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1
Polyakova, N. L. "Global sociology. Basic research strategies. Part I. Universalist approach." Moscow State University Bulletin. Series 18. Sociology and Political Science 25, no. 4 (February 12, 2020): 154–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24290/1029-3736-2019-25-4-154-174.
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The global sociology was formed at end of the XXth century — at the beginning of the XXIth century. It consists of a great number of sociological theories belonging to different sociological traditions with different methodological approaches. These theories have a common object field and a common vision of sociological problems which need to be analyzed. The aim of the article is to clarify and to give a theoretical structure to the object field of the global sociology as a specifie research sphere. This specifie sphere of sociological research has its own systemic character due to the unity of the object field. The object field of the global sociology is formed, first, by the processes which have shaped the contemporary global world and second, by the structure and order of this global world. The theoretical and methodological analysis of the theories which make up the global sociology shows that these theories can be divided into two large groups. The first group is formed by theories based on a universalist approach and a universalist vision of the actual global order. The universalist sociological perspective is rooted in the Enligtenmeht social philosophy, in the theories of development of classical sociology, in the original impulses of theories of modernization and Westernization. The uniting principle of all the mentioned theories is the common vision of the contemporary world as the one universal social space which to one extent or other transcends both concrete societies and nation-states. This large group of theories can be subdivided in two subgroups. The first subgroup of universalist theories views the contemporary global world with its order as a result of some original impulses of development of modernity. These impulses are being realized as the universal global order. The article analyzes the sociological theories of I. Wallerstein and A. Giddens as examples of such universalist theories. The second subgroup is formed by theories of globalization which are based on the analysis of the processes of digitalization, networking and also of new basic “mobilities” which are shaping a new global morphology of the space of “flows”. The theories of M. Castels, J. Urry and U. Beck are the examples of such universalis theories. The article also analyzes a global sociological universalist discourse which conceptualizes the global order through “theories of empire”.The Part I of the article is dedicated to universalis theories of global sociology. The Part II is dedicated to the second large group of theories of the contemporary global sociology. These theories are based on the civilization approach which views the contemporary world as a set of civilizations.
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Drerup, Johannes. "Global Citizenship Education, Global Educational Injustice and the Postcolonial Critique." Global Justice : Theory Practice Rhetoric 12, no. 01 (April 1, 2020): 27–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/gjn.12.01.230.
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This contribution develops a defence of a universalist conception of Global Citizenship Education (GCE) against three prominent critiques, which are, among others, put forward by postcolonial scholars. The first critique argues that GCE is essentially a project of globally minded elites and therefore expressive both of global educational injustices and of the values and lifestyles of a particular class or milieu. The second critique assumes that GCE is based on genuinely ‘Western values’ (e.g., in the form of a conception of human rights or conceptions of rationality or the self), which are neither universally accepted nor universally valid and therefore unjustly forced on members of non-Western cultures and societies. GCE, according to this critique, is assumed to be another version of the educational justification of a hegemonic and unjust global Western regime. The third critique focuses on the epistemological preconditions of GCE. It assumes that GCE relies on a particular, culturally embedded ‘Western epistemology,’ which perpetuates historically grown global educational and epistemic injustices by dominating and subjugating alternative epistemological approaches. With respect to the first critique I argue that it is to a certain extent sociologically plausible, but wrong when it is applied to the educational and political legitimacy of GCE. The second critique overestimates the consensus within the ‘Western tradition’ and underestimates the transnational dissemination of universalist ideals and values as well as its own reliance on universalist validity claims. I argue that in order to provide a plausible criticism of historically grown global educational and political injustices, it is imperative for GCE to integrate central insights provided by the postcolonial critique, without giving up on universalist ideals and values. The third critique is, according to my argumentation, based on flawed epistemological assumptions, which do not withstand critical scrutiny. Instead of identifying epistemic and scientific claims as the expressions of a particular ‘culture’ or geographical location (the ‘West’), I defend the position that philosophical and scientific research should ideally be conceived as a democratic and universalist project, whose emancipatory potential can only be realized on the basis of a universalist epistemology.
3
Sheng, Michael M. "Response: Mao and Stalin: Adversaries or Comrades?" China Quarterly 129 (March 1992): 180–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030574100004128x.
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In my view, the fundamental disagreement between Garver and me i, the estimation of the nature of the CCP-Moscow relationship, personalized in the relations between Mao and Stalin. Garver believe, that Stalin regarded Mao as a “dissident communist” who frustrated Stalin's intention to sacrifice the CCP's revolutionary interest; in order to meet the need for Soviet security. In the decade after 1935, Garver continues to argue in his comment, Mao “repeatedly deviate[d] from Comintern line and ultimately emancipate[d] the CCP from Moscow's control.” Therefore, Stalin had good reason to distrust Mao. If the CCP-Moscow radio communication had not been disrupted, Stalin could have prevented Mao from launching a successful coup at the Zunyi Conference, Garver says in his China Quarterly article. After finding some evidence of Stalin's willingness to supply the CCP with weapons, Garver states that “our estimates of Mao's willingness to antagonize Stalin must be adjusted.” To Garver, the Mao-Stalin relations were utilitarian in nature, just like those between Stalin and Chiang Kai-shek – they were all each other's “fishes.” Given the discrepancy between the Soviet security need and the CCP's revolutionary interests, Garver's depiction of the relationship between Mao and Stalin leaves the impression that they were adversaries, rather than comrades.
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Baumeister, Andrii. "The idea of modern and the Western tradition. Article 2." Sententiae 12, no. 1 (June 27, 2005): 152–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31649/sent12.01.152.
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The Enlightenment invented a new unique format for philosophical thinking, turning philosophy into a force that affects the real world. The author calls for recognition of the productive forces of the Enlightenment, which appear as defenders of rational transparency and intellectual honesty. By rejecting the teleological context and focusing on formal aspects, Enlightenment ideas lead to a loss of connection with concrete reality and the purpose of actions. The last decades have seen a revival of the classical tradition, but there are difficulties in understanding the physical order and its relationship with the moral order. The author agrees with the criticism of the Enlightenment project, but opposes the rejection of any universalist project in general. Considering value pluralism as a result of the late Enlightenment, the author points out that the universalist project is opposed by various forms of relativism. It is in this context that tradition should resume its role.
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Casanova, José. "Cosmopolitanism, the clash of civilizations and multiple modernities." Current Sociology 59, no. 2 (March 2011): 252–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011392110391162.
