sulfides (pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, bornite, etc.), sulfosalts (tetrahedrite, aikinite, stannite, etc.), oxides (scheelite, cassiterite), and tellurides (hessite). The results of mineralogical and fluid inclusions studies allowed us to conclude that the Inkur W and the Kholtoson W deposits were formed by the same hydrothermal fluids, related to the same ore-forming system. For both deposits, the fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures varied within the range ~195–344 °C. The presence of cogenetic liquid- and vapor-dominated inclusions in the quartz from the ores of the Kholtoson deposit allowed us to estimate the true temperature range of mineral formation as 413–350 °C. Ore deposition occurred under similar physical-chemical conditions, differing only in pressures of mineral formation. The main factors of hubnerite deposition from hydrothermal fluids were decreases in temperature.
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Damdinova, L. B., B. B. Damdinov, M. O. Rampilov, and S. V. Kanakin. "Conditions of ore formation of the Aunikskoye F-Be deposit (Western Transbaikal)." Геология рудных месторождений 61, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 18–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0016-777061118-38.

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This study examines the compositions of the ore and the ore formation solutions, conditions of formation, and sources of Be mineralization using the Aunikskoye F-Be deposit, which is an integral part of the Western Transbaikal beryllium-bearing provinces, as a representative example. Further, the main factors responsible for the formation of beryllium mineralization were evaluated. The ore deposits are presented by the feldsparic–fluorspar–phenacite–bertrandite metasomatites formed in the carboniferous limestones during their metasomatic alternation with hydrothermal solutions by introducing F, Be, and other associated elements. The formation of early phenacite–fluorspar association occurred in high-fluorite СО2-containing solutions of elevated alkalinity with a salinity of ~10.5%–12% wt eq. NaCl in a temperature range of ~ 370–260 °С at pressures ranging from 1873 to 1248 bar. More recent fluorite and bertrandite deposits were formed by solutions with a salinity of 6.4%–7.7% wt eq. NaCl in a temperature range of ~156 °C–110 °C and a pressure range of 639–427 bar. The examination of the isotopic signature of the ore association minerals confirmed the apocarbonate nature of the main ore deposit and allowed the determination of the magmatogene nature of the ore-forming paleothermal springs, which are the source of subalkaline leucogranites. The primary factors that influenced the formation of the F-Be ore included the reduction of the F activity in solutions because of the binding of Ca and F in fluorite as well as because of the decrease in temperature during the ore deposition process. The elevated alkalinity of the ore-formation solutions resulted in the low solubility of the Be complexes, which caused a relatively low Be content in the ore and a relatively small amount of mineralization in the deposit.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ore deposit formation"

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Kamenov, George Dimitrov. "Magmatism and ore deposit formation in SW Pacific Island arcs." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0008250.

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Anderson, Iain Kerr. "Ore depositional processes in the formation of the Navan zinc/lead deposit, Co. Meath, Ireland." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1990. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23503.

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Boucher, Stéphanie. "Ore Petrology and Alteration of the West Ansil Volcanic-hosted Massive Sulphide Deposit of the Noranda Mining Camp, Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/19786.

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The West Ansil deposit was the first Cu discovery in 25 years in the Noranda Central Camp. It has a combined indicated and inferred resource of ~1.2 Mt. Grades for the indicated resource are 3.4% Cu, 0.4% Zn, 1.4 g/t Au and 9.2 g/t Ag. The bulk of the resource is located in three massive sulphide lenses (Upper, Middle and Lower) that are entirely within the Rusty Ridge Formation above the Lewis exhalite. The mineralization in all three ore lenses consists of massive pyrrhotite + chalcopyrite + magnetite. Semi-massive sphalerite is restricted to the upper and lower parts of the Middle lens. Massive magnetite occurs at the center of the Upper and Middle lenses, where it replaces massive pyrrhotite. A striking feature of West Ansil is the presence of abundant colloform and nodular pyrite (+marcasite) in the massive sulphides. Late-stage replacement of massive pyrrhotite by colloform pyrite and marcasite, occurs mostly along the upper and lower contacts of the lenses.
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Pacanovsky, Aaron James. "Petrology of Gold Ore-Bearing Carbonates of the Helen Zone, Cove Deposit, Lander County, Nevada." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1398682471.

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Blake, Kevin L. "The petrology, geochemistry and association to ore formation of the host rocks of the Kiirunavaara magnetite-apatite deposit, northern Sweden." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321483.

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Hammond, Napoleon Quaye. "The geochemistry of ore fluids and control of gold mineralization in banded iron-formation at the Kalahari Goldridge deposit, Kraaipan greenstone belt, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008370.

