Academic literature on the topic 'Order judgement'
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Journal articles on the topic "Order judgement"
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Harrison, Róisín Elaine, Martin Giesel, and Constanze Hesse. "Temporal-order judgement task suggests chronological action representations in motor experts and non-experts." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 11 (July 6, 2020): 1879–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820936982.
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Motor priming studies have suggested that human movements are mentally represented in the order in which they usually occur (i.e., chronologically). In this study, we investigated whether we could find evidence for these chronological representations using a paradigm which has frequently been employed to reveal biases in the perceived temporal order of events—the temporal-order judgement task. We used scrambled and unscrambled images of early and late movement phases from an everyday action sequence (“stepping”) and an expert action sequence (“sprinting”) to examine whether participants’ mental representations of actions would bias their temporal-order judgements. In addition, we explored whether motor expertise mediated the size of temporal-order judgement biases by comparing the performances of sprinting experts with those of non-experts. For both action types, we found significant temporal-order judgement biases for all participants, indicating that there was a tendency to perceive images of human action sequences in their natural order, independent of motor expertise. Although there was no clear evidence that sprinting experts showed larger biases for sprinting action sequences than non-experts, considering sports expertise in a broader sense provided some tentative evidence for the idea that temporal-order judgement biases may be mediated by more general motor and/or perceptual familiarity with the running action rather than specific motor expertise.
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Liddle, Elizabeth B., Georgina M. Jackson, Chris Rorden, and Stephen R. Jackson. "Lateralized temporal order judgement in dyslexia." Neuropsychologia 47, no. 14 (December 2009): 3244–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.08.007.
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Hanada, Mitsuhiko, and Yoshimichi Ejima. "Heading judgement from second-order motion." Vision Research 40, no. 24 (October 2000): 3319–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0042-6989(00)00186-3.
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Gupta, Vishal. "Comparative Performance of Contradictory and Non-Contradictory Judgement Matrices in AHP Under Qualitative and Quantitative Metrics." International Journal of Decision Support System Technology 10, no. 1 (January 2018): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdsst.2018010102.
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Over the years, although AHP has proved its success in various diverse fields, many authors in the literature have also shown its shortcomings, often called as criticisms of AHP. One such criticism is allowing the consideration of contradictory judgement matrices. Such matrices violate the principle of ordinal transitivity and thus there does not exist any ranking of corresponding decision elements which satisfy all the judgements. In this paper, the results of our investigation towards measuring this criticism are further explored and discussed by comparing the quality of priority vector of contradictory judgement matrices and non-contradictory judgement matrices under Rank Reversals and the common frame work of “aggregated deviation”. The results further strengthen the notion of contradictory judgement matrices as a strong criticism of AHP for higher order judgement matrices and necessitate some proper avoidance (if not elimination) procedure for them.
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Hopp, Holger. "Constraining second language word order optionality: scrambling in advanced English-German and Japanese-German interlanguage." Second Language Research 21, no. 1 (January 2005): 34–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0267658305sr246oa.
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This study documents knowledge of UG-mediated aspects of optionality in word order in the second language (L2) German of advanced English and Japanese speakers ( n = 39). A bimodal grammaticality judgement task, which controlled for context and intonation, was administered to probe judgements on a set of scrambling, topicalization and remnant movement constructions. Given first language (L1) differences and Poverty of the Stimulus, English and Japanese learners face distinct learnability challenges. Assuming Minimalist grammatical architecture (Chomsky, 1995), convergence on the target language would entail the unimpaired availability of Universal Grammar (UG), i.e., computational principles and functional features beyond their L1 instantiation. Irrespective of L1, the L2 groups are found to establish systematic native-like relative distinctions. In addition, L1 transfer effects are attested for judgements on scrambling. It is argued that these findings imply that interlanguage grammars are fully UG constrained, whilst initially informed by L1 properties.
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Pickersgill, Mary J., John D. Valentine, and Geoffrey Hart. "Reliabilities of Human Judgements: Measurements from Photographic CT Scan Images." Psychological Reports 82, no. 1 (February 1998): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.82.1.171.
