Journal articles on the topic 'Order judgement'
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Harrison, Róisín Elaine, Martin Giesel, and Constanze Hesse. "Temporal-order judgement task suggests chronological action representations in motor experts and non-experts." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 11 (July 6, 2020): 1879–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820936982.
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Motor priming studies have suggested that human movements are mentally represented in the order in which they usually occur (i.e., chronologically). In this study, we investigated whether we could find evidence for these chronological representations using a paradigm which has frequently been employed to reveal biases in the perceived temporal order of events—the temporal-order judgement task. We used scrambled and unscrambled images of early and late movement phases from an everyday action sequence (“stepping”) and an expert action sequence (“sprinting”) to examine whether participants’ mental representations of actions would bias their temporal-order judgements. In addition, we explored whether motor expertise mediated the size of temporal-order judgement biases by comparing the performances of sprinting experts with those of non-experts. For both action types, we found significant temporal-order judgement biases for all participants, indicating that there was a tendency to perceive images of human action sequences in their natural order, independent of motor expertise. Although there was no clear evidence that sprinting experts showed larger biases for sprinting action sequences than non-experts, considering sports expertise in a broader sense provided some tentative evidence for the idea that temporal-order judgement biases may be mediated by more general motor and/or perceptual familiarity with the running action rather than specific motor expertise.
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Liddle, Elizabeth B., Georgina M. Jackson, Chris Rorden, and Stephen R. Jackson. "Lateralized temporal order judgement in dyslexia." Neuropsychologia 47, no. 14 (December 2009): 3244–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.08.007.
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Hanada, Mitsuhiko, and Yoshimichi Ejima. "Heading judgement from second-order motion." Vision Research 40, no. 24 (October 2000): 3319–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0042-6989(00)00186-3.
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Gupta, Vishal. "Comparative Performance of Contradictory and Non-Contradictory Judgement Matrices in AHP Under Qualitative and Quantitative Metrics." International Journal of Decision Support System Technology 10, no. 1 (January 2018): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdsst.2018010102.
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Over the years, although AHP has proved its success in various diverse fields, many authors in the literature have also shown its shortcomings, often called as criticisms of AHP. One such criticism is allowing the consideration of contradictory judgement matrices. Such matrices violate the principle of ordinal transitivity and thus there does not exist any ranking of corresponding decision elements which satisfy all the judgements. In this paper, the results of our investigation towards measuring this criticism are further explored and discussed by comparing the quality of priority vector of contradictory judgement matrices and non-contradictory judgement matrices under Rank Reversals and the common frame work of “aggregated deviation”. The results further strengthen the notion of contradictory judgement matrices as a strong criticism of AHP for higher order judgement matrices and necessitate some proper avoidance (if not elimination) procedure for them.
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Hopp, Holger. "Constraining second language word order optionality: scrambling in advanced English-German and Japanese-German interlanguage." Second Language Research 21, no. 1 (January 2005): 34–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0267658305sr246oa.
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This study documents knowledge of UG-mediated aspects of optionality in word order in the second language (L2) German of advanced English and Japanese speakers ( n = 39). A bimodal grammaticality judgement task, which controlled for context and intonation, was administered to probe judgements on a set of scrambling, topicalization and remnant movement constructions. Given first language (L1) differences and Poverty of the Stimulus, English and Japanese learners face distinct learnability challenges. Assuming Minimalist grammatical architecture (Chomsky, 1995), convergence on the target language would entail the unimpaired availability of Universal Grammar (UG), i.e., computational principles and functional features beyond their L1 instantiation. Irrespective of L1, the L2 groups are found to establish systematic native-like relative distinctions. In addition, L1 transfer effects are attested for judgements on scrambling. It is argued that these findings imply that interlanguage grammars are fully UG constrained, whilst initially informed by L1 properties.
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Pickersgill, Mary J., John D. Valentine, and Geoffrey Hart. "Reliabilities of Human Judgements: Measurements from Photographic CT Scan Images." Psychological Reports 82, no. 1 (February 1998): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.82.1.171.
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Studies of brain lesions are generally dependent on human judgement for identification and possibly for measurement, but estimates of reliability are frequently neglected. The present study involves three investigations based on X-ray CT scans into reliabilities of human judgements: (1) the areas of brain lesions identified over two occasions by a single judge, (2) brain areas based on the projections of scans by a second judge over two occasions, and (3) brain areas computed from brain outlines by two independent judges. Errors decreased geometrically over procedures in the order listed, reflecting the decreasing complexity of judgement involved. Nevertheless, all three reliabilities proved satisfactory, showing that these procedures may be applied consistently over occasions and between raters. This was reassuring since computerization is currently practicable only in (2) and (3), where errors were least. Although not always performed, reliability checks are important, as indicated by the outlier, Case 10. Where there is a large discrepancy, seeking the reason(s), with a view to standardizing the criteria of judgement, is preferable to automatic averaging, both as a safeguard in individual cases and also to estimate error of measurement in group studies. To assist decision in any particular instance as to whether averaging is an acceptable solution, a statistical rule of thumb is proposed for testing the significance of the difference between two judgements.
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Brodo, Linda, and Enrico Grosso. "On the Complexity of Visual Judgement of Kinship." i-Perception 10, no. 3 (May 2019): 204166951984164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041669519841642.
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Discrimination of close relatives is a basic ability of humans, with demonstrated and important consequences in social and sexual behaviours. In this article, we investigate the visual judgement of kinship, that is the process of discriminating relatives based on visual cues and, in particular, on facial resemblance. Starting from triplets of face stimuli, we focus on a simple two-alternative forced choice protocol and we ask participants to evaluate kinship, similarity, or dissimilarity. Response times of the participants performing these visual judgements are recorded and further analysed. The analysis can also benefit from previous findings on the adopted face data set; in particular, results are compared with reference to an independently generated and statistically reliable similarity index, which is available for each possible considered pair of images. Our results confirm previous findings stating that kinship and similarity judgements are closely related and take longer, on average, than dissimilarity judgement. Moreover, they confirm that similarity and dissimilarity cannot be considered just as opposite concepts, and strongly support the existence of different pathways for similarity and dissimilarity judgements. Concerning kinship judgements, results confirm the assumption, inherent in previous models, of a close relationship between cues signalling for kinship and cues signalling for similarity but suggest the existence of a more complex process, where dissimilarity cues need to be explicitly included in order to model measured effects. Our results reinforce the idea that modulation mechanisms between similarity and dissimilarity measures could explain selective suppression or enhancement effects reported in previous works. A new framework is thus proposed hypothesising that kinship recognition is the result of a balanced evaluation of both similar or dissimilar pathways.