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The Kalahari Goldridge mine is located within the Archaean Kraaipan Greenstone Belt about 60 km SW of Mafikeng in the Northwestern Province, South Africa. Several gold deposits are located within approximately north - south-striking banded iron-formation (BIF). Current opencast mining operations are focused on the largest of these (D Zone). The orebody is stratabound and hosted primarily in the BIF, which consists of alternating chert and magnetite-chloritestilpnomelane-sulphide-carbonate bands ranging from mm to cm scale. The ore body varies in thickness from 15 to 45 m along a strike length of about 1.5 km. The BlF is sandwiched between a sericite-carbonate-chlorite schist at the immediate footwall and carbonaceous meta-pelites in the hanging-wall. Further west in the footwall, the schists are underlain by mafic meta-volcanic amphibolite. Overlying the hanging-wall carbonaceous metapeiites are schist units and meta-greywackes that become increasingly conglomeratic up the stratigraphy. Stilpnomelane-, chlorite- and minnesotaite-bearing assemblages in the BlFs indicate metamorphic temperatures of 300 - 450°C and pressures of less than 5 kbars. The BIF generally strikes approximately 3400 and dips from 60 to 75°E. Brittle-ductile deformation is evidenced by small-scale isoclinal folds, brecciation, extension fractures and boudinaging of cherty BIF units. Fold axial planes are sub-parallel to the foliation orientation with sub-vertical plunges parallel to prominent rodding and mineral lineation in the footwall. Gold mineralization at the Kalahari Goldridge deposit is associated with two generations of subhorizontal quartz-carbonate veins dips approximately 20 to 40°W. The first generation consists of ladder vein sets (Group lIA) preferentially developed in Fe-rich meso bands, whilst the second generation consists of large quartz-carbonate veins (Group lIB), which crosscut the entire ore body extending into the footwall and hanging-wall in places. Major structures that control the ore body are related to meso-scale isoclinal folds with fold axes subparallel to mineral elongation lineations, which plunge approximately 067°E. These linear structures form orthogonal orientation with the plane of the mineralized shallowdipping veins indicating stretching and development of fluid - focusing conduits. A second-order controlling feature corresponds to the intersection of the mineralized veins and foliation planes of host rock, plunging approximately 008°N and trending 341°. G0ld is closely associated with sulphides, mainly pyrite and pyrrhotite and to a lesser extent with bismuth tellurides, and carbonate gangue. The ore fluid responsible for the gold deposition is in the C-O-H system with increased CH₄ contents attributed to localized hydrolysis reaction between interbedded carbonaceous sediment and ore fluid. The fluid is characterized by significant C0₂ contents and low salinities below 7.0 wt % NaCl equivalent (averages of 3.5 and 3.0 wt % NaCl equivalent for the first and second episodes of the mineralization respectively) . Calculated values of f0₂. ranging from 10⁻²⁹·⁹⁸ to 10⁻³²·⁹⁶ bars, bracket the C0₂-CH₄ and pyrite-pyrrhotite-magnetite buffer boundaries and reveal the reducing nature of the ore fluid at deposition. Calculated total sulphur content in the ore fluid (mΣs), ranges from 0.011 to 0.018M and is consistent with the range (10⁻³·⁵ to 10⁻¹M) reported for subamphibolite facies ore fluids. The close association of sulphides with the Au and nature of the fluid also give credence that the Au was carried in solution by the Au(HS)₂ - complex. Extensive epigenetic replacement of magnetite and chlorite in BIF and other meta-pelitic sediments in the deposit by sulphides and carbonates, both on meso scopic and microscopic scales gives evidence of an interaction by a CO₂- and H₂S-bearing fluid with the Fe-rich host rocks in the deposit. This facilitated Au precipitation due to changes in the physico-chemical conditions of the ore fluid such as a decrease in the mΣs and pH leading to the destabilization of the reduced sulphur complexes. Local gradients in f0₂ may account for gold precipitation in places within carbonaceous sediments. The fineness of the gold grams (1000*Au/(Au + Ag) ranges from 823 to 921. This compares favourably with the fineness reported for some Archaean BIFhosced deposits (851 - 970). Mass balance transfer calculations indicate that major chemical changes associated with the hydrothermal alteration of BIF include enrichment of Au, Ag, Bi, Te, volatiles (S and CO₂), MgO, Ba, K and Rb but significant depletion of SiO₂ and minor losses of Fe₂O₃. In addition, anomalous enrichment of Sc (average, 1247%) suggests its possible use as an exploration tool in the ferruginous sediments in the Kraaipan greenstone terrane. Evidence from light stable isotopes and fluid inclusions suggests that the mineralized veins crystallized from a single homogeneous fluid source during the two episodes of mineralization under the similar physicochemical conditions. Deposition occurred at temperatures rangmg from 350 to 400°C and fluid pressures ranging from 0.7 to 2.0kbars. Stable isotope constraints indicate the following range for the hydrothermal fluid; θ¹⁸H₂O = 6.65 to 10.48%0, 8¹³CΣc = -6.0 to -8.0 %0 and 8³⁴SΣs = + 1.69 to + 4.0%0 . These data do not offer conclusive evidence for the source of fluid associated with the mineralization at the Kalahari Goldridge deposit as they overlap the range prescribed for fluid derived from devolatization of deep-seated volcano-sedimentary piles near the brittle-ductile transition in greenstone belts during prograde metamorphism, and magmatic hydrothermal fluids.
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Taylor, Mackenzie C. "GOLD FROM THE TYPE 4 ORE OF ROUND MOUNTAIN, NEVADA: A TEXTURAL AND MINERALOGICAL STUDY OF MACROCRYSTALLINE GOLD VS. DISSEMINATED GOLD." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1512407677037903.

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Kampmann, Tobias Christoph. "3D structural framework and constraints on the timing of hydrothermal alteration and ore formation at the Falun Zn-Pb-Cu-(Au-Ag) sulphide deposit, Bergslagen, Sweden." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-26483.