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The article examines the three alternative conceptions of the emerging global order with special reference to the place and role of the world religions in that order. (1) Cosmopolitanism builds upon developmental theories of modernization that envision this transformation as a global expansion of western secular modernity, conceived as a universal process of human development. Secularization remains a key analytical as well as normative component. Religions that resist privatization are viewed as a dangerous ‘fundamentalism’ that threatens the differentiated structures of secular modernity. (2) Huntington’s conception of the ‘clash of civilizations’ maintains the analytical components of western modernity but stripped of any universalist normative claim. Modernity is a particular achievement of western civilization that is grounded in the Judeo-Christian tradition. The world religions are the continuously vital core of what are essentially incompatible civilizations doomed to clash with one another for global hegemony. (3) The model of ‘multiple modernities’ is presented as an alternative analytical framework that combines some of the universalist claims of cosmopolitanism, devoid of its secularist assumptions, with the recognition of the continuous relevance of the world religions for the emerging global order.
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Kondurov, Viacheslav. "Political Theology of International Law: Methodological Facets and Borders." Sotsiologicheskoe Obozrenie / Russian Sociological Review 20, no. 1 (2021): 50–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1728-192x-2021-1-50-71.
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The article investigates the possibility of applying political theology as a specific methodological approach to international law. As the key theses of political theology were originally formulated by C. Schmitt in the context of national law acting in a homogeneous environment, political theology discourse in the modern philosophy of international law is mainly related to the universalist projects of global law based on an analogy with national law. The first of such strategies, the expansionist strategy, presupposes the construction of global order by the world hegemon. The second, the cosmopolitan strategy, assumes that international law can be built on the basis of an ongoing process of discussion of the global order foundations by the widest possible range of actors. Both of these strategies charm “eternal peace” and are nourished by a common messianic spirit and, therefore, are utopian. However, Schmitt’s international law legacy offers an atypical non-universalist and anti-messianic view on international law as a heterogeneous global legal order based on spatial concepts. Despite the fact that the application of political theology to this kind of order is difficult, it shall not be excluded for several reasons. The pluralistic structure of the heterogeneous order can be seen as a katechon that holds back the end of history. Finally, the political theology of international law can be applied to analyze the historical transformations of the international legal order.
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Rebrovick, Tripp. "A Queer Politics of Touching: Walt Whitman’s Theory of Comrades." Law, Culture and the Humanities 16, no. 2 (January 10, 2017): 313–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1743872116688181.
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This article explores the concept of political and legal regimes of touching by analyzing Walt Whitman’s poems that envision a new political order founded on comradeship – a distinct kind of friendship characterized by physical intimacy. Whitman’s “Calamus” poems, I argue, demonstrate that touching is a political act. This study resists treating Whitman anachronistically as a “homosexual” and argues that comradeship as he understands it represents a model of queerness that can challenge the recent anti-social turn in queer theory.
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Barakhovich, P. N. "Polar Navigator Ivan Tolstoukhov." Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series History 43 (2023): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2222-9124.2023.43.4.
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The article discusses such a little-known episode of the development of the Arctic as the voyage of Ivan Tolstoukhov and his comrades from Novaya Mangazeya to the mouth of the Pyasina River in order to go around the Taimyr (to pass the most difficult part of the Northern Sea Route). The circumstances of the campaign are poorly investigated and almost nothing is known about the identity of the navigator. Also in historiography, there are different opinions about the path of Tolstoukhov and his comrades (in particular, M. I. Belov believed that they managed to bypass Taimyr by sea). Therefore, in order to establish the route of the explorer and reconstruct his family ties, the article studied a significant body of documentary sources that were not introduced into scientific circulation, stored in the RSNA (St. Petersburg) and RSAA (Moscow). The work establishes that Ivan Tolstoukhov was able to swim to the lower reaches of the Pyasina and, after an unsuccessful attempt to go around Taimyr, died in the Yenisei Bay on the way back. In addition, the article puts forward a hypothesis about the connection of the navigator with the wealthy trading family of the Turukhansk Tolstoukhovs, who originated from the settlement of Veliky Ustyug.
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Wolters, Leonie. "Lost in Anti-Imperialist Translation." Cromohs - Cyber Review of Modern Historiography, no. 26 (June 4, 2024): 158–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/cromohs-14558.
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This article uses translation analytically in order to address the issue of context. This can be elusive in global intellectual history, especially when the ideas at stake claim to be valid anywhere, with no regard to circumstances. Examples are drawn from the oeuvre of the universalist Indian thinker M. N. Roy in order to argue that his ‘contingent contexts’ of personal political circumstances and tactical decisions can illuminate historical arguments, as well as positing that contexts were not merely what Roy operated in, but also what he operated with.
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PARAMORE, KIRI. "LIBERALISM, CULTURAL PARTICULARISM, AND THE RULE OF LAW IN MODERN EAST ASIA: THE ANTI-CONFUCIAN ESSENTIALISMS OF CHEN DUXIU AND FUKUZAWA YUKICHI COMPARED." Modern Intellectual History 17, no. 2 (July 6, 2018): 527–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244318000240.
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How and why are universalist modes of political thought transformed into culturally essentialist and exclusionary practices of governance and law? This article considers this question by analyzing the interaction between Confucianism and liberalism in East Asia. It argues that liberalism, particularly as it was used in attacking Confucianism, was instrumental in embedding ideas of cultural particularism and cultural essentialism in the emergence of modern political thought and law in both China and Japan. Both Confucianism and liberalism are self-imagined as universalist traditions, theoretically applicable to all global societies. Yet in practice both have regularly been defined in culturally determined, culturally exclusivist terms: Confucianism as “Chinese,” liberalism as “British” or “Western.” The meeting of Confucian and liberal visions of universalism and globalism in nineteenth-century East Asia provides an intriguing case study for considering the interaction between universalism and cultural exclusivism. This article focuses on the role of nineteenth-century global liberalism in attacks upon the previous Confucian order in East Asia, demonstrating the complicity of liberalism in new, culturally essentialist and particularist constructions of governance and law in both China and Japan.
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Macková, Zuzana. "Wither the social security and the welfare state in the 21st century - A relic or necessity?" Bratislava Law Review 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.46282/blr.2018.2.2.114.
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Article provides for an overview of core terms, definitions and recent developments in the area of social rights and social security in context of Central and Eastern Europe, with focus on Slovakia. It advocates for protection of social standards through the universalist, social-democratic model of welfare state, in order to uphold and enhance democracy and human rights in the region, with a view of their genuine, daily realisation and enjoyment by everyone and all.
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Pattison, James. "Ukraine, Intervention, and the Post-Liberal Order." Ethics & International Affairs 36, no. 3 (2022): 377–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0892679422000399.
