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Journal articles on the topic 'Ordinality'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Ryder, John. "The Implications of Ordinality." Newsletter of the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy 32, no. 98 (2004): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/saap200432986.

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2

Wallace, Kathleen. "Ontological Parity and/or Ordinality?" Metaphilosophy 30, no. 4 (October 1999): 302–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9973.00140.

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3

Currie, Martin, and Ian Steedman. "The Ordinality of Effort Revisited." Metroeconomica 48, no. 3 (October 1997): 306–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-999x.00036.

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4

Mertens, Jean-Fran�ois. "Ordinality in non cooperative games." International Journal of Game Theory 32, no. 3 (June 1, 2004): 387–430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001820400166.

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5

Mandler, Michael. "Cardinality versus Ordinality: A Suggested Compromise." American Economic Review 96, no. 4 (August 1, 2006): 1114–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.96.4.1114.

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By taking sets of utility functions as primitive, we define an ordering over assumptions on utility functions that gauges their measurement requirements. Cardinal and ordinal assumptions constitute two levels of measurability, but other assumptions lie between these extremes. We apply the ordering to explanations of why preferences should be convex. The assumption that utility is concave qualifies as a compromise between cardinality and ordinality, while the Arrow-Koopmans explanation, supposedly an ordinal theory, relies on utilities in the cardinal measurement class. In social choice theory, a concavity compromise between ordinality and cardinality is also possible and rationalizes the core utilitarian policies.
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6

Mandler, Michael. "Cardinality versus Ordinality: A Suggested Compromise." American Economic Review 96, no. 4 (September 1, 2006): 1114–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/000282806779468616.

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7

Vámos, Tas I. F., Maria C. Tello-Ramos, T. Andrew Hurly, and Susan D. Healy. "Numerical ordinality in a wild nectarivore." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1930 (July 8, 2020): 20201269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1269.

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Ordinality is a numerical property that nectarivores may use to remember the specific order in which to visit a sequence of flowers, a foraging strategy also known as traplining. In this experiment, we tested whether wild, free-living rufous hummingbirds ( Selasphorus rufus ) could use ordinality to visit a rewarded flower. Birds were presented with a series of linear arrays of 10 artificial flowers; only one flower in each array was rewarded with sucrose solution. During training, birds learned to locate the correct flower independent of absolute spatial location. The birds' accuracy was independent of the rewarded ordinal position (1st, 2nd, 3rd or 4th), which suggests that they used an object-indexing mechanism of numerical processing, rather than a magnitude-based system. When distance cues between flowers were made irrelevant during test trials, birds could still locate the correct flower. The distribution of errors during both training and testing indicates that the birds may have used a so-called working up strategy to locate the correct ordinal position. These results provide the first demonstration of numerical ordinal abilities in a wild vertebrate and suggest that such abilities could be used during foraging in the wild.
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8

Vermeulen, A. J., and M. J. M. Jansen. "Ordinality of solutions of noncooperative games." Journal of Mathematical Economics 33, no. 1 (February 2000): 13–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4068(99)00011-7.

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9

Harkleroad, Leon, and Harry Gonshor. "The ordinality of additively generated sets." Algebra Universalis 27, no. 4 (December 1990): 507–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01188996.

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10

Gauthier, Baptiste, Karin Pestke, and Virginie van Wassenhove. "Building the Arrow of Time… Over Time: A Sequence of Brain Activity Mapping Imagined Events in Time and Space." Cerebral Cortex 29, no. 10 (December 19, 2018): 4398–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhy320.

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Abstract When moving, the spatiotemporal unfolding of events is bound to our physical trajectory, and time and space become entangled in episodic memory. When imagining past or future events, or being in different geographical locations, the temporal and spatial dimensions of mental events can be independently accessed and manipulated. Using time-resolved neuroimaging, we characterized brain activity while participants ordered historical events from different mental perspectives in time (e.g., when imagining being 9 years in the future) or in space (e.g., when imagining being in Cayenne). We describe 2 neural signatures of temporal ordinality: an early brain response distinguishing whether participants were mentally in the past, the present or the future (self-projection in time), and a graded activity at event retrieval, indexing the mental distance between the representation of the self in time and the event. Neural signatures of ordinality and symbolic distances in time were distinct from those observed in the homologous spatial task: activity indicating spatial order and distances overlapped in latency in distinct brain regions. We interpret our findings as evidence that the conscious representation of time and space share algorithms (egocentric mapping, distance, and ordinality computations) but different implementations with a distinctive status for the psychological “time arrow.”
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11

Lyons, Ian M., and Sian L. Beilock. "Ordinality and the Nature of Symbolic Numbers." Journal of Neuroscience 33, no. 43 (October 23, 2013): 17052–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1775-13.2013.

