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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ordering process'
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Kavanagh, Donncha. "Multi-firm, temporary networks : a study of process." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287249.
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Cawdron, Ruth Anne. "Re-ordering disorder, a study of the process of adjustment to chronic illness." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq20613.pdf.
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Nahnsen, Thade. "Automation of summarization evaluation methods and their application to the summarization process." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5278.
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Summarization is the process of creating a more compact textual representation of a document or a collection of documents. In view of the vast increase in electronically available information sources in the last decade, filters such as automatically generated summaries are becoming ever more important to facilitate the efficient acquisition and use of required information. Different methods using natural language processing (NLP) techniques are being used to this end. One of the shallowest approaches is the clustering of available documents and the representation of the resulting clusters by one of the documents; an example of this approach is the Google News website. It is also possible to augment the clustering of documents with a summarization process, which would result in a more balanced representation of the information in the cluster, NewsBlaster being an example. However, while some systems are already available on the web, summarization is still considered a difficult problem in the NLP community. One of the major problems hampering the development of proficient summarization systems is the evaluation of the (true) quality of system-generated summaries. This is exemplified by the fact that the current state-of-the-art evaluation method to assess the information content of summaries, the Pyramid evaluation scheme, is a manual procedure. In this light, this thesis has three main objectives. 1. The development of a fully automated evaluation method. The proposed scheme is rooted in the ideas underlying the Pyramid evaluation scheme and makes use of deep syntactic information and lexical semantics. Its performance improves notably on previous automated evaluation methods. 2. The development of an automatic summarization system which draws on the conceptual idea of the Pyramid evaluation scheme and the techniques developed for the proposed evaluation system. The approach features the algorithm for determining the pyramid and bases importance on the number of occurrences of the variable-sized contributors of the pyramid as opposed to word-based methods exploited elsewhere. 3. The development of a text coherence component that can be used for obtaining the best ordering of the sentences in a summary.
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Maršíková, Anna. "Zlepšování B2B procesu objednávání." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442955.
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The diploma thesis is focused on the improvement of goods ordering process through the wholesale system in a small company dealing with import of household products and gift items from Asian countries. Diploma thesis is divided into three parts. The theoretical part serves as an introduction to business processes, information systems and change management. The second part consists of an analysis of the internal environment of the company, a B2B ordering process analysis and a research on requirements for an improved version of the wholesale system. The third part is devoted to a proposal of the ordering process improvement and suggestion of a new version of the wholesale system based on the identified requirements of the process and stakeholders.
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Ayissi, Serge Olivier. "Simulation of chiral ordering process in the adsorption of chiral organic molecules on metal surfaces by Monte Carlo methods." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.490608.
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Experimental observations have shown that haloalkane molecules, e.g. l-cWorododecane, physisorbed on Si(111)-(7 x 7) self-assemble to form dimers stable to 100° C which corral silicon adatoms. The corral size is governed by the haloalkane chain-length. Spectroscopic and theoretical evidence shows that the haloalkane dimer induces electron transfer to the corralled adatom. The enclosed silicon adatom, within a bistable dimeric corral of self-assembled chlorododecane molecules, switches its energy levels permanently (Type-II corrals) or discontinuously (Type-I corrals). Both types of corral, switching and stable, can be seen to alter the local surface charge distribution. Density Functional Theory and electron transport (STM) simulations of the switch and the stable molecular configurations can help the theoretical understanding of both phenomena in order to characterized the exact molecular conformations that produce field effects to the corralled silicon adatom and local surface charge distribution. Chiral heterogeneous catalysts are mostly fabricated from chiral molecules on a metal support. They playa crucial role in intermediate reactions in the fabrication of pharmacies, itself and important part of today's health econolPY. However, the key parameters in the fabrication of these catalysts, a requirements for their rational design, are still poorly understood despite years of experimental research. In essence, such an understanding can only come from high-level simulations. Here, we present the first predictions about the structure of such a catalyst, tartaric acid on a copper support, over the whole phase space of temperature and coverage. Interestingly, we find that molecular vibrations playa key role in the ensuing ordered structures, and that tuning the fabrication temperature should allow for a wide range of molecular separations, which can be targeted at specific molecules and reactions in chiral heterogeneous catalysis.
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Ftáčnik, Peter. "Modelování rizik výrobních procesů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-241323.
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The processes and procedures covered the main core of the professional operations in the manufacturing plant. The enterprise should focus on the efficient running of the main processes and risks associated with these procedures. My thesis deals with the risk analysis of selected manufacturing processes particular company from qualitative and quantitative point of view. First, the results are presented from qualitative risk analysis, especially in scope of failures of the machines or in the sequences of production. Second part focus on the problems of optimization sequence batches that the total time required for pre-setting of machines between doses should be minimal. The thesis also takes random waiting period into the consideration and applies wait-and-see approach of stochaistic programming applied in task traveling salesman. Calculations are processed by the GAMS. The results from the GAMS are refered in MS Excel, they are further discussed and interpreted by using descriptive statistics.