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AbstractThe conflict in Ukraine indicates some of the features of a potential post-liberal order and raises several potential ethical issues that may arise for international interventions as the world changes. What types of interventions, if any, are justifiable in response to situations such as the one in Ukraine? Can interventions be permissible given the potential undermining of universalist claims that are often used to support them? How should states prioritize between situations if there is an even greater number of global challenges in a post-liberal order? Three new books—Solferino 21 by Hugo Slim, Decolonizing Human Rights by Abdullahi Ahmed An-Naim, and Promoting Justice across Borders by Lucia Rafanelli—can help to navigate these questions. Drawing on their insights, this essay argues that reform interventions can be justified to defend the liberal international order, that intervention can be defended from a relativist basis, and that socioeconomic rights should be given greater priority.
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GUIEU, JEAN-MICHEL. "The Debate about a European Institutional Order among International Legal Scholars in the 1920s and its Legacy." Contemporary European History 21, no. 3 (June 13, 2012): 319–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777312000227.
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AbstractThe inter-war period is a forgotten moment in the debate about a European institutional order amongst legal scholars. Although the European Communities established in the 1950s did not derive directly from the institutional schemes of the 1920s, the earlier period played an important role in the building of a specifically European legal doctrine. The failure of the universalist League of Nations led a certain number of international jurists, particularly French ones, to support regional solutions as an alternative. A European legal framework was thus seen as a possible way of adapting international law to meet the goals of peace and stability.
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Anooshahr, Ali. "Science at the court of the cosmocrat: Mughal India, 1531–56." Indian Economic & Social History Review 54, no. 3 (July 2017): 295–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019464617710742.
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The present article studies a number of texts produced at the court of the Mughal Emperor Humayun in order to argue that there was a rise in prestige for various fields of knowledge such as mathematics, geography and astronomy. While these texts certainly fulfilled a political function (elucidating the cosmos for Mughal universalist claims), they also reflected aspects of the intellectual climate and practices of the sixteenth century that were undergoing a realignment with the expansion of royal authority throughout much of the globe.
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Ramírez Calle, Olga. "Ética del discurso y conocimiento práctico. Estructuras estables para el razonamiento práctico." Revista de Filosofía Laguna 50 (2022): 117–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.laguna.2022.50.05.
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In the face of the criticism raised against Habermas distinction between morality and ethics and its universalist foundation of morality, it is argued that the priority of moral objectives results constitutively out of the normative reflection structure of the thinking subject, on which depend both the life objectives and corresponding social order in the specific contexts, as well as the personal ones; expanding, thus, the frame of the structurally constitutive in practical reflection. Additionally, the persistence of the Kantian moral thinking in the foundational architecture of ED is reconsidered.
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Oklopcic, Zoran. "The Territorial Challenge: From Constitutional Patriotism to Unencumbered Agonism in Bosnia and Herzegovina." German Law Journal 13, no. 1 (January 2012): 23–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200020332.
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Constitutional patriotism is on the ascent among contemporary constitutional theories. Its objective is to re-orient the loyalty of citizens away from particularistic attachment to a Nation, and towards the Constitution. In promoting political justice, constitutional patriotism relies on citizens’ acceptance of a particular constitutional order not as an embodiment of particularistic ethnocultural, or even statist values, but rather as an expression of universal political principles. In other words, a constitutional order ought not to be seen as an instrument for a nation's political self-actualization, but rather as a framework for institutions and a repository of values that enable a diverse body of citizens to critically rework their particular traditions in light of universalist principles of political justice.
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Gasché, Rodolphe. "Patočka on Europe in the aftermath of Europe." European Journal of Social Theory 21, no. 3 (December 13, 2017): 391–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368431017748148.
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Jan Patočka’s elaborations in ‘Europe after Europe’ concern a kind of irrationalism and nativism proper to European thought that has prohibited the embryonic core of the idea of Europe, namely, the renewed Socratic-Platonic motif of the ‘care of the soul’ in Christian Europe, to unfold its full potential. The article investigates a further ‘irrationalism’ that narrows the universalist thrust of the idea of Europe, precisely, by conceiving of it in terms of the Greek concept of an idea. This article draws on the inner resources of the notion of the idea in order to recast Europe as a Europe beyond the idea.
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Шелудченко, Ігор. "Negation of Universalist Ontology as the Basis for the Conceptualization of the “Postmarxism” Concept." Idei, no. 1(15)-2(16 (November 30, 2020): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.34017/1313-9703-2020-1(15)-2(16)-38-48.
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The article addresses the problem of etymological and theoretical uncertainty of the “postmarxism” concept, which is traced in both domestic and specialized Western studies. The basis for the formation of mental constructs, in the direction of clarifying the specifics of postmarxism, is its setting on “overcoming metaphysics”, which is expressed in an actual refusal to decode social phenomena / processes through the reference to their basic values. The study identifies the main theoretical and methodological contradictions in the understanding of postmarxism, and at the same time, in order to confirm the subject of the work, attention is paid to the avoidance of contradictions and oppositions by postmarxism itself. Because any opposition in postmarxism is questionable, it is a prerequisite for superstructure, which is meaningless itself. Also, a theoretical-comparative and semantic analysis of the "postmarxism” concept is conducted, the historical-political context of the evolution of the concept as a theoretical category and as self-identification is analyzed in order to define its position by some philosophers. The background to its formation is fundamental to explain the denial of universal ontology in postmarxism. Namely, they are decentralization, “breaking up” of structure, derriadian critique of the transcendental meaning, which in postmarxism is expressed as an artificial fixation of meaning and “ideological arrangement”.
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Simkovich, Malka Z. "Echoes of Universalist Testament Literature in Christian and Rabbinic Texts." Harvard Theological Review 109, no. 1 (January 2016): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017816015000462.