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12

Murofushi, Toshiaki. "Duality and ordinality in fuzzy measure theory." Fuzzy Sets and Systems 138, no. 3 (September 2003): 523–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0114(02)00481-5.

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13

Pfuhl, G., and R. Biegler. "Ordinality and novel sequence learning in jackdaws." Animal Cognition 15, no. 5 (May 9, 2012): 833–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10071-012-0509-7.

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14

Blasius, Jörg, and Victor Thiessen. "Methodological Artifacts in Measures of Political Efficacy and Trust: A Multiple Correspondence Analysis." Political Analysis 9, no. 1 (2001): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pan.a004862.

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Many authors report a positive relationship of education and political interest with political efficacy and trust, but it is well known that both of the former are associated with response styles, such as a tendency to “strongly agree.” Since they are related to both a substantive concept (political efficacy and trust), and to methodological effects (agreement bias and a tendency to give non-substantive responses) it is important to assess whether the substantive relationship is due to methodological artifacts. Applying multiple correspondence analysis to the 1984 Canadian National Election Study, we will discuss a method which allows to test a set of items for measurement effects such as ordinality and response sets. In the given example, ordinality of the political efficacy and trust items could be confirmed only for politically interested respondents. For respondents with low political interest, there is clear evidence of a response set resulting in a tendency to “strongly agree” regardless of the direction of the items. Taken together, these findings call into question the substantive relationships reported in the literature.
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15

Marx, Melvin H., and Yung Che Kim. "Discovery of basic ordinality and cardinality by young preschoolers." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 28, no. 5 (November 1990): 461–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03334068.

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16

ULANOWICZ, ROBERT E. "On the Ordinality of Causes in Complex Autocatalytic Systems." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 988, no. 1 (May 2003): 154–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb06094.x.

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17

Boysen, Sarah T., Gary G. Berntson, Traci A. Shreyer, and Karen S. Quigley. "Processing of ordinality and transitivity by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)." Journal of Comparative Psychology 107, no. 2 (1993): 208–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7036.107.2.208.

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18

Rubinsten, Orly, and Dana Sury. "Processing Ordinality and Quantity: The Case of Developmental Dyscalculia." PLoS ONE 6, no. 9 (September 15, 2011): e24079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024079.

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19

Katzner, Donald W., and Peter Skott. "Economic explanation, ordinality and the adequacy of analytic specification." Journal of Economic Methodology 11, no. 4 (December 2004): 437–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1350178042000280621.

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20

McNeil, Malcolm R., Cynthia M. Dionigi, Aimee Langlois, and Thomas E. Prescott. "A measure of revised token test ordinality and intervality." Aphasiology 3, no. 1 (January 1989): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02687038908248974.

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21

Rubinsten, Orly, Sury Dana, Dmitri Lavro, and Andrea Berger. "Processing ordinality and quantity: ERP evidence of separate mechanisms." Brain and Cognition 82, no. 2 (July 2013): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2013.04.008.

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22

Bezushchak, O., and B. Oliynyk. "ORDINALITY OF ISOMETRY GROUPS OF HAMMING SPACES OF PERIODIC SEQUENCES." Bulletin Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Mathematics Mechanics, no. 1 (41) (2020): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1684-1565.2020.01-41.05.18-20.

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We study Hamming spaces (known also as measure algebras). For all Steinitz numbers s , we find cardinalities of the groups of isometries of Hamming spaces of s -periodic sequences and the group of automorphisms of such space and we prove that are both cardinalities equal to Pic 1.
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23

Pepperberg, Irene M. "Ordinality and inferential abilities of a grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus)." Journal of Comparative Psychology 120, no. 3 (2006): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7036.120.3.205.