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Fischer, Shira H. "Factors Associated with Ordering and Completion of Laboratory Monitoring Tests for High-Risk Medications in the Ambulatory Setting: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2011. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/543.
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Since the Institute of Medicine highlighted the devastating impact of medical errors in their seminal report, “To Err is Human” (2000), efforts have been underway to improve patient safety. A portion of medical errors are due to medication errors, and a large portion of these can be attributed to inadequate laboratory monitoring.
In this thesis, I attempt to address this small but important corner of this patient safety endeavor. Why are patients not getting their laboratory monitoring tests? Do they fail to complete them or do doctors not order the tests in the first place? Which prescribers and which patients are least likely to do what is needed for testing to happen and what interventions would be most promising?
To address these questions, I conducted a systematic review of existing interventions. I then proceeded with three aims: 1) To identify reasons that patients give for missing monitoring tests; 2) To identify patient and provider factors associated with monitoring test ordering; and 3) To identify patient and provider factors associated with completion of ordered testing.
To achieve these aims, I worked with patients and data at the Fallon Clinic. For aim 1, I conducted a qualitative analysis of their reasons for missing tests as well as reporting completion and ordering rates. For aims 2 and 3, I used electronic medical record data and conducted a regression with patient and provider characteristics as covariates to identify factors contributing to test ordering and completion.
Interviews revealed that patients had few barriers to completion, with forgetting being the most common reason for missing a test. The quantitative studies showed that: older patients with more interactions with the health care system were more likely to have tests ordered and were more likely to complete them; providers who more frequently prescribe a drug were more likely to order testing for it; and drug-test combinations that were particularly dangerous, indicated by a black box warning, were more likely to have appropriate ordering, though for these combinations, primary care providers were less likely to order tests appropriately, and patients were less likely to complete tests.
Taken together, my work can inform future interventions in laboratory monitoring and patient safety.
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Boland, Denis. "Contributions au formalisme de l'élargissement Stark des profils de raies." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4722/document.
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La spectroscopie est un outil primordial pour le diagnostic des plasmas, qu'il s'agisse de ceux des étoiles, permettant d'espérer comprendre toujours mieux leurs formations et leurs évolutions, ou celui des laboratoires, tout spécialement ceux rencontrés dans le cadre des expérimentations visant la fusion thermonucléaire contrôlée, telles que le projet ITER.La modélisation des profils de raie Lyman-alpha de l'hydrogène conduit à élaborer différentes approches dont le formalisme mérite d'être toujours investigué, et possiblement enrichi, en vue d'améliorer nos capacités de diagnostic. Nous avons donc successivement exploré une approche par intégrale de chemin, en vue de conserver au maximum l'information liée à la nature quantique des processus d'interaction, puis le rôle de la chronologie, le potentiel d'interaction du système atomique avec le plasma ne commutant pas à deux instants différents, et enfin une approche modélisant le champ électrique par des processus stochastiques dont les propriétés statistiques déterminent les caractéristiques des profils de raie des plasmas étudiés. Dans ce dernier cas, le travail réalisé montre que la modélisation du champ électrique par des processus stochastiques contient de sérieuses pistes de recherche de nature à améliorer encore les résultats obtenusSpectroscopy is an essential tool for plasma diagnostics, especially for studying stars, allowing hope to understand always better their origin and their evolution, or for laboratory plasmas, especially those encountered in the experiments for controlled thermonuclear fusion, such as ITER.Modeling profiles of Lyman-alpha hydrogen leads to develop different approaches whose formalism deserves to still remain under investigation, and can possibly be enriched, to improve our diagnostic capabilities. We therefore explored the subject successively by a path integral approach, in order to retain maximum information related to the quantum nature of the interaction process, then the role of chronology, as the interaction potential of the atomic system with the plasma does not commute at two different times, and finally we worked on an approach modeling the electric field by stochastic processes whose statistical properties determine the characteristics of the line profiles of the studied plasmas. In the latter case, the work shows that the modeling of the electric field by stochastic processes contains serious research possibilities which should be able to further improve present results
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Aghaee, Ghaleshahi Nima. "Thermal Issues in Testing of Advanced Systems on Chip." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-120798.