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The ancient text known as the Testament of Abraham is preserved in Coptic in the same codex as two other works, the Testament of Isaac and the Testament of Jacob. These testaments were probably written in the late first or early second centuries CE by Jewish writers, although the manuscript of the Coptic codex containing them is dated to 962. These books were considered part of the “testament” literary genre, which featured a biblical hero imparting his last words of religious wisdom to his family gathered at his bedside. Scholars agree that the stylistic and theological differences among these three testaments indicate that they were not written by the same author. Yet a close reading reveals that the Testament of Isaac is dependent on the Testament of Abraham, and that the Testament of Jacob is dependent on the two earlier texts. Moreover, the Testament of Abraham and the Testament of Isaac share similarities that distinguish them from the Testament of Jacob: unlike the Testament of Jacob, the Testament of Abraham and the Testament of Isaac reflect a universalist worldview that depicts a God concerned for all humankind, not only for his chosen people. This God reigns over all people, and themes specific to the Christian and Jewish faiths are virtually absent. Later Christian and Jewish literature concerning the theme of divine judgment exhibits elements that may reflect an awareness of a written or oral tradition that appears in the Testament of Abraham and the Testament of Isaac. The images of judgment and punishment, especially those in the Testament of Abraham, appear in the second-century Apocalypse of Peter and the fourth-century Vision of Paul, which is also known as the Apocalypse of Paul. Likewise, midrashic traditions regarding Abraham and Moses are reminiscent of traditions found in these testaments, particularly the Testament of Abraham. The possibility that early Christian apocalyptic texts were aware of these testaments is grounded in the fact that scholars give these texts a common place of origin, Egypt. The provenance of the midrashic texts is more difficult to identify, but because they share literary elements and theological concerns with the Testament of Abraham and the Testament of Isaac, I suggest that the authors of these midrashic traditions had access to written or oral traditions prominent in these testaments. This paper will examine early Christian apocalyptic and early Jewish midrashic texts that modify some of the traditions prominent in these testaments in order to accommodate their nonuniversalist rabbinic or early Christian worldviews.
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Uchaev, Yevgeny. "The Concept of Katechon in the Thought of Carl Schmitt: Towards a Different Universalism?" Sotsiologicheskoe Obozrenie / Russian Sociological Review 22, no. 4 (2023): 26–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1728-192x-2023-4-26-45.
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The concept of katechon, in the way it is generally invoked today, only exacerbates already existing political and ideological divisions, pitting ‘conservatism’ against ‘progressivism’, or ‘multipolarity’ against ‘globalism’ and ‘hegemony’. With Carl Schmitt as an unlikely ally, this article argues that the katechon might instead offer an alternative — non-liberal and non-revolutionary — universalist political project, thus showing the way out of these oppositions. Contrary to dominant interpretations, Schmittian notion of the katechon is not a legitimation of either sovereign state power or international plurality. Instead, it embodies an underappreciated universalist strand in Schmitt’s thought, which stands in tension with the confrontational and pluralist logic of his concept of the political or the idea of the Grossraum order. For Schmitt, the katechon implies an essentially non-sovereign form of power, which both maintains and renews an existing social order to ensure the continuation of history understood as the realm of ‘infinite singularity’. In modern times, this primarily involves guarding against the threat of technocratic globalization that portends either a collapse of humanity into nature-like regularities or its technological suicide. However, instead of opting for international plurality as a solution, in an often-neglected Spanish version of an essay “The Unity of the World” Schmitt directly links the katechontic theology of history to a specific kind of ‘true’ political universalism, opposed both to the ‘false’ universalism of techno-economic liberalism, and to antagonistic pluralism. Although he does not explicitly elaborate the details of this ‘true’ universalism, his work hints at the diarchy of spiritual and temporal powers as a crucial element of katechontic world unity.
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Paul, Joshua. "‘Not Black and White, but Black and Red’: Anti-identity identity politics and #AllLivesMatter." Ethnicities 19, no. 1 (August 9, 2018): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468796818791661.
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This article critically examines #AllLivesMatter, which emerged as a rebuttal to #BlackLivesMatter, arguing, in spite of its universalist pretentions, that it represents a cloaked identitarian politics which through a hegemonic narrative (re)presents itself as a radically inclusionary counter-narrative. I argue All Lives Matter exemplifies an anti-identity identity politics by invoking rhetoric in opposition to racial identities while smuggling in a somewhat elastic ‘postracial’ neoliberal subject as the foundational identity around which this new mobilisation is organised. The article outlines a definition for anti-identity identity politics and uses this as a lens for analysing All Lives Matter in order to interrogate this keyword.
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Anczyk, Adam, Halina Grzymała-Moszczyńska, Agnieszka Krzysztof-Świderska, and Jacek Prusak. "Which psychology(ies) serves us best? Research perspectives on the psycho-cultural interface in the psychology of religion(s)." Archive for the Psychology of Religion 42, no. 3 (June 7, 2020): 295–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0084672420926259.
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The article concentrates on answering the main question to be addressed, as stated in its title: which psychology(ies) serves us best? In order to achieve this goal, we pursue possible answers in history of psychology of religion and its interdisciplinary relationships with its sister disciplines, anthropology of religion and religious studies, resulting with sketching a typology of the main attitudes towards conceptualising psycho-cultural interface, prevalent among psychologists: the Universalist, the Absolutist and the Relativist stances. Next chosen examples from the field of applied psychology are presented, as the role of the cultural factor within the history of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders’ ( DSM) development is discussed alongside presenting research on the phenomenon of ‘hearing voices’, in order to show the marked way for the future – the importance of including the cultural factor in psychological research on religion.
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Alexander, Caroline. "A Note on the Stag: Odyssey 10.156–72." Classical Quarterly 41, no. 2 (December 1991): 520–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838800004651.
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On the morning of the third day on Circe's island of Aeaea, Odysseus takes sword and spear in hand and leaves his demoralized and exhausted crew to seek out some sign of habitation. Eventually, from the height of a rocky point, he spies smoke rising in the distance. After debating with himself whether or not to investigate immediately, he determines first to return to his ships, in order to see about his comrades' dinner (10.144–55). Returning to the beach, he encounters an enormous stag, which he takes to have been sent by a god who pitied him (10.157–9) and which he kills, binds with a makeshift rope of brushwood and willow branches, and drags back to the camp (10.160–72).
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Golub, Yury G., and Sergei Y. Shenin. "“Staff Reserve” of De-Escalation: M. Rojansky on American-Russian Relations." Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations 21, no. 4 (November 22, 2021): 498–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2021-21-4-498-505.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the political, scientific and practical activities of the director of the Kennan Institute, Matthew Rojanski. In the context of the statements of the Biden administration on the need to de-escalate US-Russian relations and taking into account the attempt to appoint Rozhansky to the post of Russia Director on the US National Security Council, the evolution of his worldview, the system of views on the modern world order, the role of Russia in the contemporary world and nature of relations between Washington and Moscow are considered. It is concluded that Rojanski’s foreign policy views are close to the liberal-universalist ideology of the progressive grouping in the Democratic Party.
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Nosman. "Peran dan Fungsi Kader HMI dalam Transformasi Perubahan Sosial Masyarakat." Ad-Dariyah: Jurnal Dialektika, Sosial dan Budaya 1, no. 2 (December 24, 2020): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.55623/ad.v1i2.33.
