Academic literature on the topic 'Ordre public contractuel'
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Journal articles on the topic "Ordre public contractuel"
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FAUVARQUE-COSSON, BÉNÉDICTE, and FRANÇOIS ANCEL. "Is Renovating the General Law of Contracts Useful? The French Experience." Право України, no. 2019/03 (2019): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.33498/louu-2019-03-220.
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The ordonnance of 10 February 2016 for the reform of contract law, of the general regime and of proof of obligations came into force on 1 October 2016. Further changes were made by the legislator in 2018. This reform modifies one of the most important part of the Code civil: the provisions on contracts and obligations The reform aims at giving more accessibility and clarity to French contract law, and it undeniably has already made it more attractive internationally. In this paper, we explain why, in an international world where contracting parties can chose the law applicable to their contract, we believe that a codified law is very important to overcome the void left by the contract and to resolve the difficulties that have arisen during its existence. Besides, it brings legal certainty, accessibility and visibility. We also explain why we think that a modern general law of contracts is a unique opportunity to propose a base of legal provisions considered as “minimal” and to affirm a specific legal policy. If it is clear, that practitioners and judges should not conceive contract law as the expression of a contractual public order (ordre public contractuel), it is sometimes difficult to know to what extent contracting parties can set aside some provisions of the governing law. Finally, we explain how, after having been for nearly two centuries the instruments of a certain legal nationalism, national codifications have become the cement of European private law. Indeed, the French contract law reform, which was built on the diversity of Europe, drew much inspiration from various European and international models. In turn, it has attracted a great deal of interest abroad, was translated into several languages and is extensively commented.
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Vincent-Jones, Peter. "The limits of contractual order in public sector transacting." Legal Studies 14, no. 3 (November 1994): 364–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.1994.tb00509.x.
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Contract is playing an increasingly important part in the restructuring of the public sector in Britain in the 1990s. The direct providing role of the state is being reduced through the ‘contracting out’ of ancillary and core services in the NHS, central and local government, whilst the policy aim of increasing the efficiency of public sector management involves contract in the operation of internal markets, the creation of specialist agencies with clearly defined functions and responsibilities, the devolution of financial responsibility to budget-holding business units operating in internal trading relationships, and the exposure of internal workforces to private sector competition through compulsory competitive tendering (CCT). However, the widespread adoption of a common ‘language of contract’ to describe processes occurring in these different contexts disguises a variety of meanings and functions.
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THIND, AMARDEEP. "ANALYSIS OF HEALTH SERVICES USE FOR RESPIRATORY ILLNESS IN INDONESIAN CHILDREN: IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY." Journal of Biosocial Science 37, no. 2 (March 16, 2004): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002193200300645x.
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Respiratory illness continues to be a leading cause of paediatric morbidity and mortality in Indonesia. The Indonesian government is moving towards a more managed care-based approach as it reforms its health care system following the 1997 financial crisis. In order to better design contractual relationships between the payor and different providers, there needs to be a better understanding of the patterns and predictors of health services utilization for respiratory illness. This study uses the Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey to study the determinants of private, public and non-formal provider utilization for respiratory illness. Multinomial logistic regression models for predicting use were constructed using the Andersen Behavioural Model as the conceptual framework. The findings indicate that age, household size, maternal education, religion, the asset index, location and illness severity play a role in determining use of private, public or non-formal providers. The results indicate that from a policy perspective, the Indonesian government needs be inclusive rather than exclusive in the choice of providers that are contracted by the managed care plans, in order to safeguard the health of the under-five population.
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Савельева, Мария Владимировна. "Invalidity of Transaction Disturbing Public Order and Morals: Problematic Issues of Legal Regulation." ЖУРНАЛ ПРАВОВЫХ И ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26163/gief.2019.16.30.020.
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В настоящее время особого внимания требуют ценностные оценки измерений и обобщений социальных перемен. Взаимосвязь права и морали нагляднее всего представляется в проблемных ситуациях, при этом споры в гражданско-правовой области о нарушении моральных и правовых требований могут относиться не только к деликтным обязательствам, но образовываться из договорных обязательств. Практическая реализация правовых и моральных требований в современном обществе является предметом исследования в настоящей статье. Автором исследуется природа понятия «нравственности» в современных зарубежных правопорядках и России. Анализируется правоприменительная практика при установлении границ морали и нравственности при договорных обязательствах. Конкретизируется значимость данной нормы для гражданско-правового регулирования права при установлении ограничений свободы договора и морали. In the modern context particular attention should be given to the value assessment of measurement and generalization of social changes. The relationship between rights and morality most vividly appears in challenging situations, wherein disputes in civil cases with regard to the breach of morality and rights related requirements might not only deal with delictum obligations but also can stem from contractual obligations. The article focuses on practical realization of legal and moral requirements in the modern society. The author examines the nature of «morality» in modern international and Russian rules of law. Particular attention is given to the analysis of law enforcement practice in the course of determining morality and ethics related boundaries in contractual obligations. The author elaborates on the essence of this legal norm for civil legal regulation of the right while placing limitation on the freedom of contract.
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Martiniello, Laura, Donato Morea, Francesco Paolone, and Riccardo Tiscini. "Energy Performance Contracting and Public-Private Partnership: How to Share Risks and Balance Benefits." Energies 13, no. 14 (July 14, 2020): 3625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143625.
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Public private partnerships (PPPs) are a well-known instrument used worldwide by public administration (PA) to build public infrastructure using private knowhow and financial resources, and sharing risks. In recent years, PPPs have been widely adopted to develop energy efficiency projects between public and private sectors. In this context, a successful project requires a contractual arrangement based on energy performance contracting (EPC) that balances the interests of the two parties. This paper aims to answer two questions: how to share the benefits between the contractual parties and reach an optimal long-term contractual agreement; and which type of contract ensures a consistent risk transfer to the private partner, allowing the PA an “off balance” accounting treatment. The research questions are answered through the development of a mathematical equation able to calculate the optimal percentage of benefits sharing between partners in a long-term contractual agreement. The results are tested with a simulation based on a case study about the energy efficiency project of an Italian hospital. The paper is innovative because it provides suggestions to improve the EPC-PPP contractual structure and realize a balanced agreement between the public and private partners. Moreover, it analyzes the different allocation of risks in EPC contracts to identify the implication for the PA in terms of on-off balance accounting treatment in energy efficiency investment. We show how a successful long-term EPC-PPP can benefit from a mixed contractual structure in which profit-sharing percentage changes during the contract’s life to ensure the same net present value (NPV) to both public and private partners. This paper supports public decision making in order to choose contracts that are able to transfer energy and management risks. Moreover, it helps to understand the balance between public and private interests in a long-term EPC-PPP contract.
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Handayani, Mira, Yuslim Yuslim, and Ulfanora Ulfanora. "Legal Standing of Work Order (SPK) by the Existence of Agreement on the Procurement of Public Goods in the Education Office of Padang City." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 6, no. 5 (October 19, 2019): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v6i5.1090.
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Legal relation between user and provider, that occurs during the process of signing the agreement on the procurement of goods and services until the process of terminating the agreement, is called civil law relation which is specified as contractual relation. In the process of user and service user agreement, the government is represented by Budget User or Proxy or Commitment Officer (CO) or Procurement Official as an individual. Regarding this matter, the research problem is on how the legal standing of work order by the existence the public procurement agreement and on how the contractual relation between the Commitment Officer (CO) and the procurement of goods and services for the procurement of public goods at the Education Office of Padang City. This research employs empirical juridical approach. Based on the result of the research, it is found that the legal standing of work order, in addition to part of the contract, is also the decision of state administration in carrying out public authority in the form of procurement of goods and services which is violated through the state finance. In the meantime, the contractual relation of the parties is basically the same as the contract or agreement in general; the contract is binding on the parties such as laws in a lawful relationship and obligations.