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Singh, Virendra. "Constitutional Morality Stimulating the Social and Health Order Issues in India." Asian Review of Social Sciences 8, no. 2 (May 5, 2019): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arss-2019.8.2.1575.
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India attained the transitional phase of globalization around two decade back when the then (1991) existing government of India adapted the globalization policy. This could be considered as the impact of industrialization. But recently the nation has felt a paradigm change, when the judicial judgements shaked the minds of social scientists. Understanding of term “gender” was taken completely different from the social meaning it had. Always, it was considered that morals, values, folkways and mores were the source of law. But after discussed judgement on Navtej Singh Johar & Ors. …Petitioner(S) Versus Union Of India Thr. Secretary Ministry of Law And Justice(Section 377)& Shabrimala Case it is paradigm shift in the understanding as now it could be veracious to say that law has occupied the custody to replace the traditional social control devices or diplomacies.
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Kuliushin, Evgenii Nikolaevich. "Adoption of a judgement and exercising control of its performance by a court in administrative proceedings." SHS Web of Conferences 118 (2021): 03029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202111803029.
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The article examines the essence and content of the powers of the court of first instance to make a judgement and control its implementation in order to improve the effectiveness of judicial protection of violated rights of citizens and organisations against illegal acts of public law bodies, the correctness and timeliness of consideration and resolution of cases in public law disputes, prevention of violations in the area of public law relations, the possibility of reducing the burden on courts of first instance in various categories of public law disputes. The key focus is on the peculiarities of exercising by a court of powers to make court judgements and exercising control of their execution in public law disputes on the basis of historical-legal, comparative-legal and formal-legal methods of researching similar powers of courts in countries of the civil law system (France, Germany) and countries representing the common law system (England, USA), comparing the contents of the powers of the court in administrative proceedings in accordance with the Code of Administrative Procedure of the Russian Federation and the powers of the court in civil and arbitration proceedings. The use of historical-legal, comparative-legal and formal-legal methods for researching the content of powers to adopt a court judgement and exercise control over its execution made it possible to formulate conclusions regarding the scope of procedural actions of the court of first instance in administrative proceedings, the possibilities of improving the model for exercising judicial control over acts in public-legal authorities, correctness and timeliness of execution of court judgements taken against public law authorities in order to ensure that the weak side in administrative proceedings can be protected. The novelty of the work lies in the proof that in order to increase the effectiveness of the protection of the violated rights of individuals against unlawful acts of public authorities, it is necessary to improve the mechanism for the exercise by the court of powers to make a judgement and exercise control over implementing it.
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LILLY, WHITNEY. "Constitutive Reasons and the Suspension of Judgement." Dialogue 58, no. 2 (June 2019): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217319000027.
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This paper identifies a puzzle that emerges when recent work on the suspension of judgement is integrated with evidentialist solutions to the wrong kind of reasons problem: it looks like there is no such thing as a reason to suspend judgement. Two possible responses to this puzzle are considered: one recharacterizes the suspension of judgement as a mental action, and the other recharacterizes it as a second-order attitude. It is argued that these responses sidestep the puzzle only with unacceptable compromise to the view of suspension of judgement.
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Kornprobst, Markus. "Theagent'slogics of action: defining and mapping political judgement." International Theory 3, no. 1 (February 18, 2011): 70–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752971910000291.
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How do individual actors figure out what to do? This article advocates a departure from carving up research on this key question about political agency into narrow scholarly categories. Such categories, especially what has to become framed as incompatible logics of action in International Relations Theory, may make for neat and tidy scholarly boxes. But they miss the winding roads through which actors come to embark on a course of action. In order to overcome this shortcoming, I start with uncovering an important clue on which authors adhering to different logics of action converge; political agency has a lot to do with making judgements. I proceed with conceptualizing political judgement broadly in terms of subsuming particulars and universals. I follow-up with outlining a map for empirical research on judgement that helps us follow the actors in how they figure out what to do (the agent's logics of action) rather than superimposing our narrow scholarly categories on their reasoning (a scholarly logic of action). Scrutinizing the usefulness of this map, finally, I analyse McNamara's exercise of political agency during the Cuban Missile Crisis. The findings underline my overall argument: the inclusive conceptualization of political judgement, coupled with the balance of theoretical and empirical inquiry that the research map facilitates, improves on our understandings of how actors figure out what to do.
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Ward, Tony. "Method, Judgement, and Clinical Reasoning." Behaviour Change 16, no. 1 (April 1, 1999): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/bech.16.1.4.
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AbstractResearchers have tended to take one of two mutually exclusive positions concerning the nature and status of clinical decision-making. On the one hand, clinicians are urged to be more rigorous and analytical when assessing a client, to disregard their intuitions and instead utilise explicit rules and algorithms. On the other hand, they are counselled to regard their “gut feelings” as valuable sources of knowledge about clients. As a way of reconciling these two perspectives, it is important to acknowledge that clinical psychologists are confronted with a wide range of assessment and clinical tasks that vary in their degree of structure. Therefore, in order to effectively manage the diverse tasks they face during a typical assessment, they need to possess a wide range of cognitive skills. These skills, and their associated cognitive tasks, will span the cognitive continuum from the intuitive to the analytical poles (Hammond, 1996).
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Ziółkowski, Michał. "Kadencyjność Rzecznika Praw Obywatelskich i zasada zaufania do państwa i stanowionego przez nie prawa. Glosa do wyroku TK z 15 kwietnia 2021 r., K 20/20." Przegląd Konstytucyjny, no. 1 (2022) (June 2022): 167–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25442031pko.22.007.15733.