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This research aims: (1) To describe the roles and functions of an HMI cadre in the transformation of social change in society. (2) Describe what things HMI can do in maximizing its role and function in society. This research method uses a literature study that is carried out to support the course of writing from the beginning to the final preparation of this paper. In addition, a literature study was carried out in order to obtain a strong theoretical basis related to this article so that it can be a reference in carrying out the discussion. Literature studies include collecting data and information from books and journals that have relevance to the discussion in this journal, as well as input from seniors and their comrades in arms at HMI.
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Marlow, Christopher. "Provincial Shakespeare." Critical Survey 32, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 36–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/cs.2020.320404.
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With reference to aspects of the career of the twentieth-century actor-manager Donald Wolfit and the use of the concept of provincialism in English criticism, this article argues that idealist and universalist values are repeatedly valorised in order to devalue materialist and what might be called ‘provincial’ interpretations of Shakespeare’s plays. I pay attention to conditions of production of early modern drama in the sixteenth century, and to Wolfit’s Second World War performances of Shakespeare, the reception of which is offered as evidence for the persistence of a critical prejudice against what is understood as provincial marginality. The article concludes with a reading of The Merry Wives of Windsor that argues that the play supports the provincial values that have so often been dismissed by critics.
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Toscano, Alberto. "Partisan Thought." Historical Materialism 17, no. 3 (2009): 175–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/146544609x12469428108583.
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AbstractWhat is the relationship between materialism and partisanship today? Starting with an outline of the elements of Lenin's understanding of the partisan character of truth, this intervention outlines some of the challenges posed to a Marxist understanding of partisanship by the influential positions of Michel Foucault and Carl Schmitt, as well as by the recent turn to vitalism and complexity in social theory. On the basis of the confrontation between a Leninist conception of materialist partisanship and its contemporary challengers, the article considers Alain Badiou's recent attempt to revive a 'materialist dialectic' in order to think through the present conditions for formulating a partisan and universalist conception of political truth that would not collapse into mere partiality or outright dogmatism.
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Ogunyemi, Christopher Babatunde. "FEMINIST AND STRUCTURAL NARRATOLOGIE AS IDENTITY (RE)-CONFIGURATIONS IN AFRICAN NARRATIVES: A META-CRITICAL EXPOSITION OF LITERARY ARTICLES." English Review: Journal of English Education 6, no. 1 (December 23, 2017): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.25134/erjee.v6i1.767.
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Research in African literature articulated a number of literary and philosophical theories, particularly in the way that they can potentially undo conventional understandings of gender in the Nigerian context. This paper seeks to apply these insights in the form of a critical narratology.� Although narratology has a structuralist or formalist orientation, having its theoretical beginning in Saussure�s modern linguistics, and like structuralism, aspires to �scientific� or �universalist� claims, it, also, examines the way in which narratives affect the way we perceive the world. This paper will attempt to mobilise narratology critically, with the benefit of the insights emerging from various articles, in order to help our understanding of the question of gender and social themes in Nigerian post-colonial literature. Most especially, this paper will visualise the analysis of structural narratology and finally with feminist narratology in order to correct the inadequacies of structural narratology and the suppression of women in texts.Keywords: African literature, feminist narratology, gender identity, structural narratology
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Saunier, Pierre-Yves. "Taking Up the Bet on Connections: a Municipal Contribution." Contemporary European History 11, no. 4 (October 28, 2002): 507–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777302004010.
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Globalisation, the buzzword of the late twentieth century, calls for the attention of historians. As others have already suggested, one way to contribute to the historicisation of the phenomena encapsulated in this idiom is to pay attention to connections over long periods. Connections between municipal governments and exchanges about the subject have both been neglected by historical scholarship for various reasons, but they can contribute to the history of the ‘construction of the universal’. Indeed, the information systems of municipal connections – their vectors, actors and structures – have defined, intersected with, nourished or undergone a series of would-be universalist ‘transboundary formations’. These formations are shifting combinations of values, collective actions, practices, rules, organisations and individuals, all of which are advanced as possible futures for mankind. By examining some of these discourses of ‘social order’ and ‘world order’ and the way in which they combine with municipal connections, this article attempts to produce the ‘municipal contribution’ announced in its title.
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Nisimov, Tomer. "The Role of North Korea in China’s Civil War: The Soviet-led North Korean Assistance to the CPC in the Northeast Theater, 1946-1948." Journal of Chinese Military History 9, no. 1 (March 2, 2020): 65–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22127453-bja10002.
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Abstract Previous studies of China’s civil war have concentrated on different aspects and causes leading to the Communist victory and focused on political, economic, and military explanations. Few studies, however, have examined the features of foreign intervention and assistance to the Communist Party of China and their contribution to the latter’s success. Sino-Soviet relations and cooperation during the war have received the attention of several studies, but the role of North Korea in the war has remained obscure. As information regarding North Korea’s actions during China’s civil war remains largely inaccessible, few studies have debated the question of whether North Korea had ever deployed its forces in China’s Northeast in order to assist their Chinese comrades. Relying on military and intelligence documents from the Republic of China, this article shows how by the time of the Soviet withdrawal from China’s Northeast, the USSR had become resolute about turning North Korea into a militarized state in order to protect its own interests in the region and assist the Chinese Communists.
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Pérez Navarro, Pablo. "Traducir el rostro del otro: encuentros culturales entre Judith Butler y Emmanuel Levinas." Filosofia Unisinos 21, no. 3 (November 25, 2020): 286–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4013/fsu.2020.213.06.
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Judith Butler draws on Emmanuel Levinas’ ethics in order to question processes of humanization and dehumanization taking place through various practices of representation of the face of the other. This is a singular reading leading Levinas’ work to the field of media representations conceived as an agonistic social landscape where the demand of the face is offered or, on the contrary, hidden from us. In that sense, Butler’s cultural transposition of Levinasian ethics entails a politicization of ethics which is indistinguishable, at the end, from an ethic assault to the politics of representation. In this cultural bond among ethics and politics arise fundamental questions on responsibility linking it to the practice of cultural translation while offering alternatives to some common universalist shortcuts of contemporary ethical reflection.Keywords: Cultural translation, ethical responsibility, ethics of alterity.
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Castillo, Debra A. "Male Pregnancy in Yucatán, 2218: Eduardo Urzaiz's Eugenia." Revista de Estudios Hispánicos 58, no. 1 (March 2024): 27–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rvs.2024.a931917.
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Abstract: This article studies the 1919 novel Eugenia by the prolific Yucatec writer and medical doctor Eduardo Urzaiz, focusing on gestational surrogacy and its implications as it is represented in this short novel. I argue that Urzaiz's fantasy of mainstreamed assisted reproduction technology and gestational surrogacy echoes current, more dissimulated discussions of what it means for affluent members of society with disposable income to place an order for a designer baby. While eugenics received a bad name after the excesses of the Nazi regime, its underlying principles certainly remain salient, as do the questions raised by contemporary watchdog institutes about what happens when science is not monitored by ethics. Novels like this speculative fiction presciently ask us to interrogate more fundamentally, what ethics are, and from whose limited cultural perspective we make universalist claims.