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24

Ahmad, Amir, and Gavin Brown. "Random Ordinality Ensembles: Ensemble methods for multi-valued categorical data." Information Sciences 296 (March 2015): 75–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2014.10.064.

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25

Strauss, Daniël F. M. "The Concept of Number: Multiplicity and Succession between Cardinality and Ordinality." South African Journal of Philosophy 25, no. 1 (January 2006): 27–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajpem.v25i1.31432.

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26

Sclan, Steven G., and Barry Reisberg. "Functional Assessment Staging (FAST) in Alzheimer's Disease: Reliability, Validity, and Ordinality." International Psychogeriatrics 4, no. 3 (April 1992): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610292001157.

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Evaluation of changes in functional performance and activities of daily living skills is an essential aspect of the assessment of elderly individuals with chronic illness. Although functional decrement is a central aspect of Alzheimer's disease (AD), many measures currently utilized to assess these changes have limitations. Empirical and systematic examination of the functional changes occurring in patients with AD has resulted in the development of an assessment measure termed Functional Assessment Staging (FAST) that allows for the specific evaluation of these changes throughout the entire course of AD. In this paper the results of three separate investigations regarding the reliability, validity, and progressive ordinality of FAST are described. The results indicate that FAST is a reliable and valid assessment technique for evaluating functional deterioration in AD patients throughout the entire course of the illness. Moreover, the results suggest that the FAST elucidates a characteristic pattern of progressive, ordinal, and functional decline in AD. Because the elements of functional capacity incorporated in FAST are relatively universal and readily ascertainable, as well as characteristic of the course of AD, FAST can serve as a strong diagnostic and differential diagnostic aid for clinicians. The sensitivity of FAST to the entire course of AD, even in its most severe stages, may be indicative of the potential value of this instrument for further investigation of the temporal longitudinal course of AD, and of the relationships between clinical pathology and neuropathology throughout the entire longitudinal course of AD.
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27

Tian, Qing, Hui Xue, and Lishan Qiao. "Human Age Estimation by Considering both the Ordinality and Similarity of Ages." Neural Processing Letters 43, no. 2 (April 2, 2015): 505–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11063-015-9423-8.

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28

Olthof, Anneke, Caron M. Iden, and William A. Roberts. "Judgments of ordinality and summation of number symbols by squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 23, no. 3 (1997): 325–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0097-7403.23.3.325.

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29

Macchi Cassia, Viola, Marta Picozzi, Luisa Girelli, and Maria Dolores de Hevia. "Increasing magnitude counts more: Asymmetrical processing of ordinality in 4-month-old infants." Cognition 124, no. 2 (August 2012): 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2012.05.004.

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30

Gauthier, Baptiste, Pooja Prabhu, Karunakar A. Kotegar, and Virginie van Wassenhove. "Hippocampal Contribution to Ordinal Psychological Time in the Human Brain." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 32, no. 11 (November 2020): 2071–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01586.

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The chronology of events in time–space is naturally available to the senses, and the spatial and temporal dimensions of events entangle in episodic memory when navigating the real world. The mapping of time–space during navigation in both animals and humans implicates the hippocampal formation. Yet, one arguably unique human trait is the capacity to imagine mental chronologies that have not been experienced but may involve real events—the foundation of causal reasoning. Herein, we asked whether the hippocampal formation is involved in mental navigation in time (and space), which requires internal manipulations of events in time and space from an egocentric perspective. To address this question, we reanalyzed a magnetoencephalography data set collected while participants self-projected in time or in space and ordered historical events as occurring before/after or west/east of the mental self [Gauthier, B., Pestke, K., & van Wassenhove, V. Building the arrow of time… Over time: A sequence of brain activity mapping imagined events in time and space. Cerebral Cortex, 29, 4398–4414, 2019]. Because of the limitations of source reconstruction algorithms in the previous study, the implication of hippocampus proper could not be explored. Here, we used a source reconstruction method accounting explicitly for the hippocampal volume to characterize the involvement of deep structures belonging to the hippocampal formation (bilateral hippocampi [hippocampi proper], entorhinal cortices, and parahippocampal cortex). We found selective involvement of the medial temporal lobes (MTLs) with a notable lateralization of the main effects: Whereas temporal ordinality engaged mostly the left MTL, spatial ordinality engaged mostly the right MTL. We discuss the possibility of a top–down control of activity in the human hippocampal formation during mental time (and space) travels.
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31

Mata, Maria Eugénia. "Cardinal Versus Ordinal Utility: António Horta Osório's Contribution." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 29, no. 4 (December 2007): 465–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10427710701666610.