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Ahlin, Janez. "Application of the Rules of the Code of Obligations for Concession Contract Relations: Concession Contract on the Boundary between the Public and Private Interests." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 6, no. 2 (September 2, 2009): 245–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/52.
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The special legal nature of the concession contract (as one of the legal transactions) which represents a legal framework where the public and private interests meet (two parties cooperate for mutual benefit) is characterised by intertwining of general rules of obligation law and special legal institutes that originate from the sphere of public law. The legal nature of the contractual relationships that arise between administrative and private entities requires special regulation of individual institutes that should reflect the public interest as an important guiding principle for concluding these contracts, and a special legal position of a public law entity as a holder of this public interest. Despite adoption of the new Public-Private Partnership Act in the legislative regulation of the concession contract that still remains variously regulated in previously adopted special provisions of sectoral laws, there are still some deficiencies and dilemmas that are more or less effectively dealt with in the contractual practice. For the legal positions that are classically civil at first sight, the legislator or court practice have laid down special modified rules of civil law in most developed countries. In the course of time, these rules became part of public law / administrative law. Thus, the French legal order has best developed the rules of the public contractual law and the legal institute of the administrative contract that the Slovenian administrative theoreticians try more and more to introduce also into our legal order.
KEY WORDS: • concession contract • concession partnership • public-private partnership • public interest • party equality principle • law of obligations
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Peng, Xiaoqi, Wenhua Hou, and Lin Wang. "The influence of contractual and relational governance on the sustainable performance of public-private partnership projects: Findings from PLS-SEM." Advances in Economics and Management Research 1, no. 3 (February 8, 2023): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aemr.3.1.314.
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As a widely adopted model of infrastructure and public service provision, the goal of PPP projects is gradually shifting from traditional economic orientation to sustainable development orientation. During this process, contractual governance and relational governance are regarded as effective ways to improve the sustainable performance of PPP projects. This paper extends contractual governance (control, coordination, adaptation) and relational governance (trust, communication, reciprocity, and industry practices) to second-order constructs. On this basis, partial least squares structural equation model (PLS-SEM) is adopted to analyze the questionnaire data of 114 PPP project practitioners, aiming to study the influence of contractual and relational governance on the sustainable performance of PPP projects. The results of PLS-SEM verify the support effect of contractual and relational governance on sustainable performance, and the effect of relational governance is more significant. This paper enriches the governance mechanism of PPP projects from the perspective of sustainable development. At the same time, the research results can also help PPP project managers rationally use the governance mechanism of both contract and relationship to promote the project to achieve its sustainable performance.
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Tomić, Jovana. "In-house contracts in the European Union law." Megatrend revija 18, no. 2 (2021): 283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/megrev2102283t.
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After successful implementation of public procurement procedure, a purchaser concludes public contract with a selected bidder. If, according to the European union law and Republic of Serbia domestic law, the purchaser and the bidder are considered as "affiliated" subjects, they are not obliged to apply public procurement rules and the contract they are concluding in that case is being called in-house. In order to avoid invoking an in-house contractual relation in such a situations where public procurement rules should be applied, it is important to recognize characteristics of such a contractual relation. This work presents criteria for determining in-house contract according to the European union law. The aim of the author is for domestic purchasers and bidders to better understand norms that have been taken from European union law to new Law on Public Procurement of the Republic of Serbia, so that their proper implementation can be expected.
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Rogulenko, T. M., A. V. Bodyako, S. V. Ponomareva, and P. A. Pashkov. "Methodological support of the Estimated Efficiency of Public Procurement on a Contractual basis." Finance: Theory and Practice 27, no. 5 (October 19, 2023): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2587-5671-2023-27-5-18-29.
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The subject of the study is the problems of institutional and methodological-legal regulation of the contract system of public procurement.The relevance of the problem is due to the fact that there have been changes in the structure and composition of forms of contract activity as a result of the 2017 adoption of amendments to Law No. 44 in the dynamics of the distribution of order placement procedures.The purpose of the study is to develop a scientific methodology for calculating the effectiveness of procurement activities on the basis of a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of public procurement on a contractual basis, plan-fact analysis, and the implementation of the principles of compliance control in public procurement management.The paper uses methods of statistical and comparative analysis, generalization, classification and valuation. The paper shows that the present disadvantages of institutional regulation of procurement processes have a negative effect on their effectiveness, requiring improved oversight of public procurements as well as analytical and methodological support. The authors suggested that the principles of compliance-control of public procurement management be applied on a contractual basis in order to increase the level of credibility and legality of activities conducted in procurement. The author’s vision of the content of the methods of calculating the performance of procurement activities on the basis of a comprehensive evaluation of the effectiveness of public procurements on a contract basis is presented. For the collection of data for plan-fact analysis, their systematization for further calculation of performance indicators of public procurement on a contractual basis, a specialized form “Data Summary for Plan-Fact Analysis of Procurement” is proposed. If the procurement proposals presented in the study are implemented, they will increase the efficiency of the Russian public procurement contract system, the responsibility of participants in it, and the professional competence of officials.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ordre public contractuel"
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Nguewo, nono youta Ferdi. "L'ordre public contractuel en droit administratif." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Montpellier (2022-....), 2022. http://scd-proxy.univ-brest.fr/login?url=https://bibliotheque.lefebvre-dalloz.fr/isbn/9782247234509.
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L'étude de l'ordre public contractuel en droit administratif, qui était nécessaire compte tenu de l'absence de recherche doctorale sur ce thème majeur du droit des contrats, permet d'aboutir à plusieurs conclusions qui sont intéressantes à la fois pour la notion et pour le droit administratif lui-même. S'agissant d'abord de l'ordre public contractuel, son examen en droit administratif confirme que la notion ne peut être définie, mais seulement identifiée, le critère permettant d'effectuer cette identification étant l'automaticité de la sanction attachée à la règle. S'agissant ensuite du droit administratif, l'inscription de l'ordre public contractuel parmi les notions cardinales de ce droit a contribué au perfectionnement du droit et du contentieux des contrats administratifs. Le maniement de la notion permet au juge administratif de moduler le traitement des causes d'invalidité, d'orienter la théorie générale du contrat administratif, mais aussi, parfois, de se démarquer du juge judiciaire en retenant une conception singulière de l'ordre public contractuelThe study of the contractual public order in administrative law, which was necessary given the lack of doctoral research on this major theme of contract law, leads to several conclusions that are interesting both for the notion and for administrative law itself. With regard first to contractual public order, its examination in administrative law confirms that the concept cannot be defined, but only identified, the criterion allowing this identification to be made being the automaticity of the sanction attached to the rule. With regard to administrative law, the inclusion of contractual public order among the cardinal notions of this law has contributed to the improvement of the law and litigation of administrative contracts. The handling of the concept allows the administrative judge to modulate the treatment of the causes of invalidity, to direct the general theory of the administrative contract, but also, sometimes, to stand out from the judicial judge by retaining a singular conception of the contractual public order
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Jacomino, Faustine. "Le contrôle objectif de l'équilibre contractuel. Entre droit commun des contrats et droit des pratiques restrictives de concurrence." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR0017/document.
