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1
Sergi, Anna. "Countering the Australian ‘ndrangheta: The criminalisation of mafia behaviour in Australia between national and comparative criminal law." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 50, no. 3 (June 13, 2016): 321–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004865816652367.
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Mafia-type criminal groups belonging to, or originated from, the Calabrian ‘ndrangheta from Southern Italy, have been object of recent academic research and media attention in Australia. The Australian ‘ndrangheta, as qualified form of organised crime, poses new challenges for law enforcement in the country. This paper briefly looks at the strategies to fight organised crime in Australia, with specific focus on anti-association laws. By using a comparative approach, the paper will look at the criminalisation of mafias as qualified forms of organised crime in other two jurisdictions, Italy and the USA, to advocate for an effective mafia criminalisation in Australia. In conclusion, this paper will argue that, in order to also fight mafia phenomena, criminal law in Australia should focus on behaviours of organised crime groups rather than only on the criminalisation of proscribed associations and their illegal activities.
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COTTON, JAMES. "AN AUSTRALIAN INTERNATIONALIST PARTS COMPANY WITH THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS: H. DUNCAN HALL AND THE FREUDIAN RESPONSE TO GLOBAL IRRATIONALISM." Modern Intellectual History 13, no. 3 (October 30, 2014): 653–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244314000341.
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The most senior Australian in the League of Nations secretariat, H. Duncan Hall became an established advocate of institutional internationalism as a mitigator of conflict. From 1933, however, the advent of totalitarian movements and his exposure to Freudianism through his association with Dr Robert Waelder led him to the conviction that psychoanalysis provided the key to the irrationality of the times. He endeavoured to use his League position, including his influence in Australia, to convince opinion leaders of the profound dangers of national mass psychosis to the survival of the international order. Frustrated in the League, he then sought to convey the same message in the United States. Although largely unsuccessful in his efforts, and unable to establish an academic vehicle for the study of the issue in America, he was able to help bring to Australia the first practitioners of Freudian psychoanalysis trained in Europe.
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Rimmer, Susan Harris. "Australian experiments in creative governance, regionalism, and plurilateralism." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 71, no. 4 (December 2016): 630–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020702016686383.
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The previous Abbott government had prioritized a general attitude to foreign policy captured by the phrase “Jakarta not Geneva,” which signified a preference for bilateral or minilateral interactions with the region rather than United Nations-based multilateralism. With Julie Bishop MP as Australia’s first female foreign minister, the Coalition also prioritized economic diplomacy, as exemplified by the repeated refrain that Australia is “open for business.” This approach led to a preference for diplomatic venues and processes that focused on continuing investments in regional architecture, new emphasis on minilateral dialogues such as the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) and Mexico, Indonesia, Korea, Turkey, and Australia (MIKTA), and more effort directed to bilateral and plurilateral processes such as the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade negotiations. This approach has been continued under Prime Minister Turnbull, with a renewed focus on innovation. Part 1 considers minilateral and regional investments in the Indo-Pacific region, primarily, IORA, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), and the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN). I consider MIKTA a unique vehicle for Australian diplomacy. Part 2 considers what issues Australia should be pursuing through these forums, with a focus on the two themes of gender equality (as an example of niche diplomacy) and trade (multilateralism under pressure) as case studies. Beeson and Higgott argue that middle powers have the potential to successfully implement “games of skill,” especially at moments of international transition. How skilful have Australia’s efforts been in these minilateral dialogues, enhanced regionalism, and plurilateral processes, and what more can be achieved in these forums? Are these efforts creating more fragmentation of the rules-based order, or are they a way to overcome global governance stalemates? I set out the arguments for whether Australia, as a pivotal power, should generate more global options, or be more focused on inclusion in the Asia-Pacific region.
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Hamiduzzaman, Mohammad, Noore Siddiquee, and Helen McLaren. "COVID-19 risk perceptions and precautions among the elderly: A study of CALD adults in South Australia." F1000Research 11 (January 13, 2022): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.74631.1.
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Background: Coping with COVID-19 is a challenge for culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) older adults. In Australia, little attention has been given to understanding associations between cultural contexts, health promotion, and socio-emotional and mental health challenges of older CALD adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, we have collected data from older CALD adults to examine their COVID-19 risk perceptions and its association with their health precautions, behavioural dimensions and emergency preparation. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in South Australia. The CALD population aged 60 years and above were approached through 11 South Australian multicultural NGOs. Results: We provide the details of 155 older CALD South Australians’ demographics, risk perceptions, health precautions (problem-and-emotion-focused), behavioural dimensions and emergency preparation. The explanatory variables included demographic characteristics (age, gender, education and ethnicity); and risk perception (cognitive [likelihood of being affected] and affective dimension [fear and general concerns], and psychometric paradigm [severity, controllability, and personal impact]. The outcome measure variables were health precautions (problem-focused and emotion-focused), behavioral adaptions and emergency preparation. Conclusions: This dataset may help the researchers who investigate multicultural health or aged care in the pandemic and or who may have interest to link with other datasets and secondary use of this primary dataset in order to develop culturally tailored pandemic-related response plan. The data set is available from Harvard Dataverse.
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Ryder, Stuart, Ronald Buta, and Hector Toledo. "Neutral Gas in Resonance-Ring Galaxies." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 157 (1996): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100049666.
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AbstractWe have mapped the distribution and kinematics of H ɪ in NGC 1433 and NGC 6300 with the Australia Telescope Compact Array, in order to test the association between resonances and ring phenomena. We find a bar pattern speed in NGC 1433 of Ωp = 26 ± 5 km s kpc−1, and postulate that NGC 6300 is still evolving to a mature resonance-ring galaxy.
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Hobley, Eleanor, Garry R. Willgoose, Silvia Frisia, and Geraldine Jacobsen. "Stability and storage of soil organic carbon in a heavy-textured Karst soil from south-eastern Australia." Soil Research 52, no. 5 (2014): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr13296.
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Both aggregation and mineral association have been previously found to enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) storage (the amount of organic C retained in a soil), and stability (the length of time organic C is retained in a soil). These mechanisms are therefore attractive targets for soil C sequestration. In this study, we investigate and compare SOC storage and stability of SOC associated with fine minerals and stored within aggregates using a combination of particle-size fractionation, elemental analysis and radiocarbon dating. In this heavy-textured, highly aggregated soil, SOC was found to be preferentially associated with fine minerals throughout the soil profile. By contrast, the oldest SOC was located in the coarsest, most highly aggregated fraction. In the topsoil, radiocarbon ages of the aggregate-associated SOC indicate retention times in the order of centuries. Below the topsoil, retention times of aggregate-SOC are in the order of millennia. Throughout the soil profile, radiocarbon dates indicate an enhanced stability in the order of centuries compared with the fine mineral fraction. Despite this, the radiocarbon ages of the mineral-associated SOC were in the order of centuries to millennia in the subsoil (30–100 cm), indicating that mineral-association is also an effective stabilisation mechanism in this subsoil. Our results indicate that enhanced SOC storage does not equate to enhanced SOC stability, which is an important consideration for sequestration schemes targeting both the amount and longevity of soil carbon.
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McCarthy, Louella. "Finding a Space for Women: The British Medical Association and Women Doctors in Australia, 1880–1939." Medical History 62, no. 1 (December 4, 2017): 91–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2017.74.
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This paper examines the experiences of women in one professional organisation – the British Medical Association in Australia – during a significant period in the development of such bodies. In doing so it offers an opportunity to consider the relationship between professional societies and the construction of a gendered profession. For the medical profession in particular the time-frame of this study, from the 1880s to the 1930s, has been regarded by scholars as especially important. In this period various features of medical professionalism came to prominence: the status and authority of doctors, the processes of formally registering medical credentials, and the scope and cohesiveness of professional associations. Taking the third of these themes, the current paper extends previous analyses by uniting gender with history and medicine as the central point of examination, in order to evaluate the changing and contested positions of women within the profession. In this way we not only demonstrate how the history of professional societies can reveal the diverse beliefs and shifting priorities of their members, but also contribute to explaining the remarkable persistence of gendered differences in the medical profession.
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Grulich, Andrew E., Claire Vajdic, John M. Kaldor, Anne-Maree Hughes, Anne Kricker, Lin Fritschi, Jennifer J. Turner, Sam Milliken, Geza Benke, and Bruce K. Armstrong. "Birth Order, Atopy, and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma." Blood 104, no. 11 (November 16, 2004): 1368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.1368.1368.