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The Falun pyritic Zn-Pb-Cu-(Au-Ag) sulphide deposit, situated in the Palaeoproterozoic (1.9–1.8 Ga) Bergslagen lithotectonic unit in the south-western part of the Fennoscandian Shield, is one of the major base and minor precious metal sulphide deposits in Sweden. Host rocks to the deposit as well as the ores and altered rocks were metamorphosed and affected by heterogeneous ductile strain during the Svecokarelian orogeny the total duration of which was 2.0–1.8 Ga. These processes both reworked the mineral assemblages of the original hydrothermal alteration system and reshaped the structural geometry of the deposit, following formation of the ores and the associated hydrothermal alteration.In order to study primary geological and ore-forming processes at Falun, it is necessary firstly to investigate the nature of the tectonothermal modification. In this licentiate thesis, a three-dimensional modelling approach is used in order to evaluate geometric relationships between lithologies at the deposit. This study demonstrates the polyphase character (D1 and D2) of the strong ductile deformation at Falun. The major rock-forming minerals in the silicate alteration rocks are quartz, biotite/phlogopite, cordierite, anthophyllite, chlorite, and minor almandine and andalusite. On the basis of microstructural investigations, it is evident that these minerals grew during distinct periods in the course of the tectonic evolution, with major static grain growth between D1 and D2, and also after D2. Furthermore, the occurrence of F2 sheath folds along steeply south-south-east plunging axes is suggested as a key deformation mechanism, forming cylindrical, rod-shaped ore bodies which pinch out at depth. The sheath folding also accounts for the same stratigraphic level (footwall) on both the eastern and western sides of the massive sulphide ores. A major, sulphide-bearing high-strain zone defines a tectonic boundary at the deposit and bounds the massive sulphide ores to the north.The geological evolution in the Falun area involved emplacement of felsic sub-volcanic intrusive and volcanic rocks and some carbonate sedimentation; followed by hydrothermal alteration, ore formation and the intrusion of dykes and plutons of variable composition after burial of the supracrustal rocks. Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) U-Pb (zircon) geochronology of key lithologies in and around the Falun base metal sulphide deposit indicates a rapid sequence of development of different magmatic pulses with individual age determinations overlapping within their uncertainties. The intense igneous activity, as well as the feldspar-destructive hydrothermal alteration and ore formation are constrained by two 207Pb-206Pb weighted average (zircon) ages of 1894 ± 3 Ma for a sub-volcanic host rock not affected by this type of alteration and 1891 ± 3 Ma for a felsic dyke, which cross-cuts the hydrothermally altered zone and is also unaffected by this alteration. All other ages, including the granitic plutonic rocks, fall in the interval between these ages.The lithological, structural and geochronological observations have implications for the environment and the conditions of ore formation at the Falun deposit. Several aspects argue for an ore system resembling a classic volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) system in terms of type of alteration, metal zonation, the pyritic character of massive sulphides and an inferred vent-proximal location in relation to the convection-driving magmatic system. The bowl-shaped, sub-seafloor feeder part of such a system might have served as an initial inhomogeneity in the strata for the later development of strong stretching along steep axes and sheath fold formation during ductile strain. Possible discordant relationships along the margins of the massive sulphide ores, coupled with the syn-magmatic, pre-tectonic timing of ore formation are in accordance with a general VMS-type model for the Falun base metal sulphide deposit. These results provide a compromise solution to the previous debate around two opposing models of strictly syn-genetic vs. epigenetic, post-deformational carbonate-replacement processes for ore formation at the deposit.
The Falun pyritic Zn-Pb-Cu-(Au-Ag) sulphide deposit, situated in the Palaeoproterozoic (1.9–1.8 Ga) Bergslagen lithotectonic unit in the south-western part of the Fennoscandian Shield, is one of the major base and minor precious metal sulphide deposits in Sweden. Host rocks to the deposit as well as the ores and altered rocks were metamorphosed and affected by heterogeneous ductile strain during the Svecokarelian orogeny (2.0–1.8 Ga). These processes both reworked the mineral assemblages of the original hydrothermal alteration system and reshaped the structural geometry of the deposit, following formation of the ores and the associated hydrothermal alteration.In order to study primary geological and ore-forming processes at Falun, it is necessary firstly to investigate the nature of the strong tectonothermal modification. In this licentiate thesis, a three-dimensional modelling approach is used in order to evaluate geometric relationships between lithologies at the deposit. This study demonstrates the polyphase character (D1 and D2) of the ductile deformation at Falun. The major rock-forming minerals in the silicate alteration rocks are quartz, biotite/phlogopite, cordierite, anthophyllite, chlorite, and minor almandine and andalusite. On the basis of microstructural investigations, it is evident that these minerals grew during distinct periods in the course of the tectonic evolution, with major static grain growth between D1 and D2, and also after D2. Furthermore, the occurrence of F2 sheath folds along steeply south-south-east plunging axes is suggested as a key deformation mechanism, forming cylindrical, rod-shaped ore bodies which pinch out at depth. The sheath folding also accounts for the same stratigraphic level on both the eastern and western sides of the massive sulphide ores. A major, sulphide-bearing high-strain zone defines a tectonic boundary inside the deposit and bounds the massive sulphide ores to the north. A precursor to this zone can have played a central role as a metal-bearing fluid conduit during ore genesis, prior to reactivation of the zone in the ductile regime.The geological evolution in the Falun area involved emplacement of felsic volcanic and sub-volcanic rocks and some carbonate sedimentation, followed by ore formation and hydrothermal alteration as well as the intrusion of dykes and plutons of variable composition. U-Pb zircon geochronology of key lithologies in and around the Falun base metal sulphide deposit indicates a rapid sequence of development of different magmatic phases with individual age determinations overlapping within their uncertainties. The igneous activity is constrained between a zircon U-Pb concordia age of 1899 ± 7 Ma for a sub-volcanic host rock and a zircon 207Pb-206Pb weighted average age of 1891 ± 3 Ma for a felsic dyke, with all other reliable ages, including the quartz-rich plutonic rocks, falling in the interval between them. This interval also included the hydrothermal alteration and ore formation at Falun.It is suggested that the bowl-shaped, sub-seafloor feeder part of a high-sulphidation and Au-bearing volcanogenic massive sulphide ore system, with replacement of carbonates and (sub)-volcanic rocks, served as an initial inhomogeneity in the strata for the later development of strong stretching along steep axes and sheath fold formation during ductile strain. The observation of discordant relationships along the margins of the massive sulphide ores, coupled with the syn-magmatic, pre-tectonic timing of ore formation, corroborate this hypothesis, providing a compromise solution to the previous debate around two opposing models of strictly syn-genetic vs. epigenetic, post-deformational carbonate-replacement processes of ore formation at the Falun base metal sulphide deposit.
Godkänd; 2015; 20150212 (tobkam); Nedanstående person kommer att hålla licentiatseminarium för avläggande av teknologie licentiatexamen. Namn: Tobias Christoph Kampmann Ämne: Malmgeologi/Ore Geology Uppsats: 3D Structural Framework and Constraints on the Timing of Hudrothermal Alteration and Ore Formation at the Falun Zn-Pb-Cu-(Au-Ag) Sulphide Deposit, Bergslagen, Sweden Examinator: Professor Pär Weihed Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Avdelning Geovetenskap och miljöteknik, Luleå tekniska universitet Diskutant: Docent, adjungerad professor Pietari Skyttä, University of Turku, Department of Geography and Geology, Turun Yliopisto, Finland Tid: Torsdag 23 april 2015 kl 10.00 Plats: F531, Luleå tekniska universitet
Structural evolution, hydrothermal alteration and tectonic setting of the Falun base metal and gold deposit, Bergslagen region, Sweden
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Shellnutt, John Gregory. "A-type granites of the Permian Emeishan large igneous province (SW China) implications for the formation of the giant magmatic oxide deposits /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B39634498.