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The history of economic thought remembers António Horta Osório for Schumpeter's reference to him in the History of Economic Analysis, in the context of a general appraisal of available works using mathematical instruments and language. This, however, does not do him justice, as he should also be praised for his pioneering interpretation of Pareto's general equilibrium. According to Stigler (1965), the definitive substitution of the cardinal utility hypothesis for the ordinal utility perspective was achieved by Johnson (1913) and Slutsky (1915). Weber (2001) discusses how far Pareto used cardinality, elects Slutsky (1915) as a pioneer of demand theory and prefers to reserve to R. G. Allen (1932–34), L. R. Klein and H. Rubin (1947–48), Samuelson (1947–48), R. C. Geary (1950–51), and Richard Stone (1954) the role of establishing ordinal utility in studying the utility function. This paper shows that Osório (1911) considered the subject of ordinalism before Johnson and Slutsky addressed the issue, as he had rejected the possibility of measuring utility and clearly stated that general equilibrium is not affected if cardinality is replaced by the ordinal conception for utility, according to Pareto's last formulation. Upon reading his book it becomes clear that not only was he perfectly aware of Edgeworth's contribution on the utility indifference curves, but also of Pareto's attempts to preserve general equilibrium from Fisher's criticism against cardinalism. Historians of economic thought have forgotten one of the early twentieth-century neoclassical economists. In this way the History of Economics has neglected an interesting proof of the consolidation of the Paretian ideas on ordinality, an issue that was an exciting and uncharted territory at that moment.
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32

Cuesta-Frau, David, Pau Miró-Martínez, Sandra Oltra-Crespo, Jorge Jordán-Núñez, Borja Vargas, Paula González, and Manuel Varela-Entrecanales. "Model Selection for Body Temperature Signal Classification Using Both Amplitude and Ordinality-Based Entropy Measures." Entropy 20, no. 11 (November 6, 2018): 853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e20110853.

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Many entropy-related methods for signal classification have been proposed and exploited successfully in the last several decades. However, it is sometimes difficult to find the optimal measure and the optimal parameter configuration for a specific purpose or context. Suboptimal settings may therefore produce subpar results and not even reach the desired level of significance. In order to increase the signal classification accuracy in these suboptimal situations, this paper proposes statistical models created with uncorrelated measures that exploit the possible synergies between them. The methods employed are permutation entropy (PE), approximate entropy (ApEn), and sample entropy (SampEn). Since PE is based on subpattern ordinal differences, whereas ApEn and SampEn are based on subpattern amplitude differences, we hypothesized that a combination of PE with another method would enhance the individual performance of any of them. The dataset was composed of body temperature records, for which we did not obtain a classification accuracy above 80% with a single measure, in this study or even in previous studies. The results confirmed that the classification accuracy rose up to 90% when combining PE and ApEn with a logistic model.
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33

LEEHAYOUNG and 조수현. "Ordinality judgment on number and letter sequences yields reverse distance effects and correlates with academic achievement." Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology 30, no. 3 (July 2018): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22172/cogbio.2018.30.3.008.

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34

Kaufmann, L., S. E. Vogel, M. Starke, C. Kremser, and M. Schocke. "Numerical and non-numerical ordinality processing in children with and without developmental dyscalculia: Evidence from fMRI." Cognitive Development 24, no. 4 (January 2009): 486–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2009.09.001.

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35

Mclure, Michael. "A Note on Pareto's “Sunto”." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 27, no. 4 (December 2005): 399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10427710500370075.

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The early literature on ordinalism and Vilfredo Pareto's incomplete development of ordinal theory, by John R. Hicks and R. G. D. Allen (1934), Oskar Lange (1934), Hicks (1939), George Stigler (1950), Paul A. Samuelson (1974) and others, referred exclusively to Pareto's more mature French language works: the Manuel d'Économie Politique (1909) or the subsequent encyclopaedia entry entitled “Économie Mathématique” (1911). The related discussion considered whether Pareto was an inconsistent ordinalist, a cardinalist, or confused.
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36

Wiemers, Michael, Harold Bekkering, and Oliver Lindemann. "Two Attributes of Number Meaning." Experimental Psychology 64, no. 4 (July 2017): 253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000366.