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Abstract People with congenital or acquired immune deficiency have rates of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) that are raised 50 fold or more above population rates, but it is unknown whether risk of NHL is associated with other forms of immune dysregulation. We performed a population based case-control study of risk factors for NHL in adults aged 20–74 years in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory, Australia. We investigated the association of NHL risk with atopy, which is associated with a Th2 dominant immune response. In addition, we investigated the association of NHL with birth order and childhood crowding, which are known to predict atopy. Cases with NHL were selected from a cancer register (n=704), and controls (n=694) were randomly selected from state electoral rolls and frequency-matched to cases by age, sex and area. Cases with clinically apparent immune deficiency were excluded. Birth order, childhood crowding and history of atopic conditions (hayfever, asthma, eczema, and specific allergies) were assessed by questionnaire and by interview. Logistic regression models of NHL risk included the three matching variables as covariates. Being an only child or first born child of a larger family was strongly inversely associated with risk of NHL. Compared to a fourth or later born child, the odds ratios (OR) for development of NHL were 0.52 (95% CI 0.32–0.84) for an only child, 0.55 (95% CI 0.40–0.75) for a first-born child, and 0.70 (95% CI 0.51–0.96) and 0.81 (95 % CI 0.57–1.14) respectively for second and third born children (p trend < 0.0001). Indicators of crowding in later childhood, such as ever sharing a bed or bedroom, and number of years of sharing, were not associated with NHL risk. Diagnosis of atopic conditions was also inversely associated with NHL risk. Self-reported histories of hayfever, asthma, eczema and food allergies were each associated with reduced NHL risk; this reduction was significant for hayfever (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.52–0.82) and food allergies (OR 0.29, 95% CI 0.20–0.42), but not significant for asthma (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.67–1.17) and eczema (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.57–1.10). In summary, being an only or other first born child and reporting a history of atopic conditions were associated with reduced NHL risk. Taken together, these data suggest a hypothesis that late exposure to infections in early life and atopic conditions, both of which are associated with a predominant Th2 response, are associated with a reduced risk of NHL.
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Curcio, Angela L., and Anita S. Mak. "Adolescent Drinking and Delinquent Activities: Associations and Gender Differences." Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools 26, no. 1 (September 23, 2015): 100–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jgc.2015.19.
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A thorough understanding of adolescent drinking and delinquent behaviour is required in order to implement early prevention and intervention programs in schools. Broadly based on the common cause model of adolescent deviance, this study investigated and compared, across genders, the prevalence and inter-relationships of various indicators of adolescent drinking and delinquency. Participants were 312 secondary school students (aged 13–17, 57.7% male) in Canberra, Australia, who completed an anonymous survey comprising the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and the Australian Self-Reported Delinquency Scale — Revised. We found very few gender differences in drinking and delinquency patterns, and noted medium-to-strong associations among various dimensions of adolescent drinking and delinquent activities. Resulting implications for school prevention programs are considered.
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Rodriguez, Estela E., Pablo G. Aceñolaza, Eliana Linares Perea, and Antonio Galán de Mera. "A phytosociological analysis of Butia yatay (Arecaceae) palm groves and gallery forests in Entre Rios, Argentina." Australian Journal of Botany 65, no. 2 (2017): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt16140.
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Multivariate floristic analyses of Butia yatay palm groves and gallery forest associated with the Uruguay River basin of Entre Rios Province (Argentina) were performed, including vegetation stands of Rio Grande do Sul State (Brazil). Several new phytosociological associations were identified. These include Eugenio myrcianthis–Butietum yatay association, which represents palm groves on sandy soils evolved from ancient river deposits, and Bignonio callistegioidis–Terminalietum australis association, which represents some gallery forests on regular floodplains of the Uruguay River. Both are placed in the new Pampean alliance Guettardo uruguensis–Bution yatay, which is part of the Dyckio brevifoliae–Terminalietalia australis order and Sebastianio schottiae–Terminalietea australis class, which has been described for Brazil.
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Herz, Clara. "Striving for Consistency: Why German Sentencing Needs Reform." German Law Journal 21, no. 8 (December 2020): 1625–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/glj.2020.90.
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AbstractGiven the debate at the seventy-second Conference of the Association of German Jurists (Deutscher Juristentag) in September 2018 on whether German sentencing needs reform, this Article will explore this very question in greater detail. In this regard, this Article will present various empirical studies in order to demonstrate that notable inconsistencies in German sentencing practice exist. This Article will then point out that broad statutory sentencing ranges, along with fairly vague sentencing guidance, are among the main causes of these disparities. Subsequently, this Article will examine several mechanisms that selected foreign jurisdictions—namely the U.S., the U.K., and Australia—have put in place in order to enhance consistency in their sentencing practices. Three mechanisms of sentencing guidance will be distinguished here: First, formal sentencing guidelines; second, guideline judgments; and third, sentencing advisory bodies as they operate in some Australian states. This Article will compare these mechanisms and assess their merits and drawbacks. Based on this comparative study, this Article will look at how to improve consistency in German sentencing practice. In this respect, this Article will present three steps that German criminal law reform should follow, including a better sentencing framework, the strategic gathering of sentencing data, and the implementation of a flexible sentencing guidelines regime.
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Abu-Rayya, Hisham M., Maram H. Abu-Rayya, Fiona A. White, and Richard Walker. "Comparative Associations Between Achieved Bicultural Identity, Achieved Ego Identity, and Achieved Religious Identity and Adaptation Among Australian Adolescent Muslims." Psychological Reports 121, no. 2 (August 3, 2017): 324–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033294117724448.
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This study examined the comparative roles of biculturalism, ego identity, and religious identity in the adaptation of Australian adolescent Muslims. A total of 504 high school Muslim students studying at high schools in metropolitan Sydney and Melbourne, Australia, took part in this study which required them to complete a self-report questionnaire. Analyses indicated that adolescent Muslims’ achieved religious identity seems to play a more important role in shaping their psychological and socio-cultural adaptation compared to adolescents’ achieved bicultural identity. Adolescents’ achieved ego identity tended also to play a greater role in their psychological and socio-cultural adaptation than achieved bicultural identity. The relationships between the three identities and negative indicators of psychological adaptation were consistently indifferent. Based on these findings, we propose that the three identity-based forces—bicultural identity development, religious identity attainment, and ego identity formation—be amalgamated into one framework in order for researchers to more accurately examine the adaptation of Australian adolescent Muslims.
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Tyagi, Himanshu, and Lisa Quigley. "Obsessive compulsive disorder in coroners’ reports." BJPsych Open 7, S1 (June 2021): S298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.789.
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AimsThe frequency and burden of suicidality in obsessive-compulsive and related disorders have historically been under-reported, despite research pointing to a significant association between OCD and suicidality. Likewise, OCD is frequently undiagnosed or misdiagnosed. This study looks at coroners’ reports relating to suicides in UK, Australia and Canada in order to:Explore characteristics of suspected or confirmed cases of OCD in coroners’ reportsIdentify instances of possible undiagnosed or misdiagnosed OCDIdentify recurring themes in the reportsMethod1869 publicly available coroners’ reports were accessed from England (n = 200), Scotland (n = 128), Canada (n = 680) and Australia (n = 861). Reports were screened in order to identify individuals who had either a diagnosis of OCD (n = 16), a diagnosis of a related condition (n = 4), or indications of possible undiagnosed OCD (n = 12). Wherever possible, demographic and psychiatric characteristics were extracted for statistical analysis. Qualitative thematic analysis was carried out on selected reports.Result32 cases of interest were identified from analysis of coroners’ reports of suicides that took place between the years of 2000 and 2020. Breakdown by country was as follows:United Kingdom: n = 6 (1.8% of total reports analysed from United Kingdom)Canada n = 3 (0.4% of total reports analysed from Canada)Australia n = 23 (2.7% of total reports analysed from Australia)Among those with possible undiagnosed OCD, common experiences were fear of causing harm, intrusive thoughts of guilt and shame, and compulsive checking and/or reassurance seeking. Further themes included: misdiagnosis, failings in mental health care, stigma and discrimination.ConclusionIndividuals with OCD are thought to be up to ten times more likely to die by suicide, with this risk increasing in the presence of psychiatric comorbidities. However, OCD remains underdiagnosed, and this may be reflected in the relatively low number of suicides identified for this study where OCD was diagnosed before death. The low numbers may also point to a tendency among both coroners and healthcare professionals to underestimate the association between OCD and suicidality.Qualitative analysis of the coroners’ reports identified a theme of intolerable distress. This distress was documented most extensively in reports where OCD was strongly indicated but never diagnosed, highlighting the impact of missed, late or incorrect diagnosis.Notably, nearly all of the reports reveal repeated attempts by the individual to seek help. Despite this, many experienced stigma, mental health service failings and missed opportunities for help in the months preceding their deaths.
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Billingham, Zacariah D., David G. Chapple, Paul Sunnucks, and Bob B. M. Wong. "Chemical cues and group association preferences in a subsocial cockroach, Panesthia australis." Australian Journal of Zoology 57, no. 6 (2009): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo09066.
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An ability to recognise and discriminate between group and non-group members is essential for most group-living species. Several different sensory modalities may be utilised for social recognition, the most notable of which is olfaction. Among insects, members of the order Blattodea (cockroaches, termites) exhibit a diverse range of social systems and provide an excellent model for examining the role of chemical communication in group discrimination. We experimentally tested the importance of chemical cues in the association preferences of the subsocial Australian wood-boring cockroach, Panesthia australis. Using a series of dichotomous choice trials, we found that individuals preferred conspecific odour cues over those of an unscented peatmoss control. We then gave cockroaches a choice between the odour cues of cockroaches from different logs, and found that they did not exhibit a preference for the cues of individuals from their own log versus those from different logs within the same locality. However, cockroaches exhibited a strong preference for cues taken from individuals from a geographically distant population. Our findings suggest that P. australis engages in group discrimination, and that patterns of association may reflect an underlying preference for unfamiliar and/or genetically dissimilar individuals in a species encumbered by restricted gene flow.