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Botha, André Erasmus. "Towards modelling the formation of ore bodies initial results dealing with the fluid mechanical aspects of magma chamber convection." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005278.

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This thesis forms part of a larger effort which aims to establish the means of assessing the fluid mechanical behaviour of magma 1 as it cools inside a magma chamber surrounded by porous country rock. The reason for doing so is to advance the understanding of some types of mineral deposits; for example,the Platinum Group Elements (PGEs). The magma is modelled with the governing equations for a single-phase incompressible Newtonian fluid with variable viscosity and density. In this thesis, thermal conductivity and specific heat are approximated as constants and the country rock is treated as a conducting solid so as to save on computational time in the initial phases of the project. A basic review of the relevant literature is presented as background material and three basic models of magma chambers are discussed: crystal settling, compositional convection and double diffusive convection.The results presented in this thesis are from finite element calculations by a commercial computer code: ANSYS 5.4. This code has been employed in industry for over 26 years and has a long and successful benchmark history. In this context, finite element methods that are applicable to the code are discussed in chapter 5. In chapter 6, results that were obtained in the course of this research are presented. The thesis concludes with an indication of the possible geological significance of the results and various refinements that should be made to future models.
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Books on the topic "Ore deposit formation"

1

Belevt͡sev, I͡Akov Nikolaevich. Metamorphogenic ore formation. Moscow: General Editorial Board for Foreign Language Publications, Nauka Publishers, 1986.

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Making the Mount Isa Mine, 1923-1933: The discovery ofthe giant Mount Isa silver-lead-zinc ore deposit, the formation of Mount Isa Mines Limited, and the development of the mine and township. Carlton Victoria, Australia: Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 1996.

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Berkman, D. A. Making the Mount Isa Mine, 1923-1933: The discovery of the giant Mount Isa silver-lead-zinc ore deposit, the formation of Mount Isa Mines Limited, and the development of the mine and township. Carlton, Vic: Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 1996.

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Iron ore deposits and banded iron formations of India. New Delhi: Daya Pub. House, 2012.

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Nefedʹev, M. A. Obʺemnai︠a︡ modelʹ i ot︠s︡enka perspektiv Ozerninskogo rudnogo uzla po geofizicheskim dannym: (Zapadnoe Zabaĭkalʹe). Ulan-Udė: Izdatelʹstvo Buri︠a︡tskogo nauchnogo t︠s︡entra SO RAN, 2009.

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Salemink, Jan. Skarn and ore formation at Seriphos, Greece, as a consequence of granodiorite intrusion =: Skarn en erts vorming te Serifos, Griekenland, ten gevolge van een granodioriet intrusie. [Utrecht: Instituut voor Aardwetenschappen der Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht], 1985.

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Derkachev, A. N. Mineralogicheskie indikatory obstanovok prikontinentalʹnogo osadkoobrazovenii︠a︡ zapadnoĭ chasti Tikhogo okeana: Environmental mineralogical indicators of near-continental sediment formation within Pacific Ocean western part. Vladivostok: Dalʹnauka, 2010.

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Reger, R. D. Multiple glaciation and gold-placer formation, Valdez Creek Valley, western Clearwater Mountains, Alaska. Fairbanks, Alaska: State of Alaska, Dept. of Natural Resources, Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, 1990.

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Loen, Jeffrey S. Sedimentology and gold placer deposits--Cathedral Bluffs member of the Wasatch Formation, Dickie Springs-Pacific Butte Area, Fremont County, Wyoming. [Reston, Va.?]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1986.

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Loen, Jeffrey S. Sedimentology and gold placer deposits--Cathedral Bluffs member of the Wasatch Formation, Dickie Springs-Pacific Butte Area, Fremont County, Wyoming. [Reston, Va.?]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ore deposit formation"

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Rečnik, Aleksander. "Geology and Formation of the Ore Deposit." In Minerals of the mercury ore deposit Idria, 22–25. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31632-6_3.

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Li, Jianhong, and Liang Liang. "Features of mylonite and its relationship to uranium ore-formation in the Xiazhuang uranium ore field." In Mineral Deposit Research: Meeting the Global Challenge, 285–87. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27946-6_74.

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Mineeva, I. G. "Controls on Precambrian uranium ore formation: The role of ancient oil (and evaporates?)." In Mineral Deposit Research: Meeting the Global Challenge, 299–302. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27946-6_78.

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Zu-yi, Chen, Guo Qing-yin, and Liu Hong-xu. "The evolution of prototype basin and its relation to sandstone-hosted uranium ore-formation in northwestern China." In Mineral Deposit Research: Meeting the Global Challenge, 241–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27946-6_63.

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Guangzhi, Tu. "Genesis of the Dachang Ore Deposit and the Formation Conditions of Cassiterite-Sulphide Deposits in General." In Geology of Tin Deposits in Asia and the Pacific, 398–405. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72765-8_29.

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Guo, Qingyin, Zuyi Chen, and Hongxu Liu. "Evolution of Mezozoic to Cenozoic basins in the Beishan-Gansu Corridor region with respect to uranium ore formation." In Mineral Deposit Research: Meeting the Global Challenge, 257–60. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27946-6_67.

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Zhao, H. B., X. X. Mo, P. S. Zheng, and Y. Wang. "Deposit geology, geochemical characteristics and ore formation of the Jiayashan sector of the Jinding zinc (-lead) deposit, Yunnan, China." In Mineral Deposit Research: Meeting the Global Challenge, 1283–85. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27946-6_327.

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Baskov, Evgeny A. "Paleohydrogeological Conditions of Ore Deposits Formation." In The Fundamentals of Paleohydrogeology of Ore Deposits, 165–221. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71671-3_5.

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Komov, I. L. "Role of irradiation in ore formation." In Mineral Deposits at the Beginning of the 21st Century, 1083–86. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003077503-278.