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The term of the Ombudsman and the constitutional principle of trust for the state and the law. Commentary on Constitutional Tribunal Judgement of 15 April 2021, case K 20/20 The commentary presented in the paper is doctrinal and has descriptive and interpretive aims. It discusses the Tribunal’s judgement concerning the unconstitutionality of one of the provisions of the Act on the Ombudsman. According to the provision, the Ombudsman shall continue to perform duties after the end of term and until the election of the new Ombudsman. In the Tribunal’s view, the provision provided an unconstitutional extension of the Ombudsman’s term. Since the judgement was passed by the unconstitutionally elected members of the Tribunal and it was to remove Adam Bodnar (the former Ombudsman) from the office, it has to be interpreted in the context of the current constitutional crisis in Poland. The article argues that the Tribunal’s reasoning was constitutionally wrong, logically incoherent, and far from clear if considering the well-established case-law. Moreover, the paper explains how the Tribunal and the President of the Tribunal violated the law on the assignment of judges to the Tribunal’s panels and the constitutional principle of judicial independence. The concluding remarks focus on the possible legal consequences of unlawfulness in the Polish constitutional order, which does not directly provide any review of the Tribunal’s judgements or its President’s actions.
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Poole, Daniel, Kyle J. Lees, and Luke A. Jones. "Click Trains do not Alter Auditory Temporal Order Judgements." Timing & Time Perception 8, no. 3-4 (November 5, 2020): 239–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134468-bja10011.
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Brief periods of repetitive stimulation (click trains) presented either contiguous or simultaneous to an interval have been previously shown to impact on its perceived duration. In the current investigation we asked whether the perception of temporal order can be altered in a similar way. Participants completed a dichotic spectral temporal order judgement task with the stimuli titrated to their individual thresholds. Immediately prior to the judgement, participants were presented with five seconds of click trains, white noise or silence. We extended previous work on this topic by using each participant’s accuracy and response time data to estimate diffusion model parameters so that the cognitive mechanisms underlying any effect of click trains on the response could be disentangled. There was no effect of stimulation condition on participant’s accuracy, or diffusion model parameters (drift rate, boundary separation or non-decision time). The present findings therefore suggest that click trains do not influence temporal order perception. Additionally, the previous suggestion that click trains induce an increase in the rate of information processing was not supported for this temporal order task. Further work probing the limits and conditions of the click train effect will help to constrain and extend theoretical accounts of subjective timing.
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Alhuthali, Mohammed. "Interpreting Stereotypes: Images and Text." International Journal of Linguistics 10, no. 4 (August 31, 2018): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v10i4.13577.
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While the concept of resemiosis is critical in multimodal analyses, in practice the focus often falls on understanding the individual semiotic resources in use and their interaction (intersemiosis). This paper uses the framework developed by Martin and White (2005) of affect (how do we feel about the images), judgement (how is this influenced by the social norms in use) and appreciation (how do we read the image) in order to structure an analysis of resemiosis. This forces attention to how judgemental this process is, what type of assumptions are made by the observer and how the observer’s interpretation may vary from that of the original creator.This paper studies a two frame cartoon and considers how we might evaluate this using the concepts of affect, judgement and appreciation. In this case, the reader of the cartoon is clearly meant to identify positively with the second interaction (both what is being said and how). However, it is worthwhile to note that in both frames, the street sweeper is presented completely passively – either as an object of pity or to be helped – lacking any agency in their own respect.By taking full account of the concepts of appreciation and judgement, this allows us to also consider if there are other interpretive frameworks. These may lead the observer to read the image in a manner very different to that intended by the original author.
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Lopez-Santander, Adan, and Jonathan Lawry. "An Ordinal Model of Risk Based on Mariner's Judgement." Journal of Navigation 70, no. 2 (September 14, 2016): 309–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463316000576.
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This paper describes a statistical method for learning and estimating the risk posed by other craft in the vicinity of a vessel and an overview of its possible spatial application, simulating how professional mariners perceive and assess such risk and using navigational data obtained from a standard integrated bridge. We propose a non-linear model for risk estimation which attempts to capture mariners' judgement. Questionnaire data has been collected that captures and quantifies mariners’ judgements of risk for craft in the vicinity, where each craft is described by measurements that can be obtained easily from the data already present in the ship's navigational equipment. The dataset has then been used for analysis, training and validating Ordered Probit models in order to obtain a computationally efficient data driven model for estimating the risk probability vector posed by other craft. Finally, we discuss how this risk model can be incorporated into decision making and path finding algorithms.
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Kim, Yong-Soon, Jee-Won Park, Youn-Jung Son, and Sung-Suk Han. "A Longitudinal Study on the Development of Moral Judgement in Korean Nursing Students." Nursing Ethics 11, no. 3 (May 2004): 254–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0969733004ne693oa.
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This longitudinal study examined the development of moral judgement in 37 nursing students attending a university in Suwon, Korea. The participants completed the Korean version of the Defining Issues Test to allow analysis of their level of moral judgement. The development of moral judgement was quantified using ‘the moral development score’ at each stage (i.e. the six stages detailed by Kohlberg) and the ‘P(%) score’ (a measure of the overall moral judgement level). The results were as follows: (1) the moral development score for stage 5A was consistently the highest across the four years of the students’ course, showing significant differences in some sociodemographic factors including home, birth order and monthly income; and (2) the P(%) score was higher in fourth-year (47.47 ± 11.21) than in first-year (46.13±9.73) students. There was no significant difference in the P(%) score according to sociodemographic factors. Further studies will examine in detail the correlation between curriculum and moral judgement development. We suggest that courses in ethics education should be made more relevant.
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Pozo Enciso, Rosmery Sabina, Oscar Arbieto Mamani, and Miguel Gerardo Mendoza Vargas. "Moral judgement among university students in Ica: A view from the perspective of Lawrence Kohlberg." F1000Research 11 (December 5, 2022): 1428. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.125433.1.
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Background: The aim of this study was to identify moral judgement at the preconventional level, the conventional level, and the post-conventional level in university students in the tenth semester in Ica, in 2022. Method: The research methodology was descriptive-observational, quantitative and cross-sectional. The population consisted of university students in the tenth semester and the sample consisted of 157 university students. A survey was used as a data collection tool and a questionnaire was used to measure the stages of moral judgement according to Lawrence Kholberg. Results: It was found that 12.75% of the study sample was in the instructional relativism stage, 23.10% were in interpersonal agreement, 35.76% were in social order and authority, 11.95% were in social contract and finally 3.80% were in universal ethical principles. Conclusion: It was concluded and identified that the stages of moral judgement among the study sample indicate that interpersonal agreement, social order and authority are the most developed among university students.