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McIlveen, Peter, P. Nancey Hoare, Harsha N. Perera, Chris Kossen, Louisa Mason, Shannon Munday, Carolyn Alchin, Allison Creed, and Nicole McDonald. "Decent Work’s Association With Job Satisfaction, Work Engagement, and Withdrawal Intentions in Australian Working Adults." Journal of Career Assessment 29, no. 1 (May 11, 2020): 18–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069072720922959.
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The present research is focused on the measurement properties of the Decent Work Scale (DWS) in Australia and adds to the cumulative evidence of the measure’s international utility for psychological research into the role of work in people’s lives. The study contributes new evidence via a survey of a sample of workers ( N = 201) who completed the DWS and criterion measures of career-related factors including job satisfaction, work engagement, and withdrawal intentions. Correlated factors, higher order, and bifactor models were tested using confirmatory factor analysis. All models were satisfactory and the bifactor model evinced preferable fit. The DWS Values Congruence subscale predicted all criterion measures. Workers’ incomes and ratings of their occupations’ prestige had no main effects or interaction effect on the DWS subscales. Recommendations for future research include testing the DWS’s relations with measures of mental health which are known correlates of career-related outcomes.
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MacDonald, S., É. Mercier, T. O'Brien, M. Mercuri, and K. de Wit. "P088: Emergency physicians’ approach to head CT scanning for elderly patients who fall: A survey of Canadian, American, British, and Australian emergency physicians." CJEM 21, S1 (May 2019): S95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2019.279.
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Introduction: The number of seniors presenting to emergency departments after a fall is increasing. Head injury concerns in this population often leads to a head CT scan. The CT rate among physicians is variable and the reasons for this are unknown. This study examined the role of patient characteristics and country of practice in the decision to order a CT. Methods: This study used a case-based survey of physicians across multiple countries. Each survey included 9 cases pertaining to an 82-year old man who falls. Each case varied in one aspect compared to a base case (aspirin, warfarin, or rivaroxaban use, occipital hematoma, amnesia, dementia, and fall with no head trauma). For each case, participants indicated how “likely” they were to order a head CT scan, measured on a 100-point scale. A response of 80 or more was defined a priori as ‘likely to order a CT scan’. The survey was piloted among emergency residents for feedback on design and comprehension, and was published in French and English. Recruitment was through the Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians, Twitter and CanadiEM. For each case we compared the proportion of physicians who were ‘likely to scan’ with relative to the base case. We also compared the proportion of participants who were ‘likely to scan’ each case in the USA, UK and Australia, relative to Canada. Results: Data was collected from 484 respondents (Canada-308, USA-64, UK-67, Australia-27, and 18 from other countries). Social media distribution limited our ability to estimate of the response rate. Physicians were most likely to scan in the anticoagulation cases (90% likely to order a scan compared to 36% for the base case (p = <0.001)). Other features associated with increased scans were occipital hematoma (48%), multiple falls (68%), and amnesia (68%) (all p < 0.005). Compared to Canada, US physicians were more likely to order CT scans for all cases (p = <0.05). Compared to Canada, UK physicians were significantly less likely to order CT for patients in every case except in the patient with amnesia. Finally, Australian physicians differed from Canada only for the occipital hematoma case where they were significantly more likely to order CT scan. Conclusion: Anticoagulation, amnesia and a history of multiple falls appear to drive the ordering a head CT scan in elderly patients who had fallen. We observed variations in practice between countries. Future clinical decision rules will likely have variable impact on head CT scan rates depending on baseline practice variation.
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Adilzhan, Akerke. "HEGEMONIC POWER RIVALRY IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND THE FUTURE OF THE GLOBAL ORDER." BULLETIN Series of Sociological and Political sciences 76, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2021-4.1728-8940.01.
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The issue of the South China Sea is obvious in terms of the Sino-American New Cold War, and is one of the most important issues today.Importantly, China's ultimate goal of dominance can be seen here, as well as its potential to have serious consequences for its much smaller and weaker neighbors. . In the wake of the post-Cold War optimism and courage, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has sought to create a more inclusive, stable and comprehensive order in the wider East Asian region. For example, the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) provided an unprecedented platform for constructive and institutional dialogue between all major powers, such as the United States, China, Japan, India, Australia, the European Union and Russia. In general, the issue of the South China Sea is mainly related to disputes over the sovereignty of the South China Sea with the participation of the United States, some countries in Southeast Asia, and China. The study analyzes the conflict in the South China Sea through the balance of forces in the region, and the US and China's position on regional hegemony.
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Sil Kang, Won, Alan Kilgore, and Sue Wright. "The effectiveness of audit committees for low‐ and mid‐cap firms." Managerial Auditing Journal 26, no. 7 (July 26, 2011): 623–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02686901111151341.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the effectiveness of recommendations made by the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) relating to audit committees in Australia, and whether they have improved financial reporting quality for low‐ and mid‐cap listed firms.Design/methodology/approachThe authors examine the relation between characteristics of the audit committee and financial reporting quality for listed companies not mandated to comply with these requirements, i.e. low‐ and mid‐cap firms. For a sample of 288 firms, the authors regress measures of audit committee independence, expertise and activity and size on alternative measures of earnings management.FindingsA significant association is found between all three characteristics and lower earnings management. The significant measure for independence is the proportion of independent directors on the audit committee; for expertise, it is that at least one member of the audit committee has an accounting qualification; and for activity and size, it is the frequency of audit committee meetings.Practical implicationsThe results provide support for the mandatory establishment of audit committees for the top 500 (high‐ and mid‐cap) firms introduced by the ASX and suggest those audit committee characteristics which could improve financial reporting quality for low‐ and mid‐cap firms.Originality/valueThe paper examines low‐ and mid‐cap firms in order to complement previous similar studies done for high‐cap firms. It identifies the effects on financial reporting quality of voluntarily choosing to have an audit committee and of the choice of audit committee characteristics, in the period after substantial corporate governance reform. It includes a new measure among audit committee characteristics, industry expertise, which is required in Australia and is new to the literature.
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Sakano, Yuji. "Behaviour Therapy in Japan: Beyond the Cultural Impediments." Behaviour Change 10, no. 1 (March 1993): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0813483900005751.
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The fourth World Congress of Behaviour Therapy held at the Gold Coast was a great success as the first worldwide congress on behaviour therapy in South East Asia and Oceania countries. The fact that an academic association can sponsor a world congress is a good index of the level of development of a host academic association as a leader in that field. We can say that the ABMA has come to play a leading and important role in behaviour therapy in the world.Lovibond's paper (Lovibond, 1993), based on his keynote address at the Fourth World Congress of Behaviour Therapy, is interesting for an understanding of not only the current status of behaviour therapy in Australia, but also for typical courses of the development of behaviour therapy in many countries where behaviour therapy has not been a major clinical approach, having been “imported” from countries where behaviour therapy has been highly developed from early times.The courses of the development of behaviour therapy in Australia and Japan are considerably similar, that is, clinical psychologists in both countries have tried to develop a scientific clinical psychology since the dawning of behaviour therapy, as Lovibond (1993) has pointed out. However, there are some differences between these countries on the current status of behaviour therapy. In order to compare the courses of the development and the current status of behaviour therapy in both countries, an introduction to a brief history of behaviour therapy in Japan might be helpful.
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Clarke, C. J., R. J. George, R. W. Bell, and R. J. Hobbs. "Major faults and the development of dryland salinity in the western wheatbelt of Western Australia." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 2, no. 1 (March 31, 1998): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-2-77-1998.
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Abstract. Dryland salinity poses a major threat to agricultural production in the wheatbelt of Western Australia and much time and effort is expended on understanding the mechanisms which cause it and on developing techniques to halt or reverse its development. Whilst the location of much dryland salinity can be explained by its topographic position, a significant proportion of it cannot. This study investigated the hypothesis that major faults in the Yilgarn Craton represented in aeromagnetic data by intense curvilinear lows explained the location of areas of dryland salinity not explained by topography. Moreover, the causal mechanisms that might underpin a spatial relationship between major faults and dryland salinity were sought. In one fourth order catchment, nearly 85% of the salinity that was not explained topographically was within 2km of the centre line of a major fault, the remaining 15% being in the other 12km of the catchment. Three groups of similar third order catchments in the western wheatbelt of Western Australia were also investigated; in each case the catchment that was underlain by a major fault had dryland salinity an order of magnitude more than the unfaulted catchment(s). This evidence demonstrates a strong spatial association between major faults and the development of dryland salinity. Other evidence suggests that the underlying mechanism is hydraulic conductivity 5.2 to 2.9 times higher inside the fault zone compared to outside it and shows that geomorphology, salt store, regolith thickness, and degree of clearing are not the underlying mechanisms. In one of the groups of catchments, it has been calculated that an amount of recharge, significant in relation to recharge from rainfall, was entering from an adjacent catchment along a major fault. The paper concludes that geological features such as major faults affect the development of dryland salinity in the wheatbelt of Western Australia because of permeability differences in the regolith and therefore computer models of salinity risk need to take these differences into account. Techniques need to be developed to map, quickly and relatively cheaply, the geology-related permeability differences over wide areas of the landscape.