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Cardozo, M. "The Copara Metallotect in Central Peru: Geologic Evolution and Ore Formation." In Stratabound Ore Deposits in the Andes, 395–412. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-88282-1_30.

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Conference papers on the topic "Ore deposit formation"

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Umarbekova, Zamzagul. "THE GOLD ORE DEPOSIT BAKYRCHIK AND VIEWS ON THE FORMATION OF THE MINERAL DEPOSITS IN BLACK SHALE STRATA." In 17th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2017. Stef92 Technology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2017/11/s04.142.

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Kuznetsov, Sergey. "VERKHNENIYAYUSKOE-2 GOLD-SULFIDE DEPOSIT IN POLAR URALS, RUSSIA: ORE MINERALOGY AND FORMATION CONDITIONS." In 15th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2015. Stef92 Technology, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2015/b11/s1.066.

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Snachev, A. V., A. V. Kolomoets, M. A. Rassomakhin, V. I. Snachev, and R. S. Kisil. "TOURMALINE MINERALIZATION IN CARBONACEOUS SHALE OF THE BAIKAL DEPOSIT (SOUTH URAL)." In Проблемы минералогии, петрографии и металлогении. Научные чтения памяти П. Н. Чирвинского. Пермский государственный национальный исследовательский университет, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/chirvinsky.2021.217.

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The article discusses the geological structure of the Baikal deposit, located within the Kumak ore field and confined to the black shale of the Bredy Formation (C1bd). It has been established that the gold mineralization within the occurrence is confined mainly to the members of quartz-mica-tourmaline metasomatically altered carbonaceous shales. Gold is noted here in intergrowth with tourmaline. In terms of their chemical composition, tourmalines belong to dravite and foitite and are close to those of orogenic gold and gold-sulfide deposits. The close intergrowth of thin needle- like tourmaline and gold indicates the synchrony of their formation and allows the manifestation of Baikal deposit to be attributed to the quartz-tourmaline formation.
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Emproto, Christopher, Thomas Benson, Daniel Ibarra, Catherine Gagnon, and Adam Simon. "STABLE ISOTOPES FOR TRACKING ORE FORMATION AT THE THACKER PASS SEDIMENT-HOSTED LITHIUM DEPOSIT, NEVADA, USA." In GSA Connects 2022 meeting in Denver, Colorado. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022am-381382.

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Budyak, A. E., A. V. Blinov, and V. D. Baikin. "Mechanisms of Ore Formation of Gold Deposits in Black Shale Strata on The Example of The Krasny Deposit (Bodaybinsky District, Irkutsk Region)." In Engineering and Mining Geophysics 2021. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202152114.

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Ivantsov, Konstantin Y., Mikhail P. Bortnikov, and Vladimir V. Gusev. "SADKINSKOYE ASPHALTITE DEPOSIT IS A UNIQUE MINING AND GEOLOGICAL MONUMENT ON THE TERRITORY OF THE VOLGA REGION." In Treshnikov readings – 2022 Modern geographical global picture and technology of geographic education. Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I. N. Ulyanov, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33065/978-5-907216-88-4-2022-267-270.

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The article describes the Sadkinskyasphaltite deposit, the history of its discovery and study. Based on the data on the geological structure and the material composition of asphaltite, several hypotheses of the formation of an ore deposit are considered.
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Dana, Cendi, Andrea Agangi, Ryohei Takahashi, and Arifudin Idrus. "Formation of critical metals-bearing massive sulfide ore bodies in Indonesia’s largest zinc skarn deposit, Ruwai Mine, Central Borneo." In Goldschmidt2021. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7185/gold2021.6499.

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Mizernaya, M., B. Dyachkov, A. Miroshnikova, and A. Mizerny. "INDUSTRIAL TYPES OF GOLD DEPOSITS OF THE EAST KAZAKHSTAN." In GEOLINKS International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2020/b1/v2/14.

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The East Kazakhstan territory is the unique geologic province where a number of large-scale non-ferrous and gold deposits are concentrated [1]. Gold base metals (gold-containing) type is represented by gold containing sulphide complex deposits. It is characterized by many large-scale commercial deposits of copper, lead and zinc where gold as well as silver, cadmium, platinum, selenium and other elements are the associate component of copper-sulphide and sulphide complex deposits [2]. There are following ore types are distinguished: gold-listvenite type occurs in the Irtysh zone (Maraliha deposit); the gold-sulphide vein-disseminated type associated with island-arc, volcanogenic-carbonate-terrigenous formation С1v2-3 (Suzdalskoye, Baibura, Mirazh, Zhaima); gold-quartzite type is characterized by gold-quartzite-vein deposits in West Kalba zone (Kuludzhun, Sentash, Kazan-Chunkur and others); gold-arsenic-carbon-bearing type is presented by large, middle and small deposits of Bakyrchik’s group (Bakyrchik, Bolshevik, Gluboky Log and others). Last one is formed on middle-Hercynian collision ore-bearing level (С2-С3) [3]. Multiple-stage concentration of gold contributed to formation of very large deposits. Gold content ranges from is 0.2 to 60 g/t, average is 8-9 g/t. Considerable part of gold is found in micro- and nanoparticles, nanotubes containing Au, Ag, Pt, Pd, W, Mo, Sn, Y, Yb, Ta and other elements [
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Hou, Lin, Yang Guo, Bin Yang, Shengwei Wang, Zizheng Wang, and Huijuan Peng. "Geological and Geochemical Characteristics of Albite within the Manganghe Formation, Dahongshan Deposit, Yunnan Province, China: Implication for the Ore Genesis." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.1067.

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Skridlaite, Grazina, Ulf Soderlund, Laurynas Siliauskas, and Tomas Naeraa. "Baddeleyite, Zircon and Monazite Minerals in the Metasomatites of the Varena Iron Ore Deposit in the Western East European Craton: Application for Dating Skarn and Ore Formation Processes." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.2405.

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Reports on the topic "Ore deposit formation"

1

Hall, J. M., and M. Bostros. Evidence relevant to the hydrothermal discharge pattern during formation of the Agrokipia "B" ore deposit, Cyprus. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/122584.