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Le contrôle de l’équilibre contractuel constitue l’un des marqueurs du droit des contrats contemporain. Plusieurs fondements président à l’instauration d’un tel contrôle. Certains auteurs évoquent la morale, d’autres la justice contractuelle et d’autres enfin son utilité économique. Appliqués aux déséquilibres entre professionnels, les outils mis en œuvre pour assurer ce contrôle trahissent l’existence d’un contrôle objectif de l’équilibre attendu du contrat. L’équilibre subjectif voulu par les parties n’est pas écarté, mais il se trouve concurrencé par la détermination d’une forme d’équilibre objectif motivé tant par la volonté de protéger la partie faible que par celle de promouvoir une certaine vision de l’économie, et des échanges commerciaux. Le droit des pratiques restrictives se présente à cet égard comme une discipline intégratrice permettant d’allier protection de la partie faible et protection du marché. L’influence que cette discipline exerce sur le droit commun des contrats, et la « civilisation », à l’inverse, du droit de la concurrence sous l’influence du droit commun, permettent d’éclairer les rouages de ce contrôle objectif de l’équilibre contractuel. Cette étude propose de décrire l’objectivation des critères d’identification du déséquilibre contractuel et celle des remèdes qui lui sont réservés. Pour ce faire, le droit commun des contrats et celui des pratiques restrictives de concurrence seront mis en miroir afin d’éclairer les implications de ce contrôle sur l’une et l’autre des matières. Plus exactement, cette thèse propose de déjouer les phénomènes de superposition et de concurrence des dispositifs de contrôle objectif de l’équilibre contractuel existant dans ces deux disciplines par une identification précise de leurs champs d’applications et de leurs objectifs respectifs. Elle tend enfin à décrire les fonctions de ce contrôle objectif tant à l’égard des parties qu’à celui du marché, en insistant sur la nécessité d’envisager conjointement les dimensions micro et macro-économiques des contrats étudiésControl of contractual balance is one of the markers of contemporary contract law. Such control is grounded in several basic concepts: some authors refer to morality, while others invoke contractual justice or its economic relevance. Applied to imbalance between professionals, the tools implemented to ensure this control reveal the existence of objective control of the contracts’ expected balance. Although the subjective balance sought by the parties is not set aside, it is overshadowed by the determination of a kind of objective balance motivated by a will both to protect the weaker party and to promote a certain vision of the economy, and commercial exchanges. In this respect, restrictive practices law is an integrative discipline in which it is possible to combine protection of the weaker party with protection of the market. The influence of this discipline on common contract law and, conversely, the “civilization” of competition law under the influence of common law help better understand the mechanism of such objective control of contractual balance. This research aims to describe the objectification of identification criteria for contractual imbalance and the ways of remedying it. To this end, common contract law and law governing restrictive competition practices will be compared to shed light on such control in both these areas. More specifically, this thesis proposes to thwart phenomena of superimposition of and competition between existing systems for the objective control of contractual balance in both these disciplines through precise identification of their fields of application and their respective purposes. It also aspires to describe the functions of such objective control for both the parties and the market by emphasizing the need to examine these contracts by taking into consideration together both their micro and macroeconomic dimensions
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Klifa, Deborah. "La pratique contractuelle des prestataires de services d'investissement confrontée à l'ordre public." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM1076.
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La pratique contractuelle des prestataires de services d'investissements s'illustre tant à l'occasion de la fourniture des services d'investissement que lors de montage contractuel issu de la pratique. L'objet de cette étude est de cerner quelles sont les nouvelles règles d'ordre public susceptibles de mettre à mal la sécurité juridique des PSI à l'occasion de cette pratique contractuelleContractual practice of providers of investment illustrates both the provision of investment services and contract assembly created by the practice . The purpose of this study is to identify what are the new public order rules that undermine the legal certainty of PSI during this contractual practice
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Aubin-Brouté, Raphaèle-Jeanne. "Le contrat en agriculture." Thesis, Poitiers, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013POIT3014.
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Les contrats conclus par l'agriculteur pour la satisfaction de ses besoins professionnels forment une famille de contrats : tous ont part à l'action publique en agriculture. Leur identité commune est méthodologique. Le contrat est un instrument de la politique agricole pour protéger l'agriculteur ou diriger l'agriculture. Le droit spécial des contrats agricoles permet la pénétration dans l'acte juridique du système de valeurs choisi par l'état. L'ordre public contractuel en agriculture se manifeste aussi par une action de police du contrat, à laquelle sont associés les professionnels. Mais le contrat n'est pas seulement un objet de l'action publique en agriculture : il est aussi une de ses modalités. La contractualisation se manifeste par une production concertée, avec l'état ou entre professionnels, de la norme juridique. Elle se manifeste aussi par la recherche du consentement à la norme, spécialement environnementale. Le discours contractuel justifie l'action publique en agriculture. Le contrat agro-environnemental permet la rémunération publique d'une prestation écologique ou territoriale fournie par l'agriculteur. Cette thèse met au jour un changement profond de paradigme dans la politique agricole. Alors que le droit de l'exploitation est, pour partie, absorbé par celui de l'entreprise, un corpus juridique original apparaît qui procède de la nouvelle identité multifonctionnelle reconnue à l'activité agricole. Cette thèse révèle aussi le glissement méthodologique qui s'opère de la norme contractuelle privée contrainte par la norme publique vers la norme publique produite par le contratContracts concluded by the farmer for the satisfaction of its professional needs form a family of contracts : all have part in the public action in agriculture. Their common identity is methodological. The contract is a legal instrument of the agricultural policy. All its utilities are mobilized for protecting the farmer or managing the agriculture. The special law of the agricultural contracts allows the penetration in the legal act of the value system chosen by the State. The contractual public order in agriculture also shows itself by an action of police of the contract. The contract in agriculture is not only an object of the public action : it is also one of its modalities. The contractualization shows itself at first by a joint production of the legal rule, with the State or between professionals. It shows itself then by the research for the consent in the standard, specially environmental. The contractual speech justifies the public action in agriculture. The agro-environmental contract allows the public remuneration for an ecological or territorial performance supplied by the farmer. This thesis brings to light a deep change of paradigm in the agricultural policy. While the law of the exploitation is absorbed, partly, by that of the company, an original legal corpus appears which proceeds of the new multifunctional identity recognized by the agricultural activity. This thesis also reveals the methodological sliding which takes place of the private contractual law forced by the public law towards the public law produced by contract
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Farges, Simon. "L'ordre public sociétaire." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2020. https://buadistant.univ-angers.fr/login?url=https://bibliotheque.lefebvre-dalloz.fr/secure/isbn/9782247218776.
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La première partie de cette étude permet de démontrer que, pour de multiplesraisons, l’assimilation des notions d’ordre public et d’impérativité sociétaires produit desrésultats insatisfaisants. Afin d’accéder à la connaissance du contenu normatif de l’ordre publicsociétaire, une définition restrictive du concept, permettant de le distinguer de la notioninsaisissable d’impérativité, doit donc être proposée.Selon une approche volontairement restrictive, l’ordre public sociétaire peut être défini commeun contenant notionnel ayant pour fonction de protéger, par des règles contraignantes, desvaleurs ou intérêts essentiels du droit des sociétés ; telle est la mission singulière qu’il convientde lui attribuer afin de permettre l’identification des règles de droit, absolument insusceptiblesde dérogation conventionnelle, qu’il contient. In fine, les contours d’un régime juridique adapté,permettant le rayonnement aussi bien dans le temps que dans l’espace de ses prescriptionsessentielles, peuvent être dessinésThe first part of the study shows that, for many reasons, the assimilation of thenotions of public order and corporate imperative produces unsatisfactory results. In order toaccess knowledge of the normative content of corporate public policy, a restrictive definition ofthe concept must therefore be proposed, allowing it to be distinguished from the elusive notionof corporate imperative.According to a purposefully restrictive approach, corporate public policy can be defined as anotional container whose function is to protect, by means of binding rules, essential values orinterests of corporate law; this is the singular mission that should be assigned to it in order toenable the identification of the rules of law, which are absolutely insusceptible to conventionalderogation, which it contains. Finally, the framework of an adapted legal system, which allowsthe influence of its essential prescriptions in time as well as in space, can be drawn
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Ripoche, Elléa. "La liberté et l’ordre public contractuels à l’épreuve des droits fondamentaux." Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020061.