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Bower, Carol, Fiona J. Stanley, and Jeff T. Spickett. "Maternal Hair Zinc and Neural Tube Defects: No Evidence of an Association from a Case-Control Study in Western Australia." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 6, no. 3 (July 1992): 156–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/101053959200600308.
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In a case-control study of isolated neural tube defects in Western Australia, zinc was estimated by flame spectrophotometry in post-partum hair specimens from 54 mothers of infants with neural tube defects, and from 128 mothers of normal infants. The distribution of the estimates of zinc was divided into quartiles. Using the lowest quartile as the reference group, the crude odds ratios (and their 95% confidence intervals) for quartiles two through four were 1.07 (0.44, 2.59), 1.02 (0.41, 2.56), and 0.70 (0.28, 1.73). Adjustment for several potential confounding variables (parental country of birth, social class, previous pregnancy outcome, interval between previous and index pregnancy, pregnancy order, and interval from birth to interview) made little difference to the odds ratios. This study provides no evidence of an association between post-partum, maternal hair zinc and of fspring with neural tube defects.
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Wright, Margie, Eco De Geus, Juko Ando, Michelle Luciano, Danielle Posthuma, Yutaka Ono, Narelle Hansell, et al. "Genetics of Cognition: Outline of a Collaborative Twin Study." Twin Research 4, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.4.1.48.
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AbstractAmultidisciplinary collaborative study examining cognition in a large sample of twins is outlined. A common experimental protocol and design is used in The Netherlands, Australia and Japan to measure cognitive ability using traditional IQ measures (i.e., psychometric IQ), processing speed (e.g., reaction time [RT] and inspection time [IT]), and working memory (e.g., spatial span, delayed response [DR] performance). The main aim is to investigate the genetic covariation among these cognitive phenotypes in order to use the correlated biological markers in future linkage and association analyses to detect quantitativetrait loci (QTLs). We outline the study and methodology, and report results from our preliminary analyses that examines the heritability of processing speed and working memory indices, and their phenotypic correlation with IQ. Heritability of Full Scale IQ was 87% in the Netherlands, 83% in Australia, and 71% in Japan. Heritability estimates for processing speed and working memory indices ranged from 33–64%. Associations of IQ with RT and IT (−0.28 to −0.36) replicated previous findings with those of higher cognitive ability showing faster speed of processing. Similarly, significant correlations were indicated between IQ and the spatial span working memory task (storage [0.31], executive processing [0.37]) and the DR working memory task (0.25), with those of higher cognitive ability showing better memory performance. These analyses establish the heritability of the processing speed and working memory measures to be used in our collaborative twin study of cognition, and support the findings that individual differences in processing speed and working memory may underlie individual differences in psychometric IQ.
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Hendry, Rebecca, Kevin Wormington, and Kerry Walsh. "An ecological study of the central Queensland ultramafic endemic shrub Neoroepera buxifolia (Picrodendraceae), Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 63, no. 4 (2015): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt14184.
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The ultramafic endemic shrub Neoroepera buxifolia Muell.Arg. & F.Muell (Picrodendraceae) has high habitat specificity and is mostly restricted to the perennial and ephemeral creeks and drainage lines of the central Queensland ultramafic landscape. It has an association with high magnesium (Mg) concentrations in the soil and the present study seeks to determine whether there is a correlation between populations of N. buxifolia and the soil extractable Mg and/or Mg : calcium (Ca) quotients in the soil. This was achieved by measuring the standing volume, height and seedling counts of N. buxifolia against the soil elements and other plot characteristics. Whereas correlations were found between increased height of N. buxifolia and the Mg : Ca quotients, soil extractable nickel (Ni) had the greatest influence. The standing volume of N. buxifolia also increased with soil extractable Ni. The standing volume of N. buxifolia was greatest in the upper tributaries of the first-order ephemeral creeks and presence of permanent water of the perennial creeks did not influence the standing volume or height of N. buxfolia.
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MOHSIN, M., F. WONG, ADRIAN BAUMAN, and JUN BAI. "MATERNAL AND NEONATAL FACTORS INFLUENCING PREMATURE BIRTH AND LOW BIRTH WEIGHT IN AUSTRALIA." Journal of Biosocial Science 35, no. 2 (April 2003): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932003001615.
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This study identified the influences of neonatal and maternal factors on premature birth and low birth weight in New South Wales, Australia. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to explore the association of selected neonatal and maternal characteristics with premature birth and low birth weight. The findings of this study showed that premature birth and low birth weight rate significantly varied by infant sex, maternal age, marital status, Aboriginality, parity, maternal smoking behaviour during pregnancy and maternal hypertension. First-born infants, and infants born to mothers aged less than 20 years, or who were single, separated/divorced, Aboriginal or who smoked during the pregnancy, were at increased risk of being premature or of low birth weight. This study also found that risk factors for premature births and low birth weight were similar in both singleton and multiple births. Gestational age was confirmed to be the single most important risk factor for low birth weight. The findings of this study suggest that in order to reduce the incidence of low birth weight and premature births, health improvement strategies should focus on antismoking campaigns during pregnancy and other healthcare programmes targeted at the socially disadvantaged populations identified in the study.
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Lugovyi, Volodymyr, Olena Slyusarenko, and Zhanneta Talanova. "Complex Activity & Selective Associativity: the Effectiveness of Elite University Association." International Scientific Journal of Universities and Leadership, no. 14 (December 20, 2022): 64–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31874/2520-6702-2022-14-64-80.
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In the article, based on data from the Shanghai Ranking (ARWU) 2003-2022, ranking achievements of elite associations of top universities in the USA (AAU), the United Kingdom (Russell Group), Canada (U15 Group), Japan (RU11), China (C9 League), Australia (Group of Eight), Germany (U15), taking into account the political and economic context of their functioning, the factors of the effectiveness of such associations are determined to ensure the leadership of member universities. It has been found that the greatest synergistic effect of association is achieved in small associations or their parts (with the number of up to 10-20 institutions), which include institutions close in terms of ratings, which are characterized by significant (resonant) intragroup interaction and which are provided with strong national support. Activities at the same level of complexity of educational programs and research and development, selective significant cooperation on the principle of "equal to equal" (thus achieving the effect of resonant interaction) serve as a guarantee of successful collective advancement to the top levels of excellence of all participants of the interaction. Otherwise, the formal association either declines or undergoes informal internal stratification (differentiation) into groups more homogeneous in complexity of activity, not all of which can withstand the competitive struggle for leadership and the ability to fully use the advantages of formally open science due to its actual closedness in part complex knowledge for insufficiently capable universities. An alternative to the selective associative union of universities withing the country can be their direct organizational consolidation with systematic state support to transform into powerful university centers, as is done in France, or a strong national policy for the development of flagship universities, as in Switzerland. Scientifically based practical recommendations on the creation of a domestic elite Association of Ukrainian Universities (AUU) and the strategy of their consolidation are formulated in order to overcome the growing global backwardness of higher education of Ukraine, which is especially relevant in the conditions of the specifics of open science and the post-war recovery of the country on an innovative, high-intellectual, and high-tech basis.
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Miller, Dan J., and Rory Stubbings-Laverty. "Does Pornography Misinform Consumers? The Association between Pornography Use and Porn-Congruent Sexual Health Beliefs." Sexes 3, no. 4 (November 28, 2022): 578–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sexes3040042.
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Pornography may contribute to sexual health illiteracy due to its often fantastical and unrealistic depictions of sex. This cross-sectional study investigated whether pornography use was associated with holding porn-congruent sexual health beliefs among a sample of 276 Australian and Singaporean university students (Mage = 23.03, SDage = 7.06, 67.9% female, 47.8% Australian). The majority of participants (95.5% of males and 58.9% of females) reported viewing pornography in the past six months. Perceived realism of pornography and prior sexual experience were tested as potential moderators of the relationship between pornography use frequency and sexual health beliefs. Pornography use frequency showed no zero-order association with sexual health beliefs in the overall sample (although a significant zero-order association was observed among female participants). However, a significant positive association between porn use and porn-congruent sexual health beliefs was found in the overall sample, after controlling for demographic variables. Neither perceived realism nor sexual experience were found to act as moderators. Interestingly, prior sexual experience showed a significant zero-order association with sexual health beliefs, such that prior sexual experience was associated with holding porn-congruent beliefs. Perceived realism was unrelated to porn-congruent sexual health beliefs. The study provides some preliminary support for pornography having a misinformation effect on the sexual health knowledge of consumers.
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Stephenson, Tamsyn, Ken Lee, Joanna E. Griffith, David J. McLelland, Anthony Wilkes, Philip S. Bird, Darren J. Trott, K. Natasha Speight, Farhid Hemmatzadeh, and Lucy Woolford. "Pulmonary Actinomycosis in South Australian Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus)." Veterinary Pathology 58, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 416–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985820973459.