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Gunew, Sneja. "Unsettling Racisms." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 123, no. 5 (October 2008): 1723–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2008.123.5.1723.
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Over the last few decades, my work has been animated by the fundamental question, how can we make strange the universalist claims or assumptions of the epistemologies with which we work in order to reveal their cultural specificity? It is a question that also emerges in connection with modes of racialization. Thus, one should not simply compare types of racialization, as though they were commensurable, but ask what one can do to show the work these concepts perform in relation to specific histories and languages. My own familiar methods of articulating processes of racialization became thoroughly destabilized on a recent visit to India, where the functions of caste appeared to trump questions of racialization in critical discussions. But before entering this minefield of complexities and contradictions, let me summarize the previous work with which I've been associated.
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Vergara Crespo, Rubén Alfonso, and Ángela Cristina Pinto Quijano. "China and Latin America: Mutual benefits or asymmetric relationship?" Journal of Business 14, no. 1 (2022): 2–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21678/jb.2022.1982.
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With China’s rapid growth, it is worth considering whether or not the country has challenged the United States, which for decades was the hegemonic power in much of Latin America. Posed in international studies, these questions are viewed from a Western perspective, arguably ethnocentric and universalist, which understands the international context as one of allies and enemies, center and periphery. Thus, it is difficult to understand a global rearrangement involving a non-Western actor. There seems to be no other way of understanding peaceful coexistence without involving the dominant and dominated relationship. Therefore, this paper seeks to explain whether a strategic relationship, fostered based on equal relationships for mutual benefit, is possible, without thinking about the soft or strong power notion that characterized the international order of the 20th Century. For the approach, a qualitative analytical-descriptive methodology is used.
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Zaric, Zona. "Human rights: Moral claims and the crisis of hospitality." Filozofija i drustvo 31, no. 4 (2020): 649–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fid2004649z.
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This paper focuses on the current international refugee crisis and the ways in which it is leading to sharp symbolic and physical violence through the process of ?othering.? Based on Hannah Arendt?s discussion of statelessness and the question of the right to have rights, and Giorgio Agamben?s discussion of Homo Sacer, as well as drawing on other key authors such as Judith Butler, we argue that conditions of extreme human vulnerability and dangers of totalitarianism are being radically worsened by the ethnicized and racialized denial of the other, that is, of human rights. Rather than advocating an abstract cosmopolitanism, however, without strong purchase in contemporary social life, the paper concludes by noting the need to place oneself in a position of discomfort, in order to confront the tension between particularistic attachments and universalist aspirations, between the multiplicity of laws and the ideal of a rational order common to all polities, between belief in the unity of humankind and the healthy antagonisms and tensions generated by human diversity.
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Bregasi, Majlinda, and Albert Bikaj. "Mental Representations of Political Discourse in an Authoritarian Society." Balkan Journal of Philosophy 14, no. 2 (2022): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/bjp202214216.
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After the Second World War Albania was left under the Eastern Bloc. In 1967 Enver Hoxha, the leader of Albania from 1944 until his death in 1985, decided to implement the Chinese Cultural Revolutionary model. This article analyzes his speech, on February 6, 1967, before his comrades, who were supposed to be his eyes, ears, and mouth. It was in this way that his face, his thoughts and his words became ubiquitous throughout the country. In a highly authoritarian society political discourse has a direct and pervasive impact on peoples’ lives and all aspects of the society. This article is organized by analytical themes based on aspects of discourse analysis, but we have also applied the cognitive approach and imagology as auxiliary theories in order to achieve a better understanding of mental representations, especially the ones used to reinforce stereotypes about rural people. Given that these mental representations are still fostered by current politicians in order to establish power, we note how important it still is to analyze them. Considering that political discourse is a product of individual and collective mental processes it is important to show, especially to younger generations, where these mental schemas come from.
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Gibson, A. St Clair, Ni Lambert, and TD Noakes. "Age-related decrements in cycling and running performance." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 16, no. 2 (December 20, 2004): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2004/v16i2a181.
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Objective. This study examined age-related decrements in athletic performance during running and cycling activities. Design. The age group winning times for males aged between 18 and 70 years competing in the 1999 Argus cycle tour (103 km) and 1999 Comrades running marathon (90 km), South Africa's premier endurance cycling and running events respectively, were examined. Main outcome measures. The relationship between speed (cycling and running respectively) and age was calculated using a 4th order polynomial function. The derivative of each of these functions was determined and then the slope of the function corresponding to each age was calculated. Results. The rate of decline in running speed occurred at an earlier age (~ 32 years) during the running race compared with the cycling tour (~ 55 years). Conclusions. These findings establish a trend that there is ‘accelerated' aging during running which can perhaps be attributed to the increased weight-bearing stress on the muscles during running compared with cycling. SA Sports Medicine Vol.16(2) 2004: 8-11
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Gibson, A. St Clair, Ni Lambert, and TD Noakes. "Age-related decrements in cycling and running performance." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 16, no. 2 (December 20, 2004): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2078-516x/2004/v16i2a181.
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Objective. This study examined age-related decrements in athletic performance during running and cycling activities. Design. The age group winning times for males aged between 18 and 70 years competing in the 1999 Argus cycle tour (103 km) and 1999 Comrades running marathon (90 km), South Africa's premier endurance cycling and running events respectively, were examined. Main outcome measures. The relationship between speed (cycling and running respectively) and age was calculated using a 4th order polynomial function. The derivative of each of these functions was determined and then the slope of the function corresponding to each age was calculated. Results. The rate of decline in running speed occurred at an earlier age (~ 32 years) during the running race compared with the cycling tour (~ 55 years). Conclusions. These findings establish a trend that there is ‘accelerated' aging during running which can perhaps be attributed to the increased weight-bearing stress on the muscles during running compared with cycling. SA Sports Medicine Vol.16(2) 2004: 8-11
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Ivanova Bozhkova, Vesela. "IVESTIGATION AND PREVENTIVE FORMATION OF REFLECTION AS A DIALOGUE TO OVERCOME COGNITIVE DISMODERATE INTERCOURSE IN CHILDREN OF PRIMARY SCOOL AGE PROMPTING THEM TO AGGRESSION." Knowledge International Journal 32, no. 4 (July 26, 2019): 423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij3204423i.