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Abstract. Many studies demonstrated interactions between number processing and either spatial codes (effects of spatial-numerical associations) or visual size-related codes (size-congruity effect). However, the interrelatedness of these two number couplings is still unclear. The present study examines the simultaneous occurrence of space- and size-numerical congruency effects and their interactions both within and across trials. In a magnitude judgment task physically small or large digits were presented left or right from screen center. The reaction times analysis revealed that space- and size-congruency effects coexisted in parallel and combined additively. Moreover, a selective sequential modulation of the two congruency effects was found. The size-congruency effect was reduced after size incongruent trials. The space-congruency effect, however, was only affected by the previous space congruency. The observed independence of spatial-numerical and within-magnitude associations is interpreted as evidence that the two couplings reflect different attributes of numerical meaning possibly related to ordinality and cardinality.
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37

Wasner, Mirjam, Korbinian Moeller, Martin H. Fischer, and Hans-Christoph Nuerk. "Related but not the same: Ordinality, cardinality and 1-to-1 correspondence in finger-based numerical representations." Journal of Cognitive Psychology 27, no. 4 (October 10, 2014): 426–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2014.964719.

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38

Askew, Mike, and Hamsa Venkat. "Deconstructing South African Grade 1 learners’ awareness of number in terms of cardinality, ordinality and relational understandings." ZDM 52, no. 4 (January 17, 2020): 793–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11858-020-01132-2.

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39

Chen, Zhongqin, Mingwei Xu, Desheng Shang, Guoping Peng, and Benyan Luo. "Distinct representations of symbolic ordinality and quantity: Evidence from neuropsychological investigations in a Chinese patient with Gerstmann’s syndrome." Brain and Cognition 88 (July 2014): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2014.04.007.

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40

Giannantoni, Corrado, and Laura Cennini. "Increasing of Resistance and Resilience of an Urban System against Calamities in the Light of the Maximum Ordinality Principle." Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 09, no. 08 (2021): 1926–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2021.98126.

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41

Olthof, Anneke, and Angelo Santi. "Pigeons (Columba livia) associate time intervals with symbols in a touch screen task: Evidence for ordinality but not summation." Journal of Comparative Psychology 121, no. 1 (2007): 82–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7036.121.1.82.

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42

Björklund, Camilla, Ference Marton, and Angelika Kullberg. "What is to be learnt? Critical aspects of elementary arithmetic skills." Educational Studies in Mathematics 107, no. 2 (March 20, 2021): 261–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10649-021-10045-0.

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AbstractIn this paper, we present a way of describing variation in young children’s learning of elementary arithmetic within the number range 1–10. Our aim is to reveal what is to be learnt and how it might be learnt by means of discerning particular aspects of numbers. The Variation theory of learning informs the analysis of 2184 observations of 4- to 7-year-olds solving arithmetic tasks, placing the focus on what constitutes the ways of experiencing numbers that were observed among these children. The aspects found to be necessary to discern in order to develop powerful arithmetic skills were as follows: modes of number representations, ordinality, cardinality, and part-whole relation (the latter has four subcategories: differentiating parts and whole, decomposing numbers, commutativity, and inverse relationship between addition and subtraction). In the paper, we discuss particularly how the discernment of the aspects opens up for more powerful ways of perceiving numbers. Our way of describing arithmetic skills, in terms of discerned aspects of numbers, makes it possible to explain why children cannot use certain strategies and how they learn to solve tasks they could not previously solve, which has significant implications for the teaching of elementary arithmetic.
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43

Goffin, Celia, and Daniel Ansari. "Beyond magnitude: Judging ordinality of symbolic number is unrelated to magnitude comparison and independently relates to individual differences in arithmetic." Cognition 150 (May 2016): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2016.01.018.

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44

Melin, Jeanette, Stefan Cano, and Leslie Pendrill. "The Role of Entropy in Construct Specification Equations (CSE) to Improve the Validity of Memory Tests." Entropy 23, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23020212.