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Pneumonia has been reported in both free-ranging and captive koalas and a number of causative agents have been described. Between 2016 and 2019, 16 free-ranging and 1 captive koala ( Phascolarctos cinereus) from the Mount Lofty Ranges of South Australia were identified with pyogranulomatous lobar pneumonia, which involved the left caudal lobe in 14/17 (82%) cases. Within lesions, numerous gram-positive or gram-variable, non-acid-fast filamentous bacteria were observed in association with Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon. Culture yielded growth of anaerobic bacteria, which were unidentifiable by MALDI-TOF-MS (matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry) analysis in 5/5 cases. Sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene identified a novel Actinomyces species in 4 samples, confirming a diagnosis of pulmonary actinomycosis. Concurrent examination of resin lung casts from healthy koalas suggested greater laminar flow of air to the left caudal lung lobe in koalas. Actinomyces spp. have been reported as commensals of the oral microbiome in other species, and an association with similar pulmonary lesions in other species. Considering the predilection for involvement of the left caudal lung lobe, aspiration is suggested as the likely cause in some cases of pulmonary actinomycosis in koalas. Pulmonary actinomycosis has not been previously described in koalas and further work needs to be undertaken in order to classify this organism within the Actinomyces genus.
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Vaitkeviciute, Rimante, Lauren E. Ball, and Neil Harris. "The relationship between food literacy and dietary intake in adolescents: a systematic review." Public Health Nutrition 18, no. 4 (May 20, 2014): 649–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980014000962.
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AbstractObjectiveThe aim of the present systematic review was to investigate the evidence on the association between food literacy and adolescents’ dietary intake.DesignThe review included searches of six databases with no restriction on the year of publication or language.SettingThe studies eligible for review were from five countries/regions: USA (n 6), Europe (n 4), Australia (n 1), Middle East (n 1) and South Africa (n 1).SubjectsAdolescents aged 10 to 19 years.ResultsThirteen studies were eligible for inclusion. None of the studies investigated all aspects of food literacy. Eight studies reported a positive association between food literacy and adolescents’ dietary intake. For example, adolescents with greater food knowledge and frequent food preparation behaviours were shown to have healthier dietary practices. Three studies found a mixed association of food literacy and adolescents’ dietary intake. For example, adolescents who frequently helped to prepare dinner had healthier dietary intake, but food shopping tasks were associated with less healthy food choices. Two studies found no association between measures of food literacy and adolescents’ dietary intake.ConclusionsFood literacy may play a role in shaping adolescents’ dietary intake. More rigorous research methods are required to effectively assess the causality between food literacy and adolescents’ dietary intake in order to confirm the extent of the relationship. Evidence recommends public health practitioners and policy makers consider new public health strategies that focus on increasing understanding of food literacy in adolescence.
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Zakariya, Khalilah, Nor Zalina Harun, and Mazlina Mansor. "Space and Sociability: Mapping Melbourne’s City Square." Asian Journal of Quality of Life 1, no. 2 (September 2, 2016): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ajqol.v1i2.28.
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Public squares function as open spaces where people can conduct many activities and events in the city. The ‘life’ of squares evolves and changes according to the contemporary demands of the people. Learning about the evolution of the City Square in Melbourne, Australia, this study aims to analyse how its designs changed over the years in order to accommodate city life. This study employs spatial analysis to examine the relationships between the square’s physical characteristics with people’s activities. The findings reveal that square designs ought to meet evolving social, physical and environmental needs to cater for future requirements and lifestyles.2398-4279 © 2016. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK.. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.Keywords: Public space; spatial analysis; square; urban
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Ngaibiakching and Amba Pande. "India’s Act East Policy and ASEAN: Building a Regional Order Through Partnership in the Indo-Pacific." International Studies 57, no. 1 (December 22, 2019): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020881719885526.
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Over the past few decades, India’s security concerns have undergone a substantial change. With the formulation of the Look East Policy (LEP) in the 1990s, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) as a regional entity became an essential component and a corridor for India’s outreach to Southeast Asia. In 2014, the LEP became more encompassing with a shift to the Act East Policy (AEP). The global security and economic environment too are witnessing significant changes with the USA taking a back seat, China’s aggressive positioning and the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) coupled with the emerging geopolitical construct of ‘Indo-Pacific’. The regional stakeholders, such as ASEAN, the USA, Japan, Australia and India are yet to form a unified stand on the Indo-Pacific concept as well as the regional security architecture. The AEP appropriately fits into the current scenario as India is set to take up a larger role in the regional security environment while keeping the centrality of ASEAN intact. New Delhi seeks to create a platform for mutual development in the Indo-Pacific and engage with like-minded nations in the quest for a rules-based order that promotes transparency, respect for sovereignty and international law, stability and free and fair-trade framework. India and ASEAN can be apt partners in the Indo-Pacific to play a constructive role and build a regional order.
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Virgona, J. M., C. Harris, S. Kemp, J. Evans, and R. Salmon. "Australian Legume Research – synthesis and future directions." Crop and Pasture Science 63, no. 9 (2012): 918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp12191.
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The Australian Legumes Symposium was the first in a planned series of regular technical symposia organised by the Australian Grasslands Association. The aim was to provide researchers with the opportunity to interact, present up-to-date reviews on topics related to pasture legume science, present results of current research and participate in planning of future research and development relevant to pasture legumes. This paper is intended to be the key output of the forum – a summary of findings and highlights from review and contributed research papers as well as identifying key research priorities for the future. In terms of the former, reviews presented at the symposium provided an overview of the development and role of pasture legumes in temperate farming systems. Closely related topics – nitrogen (N) fixation, N balance of farming systems and management of legume inoculation provided a focus on the importance of legumes in terms of N input and overall productivity. International perspectives on lucerne – its improvement and adoption provided a noticeable contrast to the apparent paucity of research into this species in Australia – despite its widespread use in temperate farming systems. In terms of content, there were many other papers delivered dealing with a wide diversity of relevant issues. On one hand the diversity of work in pasture legume research and development may stem from the wide array of expertise available in Australia and New Zealand, while on the other it might suggest that research and development inputs are being thinly spread over a large number of species. With respect to determining research priorities, it was surprising that participants were most concerned with how research is funded and conducted and the need to address this by reconsidering current arrangements. A greater role for economic analysis in determining research priorities was foreshadowed. The identification and management of acid-tolerant perennial legumes for higher rainfall zone permanent pastures was nominated as a major research priority, as was the need to address problems related to pre-inoculation of legume seed. The clear message from the symposium was that there needs to be a reorganisation of pasture legume improvement in order for gains to be effectively realised, and to maintain research and development capacity.
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Tobin-Salzman, Shinae C., Darcie Cooper, Bridgette J. McNamara, Eugene Athan, and Catherine M. Bennett. "Demographic Characteristics of Unvaccinated Asymptomatic and Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Cases in Barwon South West, Victoria, Australia." Pathogens 12, no. 12 (December 4, 2023): 1420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12121420.
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We investigated 328 SARS-CoV-2 cases in Barwon South West, Victoria, Australia, in the 2020 pre-vaccination period, comparing infections with symptoms to those that remained asymptomatic. De-identified self-reported data on case characteristics and symptom progression from three sequential questionnaires were examined. Multivariable logistic regression was used to model associations between demographic profiles and symptoms. Asymptomatic infections were more than three times as likely to be seen in ethnic minority groups than the Caucasian population after adjusting for gender and age [OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.5–6.7, p < 0.01] and were more common among cases of Asian background [OR 2.8, 95%CI 1.2–6.4]. Asymptomatic infections were also more common in youth and younger adults, but cases were approximately seven times more likely to be in seniors (≥65 years) compared with those 24 years of age or younger after adjusting for sex and ethnicity [OR 6.9, 95% CI 1.3–35.8]. The overrepresentation of ethnic minority groups among asymptomatic infections is suggestive of genetic haplotype variability by ethnic group, conferring greater cross-protection from other coronaviruses in the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Replication of this analysis in the post-vaccination era and reassessment of symptom expression according to ethnicity in a community with established vaccine and infection-induced immunity would determine whether this is a sustained association or one confined to the early stages of a pandemic in an immunologically naive population. These findings may, in part, reflect differences in testing patterns by ethnicity and true differences in disease expression, both of which are important to understand in order to inform transmission prevention strategies and tailored risk messaging according to ethnic background.
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Percy, Alisa, and Jo-Anne Kelder. "JUTLP Editorial Issue 15.5." Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice 15, no. 5 (December 1, 2018): 2–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.53761/1.15.5.1.
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Welcome to the final issue for the Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice for 2018. In this issue, we have papers from Australia, the US, and Ireland, covering topics related to information and academic literacy, self-efficacy, the flipped classroom, student engagement and their perceptions of group work. Of the first two papers related to information and academic literacy, Hostetler, Luo and Stefaniak present findings from a systematic literature review exploring approaches to the assessment of students’ metacognition and its potential application in library and information science. Conducted in response to changes in an information literacy competencies framework prepared by the Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL) in the US, the authors advocate for the incorporation of metacognitive tools, including self-reflection and self-assessment, in the assessment strategies of libraries to encourage higher order thinking.