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Studies of brain lesions are generally dependent on human judgement for identification and possibly for measurement, but estimates of reliability are frequently neglected. The present study involves three investigations based on X-ray CT scans into reliabilities of human judgements: (1) the areas of brain lesions identified over two occasions by a single judge, (2) brain areas based on the projections of scans by a second judge over two occasions, and (3) brain areas computed from brain outlines by two independent judges. Errors decreased geometrically over procedures in the order listed, reflecting the decreasing complexity of judgement involved. Nevertheless, all three reliabilities proved satisfactory, showing that these procedures may be applied consistently over occasions and between raters. This was reassuring since computerization is currently practicable only in (2) and (3), where errors were least. Although not always performed, reliability checks are important, as indicated by the outlier, Case 10. Where there is a large discrepancy, seeking the reason(s), with a view to standardizing the criteria of judgement, is preferable to automatic averaging, both as a safeguard in individual cases and also to estimate error of measurement in group studies. To assist decision in any particular instance as to whether averaging is an acceptable solution, a statistical rule of thumb is proposed for testing the significance of the difference between two judgements.
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Brodo, Linda, and Enrico Grosso. "On the Complexity of Visual Judgement of Kinship." i-Perception 10, no. 3 (May 2019): 204166951984164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041669519841642.
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Discrimination of close relatives is a basic ability of humans, with demonstrated and important consequences in social and sexual behaviours. In this article, we investigate the visual judgement of kinship, that is the process of discriminating relatives based on visual cues and, in particular, on facial resemblance. Starting from triplets of face stimuli, we focus on a simple two-alternative forced choice protocol and we ask participants to evaluate kinship, similarity, or dissimilarity. Response times of the participants performing these visual judgements are recorded and further analysed. The analysis can also benefit from previous findings on the adopted face data set; in particular, results are compared with reference to an independently generated and statistically reliable similarity index, which is available for each possible considered pair of images. Our results confirm previous findings stating that kinship and similarity judgements are closely related and take longer, on average, than dissimilarity judgement. Moreover, they confirm that similarity and dissimilarity cannot be considered just as opposite concepts, and strongly support the existence of different pathways for similarity and dissimilarity judgements. Concerning kinship judgements, results confirm the assumption, inherent in previous models, of a close relationship between cues signalling for kinship and cues signalling for similarity but suggest the existence of a more complex process, where dissimilarity cues need to be explicitly included in order to model measured effects. Our results reinforce the idea that modulation mechanisms between similarity and dissimilarity measures could explain selective suppression or enhancement effects reported in previous works. A new framework is thus proposed hypothesising that kinship recognition is the result of a balanced evaluation of both similar or dissimilar pathways.
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Singh, Virendra. "Constitutional Morality Stimulating the Social and Health Order Issues in India." Asian Review of Social Sciences 8, no. 2 (May 5, 2019): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arss-2019.8.2.1575.
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India attained the transitional phase of globalization around two decade back when the then (1991) existing government of India adapted the globalization policy. This could be considered as the impact of industrialization. But recently the nation has felt a paradigm change, when the judicial judgements shaked the minds of social scientists. Understanding of term “gender” was taken completely different from the social meaning it had. Always, it was considered that morals, values, folkways and mores were the source of law. But after discussed judgement on Navtej Singh Johar & Ors. …Petitioner(S) Versus Union Of India Thr. Secretary Ministry of Law And Justice(Section 377)& Shabrimala Case it is paradigm shift in the understanding as now it could be veracious to say that law has occupied the custody to replace the traditional social control devices or diplomacies.
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Kuliushin, Evgenii Nikolaevich. "Adoption of a judgement and exercising control of its performance by a court in administrative proceedings." SHS Web of Conferences 118 (2021): 03029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202111803029.
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The article examines the essence and content of the powers of the court of first instance to make a judgement and control its implementation in order to improve the effectiveness of judicial protection of violated rights of citizens and organisations against illegal acts of public law bodies, the correctness and timeliness of consideration and resolution of cases in public law disputes, prevention of violations in the area of public law relations, the possibility of reducing the burden on courts of first instance in various categories of public law disputes. The key focus is on the peculiarities of exercising by a court of powers to make court judgements and exercising control of their execution in public law disputes on the basis of historical-legal, comparative-legal and formal-legal methods of researching similar powers of courts in countries of the civil law system (France, Germany) and countries representing the common law system (England, USA), comparing the contents of the powers of the court in administrative proceedings in accordance with the Code of Administrative Procedure of the Russian Federation and the powers of the court in civil and arbitration proceedings. The use of historical-legal, comparative-legal and formal-legal methods for researching the content of powers to adopt a court judgement and exercise control over its execution made it possible to formulate conclusions regarding the scope of procedural actions of the court of first instance in administrative proceedings, the possibilities of improving the model for exercising judicial control over acts in public-legal authorities, correctness and timeliness of execution of court judgements taken against public law authorities in order to ensure that the weak side in administrative proceedings can be protected. The novelty of the work lies in the proof that in order to increase the effectiveness of the protection of the violated rights of individuals against unlawful acts of public authorities, it is necessary to improve the mechanism for the exercise by the court of powers to make a judgement and exercise control over implementing it.