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Commonly used rating scales and tests have been found lacking reliability and validity, for example in neurodegenerative diseases studies, owing to not making recourse to the inherent ordinality of human responses, nor acknowledging the separability of person ability and item difficulty parameters according to the well-known Rasch model. Here, we adopt an information theory approach, particularly extending deployment of the classic Brillouin entropy expression when explaining the difficulty of recalling non-verbal sequences in memory tests (i.e., Corsi Block Test and Digit Span Test): a more ordered task, of less entropy, will generally be easier to perform. Construct specification equations (CSEs) as a part of a methodological development, with entropy-based variables dominating, are found experimentally to explain (r=R2 = 0.98) and predict the construct of task difficulty for short-term memory tests using data from the NeuroMET (n = 88) and Gothenburg MCI (n = 257) studies. We propose entropy-based equivalence criteria, whereby different tasks (in the form of items) from different tests can be combined, enabling new memory tests to be formed by choosing a bespoke selection of items, leading to more efficient testing, improved reliability (reduced uncertainties) and validity. This provides opportunities for more practical and accurate measurement in clinical practice, research and trials.
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45

Davis, Hank, and Rachelle Pérusse. "Numerical competence in animals: Definitional issues, current evidence, and a new research agenda." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11, no. 4 (December 1988): 561–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00053437.

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AbstractNumerical competence is one of the many aspects of animal cognition that have enjoyed a resurgence of interest during the past decade. Evidence for numerical abilities in animals has followed a tortuous path to respectability, however, from Clever Hans, the counting horse, to modern experimental studies. Recent surveys of the literaturereveal theoretical as well as definitional confusion arising from inconsistent terminology for numerical processes and procedures. The term “counting” has been applied to situations having little to do with its meaning in the human literature. We propose a consistent vocabulary and theoretical framework for evaluating numerical competence. Relative numerousness judgments, subitizing, counting, and estimation may be the essential processes by which animals perform numerical discriminations. Ordinality, cardinality, and transitivity also play an important role in these processes. Our schema is applied to a variety of recent experimental situations. Some evidence of transfer is essential in demonstrating higher-order ability such as counting or “sense of number.” Those instances of numerical competence in which all viable alternatives to counting (e.g., subitizing) have been precluded, but no evidence of transfer has been demonstrated might be described as “protocounting.” To show that animals are capable of “true” counting future research will have to demonstrate generality across situations.
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46

Bonato, Mario, Arnaud Saj, and Patrik Vuilleumier. "Hemispatial Neglect Shows That “Before” Is “Left”." Neural Plasticity 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2716036.

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Recent research has led to the hypothesis that events which unfold in time might be spatially represented in a left-to-right fashion, resembling writing direction. Here we studied fourteen right-hemisphere damaged patients, with or without neglect, a disorder of spatial awareness affecting contralesional (here left) space processing and representation. We reasoned that if the processing of time-ordered events is spatial in nature, it should be impaired in the presence of neglect and spared in its absence. Patients categorized events of a story as occurring before or after a central event, which acted as a temporal reference. An asymmetric distance effect emerged in neglect patients, with slower responses to events that took place before the temporal reference. The event occurring immediately before the reference elicited particularly slow responses, closely mirroring the pattern found in neglect patients performing numerical comparison tasks. Moreover, the first item elicited significantly slower responses than the last one, suggesting a preference for a left-to-right scanning/representation of events in time. Patients without neglect showed a regular and symmetric distance effect. These findings further suggest that the representation of events order is spatial in nature and provide compelling evidence that ordinality is similarly represented within temporal and numerical domains.
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47

Davis, John B. "Cooter and Rappoport on the Normative." Economics and Philosophy 6, no. 1 (April 1990): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267100000687.

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In a recent examination of the origins of ordinal utility theory in neoclassical economics, Robert D. Cooter and Peter Rappoport argue that the ordinalist revolution of the 1930s, after which most economists abandoned interpersonal utility comparisons as normative and unscientific, constituted neither unambiguous progress in economic science nor the abandonment of normative theorizing, as many economists and historians of economic thought have generally believed (Cooter and Rappoport, 1984). Rather, the widespread acceptance of ordinalism, with its focus on Pareto optimality, simply represented the emergence of a new neoclassical research agenda that, on the one hand, defined economics differently than had the material welfare theorists of the cardinal utility school and, on the other, adopted a positivist methodology in contrast to the less restrictive empiricism of the cardinalists.
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48

Melin, Jeanette, Stefan Cano, Agnes Flöel, Laura Göschel, and Leslie Pendrill. "The Role of Entropy in Construct Specification Equations (CSE) to Improve the Validity of Memory Tests: Extension to Word Lists." Entropy 24, no. 7 (July 5, 2022): 934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24070934.