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Many cutting-edge computer and electronic products are powered by advanced Systems-on-Chip (SoC). Advanced SoCs encompass superb performance together with large number of functions. This is achieved by efficient integration of huge number of transistors. Such very large scale integration is enabled by a core-based design paradigm as well as deep-submicron and 3D-stacked-IC technologies. These technologies are susceptible to reliability and testing complications caused by thermal issues. Three crucial thermal issues related to temperature variations, temperature gradients, and temperature cycling are addressed in this thesis. Existing test scheduling techniques rely on temperature simulations to generate schedules that meet thermal constraints such as overheating prevention. The difference between the simulated temperatures and the actual temperatures is called temperature error. This error, for past technologies, is negligible. However, advanced SoCs experience large errors due to large process variations. Such large errors have costly consequences, such as overheating, and must be taken care of. This thesis presents an adaptive approach to generate test schedules that handle such temperature errors. Advanced SoCs manufactured as 3D stacked ICs experience large temperature gradients. Temperature gradients accelerate certain early-life defect mechanisms. These mechanisms can be artificially accelerated using gradient-based, burn-in like, operations so that the defects are detected before shipping. Moreover, temperature gradients exacerbate some delay-related defects. In order to detect such defects, testing must be performed when appropriate temperature-gradients are enforced. A schedule-based technique that enforces the temperature-gradients for burn-in like operations is proposed in this thesis. This technique is further developed to support testing for delay-related defects while appropriate gradients are enforced. The last thermal issue addressed by this thesis is related to temperature cycling. Temperature cycling test procedures are usually applied to safety-critical applications to detect cycling-related early-life failures. Such failures affect advanced SoCs, particularly through-silicon-via structures in 3D-stacked-ICs. An efficient schedule-based cycling-test technique that combines cycling acceleration with testing is proposed in this thesis. The proposed technique fits into existing 3D testing procedures and does not require temperature chambers. Therefore, the overall cycling acceleration and testing cost can be drastically reduced. All the proposed techniques have been implemented and evaluated with extensive experiments based on ITC’02 benchmarks as well as a number of 3D stacked ICs. Experiments show that the proposed techniques work effectively and reduce the costs, in particular the costs related to addressing thermal issues and early-life failures. We have also developed a fast temperature simulation technique based on a closed-form solution for the temperature equations. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed simulation technique reduces the schedule generation time by more than half.
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Bambušek, Martin. "Studie logistiky opatřování s vazbami na produkční procesy." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-222114.
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The subjekt of the diploma thesis „The Study of Purchasing with the linkage to Production Processes“ is to analyze actual situation of the purchasing logistics processes with the linkage to effective suplier-concumer relationships. In the theoretical part there will be an introduction of our chosen company Robe show lighting s.r.o. and its business focus. We will explain general principles and methods of purchasing logistics. The practical part contains an analysis of actual situation of logistics processes of the company, such as ordering, purchasing, stock management, transportation and storage. Based on this analysis we will suggest several improvements to achieve uninterrupted production process with optimum costs.
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Leite, Cristiane Kerches da Silva. "O processo de ordenamento fiscal no Brasil na década de 90 e a Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8131/tde-25052007-143625/.
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Este trabalho analisa o processo de ordenamento fiscal que ocorreu no Brasil, na década de 1990, abordando especificamente o processo de criação da Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal (LRF). Alguns autores na Ciência Política argumentam que os projetos de lei votados no Congresso que afetam os interesses dos governadores não passam porque os governadores mobilizam suas respectivas bancadas estaduais para vetá-los. Assim, como podemos entender a aprovação da Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal, lei complementar que afeta diretamente os interesses financeiros e fiscais dos entes federativos. Alguns autores argumentam que houve um consenso em torno da necessidade do ordenamento fiscal, na década de 1990, destacando o processo de incrementalismo das mudanças institucionais, o desenvolvimento de uma \"cultura fiscalista\"que vira consenso na opinião pública e na classe política e, as crises financeiras internacionais (México, 1995; Ásia, 1997 e Rússia, 1998) que colocaram em xeque a capacidade de reação do governo diante das ameaças à política econômica de estabilização. Este trabalho alinha-se com os que desenvolvem esses argumentos, mas enfatiza o processo de negociação, ou seja, a existência de um dissenso dentro do consenso, que caracterizou o processo de criação da LRF. Argumentamos que, a despeito da existência de um consenso em torno da idéia de promover um ordenamento fiscal, a criação e a aprovação da LRF caracterizaram-se por conflitos dentro do governo e por um processo de intensa negociação parlamentar.The aim of this work is to investigate the Brazilian process of fiscal ordering in the 1990s. More specifically, it focuses on the creation process of Fiscal Responsibility Law. Its point of departure is some political scientists vision that legislative projects undermining the subnational governments interests are not often approved due to State governors efforts to veto them. The hypothesis is that this phenomenon happens because governors exert stronger influence on the behavior of legislators than the President and political parties. For this reason, they assume that governors are veto-players in the Brazilian political system. This is an important component of our research strategy that seeks to explain why Fiscal Responsibility Law was approved despite of the key players financial and fiscal interests. The novelty of this work is to provide an approach that unveils a little explored explanatory element by previous works: the process of negotiation of the law project in the Federal Executive and in the Federal Legislative. In tune with some authors claims that there was a consensus on the necessity of fiscal ordering, we scrutinize the incremental process of institutional change and the development of a \"fiscal culture\" in the Brazilian society and its political class. We go on to suggest that international financial international crisis (México, 1995; Ásia, 1997 e Rússia, 1998) served as tests of the government\'s capacity to deal with the challenges posed to the economic stabilization policies. Furthermore, the current work gives special attention to addressing the process of negotiation that gave rise to the Fiscal Responsibility Law. We argue that the whole process was characterized by the existence of a dissension inside of consensus. Putting somewhat different, conflicts in the Federal Executive realm and complex negotiation schemes at the Federal Legislative level characterize the creation and the approbation stages of Fiscal Responsibility Law in Brazil.