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Xiao, Jun, Jian Bin Han, Xin Cheng, and Rong Fang. "Research on Automatic Judgement of Wheelset Press-Fit Curve." Applied Mechanics and Materials 236-237 (November 2012): 1321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.236-237.1321.
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This paper presents an automatic judgement method for wheelset press-fit curve, in which thirteen technical conditions are examined for qualified wheelset assembly or not. In order to meet the requirements of Criterion of inspection and repair - railway vehicles [2007]95, some algorithms are designed to identify several traits on press-fit curve, such as force zoom, force decrease, flat line, concave-up shape and so on. In accordance with the Criterion 95 and the algorithms, a quality judgement software attaching to the computer control system in a wheelset assembly machine is developed. The practical application shows that the software’s judgement accuracy is up to 99.4%. Compared with artificial approach, the accuracy, reliability and efficiency of the new judgement method all improve greatly. It also avoids influences of personal factors and makes great sense to the assurance of press-fit quality and transportation security.
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Williamson, Jon. "DELIBERATION, JUDGEMENT AND THE NATURE OF EVIDENCE." Economics and Philosophy 31, no. 1 (February 19, 2015): 27–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026626711400039x.
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Abstract:A normative Bayesian theory of deliberation and judgement requires a procedure for merging the evidence of a collection of agents. In order to provide such a procedure, one needs to ask what the evidence is that grounds Bayesian probabilities. After finding fault with several views on the nature of evidence (the views that evidence is knowledge; that evidence is whatever is fully believed; that evidence is observationally set credence; that evidence is information), it is argued that evidence is whatever is rationally taken for granted. This view is shown to have consequences for an account of merging evidence, and it is argued that standard axioms for merging need to be altered somewhat.
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Elizar, Elizar. "Two-Level Model of Attitudes and Beliefs Influencing Higher Order Thinking (HOT) Skills in Mathematics." Bolema: Boletim de Educação Matemática 35, no. 70 (May 2021): 1034–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-4415v35n70a22.
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Abstract This article focuses on a two-level model analysis of attitudes and beliefs affecting students’ higher order thinking (HOT) skills in mathematics in Aceh, Indonesia. The data used are nested within the hierarchical ordering of both student (level 1) and teacher (level 2). The variables used at level 1 in the study include liking mathematics, valuing mathematics, confidence in mathematics, and individual judgement of mathematics ability, as well as beliefs concerning mathematics related to lower order thinking (LOT) and higher order thinking (HOT). The variables at level 2 involve beliefs concerning mathematics teaching related to LOT and beliefs concerning mathematics teaching related to HOT. The analysis reveals that there are four variables at level 1 contributing to student HOT skills in mathematics: liking mathematics, individual judgement of mathematics ability, beliefs concerning mathematics related to LOT, and beliefs concerning mathematics related to HOT. At level 2, the one variable affecting student HOT skills in mathematics is teacher beliefs concerning mathematics related to HOT.
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Leruth, Benjamin, and Gerry Stoker. "Improving the political judgement of citizens: why the task environment matters." Policy & Politics 48, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 381–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/030557320x15837138808157.
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Internal political efficacy (that is, beliefs about one’s ability to process and participate effectively in politics) is known to be shaped by factors such as levels of interest in politics, trust in institutions and awareness of political developments and debates. In this article, we show that the task environment also has an impact on internal political efficacy, and that little research has been done on this issue. We draw on data from focus groups in Australia, where citizens were asked to make political judgements in contrasting task environments: state elections and the 2017 same-sex marriage plebiscite. We examine four features of task environments: framing choice; issue content; the nature of available cues; and whether the task environment stimulates cognitive effort. We conclude that concerns about the internal political efficacy of voters should be addressed by exploring how the task environment created for political choice might be made more amenable in order to improve the political judgement of citizens.
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Molina, Eduardo A. "Juicio, ley y aplicación en Kant. Un problema central de la "Crítica de la facultad de juzgar"." Anuario Filosófico 40, no. 3 (September 18, 2018): 673–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15581/009.40.29253.
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In this article I study Kant's doctrine of the power of judgement
(aesthetic and theological). I focus on its main function of rendering
possible the transition from the lawfulness of nature to the
realization of practical ends. In order to do so, I analyze the
concept of “spontaneity” and the principle of “purposiveness of
nature”, understood as a “principle of contingency”, according to
Kant's explanation in the Critique of the Power of Judgement.
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Mudde, Saskia E., Anna M. Upton, Anne Lenaerts, Hannelore I. Bax, and Jurriaan E. M. De Steenwinkel. "Delamanid or pretomanid? A Solomonic judgement!" Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 77, no. 4 (January 28, 2022): 880–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkab505.
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Abstract Given the low treatment success rates of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB), novel TB drugs are urgently needed. The landscape of TB treatment has changed considerably over the last decade with the approval of three new compounds: bedaquiline, delamanid and pretomanid. Of these, delamanid and pretomanid belong to the same class of drugs, the nitroimidazoles. In order to close the knowledge gap on how delamanid and pretomanid compare with each other, we summarize the main findings from preclinical research on these two compounds. We discuss the compound identification, mechanism of action, drug resistance, in vitro activity, in vivo pharmacokinetic profiles, and preclinical in vivo activity and efficacy. Although delamanid and pretomanid share many similarities, several differences could be identified. One finding of particular interest is that certain Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates have been described that are resistant to either delamanid or pretomanid, but with preserved susceptibility to the other compound. This might imply that delamanid and pretomanid could replace one another in certain regimens. Regarding bactericidal activity, based on in vitro and preclinical in vivo activity, delamanid has lower MICs and higher mycobacterial load reductions at lower drug concentrations and doses compared with pretomanid. However, when comparing in vivo preclinical bactericidal activity at dose levels equivalent to currently approved clinical doses based on drug exposure, this difference in activity between the two compounds fades. However, it is important to interpret these comparative results with caution knowing the variability inherent in preclinical in vitro and in vivo models.
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Tiippana, Kaisa, and Viljami R. Salmela. "Stimulus duration has little effect on auditory, visual and audiovisual temporal order judgement." Experimental Brain Research 236, no. 5 (February 26, 2018): 1273–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-018-5218-2.
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Ostrognay, Gabrielle M., and Janice Langan-Fox. "Moderating Effects of Processing Objective, Question Order and Delay on Memory and Judgement." International Journal of Selection and Assessment 4, no. 4 (October 1996): 195–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2389.1996.tb00054.x.