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McCarthy, Melissa. "The RIDBC Telepractice Training Protocol: A Model for Meeting ASHA Roles and Responsibilities." Perspectives on Telepractice 3, no. 2 (September 2013): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/teles3.2.49.
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Telepractice continues to emerge as an acceptable alternative to the provision of in-person services in the fields of speech-language pathology and audiology. In Australia, the Royal Institute for Deaf and Blind Children (RIDBC) has been using telepractice for more than 10 years to meet the needs of children who are deaf and hard of hearing. In order to ensure that the quality of services provided via telepractice is equivalent to that of services provided in-person, RIDBC designed a comprehensive telepractice training protocol. The four-module program corresponds to the roles and responsibilities outlined by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), and include topics related to the technology, methodology, and pedagogy of working in a telepractice model. The RIDBC training protocol demonstrates one method of supporting practitioners to develop the necessary skills to effectively deliver services via telepractice.
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Kalfayan Ashekian, Taline. "THE FUNDAMENTAL ISSUE OF CONTINUING EDUCATION IN SPEECH THERAPY." Armenian Journal of Special Education 8, no. 1 (March 20, 2024): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24234/se.v8i1.19.
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Studies in medicine and sciences are constantly changing with the advancement of research and new discoveries. Continuing education in a field such as speech pathology is crucial for this reason. Most developed countries, like the United States of America and countries in Europe, make education after graduation mandatory and enforce restrictions on licenses in order to encourage people to renew them. Armenia, however, does not. For example, The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) requires all certificate holders (CCC-A and CCC-SLP) to maintain their ASHA Certificates of Clinical Competence and their CCC-SLP by taking additional courses every few years. Countries outside of the United States, such as Canada and Australia, have similar requirements of completing extra hours of practice and education in order to maintain the speech-language pathologist license.
Armenia also does not have a higher board or association that legally monitors and audits speech pathologists after graduation, but they should work to establish one in order to encourage and enforce speech pathologists to complete the requirements necessary to continue their practice. Armenia is trying to modernize and change the medical education system in order to advance their professional development and allow for the international mobility of healthcare workers, but they should also work to set requirements like these for the speech therapy field in Armenia. Continuing professional development allows for cardinal information that might have been forgotten over the years after graduating or receiving a license to be reviewed and recollected. With the introduction of new technologies and methods, speech pathologists need to be informed of the new ways of practice through their continuing education requirements. Speech pathologists in Armenia can use the opportunity of continuing education to learn how to use new methods such as Armav and incorporate them into their own practices.
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Codrin, Gavra. "Phytocoenological researches on the grasslands of the middle and inferior basin of Crişul Negru river." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 59 (April 23, 2014): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/59/2000.
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The meadowlands from the middle and inferior basin of Crisul Negru river form an area with rich flora and vegetation suitable for a complex phytocoenological research and an ecologic and bio-economical study of the floor vegetation.
After conducting a number of 80 phytocoenological surveys on the meadowlands near Apateu and Satu Nou villages (Arad county, Romania), respectively near Cociuba Mare and Mărțihaz villages (Bihor county, Romania) there have been identified a number of fifteen vegetal associations from which one is examined in this work.
The paper presents the hygrophilic association Typhetum latifoliae Lang 1973 on the grasslands of the middle and inferior basin of Crişul Negru river, association classified from the coenotaxonomic point of view in the alliance Phragmition communis Koch 1926, order Phragmitetalia Koch 1926, class Phragmitetea australis R. Tüxen et Preising 1942.
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Weisz, George M., and William R. Albury. "Osteoporosis in survivors of early life starvation." Australian Journal of Primary Health 19, no. 1 (2013): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py12004.
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The objective of this study was to provide evidence for the association of early life nutritional deprivation and adult osteoporosis, in order to suggest that a history of such deprivation may be an indicator of increased risk of osteoporosis in later life. The ‘fetal programming’ of a range of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders in adults was first proposed in the 1990s and more recently extended to disorders of bone metabolism. Localised famines during World War II left populations in whom the long-term effects of maternal, fetal and infantile nutritional deprivation were studied. These studies supported the original concept of ‘fetal programming’ but did not consider bone metabolism. The present paper offers clinical data from another cohort of World War II famine survivors – those from the Holocaust. The data presented here, specifically addressing the issue of osteoporosis, report on 11 Holocaust survivors in Australia (five females, six males) who were exposed to starvation in early life. The cases show, in addition to other metabolic disorders associated with early life starvation, various levels of osteoporosis, often with premature onset. The cohort studied is too small to support firm conclusions, but the evidence suggests that the risk of adult osteoporosis in both males and females is increased by severe starvation early in life – not just in the period from gestation to infancy but also in childhood and young adulthood. It is recommended that epidemiological research on this issue be undertaken, to assist planning for the future health needs of immigrants to Australia coming from famine affected backgrounds. Pending such research, it would be prudent for primary care health workers to be alert to the prima facie association between early life starvation and adult osteoporosis, and to take this factor into account along with other indicators when assessing a patient’s risk of osteoporosis in later life.
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Worsley, Tony, Wei Chun Wang, Pradeep Wijeratne, Sinem Ismail, and Stacey Ridley. "Who cooks from scratch and how do they prepare food?" British Food Journal 117, no. 2 (February 2, 2015): 664–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-01-2014-0018.
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Purpose – There is increasing interest in the domestic preparation of food and with the postulated health benefits of “cooking from scratch”. The purpose of this paper is to examine the demographic and food preparation associations of this term in order to examine its operational value. Design/methodology/approach – A national online survey was conducted during 2012 in Australia among 1,023 domestic food providers, half of whom were men. Questions were asked about cooking from scratch, demographic characteristics, food preparation practices and interest in learning about cooking. Findings – Three quarters of the sample reported they often or always “cooked from scratch” (CFS). More women than men always CFS; fewer 18-29 year olds did so often or always but more of the over 50s always did so; fewer single people CFS than cohabiting people. No statistically significant ethnic, educational background or household income differences were found. High levels of cooking from scratch were associated with interest in learning more about cooking, greater use of most cooking techniques (except microwaves), meat and legume preparation techniques, and the use of broader ranges of herbs, spice, liquids/ sauces, other ingredients and cooking utensils. Research limitations/implications – In future work a numerical description of the frequency of cooking from scratch should be considered along with a wider range of response options. The data were derived from an online panel from which men were oversampled. Caution is required in comparisons between men and women respondents. The cross-sectional nature of the sample prevents any causal attributions from being drawn from the observed relationships. Further replication of the findings, especially the lack of association with educational background should be conducted. Originality/value – This is the first study to examine the associations of demographic characteristics and cooking practices with cooking from scratch. The findings suggest that cooking from scratch is common among Australian family food providers and signifies interest in learning about cooking and involvement in a wide range of cooking techniques.
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Angerler, Johann, Masashi Hirosue, J. Beek, H. Cordes, Peter Boomgaard, J. A. A. Doorn, J. G. Casparis, et al. "Book Reviews." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 151, no. 1 (1995): 136–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003062.
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- Johann Angerler, Masashi Hirosue, Prophets and followers in Batak millenarian responses to the colonial order; Parmalim, Na Siak Bagi and Parhudamdam, 1890-1930. Ph.D. thesis Australian National University, Canberra, 1988. - J. ter Beek, H. Cordes, Pencak silat; Die Kampfunst der Minangkabau und ihr kulturelles Umfeld. Frankfurt a.M.: Afra Verlag, 1992, 320 pp. - Peter Boomgaard, J.A.A. van Doorn, De laatste eeuw van Indië; Ontwikkeling en ondergang van een koloniaal project. Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1994, 370 pp. - J.G. de Casparis, Georges Condominas, Disciplines croisées; Hommage à Bernard Philippe Groslier. Paris: Éditions de l’École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, 1992, 377 pp. - H.J.M. Claessen, Ton Otto, Pacific Islands trajectories; Five personal views, Occasional paper of the Department of Anthropology, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian University (Canberra), in association with the Centre for Pacific Studies, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands. - Bruce Connell, Cecilia Odé, Experimental studies of Indonesian prosody. Semaian 9. Leiden: Vakgroep Talen en Culturen van Zuidoost-Azië en Oceanië, 1994, 214 pp., Vincent J. van Heuven (eds.) - Aone van Engelenhoven, Donald A. Burquest, Descriptive studies in languages of Maluku. NUSA, Linguistic Studies of Indonesian and other Languages in Indonesia, volume 34. Jakarta: Badan Penyelenggara Seri Nusa, Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya, 1992, x + 94 pp., maps., Wyn D. Laidig (eds.) - Ch. F. van Fraassen, Dieter Bartels, In de schaduw van de berg Nunusaku; Een cultuur-historische verhandeling over de bevolking van de Midden-Molukken. Utrecht: Landelijk Steunpunt Edukatie Molukkers, 1994, 476 pp. - C.D. Grijns, Don Kulick, Language shift and cultural reproduction; Socialization, self, and syncretism in a Papua New Guinean village. Cambridge/New York/Victoria: Cambridge University Press, 1992, xvi + 317 pp., maps, figures, photographs, index. - Tim Hoppen, Gerard Termorshuizen, In de binnenland van Java; Vier negentiende-eeuwse reisverhalen. Leiden: KITLV Uitgeverij, 1993, 102 pp. - Niels Mulder, Monique Zaini-Lajoubert, L’image de la femme dans les littératures modernes indonésienne et malaise. Paris: Association Archipel, Cahier d’Archipel 24, 1994, ix + 221 pp. - A. Niehof, Rosalia Sciortino, CARE-takers of CURE; A study of health centre nurses in rural Central Java. Amsterdam: Jolly/Het Spinhuis Publishers, 1992, 318 pp. - A.J. Plaisier, B. Plaisier, Over bruggen en grenzen; De communicatie van het evangelie in het Torajagebied (1913-1942). Zoetermeer: Boekencentrum, 1993, xiv + 701 pp. - Anton Ploeg, Nonie Sharp, The Morning Star in Papua Barat, written in association with Markus Wonggor Kaisiëpo. North Carlton, Vic., Australia: Arena Publications, 1994, xx + 140 pp.