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Cervi, André Felipe Corrêa. "Fazer ou comprar: proposta de uma estrutura para o processo decisório e aplicação de métodos de decisão multicritério." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18156/tde-18092017-100953/.
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A escolha por fazer ou por comprar é um problema clássico enfrentado pelas empresas. Essa decisão diz respeito à opção de fazer internamente, optar por uma gestão hibrida (interna e externa ao mesmo tempo) ou terceirizar uma atividade. Por envolver diversos critérios, muitos responsáveis por ela utilizam métodos de decisão multicritério para que se obtenha melhores resultados. O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em desenvolver uma estrutura para a tomada de decisão de fazer ou comprar e utilizar métodos de decisão multicritério para conferir maior confiabilidade à essa decisão. Para isso, os objetivos específicos são: (1) realizar uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre o tema (decisão de fazer ou comprar auxiliada por métodos de decisão multicritério), (2) propor um processo estruturado de decisão para o problema de fazer ou comprar, (3) propor métodos adequados aos propósitos de categorização ou ordenação nas diferentes etapas do processo, incluindo métodos que contemplem a possibilidade de decisão em grupo e (4) realizar um estudo comparativo de métodos de decisão multicritério para a decisão sobre Fazer ou Comprar. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram plenamente alcançados trazendo contribuições como: uma revisão bibliográfica sistemática sobre métodos de decisão multicritério para o problema de fazer ou comprar; uma estrutura de decisão para dar suporte à decisão de fazer ou comprar; a aplicação de métodos ainda não utilizados para o problema de fazer ou comprar; aplicação de métodos que suportem a problemática da decisão em grupo e; a comparação entre dois métodos para o propósito de categorização e duas para o propósito de ordenação.The make or buy decision is a classical decision problem in operations management and it is difficult to make because of its very nature (multiple criteria). To better contend with these challenges, many decision makers choose Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques to support their decisions. The aim of this work is to develop a methodology to support the make or buy decision and the use of the multi-criteria decision methods in this context. The specific objectives are: (1) to conduct a literature research about multi-criteria decision making techniques to support the make or buy decision; (2) to propose a structured decision framework to the make or buy problem; (3) to propose appropriate methods for categorization or ordering at different stages of the process, including methods that support group decisions and; (4) to perform a comparative study of multi-criteria decision-making methods for the make or buy problem. The objectives of this work were fully achieved by bringing contributions such as: a systematic literature review on multi-criteria decision-making methods for the make or buy problem; A decision framework to support the make or buy decision; The application of methods that were not found in the systematic literature review for the problem of make or buy problem; Application of methods that support the group decision problem and; The comparison between two techniques for categorization purposes and two for ordering purposes.
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Wang, Chi-Ying, and 王琪瑩. "Modulization of ordering process." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18553001980184441992.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
國際企業學研究所
94
With the changing external environment and more complicated operational activities，the escalation of operational efficiency for a transnational enterprise is an important way to create competitive advantage。This research focuses on two main issues。One is “the coordination mechanism for a transnational enterprise”，and the other is “business process reengineering”。Because the industrial PC environment belongs to a niche market, and there are some industry characteristic，such as『product variety』，『customization』，and 『good product margin』，it will attract some potential companies to compete in this field。Although Advantech is a leading company in this field now，to cope with future competition，it’s time to check the existing performance and competitive advantage。With continuous expansion of scope and market，the scale of organization is also getting huge。Therefore，how to sustain the flexibility and the operation efficiency to create competitive advantage is a key objective for future strategy consideration。In this paper，the main objective is to reengineer the ordering process through task redefinition and redesign of information flow。Through ordering process reengineering，the new process can bring more information value and efficiency not only to increase decision quality，but to bring Advantech to a new strategy position。 This research will make some suggestion to Advantech through studying the existing bottleneck and considering its future strategy configuration。The conclusions are made below： 1.Modularizing the process can shorten ordering process，increase processing efficiency，and improve the ability of customer response。 2.Integrating fragmented systems into logistic centers as a centralized customer database can increase information value through efficient flowing，and increase customer satisfaction by data analysis and customized services。 3.Innovating the business model from supplier driven to customer driven is a major change。Taking advantage of demand-driven model can avoid inaccurate forecasting problem and can decrease total inventory amount。By this new model，Advantech can use it to increase total operational efficiency，to decrease operation cost，and to create its sustainable competitive advantage。
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Marinho, Ricardo Monteiro. "Optimization of Sales Ordering Process - Development of a Customer Segmentation Model." Dissertação, 2002. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/115366.