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Boily-Auclair, É., P. Mercier-Langevin, P. S. Ross, and D. Pitre. Alteration and ore assemblages of the LaRonde Zone 5 (LZ5) deposit and Ellison mineralized zones, Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde mining camp, Abitibi, Quebec. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329637.

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The LaRonde Zone 5 (LZ5) mine is part of the Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde mining camp and is located in the southern part of the Abitibi greenstone belt in northwestern Quebec. The LZ5 deposit consists of three stacked mineralized corridors: Zone 4, Zone 4.1, and Zone 5. Zones 4 and 4.1 are discontinuous satellite mineralized corridors, whereas Zone 5 represents the main mineralized body. The mineralized zones of the LZ5 deposit and adjacent Ellison property (Ellison A and B zones) are hosted in the strongly-deformed, 2699-2695 Ma transitional to calcalkaline, intermediate to felsic, volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks of the Bousquet Formation upper member, which is part of the Blake River Group (2704-2695 Ma). Zones 4, 4.1, and 5 at the LZ5 mine are hosted in intermediate volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks of the Westwood andesitic to rhyodacitic unit (unit 5.1a), which forms the base of the upper member of the Bousquet Formation. The Ellison Zone A is hosted higher up in the stratigraphic sequence within a newly described intermediate volcanic unit. The Ellison Zone B is hosted in felsic volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks of the Westwood feldsparphyric rhyolite dome (subunit 5.3a-(b)). Mineralization in all three zones of the LZ5 deposit consists of discordant networks of millimeter- to centimeter-thick pyrite ±chalcopyrite ±sphalerite ±pyrrhotite veins and veinlets (10-20 % of the volume of the rock) and, to a lesser extent, very finely disseminated pyrite and boudinaged veins (less than or equal to 5 vol. % each) in strongly altered host rocks. Gold commonly occurs as microscopic inclusions in granoblastic pyrite and at the triple junction between recrystallized grains. The veins, stockworks, and disseminations were intensely folded and transposed in the steeply south-dipping, east-west trending S2 foliation. The vein network is at least partly discordant to the stratigraphy. A distal alteration halo envelops the LZ5 mineralized corridors and consists of a sericite-carbonate-chlorite- feldspar ±biotite assemblage. A proximal sericite-carbonate-chlorite-pyrite-quartz- feldspar-biotite ±epidote alteration assemblage is present within the LZ5 mineralized zones. A local proximal alteration assemblage of sericite-quartz-pyrite is also locally developed within Zone 4 and Zone 5 of the LZ5 deposit. Mass gains in Fe2O3 (t) and K2O, and mass losses in CaO, MgO, Na2O, and locally SiO2, are characteristic of the LZ5 alteration zones. The Ellison zone A and B are similar to LZ5 in terms of style of mineralization, but thin (10-20 cm) veins or bands of semi-massive to massive, finely recrystallized disseminated pyrite (0.1-1 mm) are distinctive. Chalcopyrite and sphalerite are also slightly more abundant in the mineralized corridors of the Ellison property and are usually associated with elevated gold grades. The zones are also slightly richer than at LZ5 in terms of gold and silver content, but narrower and less continuous in general. The Ellison Zone A is characterized by gains in Fe2O3 (t) and K2O and losses in CaO, MgO, Na2O, and SiO2. Gains in Fe2O3 (t) and local gains in K2O, MgO, and MnO, and losses in CO2, Na2O, P2O5, and SiO2, characterize the felsic host rocks of the Zone B corridor. The style of mineralization at LZ5 (pyrite ±chalcopyrite veins and veinlets, ±disseminated pyrite with low base metal content), its setting (i.e. in rocks of intermediate composition at the base of the upper member of the Bousquet Formation), and the geometry of its ore zones (stacked lenses of sulfide veins and veinlets, without massive sulfide lenses) differ from the other major deposits of the Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde mining camp. Despite these differences, this study indicates that the LZ5 and Ellison mineralized corridors are of synvolcanic hydrothermal origin and have most likely been formed by convective circulation of seawater below the seafloor. An influx of magmatic fluids from the Mooshla synvolcanic intrusive complex or its parent magma chamber could explain the Au enrichment at LZ5, as has been suggested for other deposits of the camp. Evidence for a pre-deformation synvolcanic mineralization at LZ5 includes ductile deformation and recrystallization of the sulfides, the stacked nature of its ore zones, subconcordant alteration halos that envelop the mineralized corridors, evidence that the mineralized system was already active when the LZ5 lenses were deposited and control on mineralization by primary volcanic features such as the permeability and porosity of the volcanic rocks.
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3

Jackson, G. D. Bedrock geology, northwest part of Nuluujaak Mountain, Baffin Island, Nunavut, part of NTS 37-G/5. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/314670.

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The map area lies about 40 km northwest of Baffinland's iron mine. Dykes of unit mAnA3 within unit mAnA2 suggest that unit mAnA2 predates unit mAnA3. Unit nAMqf, basal Mary River Group unit, includes regolith material from units mAnA2 and mAnA3. Unit mAnAm may include some dykes of unit nAMb. The Mary River Group was deposited in a volcanic-arc environment, yielding zircon U-Pb ages mostly in the range of 2.88 to 2.72 Ga. Iron-formation (unit nAMi) is approximately 276 m thick locally, with oxide facies (unit nAMio) being most abundant. The quartzite triangle west of 'Iron lake' (unofficial name) may be a small horst. The main east-west-trending synclinal fold, including the area around 'Iron lake' and the no. 4 ore deposit, is upright, nearly isoclinal, and plunges mostly easterly at both ends with small scale anticlines and synclines in the middle. Magnetite constitutes about 75% of high-grade iron deposits in the north limb, whereas hematite predominates in south-limb deposits. K-Ar and Rb-Sr ages indicate middle Paleoproterozoic overprinting. Central Borden Fault Zone was active at ca. 1.27 Ga and during or after Ordovician time. Note: please be aware that the information contained in CGM 408 is based on legacy data from the 1960-1990s and that it has been superseded by regional-scale information contained in CGM 403.
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4

Mueller, C., S. J. Piercey, M. G. Babechuk, and D. Copeland. Stratigraphy and lithogeochemistry of rocks from the Nugget Pond Deposit area, Baie Verte Peninsula, Newfoundland. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328989.