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LILLY, WHITNEY. "Constitutive Reasons and the Suspension of Judgement." Dialogue 58, no. 2 (June 2019): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217319000027.
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This paper identifies a puzzle that emerges when recent work on the suspension of judgement is integrated with evidentialist solutions to the wrong kind of reasons problem: it looks like there is no such thing as a reason to suspend judgement. Two possible responses to this puzzle are considered: one recharacterizes the suspension of judgement as a mental action, and the other recharacterizes it as a second-order attitude. It is argued that these responses sidestep the puzzle only with unacceptable compromise to the view of suspension of judgement.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Order judgement"
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Bex-Priestley, Graham. "Higher-order expressivism : the dyadic nature of moral judgement." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/22540/.
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Moral judgements have a dyadic nature. Normally we experience some pressure to act in line with our moral judgements, even if it's regularly overcome by fear, selfishness, laziness, or other forces. This is evidence that moral judgements are desire-like, as expressivists contend. On the other hand, moral judgements also have the features of beliefs. They can be true or false, as cognitivists maintain, and justified and reasoned about in the way other beliefs are. Rather than deny one of these two aspects, this thesis is ultimately a defence of higher-order expressivism according to which moral judgements are hybrid mental states composed of beliefs and desires. However, only two of the chapters (2 and 3) contain arguments in favour of this specific kind of expressivism. The first chapter - What is Expressivism? - argues for a general characterisation that will be useful for friends and foes alike, and the final two chapters address problems that are common to all expressivists. After we find out what expressivism is, I turn to the problems with pure versions according to which moral judgements are only desire-like states. I argue in chapter 2, The Problem with Purity, that pure expressivists are unlikely to be able to solve the Frege-Geach problem but higher-order (and other hybrid) expressivists can. In chapter 3, Metaphysics for Expressivists, I make a case for the inescapability of metaphysics even on the expressivist picture, which puts more pressure on pure versions of expressivism. I then show why higher-order expressivists must think moral properties are reducible to bog-standard descriptive ones. I end by arguing that this expressivist take on moral naturalism is better than cognitivist versions of naturalism. Chapter 4 is about how to understand moral disagreement. If moral judgements are desire-like, why does it make sense to say that two people morally disagree? I propose An Assertoric Theory of Disagreement whereby people express disagreement by asserting inconsistent things (and the problem of inconsistency is addressed in chapter 2). Finally, chapter 5, Error and the Limits of Quasi-Realism, is about how to understand the thought that our moral beliefs might be mistaken. I defend the standard expressivist construal of it being a case of thinking we might change our minds after we've gathered more evidence, cohered our beliefs and generally improved our epistemic situation. I then argue this yields a transcendental argument against scepticism: it tells us that it is incoherent to believe we might be utterly unable to access the moral truth. The upshot is that expressivists cannot "mimic" realism completely, but if this simply means that our door is closed to radical scepticism whereas theirs is open, this is all the better for expressivism.
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Mullett, Timothy L. "Decision by sampling and rank order effects in value judgement and decision making." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2014. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14293/.
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This thesis uses the Decision by Sampling model as a basis for examining effects of rank order encoding in value judgement and preferential choice. A range of experiments are reported, and these employ a variety of methodologies including behavioural paradigms, eye tracking and functional MRI. The results show that when there are a relatively small number of values used during an experiment, participants encode utility based upon the rank order of a potential outcome within these values. By introducing different decision contexts where the experienced values have a positive or negative skew, an individual’s utility curve can be made concave and risk averse or convex and risk seeking. These different utility curves can be produced within the same individual and same task simply by providing a contextual cue for each trial. Two fMRI experiments demonstrate the neural systems underlying this phenomenon. The results show that all regions of the reward network encode reward as a function of the reward’s rank order within the current context. No region of the brain was found to encode a reward’s absolute financial value. Other experiments investigated choice and valuation in more complex decision environments. It was found that when the number of experienced values is significantly larger than working memory capacity DbS is a relatively poor predictor of behaviour. The Weighted ADDitive rule proved to be more accurate throughout. However, in multi-attribute choice experiments where one attribute had a manipulated distribution, individuals use and weighting of the attribute value was determined by rank order rather than its numerical value. The specific characteristics of this were found to be incompatible with an exemplar based model of recall and binary comparison to specific items. It was instead found to be compatible with non-exemplar, fuzzy trace theories of decision making which are based upon estimates of the distribution. Eye tracking during multi-attribute choice additionally shows that participants begin to attend more to their preferred choice as they near the point at which they respond. However, they do not attend more to the attributes which they weight more highly in their choices, questioning the validity of previous eye-tracking findings.