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Marinho, Ricardo Monteiro. "Optimization of Sales Ordering Process - Development of a Customer Segmentation Model." Dissertação, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/115366.
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Marinho, Ricardo Monteiro. "Optimization of Sales Ordering Process - Development of a Customer Segmentation Model." Master's thesis, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/115366.
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Chiang, Chun-Yi, and 江俊儀. "A Study of Mixed Inventory Models with Ordering Process under Learning and Forgetting Effect." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ng5q78.
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碩士國立臺北科技大學
工業工程與管理研究所
98
Traditionally, the pattern of repeated ordering process is assumed that ordering cost is always constant, hence the relationship of ordering cost and total cost can be simple linear function. In fact, each unit of ordering cost can not be fixed constant due to learning effect in the process of ordering operation. Moreover, the interruption of ordering operation will cause forgetting effect, and results in the actual total cost higher than the total cost which only takes learning effect into consideration. This paper investigates the impact of learning effect and forgetting effect on ordering cost for the continuous review inventory model involving controllable lead time with the mixture of backorder price discounts and partial lost sales. In the circumstance, order quantity, backorder price discount, safety factor and lead time are decision variables. The objective is to minimize the expected total cost with respect to related decision variables. We assume that probability distributions of the lead time demand are one for the normal distribution and another for the general distribution. We also develop an algorithm procedure, respectively, to find the optimal order quantity, optimal backorder price discount, optimal safety factor and optimal lead time. Furthermore, two numerical examples are also given to illustrate the results.
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TSENG, KUAN-HUA, and 曾冠樺. "The Study of Sputtering Process and Ordering Effect of Ni2MnGa Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Alloys." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/15504054644775096502.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
機械工程學研究所
89
In this study, the effects of sputtering parameters on the composition variation of r.f.-sputtered Ni2MnGa thin films are investigated. At lower sputtering pressure, the nickel concentration in thin films is higher than that in the target; but this situation is just in reverse at higher sputtering pressure. As for manganese and gallium, their concentration have the opposite effect of sputtering pressure. This may be resulted from the atoms of different elements leaving the target having different initial energies as well as having selective thermalization effects during the sputtering process. By measuring intensity ratios of Ni, Mn, Ga optical spectra of the sputtering plasma, the composition of r.f.-sputtered films can be estimated. The as-deposited film is partially crystalline and its crystallization temperature is about 430-470oC by DSC test. The activation energy of crystallization is 234KJ/mol by with Kissinger’s method. The thin film is under compressive stress at lower sputtering pressure, but is under tensile stress at higher sputtering pressure. This study also investigated the effect of quenching temperature, from 800oC to 900oC, of Ni2MnGa bulk alloy on its transformation temperatures. It appeals that the TC and M* are lowered by quenching at higher temperature.
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Lin, Chien, and 林千. "The influence of thermal history and gelation network on the ordering process of PLLA in the solution." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/28557694325663067033.
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碩士國立成功大學
材料科學及工程學系碩博士班
96
In this research, we study the crystal behavior of PLLA solution by isothermal crystallization process, and discuss the influence of crystal morphology by initial nucleus and the condition for crystal growth. We can obtain two primary results: (1) at the beginning of isothermal crystallization, PLLA which experience enormous change become baby crystals in the solution. When we increase isothermal time, baby crystals change continuously. Baby crystals of PLLA induce different conditions of overgrowth on the glass. (2) after PLLA become single crystal thin film at 90℃, PLLA will grow to different types of hexagonal single crystal at different holding temperature. The research also point out that network of DMDBS can accelerate the growth of PLLA in the solution.
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Wang, Yi-Bing, and 王毅斌. "Optimal Ordering Policy for a MTO System with Random Demand and Lead Time – a Markov Decision Process Approach." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/58680823475567448142.
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碩士中原大學
工業工程研究所
92
Production system can be distinguished as Make-to-Stock (MTS) or Make-to- Order (MTO) system. In MTO system, we usually confront the random demands. Because of the uncertainty of demands, it is important to control the inventory of raw materials such as determining the ordering epoch and order quantity. Also because of the uncertainty of the demands, it is natural have the dynamic ordering epoch. The traditional approaches such as forecasting and static inventory control are replaced by dynamic control. This thesis studies the dynamic material ordering policy for MTO production system with random demand. We consider a simple MTO system with demand queue and raw material inventory and constant ordering quantity with random ordering lead time. We treat this system as a queueing system and we model the underlying problem as a Markov decision process(MDP), in which, we determine the ordering epoch by observing the current state of system. We seek to find the optimal policy to to minimize system cost. Under some normal conditions, the optimal policy is proven to be a threshold policy; furthermore, the optimal policy can be characterized by the switching curve. Some numerical examples are provided.
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Aliakbar, Chavoushi Alireza. "Analysis of an M/M/1 Queue with Customer Interjection." 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10222/12907.