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Stratigraphic and lithogeochemical data were collected from selected drill core from the Nugget Pond gold deposit in the Betts Cove area, Newfoundland. The stratigraphy consists of a lower unit of basaltic rocks that are massive to pillowed (Mount Misery Formation). This is overlain by sedimentary rocks of the Scrape Point Formation that consist of lower unit of turbiditic siltstone and hematitic cherts/iron formations (the Nugget Pond member); the unit locally has a volcaniclastic rich-unit at its base and grades upwards into finer grained volcaniclastic/turbiditic rocks. This is capped by basaltic rocks of the Scrape Point Formation that contain pillowed and massive mafic flows that are distinctively plagioclase porphyritic to glomeroporphyritic. The mafic rocks of the Mount Misery Formation have island arc tholeiitic affinities, whereas Scrape Point Formation mafic rocks have normal mid-ocean ridge (N-MORB) to backarc basin basalt (BABB) affinities. One sample of the latter formation has a calc-alkalic affinity. All of these geochemical features are consistent with results and conclusions from previous workers in the area. Clastic sedimentary rocks and Fe-rich sedimentary rocks of the Scrape Point Formation have features consistent with derivation from local, juvenile sources (i.e., intra-basinal mafic rocks). The Scrape Point Formation sedimentary rocks with the highest Fe/Al ratios, inferred to have greatest amount of hydrothermally derived Fe, have positive Ce anomalies on Post-Archean Australian Shale (PAAS)-normalized trace element plots. These features are consistent with having formed via hydrothermal venting into an anoxic/ sub-oxic water column. Further work is needed to test whether these redox features are a localized feature (i.e., restricted basin) or a widespread feature of the late Cambrian-early Ordovician Iapetus Ocean, as well as to delineate the role that these Fe-rich sedimentary rocks have played in the localization of gold mineralization within the Nugget Pond deposit.
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5

Kuster, K., C. M. Lesher, and M. G. Houlé. Geology and geochemistry of mafic and ultramafic bodies in the Shebandowan mine area, Wawa-Abitibi terrane: implications for Ni-Cu-(PGE) and Cr-(PGE) mineralization, Ontario and Quebec. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329394.

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The Shebandowan Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposit occurs in the Shebandowan greenstone belt in the Wawa-Abitibi terrane. This deposit is one of a few economic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits in the Superior Province and one of a very few deposits worldwide that contains both Ni-Cu-(PGE) and Cr-(PGE) mineralization. The mafic-ultramafic successions in the area comprise abundant flows and sills of tholeiitic basalt and lesser Al-undepleted komatiite (MgO >18 wt%, Al2O3/TiO2 = 15-25), the latter indicating separation from mantle sources at shallow levels. Siliceous high-Mg basalts (MgO 8-12 wt%, SiO2 > 53 wt%, TiO2 < 1.2 wt%, La/Sm[MN] < 1-2) are relatively abundant in the area and likely represent crustally contaminated komatiites. Ultramafic bodies in the Shebandowan mine area comprise at least three or four komatiitic sills (A-B, C, D) and at least two komatiitic flows (E, F), all of which are altered to serpentinites or talc-carbonate schists with relict igneous chromite and rare relict igneous orthopyroxene-clinopyroxene. Unit A-B contains pentlandite-pyrrhotite-chalcopyrite-pyrite-magnetite mineralization, occurring as massive sulfides, sulfide breccias, or stringers, and subeconomic chromite mineralization in contorted massive bands varying from a few millimetres up to 10 metres thick. The localization of massive and semi-massive Ni-Cu-(PGE) ores along the margins of Unit A and the paucity of disseminated and net-textured ores suggest tectonic mobilization. Chromite is typically zoned with Cr-Mg-Al-rich (chromite) cores and Fe-rich (ferrichromite/magnetite) rims due to alteration and/or metamorphism, but rarely contains amoeboid magnetite cores. The thickness of chromite in Unit B is too great to have crystallized in cotectic proportion from the komatiitic magma and a model involving dynamic upgrading of magnetite xenoliths derived from interflow oxide facies iron formations is being tested.
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6

Abramov, B. N. Petrography, conditions formations granitoids amujikano- Shahtaminskogo complex (j2-3) in ore fields gold ore and molybdenum deposits Eastern Transbaikalia. ГеоДозор (Москва), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/2223-0831-2018-1-35-43.

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Abramov, B. N. PETROGEOCHEMISTRY, THE CONDITIONS OF FORMATION OF GRANITOIDS OF AMUDZHIKANSHAKHTAMINSKIY COMPLEX (J2-3) IN THE ORE FIELDS OF GOLD AND MOLYBDENUM ORE DEPOSITS, EAST-ERN TRANSBAIKALIA. LJournal, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/2223-0831-2017-8-2-45-17.

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8

Piercey, S. J., and J. L. Pilote. Nd-Hf isotope geochemistry and lithogeochemistry of the Rambler Rhyolite, Ming VMS deposit, Baie Verte Peninsula, Newfoundland: evidence for slab melting and implications for VMS localization. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328988.