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Dowding, Dawn, Russell Gurbutt, Monica Murphy, Margaret Lascelles, Alan Pearman, and Barbara Summers. "Conceptualising decision making in nursing education." Journal of Research in Nursing 17, no. 4 (July 2012): 348–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1744987112449963.
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The ability to exhibit sound judgement and decision-making skills is a fundamental requirement of undergraduate nursing curricula. In order to acquire such skills, students need to develop critical thinking ability, as well as an understanding of how judgements and decisions are reached in complex healthcare environments. The use of techniques such as problem-based learning, simulation and feedback has been hypothesised to help with the development of critical thinking skills. In addition, a curriculum that incorporates teaching on different ways in which judgements and decisions are reached can potentially help students identify how to avoid errors and mistakes in their clinical practice. Feedback has been shown to be a powerful tool to help with developing decision-making skills; evidence for other approaches to teaching critical thinking and decision-making skills is currently limited. This paper reviews theoretical concepts that provide a framework for decision making in nursing, as well as methods by which it can be taught.
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Constable, Merryn D., Timothy N. Welsh, Greg Huffman, and Jay Pratt. "I before U: Temporal order judgements reveal bias for self-owned objects." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 3 (March 12, 2018): 589–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818762010.
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A multitude of studies demonstrate that self-relevant stimuli influence attention. Self-owned objects are a special class of self-relevant stimuli. If a self-owned object can indeed be characterised as a self-relevant stimulus then, consistent with theoretical predictions, a behavioural effect of ownership on attention should be present. To test this prediction, a task was selected that is known to be particularly sensitive measure of the prioritisation of visual information: the temporal order judgement. Participants completed temporal order judgements with pictures of “own” and “experimenter” owned objects (mugs) presented on either side of a central fixation cross. There was a variable onset delay between each picture, ranging between 0 ms and 105 ms, and participants were asked to indicate which mug appeared first. The results indicated a reliable change in the point of subjective simultaneity (PSS) in favour of their own mug. Such a change in the PSS was not observed for two groups of participants who were exposed to a mug but did not keep the mug. A further experiment indicated that the source of the bias in PSS was more consistent with a criterion shift or top-down attentional prioritisation rather than a perceptual bias. These findings suggest that ownership, beyond mere-touch, mere-choice, or familiarity, leads to prioritised processing and responses, but the mechanism underlying the effect is not likely to be perceptual in nature.
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Maryani, Ika, Rifky Hanifah, Siwi Purwanti, and Rafael Onate. "Analysis of Fifth Graders’ Higher Order Thinking Skills in Studying Human and Animal Respiratory Organs." Profesi Pendidikan Dasar 8, no. 1 (July 13, 2021): 15–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/ppd.v8i1.13064.
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Background: Higher order thinking skills (HOTS) are crucial for students to face the 21st century development. This study aimed to determine higher order thinking skills of the fifth graders at Muhammadiyah elementary school in Demangan and Baitussalam II Islamic elementary school in solving questions on human and animal respiratory organs.Method: A descriptive quantitative approach was employed. It included survey and ex-post factor designs. The research data were collected using tests.Result: The participants of the study achieved medium scores on three categories of HOTS. Thirty nine percent of Ibnu Thufail fifth graders achieved a medium score on judgement and critical thinking, 48% of Ibnu Rusdy fifth graders obtained a medium score on similar category, and 42% of the Muhammadiyah fifth graders got low scores on judgement and critical thinking. Meanwhile in problem-solving, 43% students were in medium category, 39% in low category, and 32% in medium category. Forty eight percent of the students obtained medium scores and 52% achieved poor scores.Implications: The research findings imply that students’ HOTS in natural science need to be improved. Novelty: The present study revealed students’ HOTS based on judgment and critical thinking, problem solving, logic and reasoning skills.
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Calcagno, Antonio. "Hannah Arendt and Augustine of Hippo : On the Pleasure of and Desire for Evil*." Articles spéciaux 66, no. 2 (November 2, 2010): 371–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/044846ar.
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Hannah Arendt wrote two volumes on thinking and willing in The Life of the Mind, but due to her untimely death her work devoted to judgement, especially political judgement, was never completed. We do, however, have a significant amount of writings on this theme as evidenced by her lectures on Kant’s Third Critique. Judgement and thinking are critical in order to prevent what Arendt calls the “banality of evil”. Drawing on Augustine and Arendt’s work on Augustine, this paper seeks to argue that another form of serious evil has its root in what Augustine calls the libido habendi and the libido dominandi, the desire or drive to dominate and possess. It will be argued that Arendt’s solution to the problem of evil as banal can also be applied to the very human desire and pleasure to cause or inflict evil.
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Zhang, Shi Lei, Shao Feng Chen, Huan Ding Wang, and Wei Wang. "Evaluating Identification Indices on Damage Detection by a Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process." Advanced Materials Research 163-167 (December 2010): 2934–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.2934.
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In order to evaluate the identification precision and the computational efficiency of identification indices on damage detection and provide a reasonable basis to choose identification indices for deeply developing structural damage identification, a fuzzy analytical hierarchy process is used to comprehensive analyse and assess nine kinds of identification indices. By establishing the mathematical relationship between the precedence relation matrix and the fuzzy judgement matrix, the consistency of the judgement matrix in analytical hierarchy process is effectively improved. Using above methods and based on three evaluation standards that include mean error, network scale and measuring difficulty , a fuzzy hierarchy to assess identification indices is set up. On the basis of the fuzzy judgement matrix, the performance of nine kinds of identification indices is ranked. Empirical results show that deflection, first modal shape and fundamental frequency are more suitable for identification indices than other indices. And a fuzzy judgement matrix can be established only using the relative relationship between identification indices in the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process. Thus, the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process can be convenient extended to evaluate other identification indices and effectively improve the identification precision and the computational efficiency on damage detection.
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Smith, Matthew J., Iain Greenlees, and Andrew Manley. "Influence of order effects and mode of judgement on assessments of ability in sport." Journal of Sports Sciences 27, no. 7 (May 2009): 745–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640410902939647.
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Swanepoel, M. G. "Esegiël 16: Weggooikind, spogbruid of ontroue vrou?" Verbum et Ecclesia 11, no. 1 (July 18, 1990): 82–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve.v11i1.1014.