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In our daily life, we often experience waiting in a queue to receive some kind of service. Some customers do not join the queue at the end like other normal customers, and try to cut in the queue hoping to have a shorter waiting time and a higher level of satisfaction. This behaviour is called customer interjection. Some of these customers only try to cut in queue, while some others try to find excuses for interjection. For instance, the first-come-first-served (FCFS) service discipline is usually assumed in public places like restaurants, banks, airports, and supermarkets. However, customer interjections can still be seen in these places. In telecommunications networks, to test the efficiency of transmission, artificial packages are inserted into the normal traffic in a random manner. These interjections can affect the waiting time of other customers in queue. Such interjections may reduce the waiting time of interjecting customers, but increase the waiting time and dissatisfaction of others.
In this work, an M/M/1 queueing system with customer interjection is investigated. The arrival of customers to the system is assumed to be a Poisson process with arrival rate . The service times for customers are independent and identically distributed random variables with an exponential distribution with rate . Customers are dispersed into normal customers and interjecting customers. A normal customer joins the queue at the end, and an interjecting customer tries to cut in the queue and occupy a position as close to the head of the queue as possible. Two parameters are introduced to describe the interjection behaviour: the percentage of customers interjecting and the tolerance level of interjection by individual customers who are already waiting in the queue. Using matrix-analytic methods and stochastic comparison methods, the waiting times of normal customers and interjecting customers are being studied. The impacts of the two parameters on the waiting times are analyzed in detail, and the implications of the results are discussed with numerical examples.
It is found that the waiting times are sensitive to the tolerance level of interjection by individual customers. It is also found that eliminating customer interjection would be always beneficial to normal customers and arbitrary customers though it would not always be so for interjecting customers.
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Hsiung, Chuan-chuan, and 熊娟娟. "A Simulation Study for Promotion Ordering Process Redesign - Exampled by Implementing Cross-Docking Operation in Distribution Center of Hyper Retailer B." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2x58v9.
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碩士東吳大學
企業管理學系
96
Business process reengineering (redesign) is to rethink fundamentally and redesign radically the business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in performance. Although the companies acquire gradually the concept to improve the efficiency, service and quality, to some extent, it’s still with high uncertainties while redesigning the business process and evaluating the outcomes of new system. Under this situation, if each redesigned business process could be simulated and analyzed effectively before rollout in order to identify any potential impact, it will facilitate those corporations who are devoting the business process redesign. A throat-cutting like competition among the retailing channels in Taiwan market has caused the profit of this business getting less and less in years. To quick response to the needs of customer, the retailers thought to create an innovative strategy to reduce inventory, lower the holding cost and increase delivery service quality. Implementing cross-docking is considered to be one of the solutions. This research takes the hyper retailer B used 3PL as an example to study the possibility of the redesigned business process working cross the functions by implementing the cross-docking/flow-through operation in logistics to match the demand of promotion activity and to simulate by advanced software Flexsim. For further analyzing the differences between the process of As-Is and To-Be, the simulation results of each operation will be measured by Supply Chain Operation Reference metrics. From comparison of simulation, it's found that the flow-through operation performs excellently on the measurements of reliability, flexibility and assets. And, it may be the optimal operation for retailer, supplier or 3PL as it eliminates the unnecessary activities of warehousing and picking to reduce the logistic cost and improving the customer satisfaction without causing the burden of supplier and endangering the income of 3PL. It’s believed that the resistance of implementation will be less than cross-docking.
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Lin, Hui Ying, and 林惠瑩. "The Impact of Stock Ordering Channel Selection of Investors on Satisfaction-trust-commitment Model – An Elaboration Likelihood Model of Information Process Perspective." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29827776061402115220.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北大學
企業管理學系
101
In Taiwan, stock ordering channels are divided into artificial ordering way and electronic ordering way. With the rise of internet and m-commerce, investors get conveniences and many advantages through electronic ordering way. Nowadays electronic ordering becomes one of popular research issues. However, thought there have been 15 years from the government permitting online ordering until now, from the year of 2012 January to August, the average online ordering numbers of the total market turnover ratio is just 41%, and the average online ordering amounts of the total market turnover ratio is just 35%. It shows that the traditional artificial ordering way may offers channel users some value which the electronic ordering way can’t do. This study starts from the view of information processing and decision-making, and we are going to explore different cues to build satisfaction and trust through users information processing, and further turn towards to commitment. Petty and Cacioppo (1981) who built ELM model elaborate that individual response to information is affected by one’s motivation and ability to process information. Base on the characteristics of the stock market, this research is the pioneer to use involvement as motivation and to use self-efficacy as ability in the stock ordering channels, combining them as the same time. This study proposes an originally integrated model based on ELM, satisfaction-trust-commitment model. This study is one of pioneers to propose a modifiedsatisfaction-trust-commitment model based on ELM and information process perspectives. Especially, we employ self-efficacy and involvement constructs as the motivation and ability of information process. This study expects to extend theoretical knowledge of academic fields and attempt to fill the gap of literatures. This study also demonstrates a new way for enterprises to elaborate business plan, including offer appropriate cues to archive differential service, maintain good communication with investors, and make a principle for segmenting target customers.