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Arndt, Aaron D., Anusorn Singhapakdi, and Vivian Tam. "Consumers as employees: the impact of social responsibility on quality of work life among Australian engineers." Social Responsibility Journal 11, no. 1 (March 2, 2015): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/srj-06-2013-0075.
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Purpose – The aim of this paper is to investigate whether consumer values influence work-related attitudes. Employees often feel conflict among different aspects of their lives. Although most extant research has focused on the effect of family values on work attitudes, we investigate whether a fit between employees’ socially responsible consumption orientation (SRCO) and firm corporate social responsibility (CSR) influences employee higher-order quality of work life. Design/methodology/approach – Survey data from 112 members of an engineering association in Australia. Findings – The results show that employees’ consumer life roles can influence their work-related perceptions. However, contrary to expectations, the positive influence of CSR on higher-order quality of work life is weaker for employees who are more socially responsible consumers. Research limitations/implications – Further research should examine other industry contexts and cultures. Also, because the SRCO construct is very broad, further research should examine specific social issues. Practical implications – CSR can be an important strategy for retaining employees, even those with lower SRCO. Originality/value – This research shows that customer values influence important work-related attitudes, such as higher-order quality of work life and organizational commitment. Furthermore, we show that “fit” between consumption orientation responsibility and firm CSR does not necessarily enhance work-related attitudes because employees high in SRCO likely hold the firm to a different standard of social responsibility.
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Kerle, JA, JN Foulkes, RG Kimber, and D. Papenfus. "The decline of the Brushtail Possum, Trichosurus vulpecula (Kerr 1798), in arid Australia." Rangeland Journal 14, no. 2 (1992): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9920107.
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That the brushtail possum was once common and widespread in the arid zone is confirmed by a collation of historical information. Although possums were widespread, detailed records from the Northern Territory and South Australia show that they were most abundant in rocky ranges and outcrops and along watercourses. Possums are now rare in the arid zone. In considering the reasons for the decline of this apparently robust species we have further developed Morton's (1990) model for mammal decline in the arid zone. Our hypothesis is based on the premise that disturbance of refuge habitat patches critical for the survival of the species was occurring at the same time as the country was subjected to a below average water balance. During the period between 1920 and 1970 rainfall was either average or markedly below average with no exceptional rainfalls recorded. Analysis of the rainfall data using a cumulative residual mass curve suggests that sub-surface waters were probably not fully recharged, placing a natural stress on the refuge habitats. At the same time, possum populations were being affected by many disturbing factors introduced by European settlement. Once the populations were reduced, they fell into a 'predator- pit' through depredation by dingoes and introduced predators and were unable to increase in numbers even with the advent of improved conditions. In this paper we identify the need to accurately determine the refuge habitats of a species and then utilise tools such as the cumulative mass residual curve to predict when these habitats will be under most stress. Specific protection measures can then be developed in association with land managers in order to reduce disturbance at the most critical times.
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Agustina, Imas, and Ruth Beilin. "Investigating Migrants Adaptation Process through Gardening Practices in Community Gardens." Asian Journal of Environment-Behaviour Studies 3, no. 6 (January 2, 2018): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/aje-bs.v3i6.242.
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Investigation approach to migrants adaptation process in host countries has always been placed specific, in order to understand the whole connections to all aspect of life. In Melbourne, community gardens have been a place where immigrants start their interaction with others. The literature argues that the gardens can foster social inclusion, while at the same time providing space to preserve their cultural identity. This paper will investigate the adaptation of migrants within the garden setting, by considering the extent to which cultural practices in gardening affect their ability to adapt to the host country (Australia). The findings confirm a complex relationship between historical garden practices/culture and the reality of practices in the community gardens.
Keywords: self-built housing, donated housing, lifestyle, social interaction, adjustments
eISSN 2514-751X © 2018. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.
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Farey, John E., Tamara Hooper, Tania Alland, Justine M. Naylor, Thu-Lan Kelly, Michelle Lorimer, Adriane M. Lewin, et al. "Dual mobility versus conventional total hip arthroplasty in femoral neck fractures (DISTINCT): protocol for a registry-nested, open-label, cluster-randomised crossover trial." BMJ Open 12, no. 9 (September 2022): e064478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064478.
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IntroductionHip fractures treated with total hip arthroplasty (THA) are at high risk of prosthesis instability, and dislocation is the most common indication for revision surgery. This study aims to determine whether dual mobility THA implants reduce the risk of dislocation compared with conventional THA in patients with hip fracture suitable to be treated with THA.Methods and analysisThis is a cluster-randomised, crossover, open-label trial nested within the Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Replacement Registry (AOANJRR). The clusters will comprise hospitals that perform at least 12 THAs for hip fracture per annum. All adults age ≥50 years who meet the Australian and New Zealand Hip Fracture Registry guidelines for THA will be included. The intervention will be dual mobility THA and the comparator will be conventional THA. Each hospital will be allocated to two consecutive periods, one of dual mobility THA and the other of conventional THA in random order, aiming for an average of 16 patients eligible for the primary analysis per group (32 total per site), allowing different recruitment totals between sites. Data will be collected through the AOANJRR and linked with patient-level discharge data acquired through government agencies. The primary outcome is dislocation within 1 year. Secondary outcomes include revision surgery for dislocation and all-cause, complications and mortality at 1, 2 and 5 years. If dual mobility THA is found to be superior, a cost-effectiveness analysis will be conducted. The study will aim to recruit 1536 patients from at least 48 hospitals over 3 years.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval has been granted (Sydney Local Health District - Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Zone (approval X20-0162 and 2020/ETH00680) and site-specific approvals). Participant recruitment is via an opt-out consent process as both treatments are considered accepted, standard practice. The trial is endorsed by the Australia and New Zealand Musculoskeletal Clinical Trials Network.Trial registration numberACTRN12621000069853.
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Davies, Kayt. "HRECs and journalism research: The uneven playing field." Pacific Journalism Review 20, no. 1 (May 31, 2014): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v20i1.189.
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This article continues an ongoing investigation into the problems that contemporary researchers in Australia using journalism as a methodology face in meeting the bureaucratic requirements of Human Research Ethics Committees (HRECs). This discussion in the peer-reviewed literature includes Richards (2009), Turner (2011), Lindgren and Phillips (2011), Romano (2012) and two articles by the author (Davies 2011a, 2011b). These two articles explored the flexibility built into the HREC’s guiding document, the National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research, in 2007 in order to make it possible for research that does not fit the standard scientific model to gain timely approval. The professional discussion has also included public conversations at the Journalism Education Association of Australia (JEAA) annual conferences and on the organisation’s online discussion list. It is evident from these discussions that some researchers find the ethics application process sufficiently arduous that research using journalism as a methodology is effectively not possible for them. Meanwhile, others find the approval process to be painless and beneficial to their work. This raises the question of whether these differences are due to the researchers’ competence in lodging applications for approvals, or differences in the approach taken by the various university-based HRECs. The novel contribution of this article to the discussion is quantitative data illustrating the diversity of approaches taken by HRECs to applications regarding research using journalism as a methodology and reflection on the implications for investigative journalism.
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Franklin, Adrian, Barbara Barbosa Neves, Nicholas Hookway, Roger Patulny, Bruce Tranter, and Katrina Jaworski. "Towards an understanding of loneliness among Australian men: Gender cultures, embodied expression and the social bases of belonging." Journal of Sociology 55, no. 1 (May 26, 2018): 124–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783318777309.
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Recent quantitative investigations consistently single out considerable gender variations in the experience of loneliness in Australia, and in particular how men are especially prone to protracted and serious episodes of loneliness. In 2017 the Director of Lifeline implicated loneliness as a significant factor in suicide among Australian men – currently three times the rate of suicide among women. Compared to women men also struggle to talk about loneliness or seek help from a range of informal and professional sources. We know very little about men’s experience of loneliness or why they are so susceptible to it currently and research is urgently needed in order to design specific interventions for them. To date, psychology has dominated the theoretical research on loneliness but in this article we argue that sociology has a key role to play in broadening out the theoretical terrain of this understanding so as to create culturally informed interventions. Most researchers agree that loneliness occurs when belongingess needs remain unmet, yet it is also acknowledged that such needs are culturally specific and changing. We need to understand how loneliness and gender cultures configure for men; how they are located in different ethnic, class and age cohort cultures as well as the changing social/economic/spatial/public/institutional bases for belonging across Australia. Theoretical enquiry must encompass the broader social structural narratives (Bauman, Giddens and Sennett) and link these to the changing nature of belonging in everyday life – across the public sphere, the domestic sphere, work, in kinship systems, housing and settlement patterns, associational life, in embodied relationships and online.