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Loin d’être exclusivement d’ordre hiérarchique, la relation unissant le contrat et les droits fondamentaux apparaît également de nature dialectique. Au phénomène de fondamentalisation du contrat, conduisant à limiter la liberté contractuelle, répond un phénomène inverse de contractualisation des droits fondamentaux, tendant au contraire à la promouvoir. Malmenée en même temps qu’exaltée par l’irruption des droits fondamentaux dans la sphère contractuelle, la liberté contractuelle se trouve ainsi au cœur des interactions entre le contrat et les droits fondamentaux. C’est à la lumière d’une réflexion renouvelée sur l’ordre public contractuel que la solidarité de ces deux phénomènes antagonistes peut être éprouvée, et leur relation systématisée. Sous l’action d’influences réciproques, la rencontre du contrat et des droits fondamentaux est en effet la source d’un nouvel équilibre contractuel. Se substituant progressivement à l’ordre public, les droits fondamentaux en font évoluer à la fois la structure et la substance. C’est, plus spécifiquement, l’articulation de la liberté et de l’ordre public contractuels qui s’opère différemment si bien qu’elle apparaît, à l’épreuve des droits fondamentaux, sous un jour nouveau. À la fois ordre de promotion et de limitation de la liberté, l’ordre public contractuel se révèle, avant tout, comme un ordre de fondation de la libertéFar from being exclusively hierarchical, the relationship between the contract and fundamental rights also appears to be dialectical. The phenomenon of the fundamentalization of the contract, leading to the restriction of contractual freedom, is met by an inverse phenomenon of the contractualization of fundamental rights, tending on the contrary to promote it. The emergence of fundamental rights disturbs as much as it exalts the contractual freedom, which constitutes therefore the core of the interactions between contract and fundamental rights. It is in the light of a renewed reflection on contractual public order that the solidarity of these two antagonistic phenomena can be tested, and their relationship systematized. Owing to reciprocal influences, the meeting of the contract and fundamental rights is indeed the source of a new contractual balance. Fundamental rights are gradually replacing public order and are changing both its structure and substance. More specifically, it is the articulation of contractual freedom and public order that operates differently, so that it appears, tested by fundamental rights, in a new light. Both an order to promote and limit freedom, contractual public order turns out to be, above all, an order to establish freedom
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Cervetti, Pierre-Dominique. "Du bon usage de la contractualisation en droit de la propriété intellectuelle." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1023.
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La contractualisation est une tendance contemporaine qui traverse de nombreuses branches du droit. Elle est un procédé de régulation impliquant la participation des acteurs privés à l'élaboration et à l'évolution du droit. Cette thèse a pour objet d'en vérifier la pertinence et d'en déterminer la portée en droit de la propriété intellectuelle, domaine dominé par l'ordre public, mais sujet à une perte profonde de légitimité. Traduisant aussi bien un recul de l'ordre public qu'une véritable dynamique de normativité, la contractualisation s'illustre sur deux niveaux. D'abord, dans le rapport contractuel, la contractualisation permet au titulaire d'un droit subjectif de négocier l'exercice de ses prérogatives individuelles et de conférer, au mieux offrant, une certaine liberté, une faculté ou un pouvoir d'agir qu'il pourra exercer en lieu et place de son cocontractant. Elle est alors un vecteur renouvelé des droits subjectifs. Ensuite, à l'échelon supérieur, la contractualisation apparaît comme un nouveau mode de régulation. Les acteurs des milieux professionnels sont associés à l'élaboration de la règle de droit, soit par délégation, soit par incitation. Cette contractualisation complémentaire s'inscrivant au cœur du droit objectif se destine à produire des normes autorégulées reposant tout à la fois sur l'idée de flexibilité et d'adhésion volontaire. Ces normes privées seront enfin réceptionnées dans l'ordre juridique à la condition qu'elles réalisent un équilibre entre l'utilité économique de l'aménagement proposé et la valeur sociale portée par la règle du droit imposéThe contractualization is a contemporary trend which crosses numerous branches of the law. As a process of regulation, it implies the participation of the stakeholders in the elaboration and the evolution of the law. This thesis aims at verifying its relevance and determining its impact in intellectual property law, domain dominated by the law and order, but subject to a deep loss of legitimacy. Reflecting a withdrawal of the law and order and a real dynamics of rule-making, the contractualization covers two levels. First of all, in the contractual relationship, the contractualization allows the holder of a subjective right to negotiate the exercise of its individual prerogatives and to confer a certain freedom and power to act that he can practice instead of his cocontracting party. In this case, the contractualization is presented as a vector of subjective rights. Then, in the upper level, the contractualization appears as a new mode of regulation. The stakeholders are associated to the elaboration of the law, either by delegation, or by incentive. This additional contractualization intends to produce private standards basing quite at the same time on the idea of flexibility and voluntary consent. These private standards will finally be received in the legal order assuming that they realize a balance between the economic utility of the proposed arrangement and the social value carried by compulsory rule. In this second prospect, the contractual standard appears as a legal model which should be encouraged, halfway between the spontaneous legal rule and the negotiated legal rule
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Barrière-Brousse, Isabelle. "Ordre public ou liberté contractuelle dans la vente : l'incidence de la qualité professionnelle des parties." Aix-Marseille 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987AIX32007.
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La profession des parties au contrat apparait aujourd'hui determinante des regles juridiques applicables, dans la vente d'objets mobiliers corporels. D'une part, la qualite professionnelle du vendeur implique la mise en oeuvre de l'ordre public economique. Non seulement le vendeur professionnel est soumis a un regime imperatif en vertu de la jurisprudence, ainsi que de la legislation protectrice du consommateur, mais encore sa qualification profession-nelle particuliere accroit l'etendue de l'ordre public a son detri-ment, soit que sa specialisation l'oblige a d'autres devoirs lies a l'information du co-contractant, soit que son activite de fabricant le soumette en outre a une responsabilite de type objectif, depassant le cadre contractuel, en matiere de dommages causes par un defaut de securite du produit. D'autre part et inversement, la qualite professionnelle de l'acquereur definit le domaine du droit classique d'essence liberale. Certes, cette qualite, concue subjecti-vement comme une presomption de competence n'entraine qu'une nuance dans l'application de la regle de droit, en impliquant certaines connaissances et diligences a sa charge. Mais entendue objectivement comme une presomption d'egalite economique, la qualite d'acquereur professionnel trace les contours d'un "droit contractuel des professionnels", antinomique du "droit des xonsommateurs". Toutefois, echappe d'abord a ce regime la question de la securite des biens mis sur le marche; ensuite, doit etre assuree une certaine justice contractuelle dans le domaine des relations economiques regies par les principes liberauxToday the business of the contractors determines the set of rules applicable in the sale of goods. On one side, the professional essence of the seller implies the application of social and economics laws. Not only the professional seller is bound by strict rules by virtue of the jurisprudence, and the set of legal texts protecting the consumers, but also his specific professional skills increase to his detriment the sphere of the law, whether his qualification compels him to other duties relating to the information of consumers, whether his manufacturer's activity binds him to a strict liability, when a defective product causes damages. On the other side, and on the contrary, the professional essence of the purchaser definites the sphere of classic and liberal law. One has to admit that this essence considered subjectively as a presumption of proficiency only makes a slight difference in the application of the legal rules in implying for the purchaser some knowledge and duties. But considered objectively as a presumption of economic egality, the professional essence of the purchaser outlines a contractual law of liberal spirit for the professionals, antinomic to the consumers law. Nevertheless, are excepted from this regime the question relating to the safety of the products. Then, there has to be a relative contractual justice within the field of economics rela-tions governed by liberal principles
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Barrière-Brousse, Isabelle. "Ordre public ou liberté contractuelle dans la vente l'incidence de la qualité professionnelle des parties /." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376026862.