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Rocha, Diogo Caldeira Estanqueiro. "Avaliação de estratégias de gestão da procura em produtos perecíveis." Master's thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/5063.
Full textAbstract:
Neste projecto estudou-se o processo automático e centralizado de encomendas de produtos perecíveis, numa das empresas líderes, em Portugal, do sector de retalho. Procuraram-se oportunidades de melhoria neste processo, de modo a que a empresa aumente os indicadores de desempenho, a nível dos produtos perecíveis tal como deseja.
Foram identificadas duas principais oportunidades de melhoria, a diminuição dos erros de inventário no sistema da empresa. Assim visa-se uma melhoria na qualidade dos dados e a adopção de uma estratégia de gestão da procura, utilizando diferentes modelos de previsão, adequados aos diferentes padrões de venda identificados e às especificidades dos produtos perecíveis.
De modo a testar as oportunidades de melhoria realizou-se um teste-piloto numa das lojas da empresa, para aferir os impactos que uma diminuição dos erros de inventário teria no processo automático de encomendas dos produtos escolhidos. Em relação às estratégias da gestão procura e respectivos modelos de previsão, em primeiro lugar, categorizaram-se os produtos perecíveis de um agrupamento de lojas, e posteriormente, testaram-se alguns modelos identificados na revisão bibliográfica. Depois, realizaram-se simulações dos mesmos.
Os resultados obtidos nas simulações foram bastante positivos, mostrando que a empresa pode melhorar indicadores como o índice de rupturas, promovendo o aumento das vendas, e o valor das quebras, reduzindo o desperdício e os níveis de “stock” em loja. Reduzir-se-ia assim, a necessidade de investimento em “stock”. Em suma, adoptando uma estratégia de gestão da procura adequada, será possível à empresa prestar, não só melhor serviço aos clientes, como ter ganhos financeiros.In this project it was studied the automatic ordering process, of perishable products, in one of the major retailer companies, in Portugal. It was search for opportunities to improve this process, so that the company could increase the performance in the main indicators. There were identified two main opportunities for improvement, the first one, was decreasing the inventory errors in the company system, in order to improve the quality of the data. The second one, was adopting a new demand management strategy. That strategy consists in an application of different forecasting models to the different sales patters identified, suiting the specificities of perishable products. In order to test the identified opportunities, it was carried out a pilot-test, in one of the company’s store, to assess the impacts that a reduction in the inventory errors would have in the automatic ordering process. Regarding the demand management strategy, firstly, the analyzed products were categorized, and then it was tested some of the different models identified in the literature review, through simulations. The simulation results were very positive, showing that the company can improve indicators, like the out-of-stock rate, stimulating an increasing of sales, reduce the waste and stock levels in the stores. Thus, the need of huge investments in products to stocks would be reduced. In conclusion, with the adoption of an appropriate demand management strategy, it would be possible to the company, not only to provide better service to the customers, but also to have financial profits.
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Van, Schoor Christiaan de Wet. "Building blocks for supply chain management - a study of inventory modelling." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28844.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis presents a study of stochastic models of continuous review of inventory systems of perishable and non-perishable products, as well as inventory systems operating in random environment. It contains five chapters. The first chapter is introductory in nature, containing the motivation for the study and the techniques required for the analysis of respective models described in the remaining chapters. Chapter 2 provides a model of perishable product inventory system operating in a random environment. For the sake of simplicity, the stochastic environment is considered to alternate randomly over time between two states 0 and 1 according to an alternating renewal process. When the environment is in state k, the items in inventory have a perishable rate ìk, the demand rate is ëk and the replenishment cost is CRk. The performance of various measures of the system evolution are obtained, assuming instantaneous replenishment at the epoch of the first demand after the stock-out and associating a Markov renewal process with the inventory level. In Chapter 3, a continuous review single product perishable inventory model is considered. Items deteriorate in two phases and then perish. Independent demands occur at constant rates for items in phase I and in phase II. Demand that occurs for an item in phase I during its stock-out period is satisfied by an item in phase II with some probability. However a demand for an item in phase II occurring during its stock-out period is lost. The reordering policy is an adjustable (S,s) policy with the lead-time following an arbitrary distribution. Identifying the stochastic process as a renewal process, the probability distribution of the inventory level at any arbitrary instant of time is obtained. The expressions for the mean stationary rates of demands lost, demands substituted, perished units and scrapped units are also derived. A numerical example is considered to highlight the results obtained. Chapter 4 is a study of a two-commodity inventory system under continuous review. The maximum storage capacity for