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Ezekiel 16: Abandoned child, bride adorned or unfaithful wife? Ezekiel 16:1-63 uses different metaphors in bringing its message home. For instance it uses the shocking metaphor of immorality in order to eliminate the false confidence in human merit. We find Yahweh in this text as an outraged and exasperated lover. The pendulum swings in Ezekiel 16. metaphorically, from an abandoned child of suspect parentage (judgement) to ceremonies of fetching the bride (restoration); from a wedding (restoration) to a prostitute who pays her lovers (judgement); and from the disgraceful conduct of her daughters (judgement) to a new everlasting covenant (restoration). This is a mirror image from life with a meaning for life. Opposites meet in this text: Here is magnificent mercy, regardless of filth and vileness; and then the love of Yahweh in spite of the evil of man. The purpose: A new understanding and appreciation of Yahweh.
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Bailey, Susan. "Decision Making in Health Care: limitations of the substituted judgement principle." Nursing Ethics 9, no. 5 (September 2002): 483–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0969733002ne538oa.
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The substituted judgement principle is often recommended as a means of promoting the self-determination of an incompetent individual when proxy decision makers are faced with having to make decisions about health care. This article represents a critical ethical analysis of this decision-making principle and describes practical impediments that serve to undermine its fundamental purpose. These impediments predominantly stem from the informality associated with the application of the substituted judgement principle. It is recommended that the principles upon which decisions are made about health care for another person should be transparent to all those involved in the process. Furthermore, the substituted judgement principle requires greater rigour in its practical application than currently tends to be the case. It may be that this principle should be subsumed as a component of advance directives in order that it fulfils its aim of serving to respect the self-determination of incompetent individuals.
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Majkowska-Szulc, Sylwia. "Tarcza Prywatności UE–USA po kolizji w „bezpiecznej przystani”. Zakres ochrony prywatności po wyroku w sprawie C-362/14 Schrems." Przegląd Prawa i Administracji 107 (April 4, 2017): 181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1134.107.10.
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EU–U.S. PRIVACY SHIELD AFTER A COLLISION IN THE “SAFE HARBOUR”. THE SCOPE OF PRIVACY PROTECTION AFTER THE JUDGEMENT IN THE C-362/14 SCHREMS CASETransfer of personal data is an essential element of the transatlantic trade relationship, because the EU and the United States are for each other the most important trading partners. Data transfers increasingly form an integral part of their commercial exchanges. The Court of Justice of the European Union ruling of 6 October 2015 in case C-362/14 Schrems reaffirmed the importance of the fundamental right to the protection of personal data, as enshrined in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU, including the situation when such data are transferred outside the EU. In the wake of the hereinabove judgement the transatlantic data transfer has been regulated anew. European Commission has launched EU-U.S. Privacy Shield in order to ensure stronger protection for transatlantic data flows. This article aims to analyse the importance and results of the above-mentioned judgement.
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Davies, William. "Elite Power under Advanced Neoliberalism." Theory, Culture & Society 34, no. 5-6 (June 22, 2017): 227–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276417715072.
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The financial crisis, and associated scandals, created a sense of a juridical deficit with regard to the financial sector. Forms of independent judgement within the sector appeared compromised, while judgement over the sector seemed unattainable. Elites, in the classical Millsian sense of those taking tacitly coordinated ‘big decisions’ over the rest of the public, seemed absent. This article argues that the eradication of jurisdictional elites is an effect of neoliberalism, as articulated most coherently by Hayek. It characterizes the neoliberal project as an effort to elevate ‘unconscious’ processes over ‘conscious’ ones, which in practice means elevating cybernetic, non-human systems and processes over discursive spheres of politics and judgement. Yet such a system still produces its own types of elite power, which come to consist in acts of translation, rather than judgement. Firstly, there are ‘cyborg intermediaries’: elites which operate largely within the system of codes, data, screens and prices. Secondly, there are ‘diplomatic intermediaries’: elites who come to narrate and justify what markets (and associated technologies and bodies) are ‘saying’. The paper draws on Lazzarato’s work on signifying vs asignifying semiotics in order to articulate this, and concludes by considering the types of elite crisis which these forms of power tend to produce.
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Davies, Bethan L. "Evaluating evaluations: What different types of metapragmatic behaviour can tell us about participants’ understandings of the moral order." Journal of Politeness Research 14, no. 1 (February 23, 2018): 121–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pr-2017-0037.
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Abstract Participant evaluations have been at the heart of recent discursive (im)politeness research, yet despite their importance, there has been little consideration of how we identify such behaviours and how we can substantiate their worth in an analysis. In this paper, it is proposed that we need to distinguish between different, ordered, categories of evaluation because these provide different levels of evidence for participants’ understandings of (im)politeness. Using online comments from Daily Mail articles relating to the Penelope Soto court hearings, I show that apparent agreements in the classification of linguistic behaviour as (im)polite can mask disagreements in the underlying rationales for those judgements. It is these rationales that provide the strongest warrant for analysts because they represent the ideological basis behind an individual’s understanding of politeness – why people should behave in this way. This links to Haugh’s (2013) use of ‘moral order’ and also Eelen’s (2001) key, but underdeveloped, notion of argumentativity. The rationale behind an individual’s judgement provides the argumentative link between metapragmatic behaviour and the social order. Classifications and positive/negative assessments of person are only clues to this underlying rationale, and need to be treated as such. Understanding these differences will assist analysts in assessing the ideological weight of metapragmatic behaviour and provide better-informed warrants for their analyses.
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Sinclair, Timothy J. "Passing judgement: Credit rating processes as regulatory mechanisms of governance in the emerging world order." Review of International Political Economy 1, no. 1 (March 1994): 133–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09692299408434271.
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Aimiuwu, Ehi E. "Enhancing Social Justice: A Virtual Reality and Artificial Intelligence Model." International Journal of Technology in Education and Science 6, no. 1 (January 15, 2022): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.46328/ijtes.331.