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Morbach, Rüdiger. "Der kartellrechtliche ordre public in der internationalen Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit." Thesis, Paris 2, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021PA020034.
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Au carrefour des domaines juridiques du droit de la concurrence et du droit de l’arbitrage se situe la liberté contractuelle. Elle est garantie par les règles du droit de la concurrence et en même temps la raison d'être de l’arbitrage. La liberté contractuelle est également à la base d'un conflit qui se présente dans les deux domaines : Le conflit entre la liberté individuelle et les intérêts régulateurs de l’État. Omniprésent dans le droit de la concurrence, ce conflit se manifeste dans le droit de l'arbitrage chaque fois que le droit d'arbitrage rencontre une loi étatique de caractère impératif. Il est particulièrement pertinent lorsque la juridiction de l'État est impliquée dans le cadre d'une procédure d'exécution d'une sentence arbitrale ou d'un recours en annulation. Dans ce cas, s'ajoute également le conflit entre l'arbitrage et le système judiciaire étatique. Étant donné que ces deux systèmes sont jugés équivalents, le juge étatique doit s'abstenir de juger à nouveau le fond du litige tranché par le tribunal arbitral (principe de non-révision au fond). Il peut seulement vérifier que l'exequatur de la sentence arbitrale ne heurte pas un principe essentiel du droit étatique, son ordre public. Les règles du droit de la concurrence qui font partie de l'ordre public, leur application par l’arbitre et leur contrôle par le juge étatique font l’objet de la thèseAt the intersection between arbitration and competition law lies private autonomy. The provisions of competition law safeguard what is at the same time the legal foundation of arbitration. In both areas of law, private autonomy enters into conflict with the state's regulatory interest. While this conflict is omnipresent in competition law, it manifests itself in arbitration only when the arbitral proceedings come into contact with mandatory state law, most notably when a state court has to decide on the enforceability of an arbitral award. If this is the case, not only private autonomy and mandatory state law collide, but also arbitration and state court jurisdiction. As far as arbitration and litigation are considered to be equivalent, a state court may not review the substance of an arbitral award on the merits (principle of non-révision au fond). It may only consider whether the enforcement of the arbitral award would violate an essential principle of the law of the state that the state court is supposed to protect, i.e. its public policy (ordre public). Some of these essential principles derive from a state’s competition law and form the state’s public competition policy. Public competition policy, it’s implications for the arbitral tribunal and its protection by state courts form the subject of doctoral thesis
An der Schnittstelle zwischen der Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit und dem Kartellrecht liegt die Privatautonomie. Sie wird durch die Regeln des Kartellrechts gewährleistet und stellt zugleich die Legitimationsgrundlage der Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit dar. Dabei steht sie in beiden Rechtsgebieten im Konflikt mit dem staatlichen Ordnungsinteresse. Während dieser Konflikt im Kartellrecht allgegenwärtig ist, manifestiert er sich in der Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit, sobald das Schiedsverfahren mit zwingendem staatlichen Recht in Berührung kommt, insbesondere wenn ein staatliches Gericht über die Vollstreckbarerklärung oder Aufhebung eines Schiedsspruchs entscheiden muss. In diesem Fall treffen nicht nur Privatautonomie und staatlicher Zwang aufeinander, sondern auch Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit und staatliche Gerichtsbarkeit. Werden beide als gleichwertig angesehen, darf das staatliche Gerichte einen Schiedsspruch grundsätzlich nicht in der Sache überprüfen (Prinzip der non-révision au fond). Es darf nur prüfen, ob die Vollstreckung des Schiedsspruchs einen wesentlichen Grundsatz des von ihm zu schützenden staatlichen Rechts verletzen würde, seinen ordre public. Enthalten diese wesentlichen Grundsätze Regeln des Kartellrechts, handelt es sich um den kartellrechtlichen ordre public. Der kartellrechtliche ordre public, seine Bedeutung für das Schiedsgericht und seine Überprüfung durch das staatliche Gericht werden in dieser Dissertation untersucht. Dazu bedarf es eingangs einer allgemeinen Betrachtung der Schnittstellen zwischen Kartellrecht und Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit (1. Kapitel). Diese widmet sich einerseits den theoretischen Grundlagen der Beziehung beider Rechtsgebiete, andererseits den vielen praktischen Formen des Aufeinandertreffens von Kartellrecht und Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit. Davon ausgehend soll sich dem kartellrechtlichen ordre public genähert werden, indem dieser in allen seinen Erscheinungsformen dargestellt wird, die anhand ihrer Wirkungen in gängige ordre-public-Kategorisierungen eingeordnet werden und miteinander so ins Verhältnis gesetzt werden, dass Konflikte und ein möglicher Umgang mit ihnen erkennbar werden (2. Kapitel). Im Anschluss soll aufgezeigt werden, wie staatliche Gerichte Schiedssprüche auf eine Verletzung des kartellrechtlichen ordre public überprüfen, welche Kontrollparameter ihre Untersuchung beeinflussen, wie sich Parallelverfahren vor Wettbewerbsbehörden darauf auswirken und welche Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten ein staatliches Gericht hat, das eine Verletzung des kartellrechtlichen ordre public feststellt (3. Kapitel). Im Anschluss sollen Möglichkeiten für das Schiedsgericht und die Schiedsparteien ergründet werden, einen Verstoß gegen den kartellrechtlichen ordre public zu vermeiden (4. Kapitel). Mit den hierbei gewonnenen Ergebnissen soll zuletzt versucht werden, eine Antwort auf die Frage zu finden, ob der kartellrechtliche ordre public einen wirksamen Sicherungs¬mechanismus darstellt, mit dem eine sich eine Rechtsordnung gegen gravierende Verletzungen ihres Kartellrechts durch Schiedssprüche schützen kann
Book chapters on the topic "Ordre public contractuel"
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Weale, Albert. "Contractual Constitutions." In Modern Social Contract Theory, 417–30. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198853541.003.0019.
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Arendt pointed out that social contract theory identified some elementary truths of democratic politics. What might be those elementary truths? The first is the need for public goods; the second the role of a two-level theory; and the third is the essential role of government in providing the conditions for social cooperation. Democratic contracts need to respect the requirements of political equality. However, this still leaves us with the problem of knowing what could be agreed among agents reciprocally situated. The empirical method suggests that we need to look to social conditions that embody the circumstances of impartiality. One such set of conditions is found in common property resource regimes, where power is roughly equal. Such regime exhibit various forms of equality, but they also suggest the need for participation as well as monitoring and sanctions. Large-scale societies need to incorporate conditions of open representation and effective deliberation if they are to exhibit the circumstances of impartiality. International contracts are best understood if the Grotian norms of traditional international relations are regarded as equivalent to the individualistic minimum of a domestic order, which needs a social contract to deal with externalities and provide international public goods. It is plausible to think that, in an interdependent world, mutual advantage may exhibit the logic of a universalization to humanity as an end in itself.
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Gunter, Helen M. "Responsibility and judging: producing and using numbers." In The Politics of Public Education, 113–34. Policy Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447339588.003.0006.
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In the high stakes context of biopolitical distinctiveness, what matters appears to be selecting data and using it to make performance claims by smoothing a narrative. This chapter examines how this is integral to segregating the system using Hannah Arendt's (2003) thinking about responsibility and judgement, where she identifies what happens when people are rendered thoughtless, particularly in how a situation is framed and understood through fabricated myth-making. The deployment of the Education Policy Knowledgeable Polity to the creation of ‘data-rich’ schools in England enables an examination of a form of depoliticisation by calculation where the interplay between standards, numbers, and school leadership is deployed to change identities and practices. The state has been able to make contractual alliances with elite individuals, companies, and networked knowledge producers who have used particular ideologies in order to present a seductive, trainable, and measurable model for the modern professional.