the i-th item is Si (i=1, 2). The demand points for each commodity are assumed to form an independent Poisson process, with unit demand for one item and bulk demand for the other. The order level is fixed as si for the i-th commodity (i=1, 2) and the ordering policy is to place an order for Qi (= Si – si , i = 1,2) items for the i-the commodity when both the inventory levels are less than or equal to their respective reorder levels. The lead-time is assumed to be exponential. The joint probability distribution for both commodities is obtained in both transient and steady state cases. Various measures of systems performance and the total expected cost rate in the steady state are derived. The results are illustrated with numerical examples. Chapter 5 provides an analysis of a continuous review of two-product system with two types of demands and with individual (S,s) ordering policy. The lead-time distribution of product 1 is arbitrary and that of product 2 exponential. Two types of demands occur at constant rates either for both products or for product 2 alone. Expressions for the stationary distribution of the inventory level are obtained by identifying the underlying stochastic processes as a semi-regenerative process. The mean stationary rates of the lost demands, the demands that are satisfied and the number of reorders are obtained and these measures are used to provide an expression for the cost rate. The main objective of this thesis is to improve the state of art of continuous review inventory systems. The salient features of the thesis are summarized below: - (a) Consideration of
- (i) The impact of the stochastic environment on inventory systems;
- (ii) The interactions existing among the products in multi-product systems;
- (iii) Individual and joint-ordering policies;
- (b) Discussion of inventory systems with perishable products;
- (c) Effective use of the regeneration point technique to derive expressions for various system measures;
- (d) Illustration of the various results by extensive numerical work;
- (e) Relevant optimization problems
Thesis (PhD (Industrial Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2006.
Industrial and Systems Engineering
unrestricted
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Huguet, Guillaume. "Étude d’algorithmes de simulation par chaînes de Markov non réversibles." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24345.
Full textAbstract:
Les méthodes de Monte Carlo par chaînes de Markov (MCMC) utilisent généralement des
chaînes de Markov réversibles. Jusqu’à récemment, une grande partie de la recherche théorique
sur les chaînes de Markov concernait ce type de chaînes, notamment les théorèmes de
Peskun (1973) et de Tierney (1998) qui permettent d’ordonner les variances asymptotiques
de deux estimateurs issus de chaînes réversibles différentes.
Dans ce mémoire nous analysons des algorithmes simulants des chaînes qui ne respectent
pas cette condition. Nous parlons alors de chaînes non réversibles. Expérimentalement, ces
chaînes produisent souvent des estimateurs avec une variance asymptotique plus faible et/ou
une convergence plus rapide. Nous présentons deux algorithmes, soit l’algorithme de marche
aléatoire guidée (GRW) par Gustafson (1998) et l’algorithme de discrete bouncy particle
sampler (DBPS) par Sherlock et Thiery (2017). Pour ces deux algorithmes, nous comparons
expérimentalement la variance asymptotique d’un estimateur avec la variance asymptotique
en utilisant l’algorithme de Metropolis-Hastings.
Récemment, un cadre théorique a été introduit par Andrieu et Livingstone (2019) pour
ordonner les variances asymptotiques d’une certaine classe de chaînes non réversibles. Nous
présentons leur analyse de GRW. De plus, nous montrons que le DBPS est inclus dans
ce cadre théorique. Nous démontrons que la variance asymptotique d’un estimateur peut
théoriquement diminuer en ajoutant des propositions à cet algorithme. Finalement, nous
proposons deux modifications au DBPS.
Tout au long du mémoire, nous serons intéressés par des chaînes issues de propositions
déterministes. Nous montrons comment construire l’algorithme du delayed rejection avec
des fonctions déterministes et son équivalent dans le cadre de Andrieu et Livingstone (2019).Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods commonly use chains that respect the detailed balance condition. These chains are called reversible. Most of the theory developed for MCMC evolves around those particular chains. Peskun (1973) and Tierney (1998) provided useful theorems on the ordering of the asymptotic variances for two estimators produced by two different reversible chains. In this thesis, we are interested in non-reversible chains, which are chains that don’t respect the detailed balance condition. We present algorithms that simulate non-reversible chains, mainly the Guided Random Walk (GRW) by Gustafson (1998) and the Discrete Bouncy Particle Sampler (DBPS) by Sherlock and Thiery (2017). For both algorithms, we compare the asymptotic variance of estimators with the ones produced by the Metropolis- Hastings algorithm. We present a recent theoretical framework introduced by Andrieu and Livingstone (2019) and their analysis of the GRW. We then show that the DBPS is part of this framework and present an analysis on the asymptotic variance of estimators. Their main theorem can provide an ordering of the asymptotic variances of two estimators resulting from nonreversible chains. We show that an estimator could have a lower asymptotic variance by adding propositions to the DBPS. We then present empirical results of a modified DBPS. Through the thesis we will mostly be interested in chains that are produced by deterministic proposals. We show a general construction of the delayed rejection algorithm using deterministic proposals and one possible equivalent for non-reversible chains.