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Metrological methods for word learning list tests can be developed with an information theoretical approach extending earlier simple syntax studies. A classic Brillouin entropy expression is applied to the analysis of the Rey’s Auditory Verbal Learning Test RAVLT (immediate recall), where more ordered tasks—with less entropy—are easier to perform. The findings from three case studies are described, including 225 assessments of the NeuroMET2 cohort of persons spanning a cognitive spectrum from healthy older adults to patients with dementia. In the first study, ordinality in the raw scores is compensated for, and item and person attributes are separated with the Rasch model. In the second, the RAVLT IR task difficulty, including serial position effects (SPE), particularly Primacy and Recency, is adequately explained (Pearson’s correlation R=0.80) with construct specification equations (CSE). The third study suggests multidimensionality is introduced by SPE, as revealed through goodness-of-fit statistics of the Rasch analyses. Loading factors common to two kinds of principal component analyses (PCA) for CSE formulation and goodness-of-fit logistic regressions are identified. More consistent ways of defining and analysing memory task difficulties, including SPE, can maintain the unique metrological properties of the Rasch model and improve the estimates and understanding of a person’s memory abilities on the path towards better-targeted and more fit-for-purpose diagnostics.
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49

Topor, Alain, and David Matscheck. "Diversity, Complexity and Ordinality: Mental Health Services Outside the Institutions—Service Users’ and Professionals’ Experience-Based Practices and Knowledges, and New Public Management." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (July 2, 2021): 7075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137075.

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In conjunction with the dismantling of psychiatric hospitals, social workers have been commissioned to help service users in their daily living in their homes and in the community. The consequences of these changes for experience-based knowledge and practices in their contexts remain relatively unknown. In this study, eighteen service users and the social workers they described as helpful for them were interviewed. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using Thematic Analysis. The following themes emerged: “Here, there and everywhere”, “Doing, being, becoming”, “Talking” and “Order, planning and improvisation” concerning the contradictions service users and professionals mentioned about their practices and the conditions imposed by managerial methods connected to New Public Management. Finally, “Spontaneous planned complexity” was chosen as our overarching theme to characterize the new knowledge and practices which have been developed. The displacement of the place for the encounter and the introduction of non-medicalized professions have allowed community-based practices and thus the co-creation and emergence of new knowledge about the service users as persons and the professionals as qualified professionals. The challenge remains for managers to have trust in their colleagues and not impose rigid rules, schematized methods, and repeated controls.
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50

Block, Walter. "Reply to Caplan on Austrian economic methodology." Corporate Ownership and Control 4, no. 3 (2007): 312–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv4i3c2p8.

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A Methodenstreit is a debate in economics concerning the philosophy of social science. It involves the issue of which is the property method to pursue in the dismal science. Although this type of debate had its origins two centuries ago, the present paper is a contribution to a more modern Methodenstreit begun by Caplan (1999). It addresses some of the fundamental issues in economics: is this discipline best to be thought of along the lines of an empirical science, such as physics or chemistry (the view of the logical positivist school), or is it more properly described as a branch of logic or mathematics (the perspective of Austrian economics)? Is the argument synthetic a priori a coherent concept (the praxeological perspective), or a mere trivial tautology? Can empirical work (e.g., econometric regression equations) test economic axioms (are there any such things?), or merely illustrate them? These issues underlay the present debate over such issues as indifference (can there be any such thing in economics?), cardinality (is there room in economics for cardinal numbers, or is only ordinality to be tolerated?), continuity (are neoclassical findings the result of an artificial smooth curve assumption, or do they stem from real elements of the economy?), income and substitution effects (can there be backward bending supply curves and upward sloping demand curves?) and demonstrated preference and welfare economics (can government involvement in the economy possibly improve matters, or is this a logical contradiction in terms?)
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