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Walden, Ian. "Access and Interconnection." In Telecommunications Law and Regulation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807414.003.0011.
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For the purposes of this chapter, and under the European Union’s Access Directive, the term ‘access’ encompasses all kinds of contractual (private law) arrangements under which an operator or service provider acquires services from another operator in order to enable it to deliver services to its own customers. The issues discussed in this chapter relate to the regulated (public law) rights of operators to access each others’ networks and services at a wholesale level, not the rights of end users to access telecommunications services, at a retail level.
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Stephen, Girvin. "Part III International and Domestic Regulation, 14 Domestic Legislation on Cargo Liability." In Carriage of Goods by Sea. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198811947.003.0014.
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This chapter discusses domestic legislation on cargo liability. In English law, common carriers, such as masters of general ships, were carriers who exercised a public employment, offering carriage to all persons wishing to use the services offered, whether for the carriage of goods (or of passengers). The general principle, as in Roman law, was that the carrier was liable as an ‘insurer’ of the goods, absolutely responsible for delivering the goods at the destination in like order and condition. Unlike public carriers, private carriers undertake the carriage of goods but do not hold themselves out as exercising a public employment. Usually, the carrier’s obligations arise from his contractual agreement to carry the goods of the shipper and, where for reward, private carriers are bailees and have the ordinary responsibilities of a bailee of the goods. The chapter then looks at the Harter Act of 1893 and legislation in other Commonwealth countries, including the Shipping and Seamen Act 1903 in New Zealand, the Sea-Carriage of Goods Act in Australia, and Canada’s Water-Carriage of Goods Act in 1910.
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Petroutsatou, Kleopatra, Theodora Vagdatli, Marina Chronaki, and Panagiota Samouilidou. "Investigating the Risks of Time and Cost Overruns in Infrastructure Projects." In Financial Evaluation and Risk Management of Infrastructure Projects, 131–54. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-7786-1.ch006.
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The purpose of this chapter is to investigate and quantify through real case studies the risks involved in time and cost overruns of infrastructure projects from the procurement to the delivery stage. Although the literature is very rich with a variety of analyses of the factors causing cost and time overruns, there is a gap in investigating the risks in the procurement phase to delivery of such projects. A holistic approach of risks identified in the procurement and construction phase of such projects is presented by using probabilistic analyses of time and cost overruns compared to contractual agreements. Three real case studies are presented with and without the risks identified, results are discussed, and conclusions are derived. This approach could enhance public authorities' processes for successful procurement and delivery. Furthermore, the quantification of these risks in terms of time and cost could pave the way for a more sustainable organization of the authorities in order to deliver successful projects within their time constraints and budget.
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Yerznkyan, B. H., and K. A. Fontana. "Goods Specificity and Their Safeguards." In Theory and Practice of Institutional Reforms in Russia: Collection of Scientific Works. Issue 49, 6–21. CEMI Russian Academy of Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33276/978-5-8211-0785-5-6-21.
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The article emphasizes that there is currently in general a consensus on the fact that there is a wide variety of goods, but there is no consensus on the choice of the only acceptable approach to their classification for all. Among the approaches, we can note those based on a dichotomy (either private or public goods) and a continuum (there are no clear boundaries between private and public goods and all their intermediate variants). The article focuses on the first approach in order to make the visual representation of goods more simplified and intuitive. With this in mind, theoretical approaches to the classification of goods with an emphasis on public interest in some of them, which causes the need for guardianship (patronization) over them, are studied. The starting point is a simple contractual scheme of Williamson, adapted to solve the problem of specificity, however not of assets, but of goods, meaning primarily private and public goods. The traditional expression of this problem is the «freerider» problem, when the need for a public good is not supported by the desire to pay for it. Public goods, whether merit (positive externalities, for example) or demerit (negative externalities), need protective mechanisms, such as patronization – from the state and/or society. Some features of patronized goods and safeguards, or mechanisms for their protection are discussed. It is particularly emphasized that public goods and goods that are likened to them in some sense exist in a certain dynamic institutional environment, the quality of which largely depends on the adequate choice of institutions that can reinforce each other or weaken them if they are not adequately chosen. The mentioned goods are analyzed on the example of water resources, whose specificity, in particular, is manifested in the fact that decision-makers and local authorities can use automatic irrigation systems to produce social (collective, locally public) goods, for example, urban green landscape. In this sense, such systems, being private goods, can act as factors of production of social goods.
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Jøsang, Audun. "PKI Trust Models." In Theory and Practice of Cryptography Solutions for Secure Information Systems, 279–301. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4030-6.ch012.
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A PKI can be described as a set of technologies, procedures, and policies for propagating trust from where it initially exists to where it is needed for authentication in online environments. How the trust propagation takes place under a specific PKI depends on the PKI’s syntactic trust structure, which is commonly known as a trust model. However, trust is primarily a semantic concept that cannot be expressed in syntactic terms alone. In order to define meaningful trust models for PKIs it is also necessary to consider the semantic assumptions and human cognition of trust relationships, as explicitly or implicitly expressed by certification policies, legal contractual agreements between participants in a PKI, and by how identity information is displayed and represented. Of the many different PKI trust models proposed in the literature, some have been implemented and are currently used in practical settings, from small personal networks to large-scale private and public networks such as the Internet. This chapter takes a closer look at the most prominent and widely used PKI trust models, and discusses related semantic issues.
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Benbaji, Yitzhak, and Daniel Statman. "Foundations of a Non-Individualist Morality." In War By Agreement, 37–70. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199577194.003.0002.
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The purpose of this chapter is to outline an alternative to Individualism and to show that moral rights can be taken seriously while acknowledging the role of organized societies in determining the actual distribution of moral rights and duties. In some cases, the rules accepted by such societies give content to what was indeterminate at the pre-contractual level. In others, they redistribute moral rights and duties among members of society. In both these ways, rights behave in a less rigid manner than that entailed by Individualism. To understand how social rules can determine rights, it is particularly helpful to look at the way social roles provide their holders with a permission to diverge from what would be required from them pre-contractually. In decent societies, holders of public roles typically have a right to fulfil their professional duty without deliberating on the merits of the case; namely, without being guided by first-order reasons that pertain to the cases with which they deal. This applies to combatants as well. In most cases, they have a right to disregard the first-order reasons pertaining to the justness of the war they are sent to fight. The responsibility for launching an unjust war lies on the shoulders of the politicians and not on those of combatants, just as the responsibility for sending an innocent person to jail rests with the court and not with the prison guards.
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Neuenschwander, John A. "Legal Release Agreements." In A Guide To Oral History And The Law, 3–18. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195365962.003.0002.
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Abstract Americans live in a world that is ruled by legal agreements. The average American goes through life signing contractual agreements for credit cards, loans, insurance, and wireless service. To sell anything on eBay, one must first sign a legal agreement. Participants in organized road races must sign a legal agreement that basically waives the liability of the promoters should the runner be injured or suffer a heart attack. The vast majority of Americans usually sign these legal agreements without bothering to read the fine print. Even most lawyers rarely take the time to carefully read, let alone question the stock language that is found in consumer agreements. If an insurance agent or bank officer tells us we need to sign an agreement in order to receive coverage or a loan, the only question usually asked is, “Where do I sign?” Against this backdrop, it is not surprising that while legal release agreements are essential to the effective functioning of any oral history program, they rarely receive the close attention that they deserve. The public debate surrounding the legal release agreement that former Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall signed with the Library of Congress points up how a single ambiguous word can spell trouble.