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New high precision lithogeochemistry and Nd and Hf isotopic data were collected on felsic rocks of the Rambler Rhyolite formation from the Ming volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposit, Baie Verte Peninsula, Newfoundland. The Rambler Rhyolite formation consists of intermediate to felsic volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks with U-shaped primitive mantle normalized trace element patterns with negative Nb anomalies, light rare earth element-enrichment (high La/Sm), and distinctively positive Zr and Hf anomalies relative to surrounding middle rare earth elements (high Zr-Hf/Sm). The Rambler Rhyolite samples have epsilon-Ndt = -2.5 to -1.1 and epsilon-Hft = +3.6 to +6.6; depleted mantle model ages are TDM(Nd) = 1.3-1.5 Ga and TDM(Hf) = 0.9-1.1Ga. The decoupling of the Nd and Hf isotopic data is reflected in epsilon-Hft isotopic data that lies above the mantle array in epsilon-Ndt -epsilon-Hft space with positive ?epsilon-Hft values (+2.3 to +6.2). These Hf-Nd isotopic attributes, and high Zr-Hf/Sm and U-shaped trace element patterns, are consistent with these rocks having formed as slab melts, consistent with previous studies. The association of these slab melt rocks with Au-bearing VMS mineralization, and their FI-FII trace element signatures that are similar to rhyolites in Au-rich VMS deposits in other belts (e.g., Abitibi), suggests that assuming that FI-FII felsic rocks are less prospective is invalid and highlights the importance of having an integrated, full understanding of the tectono-magmatic history of a given belt before assigning whether or not it is prospective for VMS mineralization.
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Salcido, Charles, Patrick Wilson, Justin Tweet, Blake McCan, Clint Boyd, and Vincent Santucci. Theodore Roosevelt National Park: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293509.

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Theodore Roosevelt National Park (THRO) in western North Dakota was established for its historical connections with President Theodore Roosevelt. It contains not only historical and cultural resources, but abundant natural resources as well. Among these is one of the best geological and paleontological records of the Paleocene Epoch (66 to 56 million years ago) of any park in the National Park System. The Paleocene Epoch is of great scientific interest due to the great mass extinction that occurred at its opening (the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event), and the unusual climatic event that began at the end of the epoch (the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, an anomalous global temperature spike). It is during the Paleocene that mammals began to diversify and move into the large-bodied niches vacated by dinosaurs. The rocks exposed at THRO preserve the latter part of the Paleocene, when mammals were proliferating and crocodiles were the largest predators. Western North Dakota was warmer and wetter with swampy forests; today these are preserved as the “petrified forests” that are one of THRO’s notable features. Despite abundant fossil resources, THRO has not historically been a scene of significant paleontological exploration. For example, the fossil forests have only had one published scientific description, and that report focused on the associated paleosols (“fossil soils”). The widespread petrified wood of the area has been known since at least the 19th century and was considered significant enough to be a tourist draw in the decades leading up to the establishment of THRO in 1947. Paleontologists occasionally collected and described fossil specimens from the park over the next few decades, but the true extent of paleontological resources was not realized until a joint North Dakota Geological Survey–NPS investigation under John Hoganson and Johnathan Campbell between 1994–1996. This survey uncovered 400 paleontological localities within the park representing a variety of plant, invertebrate, vertebrate, and trace fossils. Limited investigation and occasional collection of noteworthy specimens took place over the next two decades. In 2020, a new two-year initiative to further document the park’s paleontological resources began. This inventory, which was the basis for this report, identified another 158 fossil localities, some yielding taxa not recorded by the previous survey. Additional specimens were collected from the surface, among them a partial skeleton of a choristodere (an extinct aquatic reptile), dental material of two mammal taxa not previously recorded at THRO, and the first bird track found at the park. The inventory also provided an assessment of an area scheduled for ground-disturbing maintenance. This inventory is intended to inform future paleontological resource research, management, protection, and interpretation at THRO. THRO’s bedrock geology is dominated by two Paleocene rock formations: the Bullion Creek Formation and the overlying Sentinel Butte Formation of the Fort Union Group. Weathering of these formations has produced the distinctive banded badlands seen in THRO today. These two formations were deposited under very different conditions than the current conditions of western North Dakota. In the Paleocene, the region was warm and wet, with a landscape dominated by swamps, lakes, and rivers. Great forests now represented by petrified wood grew throughout the area. Freshwater mollusks, fish, amphibians (including giant salamanders), turtles, choristoderes, and crocodilians abounded in the ancient wetlands, while a variety of mammals representing either extinct lineages or the early forebearers of modern groups inhabited the land. There is little representation of the next 56 million years at THRO. The only evidence we have of events in the park for most of these millions of years is isolated Neogene lag deposits and terrace gravel. Quaternary surficial deposits have yielded a few fossils...
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Rempel, K. U., A. E. Williams-Jones, and K. Fuller. An experimental investigation of the solubility and speciation of uranium in hydrothermal ore fluids. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328995.

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Experimental data on the solubility and speciation of uranium in hydrothermal solution is required to improve genetic models for the formation of ore deposits, yet very few data of this type have been published. Of particular interest is the oxidation state of the uranium in solution, as conventional wisdom suggests that U is dissolved in the oxidized U(VI) state and precipitated as reduced U(IV) minerals, yet recent experiments have shown ppm-level solubility for U(IV). This study investigated the mobility of reduced U(IV) and oxidized U(VI) in acidic (pH = 2), fluoride- bearing and alkaline (pH = 10), chloride-bearing solutions at 100-200°C and 1 to 15.8 bars (0.1-1.58 MPa). Preliminary data for the mobility of U(IV) in pH 2 fluids with 0.01 m F- show concentrations of 1.76 to 3.92 ppm U at 200°C, indicating that, contrary to common belief, the reduced U(IV) can be transported in solution. We have also conducted experiments on U(VI) solubility in pH 2 fluoride-bearing, and pH 10 chloride-bearing solutions. Uranium concentrations in the F- -bearing experiments ranged from 624 to 1570 ppm (avg. 825 ppm, n = 6) at 100°C, 670 to 1560 ppm (avg. 931 ppm, n = 4) at 150°C, and 3180 to 7550 ppm (avg. 5240, n = 9) at 200°C. In comparison, U concentrations in the Cl- -bearing runs range from 86.1 to 357 ppm (avg. 185 ppm, n = 15) at 200°C. Clearly, oxidized U(VI) is very readily mobilized in hydrothermal fluids. However, the measured concentrations of U(VI) are independent of those of F- or Cl-, suggesting the formation of U oxide or hydroxide species rather than U chlorides or fluorides. These experimental data will be verified and supplemented in future experiments, which will be used to derive the stoichiometry and thermodynamic constants for the dominant uranium species in hydrothermal solutions. The data from this study will then be integrated into a comprehensive genetic model for uranium ore-forming systems.
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