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Overcoming cognitive dismoderate intercourse in children is actually achieved by placing children in a gambling situation where choosing artists are oriented not on the acting abilities of their comrades but on their personal qualities, in their daily behavior, there is a dialogue-reflection, which involves changing positions and reflections from the point of view of the other in order to correctly read the feedback in the communication process. The parent gives a lesson to students with a preventive educational nature based on perceptual reflection. By choosing the artists, children are oriented not on the acting abilities of their comrades, but on their personal qualities that appear in their everyday behavior, there is a dialogue-reflection involving changing positions and reflections from the point of view of the other in order to correctly read the feedback in the process of communication and interpersonal interactions. The parent in the lesson, it is the parent who stands before the students and reads an unfamiliar story of a preventive nature. After reading the story, the parent and the children together make an analysis of what the heroes are in the story, making it a characteristic of every hero. Collectively, a child is selected as a director, with the assistance of which children choose which artist to offer their peers. As a consequence of the suggestions, children have the right to accept or not the role they have suggested if they do not agree with the role they choose to play themselves. Which character to represent personally. Once the roles are selected, action is taken. A preventative gaming situation with a story-storyline is done preventively, and after choosing the roles, the children together read the tale of roles with an artistic accent of the voice. The parent as a pedagogue asks the following questions to the children after pre-role reading: Write to which character do you see your acquaintance and why (according to the first criteria - relation to others based on reflection)?. Describe a case or situation with a similar problematic context defining the role (negative or positive) in which you see your acquaintance (on a second criterion - analyzing different behavioral reactions in a similar context of interactions)? How do they see and appreciate your comrades?; What do others think about you?; What qualities do you most appreciate ?; How did you feel in this role? (on the third criterion - explaining the specificity of the real judgment for himself on the basis of reflection in the interlocutor's view, by changing positions and reflections from the point of view of the other). How do you think, why did you suggest this role? Why did you play this role? Fourth criteria - correct reading of the feedback in the process of communication. Indicator one is to the first question, indicator two is to the second question. The attitudes in the processes of perception of the world by the children from inside to outside and from inside to outside are considered. The research is in the field of socio-pedagogical sciences.Very often, the difference in perceptual attitudes in children leads them to misinterpretation of behavioral signals in the person of the person with whom they communicate; prevention of cognitive dismoderate intercourse, a cause of aggressive manifestations in children of primary school age.
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Watts, James W. "Biblical Rhetoric of Separatism and Universalism and Its Intolerant Consequences." Religions 11, no. 4 (April 9, 2020): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11040176.
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The long history of the Jewish and Christian use of separatist rhetoric and universal ideals reveals their negative consequences. The Hebrew Bible’s rhetoric about Israel as a people separated from the Egyptians and Canaanites is connected to Israel’s purity practices in Leviticus 18 and 20. Later communities wielding greater political power, however, employed this same anti-Canaanite pollution rhetoric in their efforts to colonize many different parts of the world. Separatist rhetoric was used to protect small Jewish communities in the early Second Temple period. The Christian New Testament rejected many of these purity practices in order to makes its mission more inclusive and universal. However, its denigration of concerns for purification as typically “Jewish” fueled intolerance of Jews in the form of Christian anti-Semitism. The violent history of both separatist and universalist rhetoric provides a cautionary tale about the consequences of using cultural and religious comparisons for community formation.
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Amesbury, Richard. "Is the Body Secular? Circumcision, Religious Freedom, and Bodily Integrity." Journal of the British Association for the Study of Religion (JBASR) 18 (February 16, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18792/jbasr.v18i1.5.
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Recent legal and public debates over circumcision in Germany have tended to pit religious freedom against bodily integrity. This paper examines the background assumptions about religion and the body on which this framing depends. Insofar as the body is assumed to represent a fixed point determinable independently of ‘religion’, to frame the debate over circumcision in terms of a clash between rights pertaining respectively to religion and the body is, I argue, to circumscribe and contain religion within boundaries marked by the non-religious and non-negotiable. The secular body is thus not simply an additional consideration to be weighed against religious freedom but a condition of and limit to the modern conception of (free) religion itself. If the physical body is a synecdoche for the social system, the normative, uncircumcised body can be interpreted as standing in for the universalist order of secular law.
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NEO, Jaclyn L. "A Contextual Approach to Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments: Judicial Power and the Basic Structure Doctrine in Malaysia." Asian Journal of Comparative Law 15, no. 1 (June 16, 2020): 69–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asjcl.2020.8.
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AbstractThis article takes a contextual approach to analyzing judicial engagement with the doctrine of unconstitutional constitutional amendments. It argues that in assessing judicial reception of the basic structure doctrine, and the content of the constitutional identity that such a doctrine seeks to preserve, a normative universalist or even functionalist approach is not sufficient. Instead, such a doctrine should be justified and understood contextually. It is necessary to contextualize constitutional identity in order to give it a robust character, rather than assuming a set of characteristics most often associated with liberal democratic constitutionalism and without understanding the political, social, and economic conditions in which the constitution operates. This article thus uses the example of Malaysia and how the courts have engaged with the basic structure doctrine to show how a contextual approach could have greater explanatory effect, including on why certain issues are more strongly contested in some countries than in others.
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Agyeman, Nana Kwame, and Alfred Momodu. "Universal Human Rights ‘Versus’ Cultural Relativism: the Mediating Role of Constitutional Rights." African Journal of Legal Studies 12, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 23–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17087384-12340042.
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Abstract The claim that human rights are rights that all humans hold everywhere and at all times embodies the concept of universalism. There are however some that do not believe that human rights are universally held. Those who hold such views are widely described as cultural relativists. A rich body of literature exists with a particular focus on the divergence that exists between universalism and cultural relativism. We posit that these areas of antagonism might be overstated. In the light of this, this work investigates the mediating role that constitutional rights may play between these two seemingly opposing schools of thought. Ultimately this paper avers that the constitutional making process that international human rights principles go through in order to emerge as constitutional rights allows for constitutional rights to simultaneously lay claim to both universalist and relativist ideals. Thus, allowing constitutional rights to represent a grossly overlooked middle ground.
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Mosleh, Mohsen, Alexander J. Stewart, Joshua B. Plotkin, and David G. Rand. "Prosociality in the economic Dictator Game is associated with less parochialism and greater willingness to vote for intergroup compromise." Judgment and Decision Making 15, no. 1 (January 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500006872.