Conference papers on the topic "Ordre public contractuel"
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Mišković, Maša. "PRIMENA PRAVILA O ZAŠTITI POTROŠAČA NA AUKCIJSKU PRODAJU." In XVIII Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xviiimajsko.849m.
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In this paper the author discusses whether consumer protection law is applicable to the sales by auction in the situation when the best bidder – buyer is a consumer. In order to apply consumer protection law, the other contractual party should be a trader. When the auction is conducted by the auctioneer, it is necessary to take into consideration the way he/she acts (as the contracting party with the buyer or agent of the seller), in order to see the status of the contracting parties, that conclude the sales contract when the auction is completed, i.e. whether they represent the trader and consumer. The Law on Consumer Protection of Serbia defines a public auction and provides for an exception from the right of withdrawal in respect of contracts concluded at a public auction. These provisions are implemented from the EU Directive on Consumer Rights, therefore, the author, in addition to the provisions of the Law on Consumer Protection of Serbia, analyzes the provisions of the EU Directive on Consumer Rights in order to reach a conclusion on (non) applicability of consumer protection law to auction sales.
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Serbetci, Walter I., and Greg S. Kindt. "A Green Combined Cycle Plant: From Landfill to Power." In ASME 2009 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2009-81086.
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WorleyParsons has been contracted by the Klickitat Public Utilities District to design a nominal 26 MWe, 2×2×1 Combined Cycle Plant in order to expand the District’s existing landfill gas (LFG) power generation facility. The combined cycle plant is unique in that it will run only on LFG and will employ a state-of-the-art on-site regenerable LFG treatment and compression system. For the design of the LFG treatment system all current technologies were screened and the most economical ones chosen for implementation. The heat rate of the plant is calculated to be 8,245 Btu/kW-hr (LHV) gross and 9,260 Btu/kW-hr (LHV) net, at 90 °F ambient temperature and 1500 ft elevation.
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Đurđić - Milošević, Tamara. "JAVNOBELEŽNIČKA FORMA UGOVORA U NASLEDNOM PRAVU." In XVII majsko savetovanje. Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Kragujvcu, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/uvp21.471dm.
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With the introduction of the of notary public into Serbian law, notary services are gaining more and more importance, and thus the role of notaries has become more dominant in different fields of law, primarily in contract law. Proscribing the notarial form as ad solemnitatem form for the validity of some contracts, thus deviating from the principle of consensualism inherent to the law of obligations, the question of the justification of the constitutive character of the notarial form arises. In order to find the answer to the raised question, it is necessary to examine the types and functions of the form determined by legal policy goals which justify formalism in contract law, and whose realization is especially contributed by notaries as actors in shaping legal transactions. The notarial form also has a special significance for contracts of inheritance law, where it has been proscribed as obligatory for the most important contracts (inheritance law contracts, contract on lifelong maintenance, contract on assignment and distribution of property during lifetime ). The aim of this research is to determine the significance of the notarial form in contractual inheritance law.
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Pavlović, Zoran, and Milan Dakić. "ENERGETSKI UGROŽENI KUPAC." In XV Majsko savetovanje: Sloboda pružanja usluga i pravna sigurnost. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xvmajsko.769p.
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This paper is primarily focused onto the legal framework analysis in the Republic of Serbia, as well as the measures undertaken in order to ensure the protection of the electric-energy vulnerable customers. The acceptance of the protective mechanisms’ relocation from the competitive environment – necessitated by the free market circulation of this energy resource – has initiated their implementation within the social protection system, given the crucial importance of electricity in fulfilling some of the basic needs in the standard of living. Although duly recognized as an adequate protective environment to this consumer category, social protection faces the usual problems (lack of resources and the sustainability issues), as well as the new challenges in regard to the energy poverty and its relation to the established definitions of social vulnerability. The rules that manage contractual relations between consumers and energy providers cannot be eliminated by delegating the concerns about a sufficient energy provision to the certain consumer categories. The domestic energy is being regulated through a rigid legal framework where the public provider guarantees service under de facto preferential conditions that often result in consumer rights’ violations; therefore, the legal system is being additionally challenged in its efforts to ensure a thorough protection to the energy- vulnerable customers.
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Timmons, Dale M., and James H. Cahill. "Thermochemical Conversion of Asbestos Contaminated With Radionuclides and/or Other Hazardous Materials." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4705.
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Waste asbestos from abatement activities at Department of Energy (DOE) facilities is typically (as is most asbestos waste in the United States) disposed of in landfills. However, some of the asbestos from DOE facilities is contaminated with radionuclides, PCBs, metals regulated under the Resource Conservation Recovery Act (RCRA) and perhaps other regulated components that may require treatment instead of landfill disposal. Land disposal of waste is becoming less desirable to the public and does nothing to reduce the toxicity or the continued liability associated with these wastes. Methods for permanent destruction of these wastes are becoming more attractive as a final solution. One of the methods available for the destruction of asbestos-containing wastes is thermochemical conversion technology. ARI Technologies, Inc. was contracted by the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) to conduct a technology deployment of its thermochemical conversion process. The purpose of the project was to: 1. “Destroy 10,000 lb. of asbestos-containing material (ACM), defined as asbestos fibers and binder by feeding it through an EPA-permitted asbestos destruction technology, such that the resultant materials are no longer considered to be asbestos in accordance with 40 CFR 61.155, Standard for Operation that Convert Asbestos-Containing Waste Materials Into Non-asbestos, and 2. Collect and analyse performance data for the deployed asbestos destruction technology.” In addition to the mandatory objectives, ARI conducted tests on the asbestos that were designed to evaluate the effectiveness of the technology for immobilization of toxic metals and surrogate radionuclides that are known to be present in DOE asbestos waste. This full-scale technology deployment demonstrated economical asbestos destruction and effective immobilization of lead, cadmium, barium and arsenic. Cerium oxide and non-radioactive cesium were also immobilized. Leach testing using EPA and DOE methods showed that leach performance surpassed regulatory criteria by at least one order of magnitude.
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Pompermaier, Carolina, Willian Ely Pin, Mateus Xavier Schenato, Tales Antunes Franzini, and Guilherme Roloff Cardoso. "BREAST IMPLANT-ASSOCIATED ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA: A LITERATURE REVIEW." In XXIV Congresso Brasileiro de Mastologia. Mastology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29289/259453942022v32s1012.
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Objective: This review aims to bring updates about the relationship between the silicone implant and the breast implantassociated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-LCL), in order to have a better knowledge about this disease. Despite the low risk of its development, a better understanding of BIA-ALCL is of interest to women, oncologists, breast specialists, plastic surgeons, regulatory agencies, and the general public, as the number of women with breast implants is increasing worldwide. Methods: This article is based on a review of publications on the topic. A search for articles was carried out through the SciELO databases, at the interface of the U.S. National Library of Medicine and National Center for Biotechnology Information (PubMed) and Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (LILACS). Results: BIA-ALCL is a very rare disease (1 case per 1–3 million women with implants), accounting for 2–3% of these lymphomas in adults and 0.5% of breast cancers and occurs between 8 and 10 years after breast cancer and implantation of a breast prosthesis. Textured implants are the most associated because they have a greater contact surface, so more biofilm is formed, causing bacterial adhesion. Most patients have peri-implant effusion and less often have a mass. Other described symptoms included breast enlargement, skin rash, capsular contracture, and lymphadenopathy. Lymphoma may be located in the seroma cavity or may involve pericapsular fibrous tissue. To make the diagnosis, imaging tests and cytological analysis must be performed. The fluid must be aspirated and is usually cloudy and thick, with large pleomorphic epithelioid lymphocytes, abundant cytoplasm, eccentric reniform nucleus and prominent nucleolus, and anaplastic lymphoma (ALK). Morphological and immunophenotypic features are indistinguishable from those of ALK-negative ALCL. Conclusion: The treatment of BIA-LCL includes implant removal, complete capsulectomy, excision of suspected adenopathy, and excision of lymphoma margins. Surgeons may consider removal of the contralateral implant as approximately 4.6% of cases have demonstrated incidental lymphoma in the contralateral breast. There are no data to recommend a mastectomy, sentinel lymph node biopsy, axillary lymphadenectomy, or breast reconstruction. The best prognosis is with complete capsule elimination surgery. Follow-up is done every 3–6 months for 2 years, in addition to imaging tests and the segment will depend on the patient’s clinical manifestations.