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CDC.gov (2020) shows that the coronavirus (COVID-19) has exposed the cost of an unjust law enforcement and judicial system against minorities. Non-Asian minorities, who are usually the poor with health issues, have been the most negatively affected by COVID-19. The aim of this study is to explain through a literature review how virtual reality (VR) and artificial intelligence (AI) can be used to enhance social justice in order to eradicate the biases that deny targeted people access to resources or freedom through the judicial system. Research shows that VR is excellent for capturing multi-dimensional and multisensory videos, sounds, and pictures that can help police and judges to conclude exactly what happened. Also, AI can help to match an incident to past cases or use rules of expert systems to predict judgement for new cases, in order for every person to receive the same judgement and sentencing as a white person involved in a similar incident.
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Redding, Paul. "Hegel’s Treatment of Predication Considered in the Light of a Logic for the Actual World." Hegel Bulletin 40, no. 1 (March 6, 2018): 51–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/hgl.2018.4.
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AbstractOne prominent feature of analytic metaphysics in the second half of the twentieth century was the revival of metaphysical debate over modality, and in this paper I suggest that a particular position that emerged within this debate, ‘modal actualism’, bears a striking resemblance to the way that Hegel discusses modal notions in the final chapter of Book 2 of the Science of Logic, ‘Wirklichkeit’ or ‘Actuality’. Modal actualists opposed David Lewis’s counter-intuitive claims about the existence of alternate possible worlds, and aimed to reconcile the reality of alternate possibilities with the common-sense idea of the actual world as all there is. Like Hegel in the chapter ‘Actuality’, they thus argue that possible alternatives to the actual world must, somehow, exist within the actual world. Here I approach these issues via the ideas of John N. Findlay who, in the 1950s, had attempted to reintroduce Hegel into an Anglophone philosophical culture, but who also influenced the later development of modal actualism via his influence on the modal logician, Arthur Prior. Like certain actualists, Findlay distinguished between two modes of predication in order to distinguish, but relate, judgements about the actual from those about the possible. This predicative dualism is strikingly similar to the way Hegel distinguishes two types of predication in his treatment of judgement in Book 3 of the Science of Logic. Reading Hegel’s dualistic account of judgement structure against this background enables us to see how it was meant to provide a logical framework for the ‘actualist’ metaphysics he earlier sketched in the chapter, ‘Actuality’.
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Vaccaro, Anthony G., and Stephen M. Fleming. "Thinking about thinking: A coordinate-based meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies of metacognitive judgements." Brain and Neuroscience Advances 2 (January 2018): 239821281881059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2398212818810591.
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Metacognition supports reflection upon and control of other cognitive processes. Despite metacognition occupying a central role in human psychology, its neural substrates remain underdetermined, partly due to study-specific differences in task domain and type of metacognitive judgement under study. It is also unclear how metacognition relates to other apparently similar abilities that depend on recursive thought such as theory of mind or mentalising. Now that neuroimaging studies of metacognition are more prevalent, we have an opportunity to characterise consistencies in neural substrates identified across different analysis types and domains. Here we used quantitative activation likelihood estimation methods to synthesise findings from 47 neuroimaging studies on metacognition, divided into categories based on the target of metacognitive evaluation (memory and decision-making), analysis type (judgement-related activation, confidence-related activation, and predictors of metacognitive sensitivity), and, for metamemory judgements, temporal focus (prospective and retrospective). A domain-general network, including medial and lateral prefrontal cortex, precuneus, and insula was associated with the level of confidence in self-performance in both decision-making and memory tasks. We found preferential engagement of right anterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in metadecision experiments and bilateral parahippocampal cortex in metamemory experiments. Results on metacognitive sensitivity were inconclusive, likely due to fewer studies reporting this contrast. Finally, by comparing our results to meta-analyses of mentalising, we obtain evidence for common engagement of the ventromedial and anterior dorsomedial prefrontal cortex in both metacognition and mentalising, suggesting that these regions may support second-order representations for thinking about the thoughts of oneself and others.
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Clamp, Philip J., Gemma Malpas, Katrina A. Mason, and Charles E. Giddings. "Surgeons in training – a financial burden or benefit to NHS trusts?" Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 93, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/147363511x545609.
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Surgical training is a form of apprenticeship. Trainees work alongside established specialists in order to acquire the knowledge, technical skills and judgement required to practise surgery. This training is undertaken within the NHS and runs concomitantly with a service commitment to the clinical care delivered by the surgical team.
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Staudinger, Ursula M. "Older and Wiser? Integrating Results on the Relationship between Age and Wisdom-related Performance." International Journal of Behavioral Development 23, no. 3 (September 1999): 641–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/016502599383739.
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Evidence from a psychological approach to the study of wisdom is reviewed with regard to the relationship between age and wisdom. Between 20 and 75 years, age has been demonstrated to show a zero relation with wisdom-related knowledge and judgement. A complex pattern of person characteristics and experiential features have to coalesce in order for wisdom to emerge. However, it is not only growing experience that (on average) comes with age but also decreases in basic intellectual functioning and changes in the personality make-up that seem to undermine rather than facilitate the development of wisdom-related knowledge and judgement. However, there is also some evidence indicating that under certain supportive conditions it may indeed be older people who hold the greatest potential for wisdom.
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Ameh, John Oko, and Koleola Tunwase Odusami. "Nigerian Building Professionals’ Ethical Ideology and Perceived Ethical Judgement." Construction Economics and Building 10, no. 3 (October 28, 2010): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ajceb.v10i3.1602.
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In recent years, Nigeria is often cited in the international media in connection with corruption and other unethical practices. The professionals in the Nigerian building industry are not immune from the national trend in ethical erosion. Moral philosophy or ethical ideology has been used to explain individuals’ reasoning about moral issues and consequent behaviour. This study examines building industry professionals’ ethical ideologies with a view to understanding their ethical behaviour in professional practice. In carrying out this investigation, building professionals in clients’ organisations, contracting and consultancy organisations within the industry were asked to respond to the Ethics Position Questionnaire (EPQ) designed by Forsyth in order to determine their idealism and relativism level. Subsequently, they were classified into one of four groups, representing different ethical ideologies. The result indicates that the dominant ethical ideology of building industry professionals is situationism. The study predicts that the attitude of building industry professionals in practice, given the current socio-political and economic situation of Nigeria would possibly be unethical because of the extreme influence situational factors have on their behaviour. This finding is a bold step and necessary benchmark for resolving ethical issues within the industry and should be of interest to policy makers. It is also useful for intra professional ethical comparison.