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AbstractIs prosociality parochial or universalist? To shed light on this issue, we examine the relationship between the amount of money given to a stranger (giving in an incentivized Dictator Game) and intergroup attitudes and behavior in the context of randomly assigned teams (a minimal group paradigm) among N = 4,846 Amazon Mechanical Turk workers. Using a set of Dynamic Identity Diffusion Index measures, we find that participants who give more in the Dictator Game show less preferential identification with their team relative to the other team, and more identification with all participants regardless of team. Furthermore, in an incentivized Voter Game, participants who give more in the Dictator Game are more likely to support compromise by voting for the opposing team in order to avoid deadlock. Together, these results suggest that – at least in this subject pool and using these measures – prosociality is better characterized by universalism than parochialism.
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Abdelkarim, Sherif. "Chaucer’s Amoral Lyrics." Mediaevistik 34, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/med.2021.01.09.
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Abstract Scholarship on Chaucer’s “Boethian lyrics” continues to show the discrepancy between their moral and political ambiguities on one hand and the fixed precepts of their source text, De consolatione philosophiae, by Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius (d. 524), on the other. While Chaucer’s “The Former Age,” “Fortune,” “Truth,” “Gentilesse,” and “Lak of Stedfastnesse” revive topics first raised in the sixth-century treatise, they trade philosophy’s universalist consolations for a contingent morality suitable for the political instability of Ricardian England. Recent treatments of the lyrics have read in the poems a resistance to the external and oppressive moral and political systems for which Philosophy and Fortune stand. Another option remains, however, for functioning within Fortune’s world order. This essay explores how the lyrics’ contradictions of form and content undermine their own calls for polite behavior and just rule. In doing so, they artfully imagine bolder subversions of Fortune’s regime by willfully embracing her tactics.
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Alaoui, Fatima Zahrae Chrifi. "Morocco from a Colonial to a Postcolonial Era." Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication 13, no. 3 (November 27, 2020): 276–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18739865-01303002.
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Abstract Women of color have long used the transformative power of writing and theorizing through their bodies to speak back to the pervasive racist and sexist hierarchies in hegemonic cultures. I extend this argument in the specific context of Muslim feminism that is theorized outside orientalist and patriarchal frames of reference. In this article, I turn to a performative autoethnographic approach to look at the Moroccan era, ‘Now and Then,’ through my grandmother’s lens, that of a Moroccan woman erased from the written history of Morocco. Drawing on ‘theories of the flesh,’ I privilege my grandmother’s voice and her embodied experience that transmits her story of resistance and survival under French colonization. Through ‘fleshing,’ my Moroccan grandmother reclaims her lived experiences and deconstructs the hegemonic universalist knowledge of feminism and struggle. It is important to foreground the political urgency of surveying the theoretical frameworks of Arab and Muslim scholars in order to create new ways of understanding communication in postcolonial/neocolonial settings.
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Wilde, Melissa, and Hajer Al-Faham. "Believing in Women? Examining Early Views of Women among America’s Most Progressive Religious Groups." Religions 9, no. 10 (October 20, 2018): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel9100321.
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This paper examines views of women among the most prominent “progressive” American religious groups (as defined by those that liberalized early on the issue of birth control, circa 1929). We focus on the years between the first and second waves of the feminist movement (1929–1965) in order to examine these views during a time of relative quiescence. We find that some groups indeed have a history of outspoken support for women’s equality. Using their modern-day names, these groups—the United Church of Christ, the Unitarian Universalist Association, and to a lesser extent, the Society of Friends, or Quakers—professed strong support for women’s issues, early and often. However, we also find that prominent progressive groups—the Protestant Episcopal Church, the Methodist Episcopal Church, and the United Presbyterian Church—were virtually silent on the issue of women’s rights. Thus, we conclude that birth control activism within the American religious field was not clearly correlated with an overall feminist orientation.
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Argyriou, Konstantinos. "Trajectories towards affirmation: Gender identity in mental health services after the ICD-11." Quaderns de Psicologia 24, no. 2 (August 31, 2022): e1821. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/qpsicologia.1821.
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Depathologisation of gender diversity in the ICD-11 marks a shift in psychological services for transgender and gender nonconforming people. Even though the stipulated changes are only practically applicable ever since early 2022, a general move towards affirmative psychotherapeutic and counselling practice has been noticed ever since 2018. The present paper covers three main models of mental health care for gender minorities, namely the conversion therapy model, the transsexual gatekeeping model, and the affirmative model, in order to view them under a novel lens. Drawing on Science, Technology and Society Studies, the universalist presumptions and rigid gender roles of the traditional models are brought under scrutiny. Moreover, the itinerary reveals the need for situated narratives that encourage self-determination and renovate the therapeutic relationship as a means of self-exploration instead of an institutional control mechanism. Concluding, it is remarked that intersectional knowledge is crucial in compensating for micro-aggressive practices and dynamics historically promoted by psychologists and other mental health providers.
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Van Den Meerssche, Dimitri. "International Law as Insulation – The Case of the World Bank in the Decolonization Era." Journal of the History of International Law / Revue d’histoire du droit international 21, no. 4 (December 18, 2019): 459–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718050-12340127.
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Abstract This article maps out how (international) legal concepts and norms were employed during the inter-institutional struggle between the United Nations and the World Bank in the decolonization era. The first contribution is historiographical. Drawing on material from the Bank’s (oral) archives, the article gives an original account of the ways in which the organization bypassed the universalist aspirations that were gaining a foothold in the UN’s democratic bodies. Secondly, the paper retraces how this particular event gave rise to a clash between opposing imaginaries of international legal order, where axiological aspirations voiced by states from the Global South were ultimately frustrated by a functionalist understanding of international (institutional) law that justified the Bank’s institutional insulation. Finally, the paper aims to provide a modest methodological contribution to the field of international institutional law – a doctrinal discipline that traditionally pays little empirical attention to the historical and sociological performativity of concrete legal interventions.
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Brown, Richard. "Alternative Modernities: A Cultural Genealogy of Japan's Modernization." Asian Journal of Social Science 35, no. 4-5 (2007): 488–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853107x240314.
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Traditional and largely rural patterns of relationships seem to persist in Japan despite economic and political modernization. Infused within modern technology, ideology, and apparently modern organizational forms, one discerns the persistent, if not determining, influence of native values and social patterns. Following a genealogical approach, inspired by Nietzsche and Foucault, this paper goes beyond the opposition between universalist and multiculturalist models of modernization, in order to identify certain indigenous principles of social organization manifest in both "traditional" and "modern" social formations of Japan. The persistence of these basic principles, such as the 'frame orientation," and the emphasis on wa (harmony, peace), is traced through the historical process of Japan's modernization in various realms of social life — the economy, political life, and popular culture. e analysis recent structural shifts in Japanese society, while still affirming the principles of Japan's "alternative modernity," also implies that major changes in its basic organizing principles might be under way.