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Eshraghi, Shaun, Kristine Severson, David Hynd, and A. Benjamin Perlman. "Finite Element Analysis of the Passenger Rail Equipment Workstation Table Sled Test." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-87751.
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Fixed workstation tables in passenger rail coaches can pose a potential injury hazard for passengers seated at them during an accident. Tables designed to absorb impact energy while minimizing contact forces can reduce the risk of serious injury, while helping to compartmentalize occupants during a train collision. The Rail Safety and Standards Board (RSSB) in the U.K. issued safety requirement GM/RT2100, Issue 5 [1] and the American Public Transportation Association (APTA) in the U.S. issued safety standard APTA PR-CS-S-018-13, Rev. 1 [2] with the goals of setting design and performance requirements for energy-absorbing workstation tables. The U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) Office of Research, Development and Technology directed the Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (Volpe Center) to evaluate the performance of the Hybrid-III Rail Safety (H3-RS) anthropomorphic test device (ATD), also known as a test dummy, in the APTA sled test in order to incorporate a reference to the H3-RS in the safety standard. The Volpe Center contracted with the manufacturer of the H3-RS, Transport Research Laboratory (TRL), in the U.K. to conduct a series of sled tests [3] with energy-absorbing tables, donated by various table manufacturers. The tables were either already compliant with the RSSB table standard or were being developed to comply with the APTA table standard. The sled test specified in Option A of the APTA table standard involves the use of two different 50th percentile male frontal impact ATDs. The H3-RS and the standard Hybrid-III (H3-50M) ATDs performed as expected. The H3-RS, which features bilateral deflection sensors in the chest and abdomen, was able to measure abdomen deflections while the H3-50M, which features a single sensor measuring chest compression, was not equipped to measure abdomen deflection. This study attempts to validate a finite element (FE) model of the APTA 8G sled test with respect to the thorax response of the H3-RS and H3-50M. The model uses a simplified rigid body-spring representation of one of the energy absorbing tables tested by TRL. The FE models of the H3-RS ATD and the H3-50M ATD were provided by TRL and LSTC, respectively. Results from the sled tests and FE simulations are compared using data obtained from the chest accelerometer, the chest and abdomen deflection sensors, and the femur load cells. Using video analysis, the gross motion of the dummies and table are also compared. Technical challenges related to model validation of the 8G sled test are also discussed. This study builds on previous analyses conducted to validate the abdomen response of the H3-RS FE model, which are presented in a companion paper [4].
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Davis, John C., Mike Jones, and John Roderique. "Planning for Greater Levels of Diversion That Including Energy Recovery for the Mojave Desert and Mountain Recycling Authority, California Region." In 17th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec17-2342.
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The Mojave Desert and Mountain Recycling Authority is a California Joint Powers Authority (the JPA), consisting of nine communities in California’s San Bernardino County high desert and mountain region. In August 2008 the JPA contracted with Gershman, Brickner & Bratton, Inc. (GBB) to prepare the Victor Valley Resource Management Strategy (Resource Management Strategy). Working with RRT Design and Construction, Inc. (RRT), GBB prepared a coordinated forward-looking strategy to guide the JPA’s future program and facilities decisions. The Resource Management Strategy focused on the Town of Apple Valley, population 70,092, and the City of Victorville, population 107,408, the two largest JPA member communities, which have a combined total of more than 130,000 tons per year of material entering the JPA’s recycling system and the Victorville Landfill. The Resource Management Strategy is underpinned by a characterization of waste loads delivered to the Victorville Landfill. A visual characterization was carried out by RRT in September/October 2008. RRT engineers identified proportions of materials recoverable for recycling and composting among all loads collected from residential and non-residential generators for a full week, nearly 300 loads total. The JPA financed and manages the operations contract for the highly automated Victor Valley Material Recovery Facility (MRF). The MRF today receives and processes an average of 130 tons per day (tpd), five days per week, of single stream paper and containers and recyclable-rich commercial waste loads. The waste characterization indicated that as much as 80 percent of loads of residential and commercial waste currently landfilled could be processed for recycling and composting in a combination manual and automated sorting facility. Residue from the MRF, which is predominated by paper, would provide potential feedstock for an energy recovery project; however, the JPA has two strategies regarding process residue. The first strategy is to reduce residue rates from existing deliveries, to optimize MRF operations. An assessment of the MRF conducted by RRT indicated that residue rates could be reduced, although this material would continue to be rich in combustible materials. The second strategy is to increase recovery for recycling by expanding the recyclable-rich and organics-dense waste load deliveries to the MRF and/or a composting facility. The Resource Management Strategy provided a conceptual design and cost that identified projected capital and operations costs that would be incurred to expand the MRF processing system for the program expansion. Based on the waste composition analysis, residue from a proposed system was estimated. This residue also would be rich in combustible materials. The December 2008 California Scoping Plan is the roadmap for statewide greenhouse gas emission reduction efforts. The Scoping Plan specifically calls out mandatory commercial recycling, expanded organics composting (particularly food residue), and inclusion of anaerobic digestion as renewable energy. The Resource Management Strategy sets the stage for JPA programs to address Scoping Plan mandates and priorities. California Public Resources Code Section 40051(b) requires that communities: Maximize the use of all feasible source reduction, recycling, and composting options in order to reduce the amount of solid waste that must be disposed of by transformation and land disposal. For wastes that cannot feasibly be reduced at their source, recycled, or composted, the local agency may use environmentally safe transformation or environmentally safe land disposal, or both of those practices. Moreover, Section 41783(b) only allows transformation diversion credit (10 percent of the 50 percent required) if: The transformation project uses front-end methods or programs to remove all recyclable materials from the waste stream prior to transformation to the maximum extent feasible. Finally, prior to permitting a new transformation facility the California Integrated Waste Management Board is governed by Section 41783(d), which requires that CIWMB: “Hold a public hearing in the city, county, or regional agency jurisdiction within which the transformation project is proposed, and, after the public hearing, the board makes both of the following findings, based upon substantial evidence on the record: (1) The city, county, or regional agency is, and will continue to be, effectively implementing all feasible source reduction, recycling, and composting measures. (2) The transformation project will not adversely affect public health and safety or the environment.” The Resource Management Strategy assessed two cement manufacturers located in the high desert region for their potential to replace coal fuel with residue from the MRF and potentially from other waste quantities generated in the region. Cement kilns are large consumers of fossil fuels, operate on a continuous basis, and collectively are California’s largest source of greenhouse gas emissions. The Resource Management Strategy also identified further processing requirements for size reduction and screening to remove non-combustible materials and produce a feasible refuse derived fuel (RDF). A conceptual design system to process residue and supply RDF to a cement kiln was developed, as were estimated capital and operating costs to implement the RDF production system. The Resource Management Strategy addressed the PRC requirement that “all feasible source reduction, recycling and composting measures” are implemented prior to approving any new “transformation” facility. This planning effort also provided a basis for greenhouse gas reduction analysis, consistent with statewide initiatives to reduce landfill disposal. This paper will report on the results of this planning and the decisions made by the JPA, brought current to the time of the conference.