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McHardy, A., H. Pollard, and K. Lou. "The epidemiology of golfrelated injuries in Australian amateur golfers - a multivariate analysis." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 19, no. 1 (March 5, 2007): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2078-516x/2007/v19i1a270.
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Objective. To perform an epidemiological study in order to determine the golf-related injury locations, injury rates and possible risk factors for golf injury in amateur golfers across Australia. Method. A retrospective cross-sectional survey of Australian golf club members was used to collect data for the study. Chi-square testing was used to evaluate the association between golf injury and each possible risk factor at univariate level. All the possible risk factors were further examined in multivariate analysis using logistical regression. Results. There were 1 634 golfers included in the present study. Of these, 288 reported having had one or more golfrelated injuries in the previous year. The most common injury location was the lower back (25.3%), followed by the elbow (15.3%) and shoulder (9.4%). The most common injury mechanism was poor technique in execution of the golf swing (44.8%). Age, warm-up status, conditioning habits, wearing a golf glove/s and injury acquired in other sports / activities were significantly associated with risk of golf injury (p < 0.05). Equipment use such as type of golf club shaft used, type of shoes used and other factors studied were not statistically significant. Conclusion. The most injured sites identified in this study were the lower back, elbow and shoulder respectively. Risk of injury during golfing varied according to age group, warm-up status, conditioning habits, whether the player wore a golf glove/s, and whether the golfer had been injured in other activities. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 19 (1) 2007: pp. 12-19
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Waller, Lisa, and Katrina Clifford. "Ice towns: Television representations of crystal methamphetamine use in rural Australia." Crime, Media, Culture: An International Journal 16, no. 2 (April 29, 2019): 185–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1741659019845025.
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The Australian news media regularly presents crystal methamphetamine use as a non-metropolitan ‘epidemic’ sweeping through country towns with devastating consequences for affected communities. Considerations of place and the notion of rurality are therefore crucial to understanding how these media representations are constructed and their power to influence national understandings of rural people, places and policy debates. In order to explore these complexities, we apply Simon Cottle’s ‘communicative architecture of television’ methodology to an analysis of three long-form reportage television programmes on the theme of ice use in small Australian towns. Theories of ‘social imaginaries’ inform the argument that a distinctive Australian ‘agrarian imaginary’ can be discerned through the reporting’s strong associations with the connections and contradictions attached to ideas and emotions about ‘the bush’. The television programmes draw on what Cottle terms ‘mythic’ and ‘collective’ frames that reach into the cultural reservoirs of communities to reinforce national perceptions, values and narratives about how rural communities ought to be, and by extension, how they ought to deal with complex social problems, such as illicit drug distribution and use.
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Golub, V. B., V. V. Bondareva, A. N. Sorokin, and L. F. Nikolaychuk. "Reed (Phragmites australis agg.) dominated plant communities in the Lower Volga Valley." Vegetation of Russia, no. 26 (2015): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2015.26.26.
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Plant communities with reed domination (Phragmites australis agg.) occupy the large areas in the Lower Volga Valley and especially in the river delta. We have set the task to reveal the diversity of these communities in the Lower Volga Valley. For this purpose, we applied the database that is registered in the Global Index of Vegetation-Plot Databases (GIVD) under the EU-RU–002 index (http://www.givd.info/) and includes 14871 relevés made during the period from 1924 to 2013. Communities with the dominance of reed were defined as such, if the coverage of this plant was more than 50 %. We have found 375 such relevés in the database. At first, one basal community, 3 associations and 3 subassociations with domination of Phragmites australis agg. were distinguished in the Lower Volga Valley. All processing and analysis of relevés were performed using the software package JUICE 7.0. (Tichý, 2002). The «Cocktail» method was applied to establish the sociological groups that indicate environmental conditions (Bruelheide, 2000). The expert system for selection from the database of relevés by means of these groups was created. It is allowed us to ascribe relevés to earlier distinguished associations, subassociations and basal community. 171 relevés have been identified by the expert system and they were assigned to association, subassociation or the basal community. 204 relevés were not referred to any association, subassociation or the basal community. We wanted to answer the question: are there among these 204 relevés, which could be interpreted as the new syntaxa, giving them the proper ecological characteristics? For this purpose, the cluster analysis of 204 relevés has been carried out. The optimal level of clustering was determined by calculating the index of “crispness of classification” (Botta-Dukát et al., 2005). The greatest “crispness of classification” was reached at allocation of 13 clusters. Consideration of the floristic composition of allocated groups had shown that 11 of them were the transitional plant communities among the earlier established syntaxa. Only two clusters were differed in rather original structure that we could explain by the influence of environment factors. We have identified them as new associations Rubio tataricae-Phragmitetum australis and Cynancho acuti-Phragmitetum australis. All associations with the dominance of Phragmites australis agg. distinguished in the Lower Volga Valley were included in the alliance Phragmition communis Koch 1926, order Phragmitetalia communis Koch 1926. In literary sources from the ecological point of view these syntaxa are defined as the wetland communities, which are closely linked to water bodies (Šumberová et al., 2011; Ermakov, 2012). However, in many cases this definition does not correspond to the ecology of plant communities with the dominance of reed in the lower reaches of the Volga River. Ecotops of these communities are flooded for up to 2–3 months in a year and then they dry out. In the autumn, the ground water level can drop to a depth of one meter (Golub et al., 2011). The plant satellites of the reed here are often mesophytic plants such as Rubus caesius, Calamagrostis epigeios, Phalaris arundinacea, Rubia tatarica, Althaea officinalis, and Rumex stenophyllus. Therefore, the inclusion of phytocoenosises with domination of the reed in the lower reaches of the Volga River in the alliance Phragmition communis is rather relative. A correct placement of these plant communities in the system of vegetation syntaxa of the arid areas can be made only if it is based on original data obtained from much bigger territory than the Lower Volga Valley. In future geobotanical studies, it is desirable to divide the aggregation of Phragmites australis agg. into smaller species taxa.
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Baidawi, Susan. "Older prisoners: psychological distress and associations with mental health history, cognitive functioning, socio-demographic, and criminal justice factors." International Psychogeriatrics 28, no. 3 (November 17, 2015): 385–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610215001878.
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ABSTRACTBackground:The growth among older prisoner populations, including in Australia, necessitates an understanding of this group in order to generate effective management strategies. One particular concern is the mental well-being of older prisoners. This study aimed to determine the level of psychological distress among sentenced prisoners aged 50 years and older, to compare this level to that seen among younger prisoners and older people in the community, and to investigate which mental health history, cognitive functioning, socio-demographic, and criminal justice characteristics were associated with psychological distress.Methods:A cross-sectional survey of 173 older (M = 63 years) and 60 younger prisoners (M = 34 years) in two Australian jurisdictions was conducted. The Kessler Psychological Distress (K10) scale was administered with prisoners and additional data were collected from interviews and participant health and corrections files. K10 scores were compared to community norms using data from the Australian Health Survey.Results:Average K10 scores of the older prisoners were significantly lower than the younger prisoners’ (p = 0.04), though the effect size was small (r = 0.1). Significantly, higher distress levels were observed in comparison to the general population (p < 0.001), with older prisoners being three times more likely to display very high levels of distress (12.3% vs. 3.7%). Higher psychological distress scores among older prisoners were significantly associated with female gender (p = 0.002) and a history of mental health issues (p = 0.002).Conclusions:While the levels of distress seen among older prisoners were significantly lower than that of younger prisoners, their higher levels of distress in comparison to community norms demonstrate a need for correctional services to be attuned to the mental health of the expanding older prisoner population.
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Tennant, Warren J., and Chris J. C. Reason. "Associations between the Global Energy Cycle and Regional Rainfall in South Africa and Southwest Australia." Journal of Climate 18, no. 15 (August 1, 2005): 3032–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3464.1.
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Abstract Large-scale atmospheric processes in the Southern Hemisphere are examined on both seasonal and daily time scales in order to seek associations between these and regional rainfall variability in the summer rainfall areas of South Africa and the winter rainfall regions of South Africa and Western Australia. The basis of the analysis is atmospheric energetics of the vertical mean and shear flow. Self-organizing maps (SOMs) are then used to find archetypical states of the daily flow and to assess how the frequency characteristics of these states change between wet and dry years. The results show clear associations between the frequency of circulation archetypes on a hemispheric scale and regional rainfall for both summer and winter rainfall areas. Substantial changes in archetype frequencies between wet and dry years are found with as much as a doubling or halving of the number of days in which certain archetypes occur within a season. The physical reasons for observed teleconnections are shown by way of the atmospheric energy cycle, providing a deeper understanding of climate variability that may benefit extended-range prediction.