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Lin, Yidong, Jinjin Li, Shujiao Liao, Jia Zhang, and Jinghua Liu. "Reduction of fuzzy-crisp concept lattice based on order-class matrix." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 39, no. 5 (November 19, 2020): 8001–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-201485.
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Knowledge reduction is one of critical problems in data mining and information processing. It can simplify the structure of the lattice during the construction of fuzzy-crisp concept lattice. In terms of fuzzy-crisp concept, we develop an order-class matrix to represent extents and intents of concepts, respectively. In order to improve the computing efficiency, it is necessary to reduce the size of lattices as much as possible. Therefore the judgement theorem of meet-irreducible elements is proposed. To deal with attribute reductions, we develop a discernibility Boolean matrix in formal fuzzy contexts by preserving extents of meet-irreducible elements via order-class matrix. A heuristic attribute-reduction algorithm is proposed. Then we extend the proposed model to consistent formal fuzzy decision contexts. Our methods present a new framework for knowledge reduction in formal fuzzy contexts.
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Kizach, Johannes. "Production of the double object construction: An experiment." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 40, no. 3 (October 30, 2017): 373–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s033258651700018x.
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In the double object construction (e.g.the man gave the woman some flowers) a preference has been observed for placing definite arguments before indefinite arguments when both appear post-verbally. In Danish it has been reported that examples with the indefinite–definite order are read more slowly than those with the definite–indefinite order in speeded acceptability judgement tasks, and they are less frequent in corpus texts. This short communication presents a memory recall experiment showing that the preference observed in comprehension and written production is also observed in on-line oral production. Participants produce definite–indefinite orders when attempting to recall definite–indefinite orders in 95% of the cases, but when attempting to recall indefinite–definite orders they alter the definiteness of one or both of the arguments and produce indefinite–definite orders only in 6% of the cases.
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Callanan, John J. "Normativity and the Acquisition of the Categories." Hegel Bulletin 32, no. 1-2 (2011): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263523200000148.
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It is quite common when explicating the nature of Kant's break with the preceding Early Modern tradition to cite his attitude towards the acquisition and deployment of concepts. It is claimed that Kant sought to distinguish two tasks that had become unfortunately intertwined and conflated — explaining how we come to acquire our concepts on the one hand and showing how we are justified in deploying them in judgement on the other. This conflation can be expressed in terms of a conflation of the natural and the normative, of descriptive and prescriptive questions. The topic of the conditions ofconcept-possession, i.e. how we have come to possess the concepts that we do, is an entirely psychological inquiry, involving ‘natural’ descriptive inquiries. The topic ofconcept-deployment, the story about how we use our concepts in veridical judgements about the world, is an entirely philosophical question, since it involves the question of how weoughtto deploy those concepts in judgement. The fundamental distinction between the natural and the normative is drawn by Kant, it is claimed, in order to distinguish these two practices of acquisition and deployment.The manner in which this claim is expressed is through Kant's distinction between the question of fact (quaestio facti) and the question of right (quaestio juris). I want to claim that a proper understanding of this distinction doesn't support this notion of Kant's ‘normative turn’. In fact, the distinction is best understood within an interpretation whereby Kant is understood as continuing to endorse the Early Modern conviction that the provision of a concept's possession-conditionsissufficient to determine that concept's deployment-conditions, and that the task of the Transcendental Deduction is to determine thepossession-conditions for the Categories.
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Oftestad, Eivor Andersen. "How to Live in order to Die to Salvation? the Judgement Scene and Early Modern Danish Funeral Sermons." Journal of Early Modern Christianity 5, no. 2 (November 27, 2018): 173–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jemc-2018-0010.
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Abstract How to be counted among the saved on Doomsday? This article presents the emergence of Danish funeral works in the sixteenth century through a case study of Niels Hemmingsen’s sermon for Herluff Trolle (1565). It discusses in particular the theological function of the charitable deeds in the funeral biography for Trolle, and argues that the preacher’s motivation for presenting these deeds was more than the dynastic interests of the noble families. The frame of the emergence of the genre, as well as the particular emphasis on charitable deeds, is the expectation of Judgement Day.
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Borgolte, Anna, Ahmad Bransi, Johanna Seifert, Sermin Toto, Gregor R. Szycik, and Christopher Sinke. "Audiovisual Simultaneity Judgements in Synaesthesia." Multisensory Research 34, no. 7 (May 12, 2021): 681–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-bja10050.
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Abstract Synaesthesia is a multimodal phenomenon in which the activation of one sensory modality leads to an involuntary additional experience in another sensory modality. To date, normal multisensory processing has hardly been investigated in synaesthetes. In the present study we examine processes of audiovisual separation in synaesthesia by using a simultaneity judgement task. Subjects were asked to indicate whether an acoustic and a visual stimulus occurred simultaneously or not. Stimulus onset asynchronies (SOA) as well as the temporal order of the stimuli were systematically varied. Our results demonstrate that synaesthetes are better in separating auditory and visual events than control subjects, but only when vision leads.
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Bouchoucha, Stephane L., and Kathleen A. Moore. "Infection prevention and control: Who is the judge, you or the guidelines?" Journal of Infection Prevention 19, no. 3 (November 3, 2017): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757177417738332.
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Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore the attitudes and behaviours of registered nurses and their colleagues around the adoption of standard precautions in order to determine strategies to promote adherence. Design: A qualitative exploratory descriptive design used interviews and focus group to collect data. Setting: Registered nurses and registered midwifes from a tertiary metropolitan hospital took part in the study. Participants: A voluntary sample of 29 adults was recruited from the Australian nursing (n = 25) and midwifery (n = 4) workforce. There were six men (mean age = 36.83 years; SD = 8.93) and 23 women (mean age = 41.36 years; SD = 10.25). Participants were recruited through advertisement on notice boards and emails from unit managers. Results: Thematic analysis revealed five themes but the focus here is on staff judgements which are against the guidelines. Participants indicated that where in their judgement the patient posed no risk and they judged themselves skilled in the procedure, they were justified in deviating from the guidelines. Some staff judgements appeared to be self-protecting, while others were irrational and inconsistent. Conclusions: Despite use of standard precautions being mandated, staff often deviated from them based on their own assessment of the situation or the patient. Any deviance from the guidelines is of concern but especially so when staff take it upon themselves to apply their own criteria or judgements. These results also suggest there may be some organisational inadequacies with regards to training and supervision of staff.