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Chan, Pui-yin Marcia. "The development of word order knowledge in Cantonese children studied through grammaticality judgement and correction /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36208711.
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Thesis (B.Sc)--University of Hong Kong, 1993."A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, April 30, 1993." Also available in print.
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Skarratt, Paul A. "Indexing the time course of attentional orienting using temporal order judgement, detection accuracy and orientation discrimination tasks." Thesis, Keele University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.406370.
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Sgambellone, Anthony James. "Use of Ranking Information From Unmeasured Units in Ranked Set and Judgement Post Stratified Samples." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1386001520.
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Kim, Sungjong. "Tongues, prophecy and the problem of judgement by outsiders : reading 1 Corinthians 14:20-25 in regular order." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/tongues-prophecy-and-the-problem-of-judgement-by-outsiders-reading-1-corinthians-142025-in-regular-order(9d3f0982-f9c9-43ad-bc5b-2541b866ab9a).html.
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The aim of this study is to evaluate and validate a possible reading of 1 Corinthians 14.20-25 in regular order. The main finding of this study can be summarized as follows. a. In a contradiction between 14.22 and 14.23-25, 14.22 is not Paul the Apostle’s logical mistake, but his pastoral wisdom to remedy a conflict between the strong and the weak within the divisions of the Corinthian church. Paul’s plan is for two or three to speak, with other believers weighing this, whereas, problematically, all are speaking and non-believers are judging. This contradicts the principle set out in 6.1-11. It also exacerbates the Corinthian divisions because the judgement of the non-believers will tend to favour the ‘strong’.b. The second finding is another interpretive possibility of tongue described in 1 Cor 14 as silent tongue. c. The third finding is a relationship between the Dead Sea Scrolls and the law of 1 Corinthians 14.21. This thesis explained on how this finding is related to a conflict between the strong and the weak centering around speaking in tongues. The results of this study indicate that 14.23-25 can be read as Paul the Apostle’s worry over the Corinthian church’s wrong application of the gifts of the Holy Spirit by which outsiders might judge believers’ speech and actions.
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Niechwiej-Szwedo, Ewa. "Manipulation of Afferent Feedback from Extraocular Muscles via Jendrassik Maneuver in Binocularly Intact Observers and Deafferented Patients: Effects on Vergence, Version and Higher Order Perceptual Judgements." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/17316.
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The central nervous system can use two extraretinal sources to stay informed about the position of the eyes in the orbit: outflow (efference copy) and inflow (afference). Palisade endings (PE), found at the myotendinous junction of the multiply innervated fibers of the global layer of extraocular muscles (EOM), are the putative receptors supplying the inflow eye position signal. Seminal neuroanatomical tracing studies identified a distinct set of non-twitch (NT) motoneurons whose activity does not add to the force used to move the eyes. It has been suggested that NT motoneurons could be involved in modulating the gain of sensory feedback from EOM analogous to the gamma-efferent fibres which control the sensitivity of muscle spindles in skeletal muscles. The goal of this thesis was to test the above hypothesis in humans using behavioural and psychophysical approaches. Jendrassik Maneuver (JM), which is a forceful muscle contraction that facilitates the amplitude of all spinal and brainstem reflexes, was used to manipulate afferent feedback. The facilitation is most likely due to a general up-regulation of the gamma system. It was hypothesized that if NT motoneurons are analogous to gamma motoneurons, the JM should also increase the activity of NT neurons and alter the afferent feedback from PE. As hypothesized, the JM perturbation altered registered vergence eye position when binocularly intact observers localized targets in depth but did not affect localization in the frontal plane associated with saccades. Patients with congenital strabismus who have had surgeries on their EOM were not affected by the JM perturbation. In contrast to the hypotheses, the JM did not affect higher order perceptual judgments (size and depth constancies). Overall, these studies provide insight into the putative mechanism involved in the control of sensory feedback from EOM. In particular, the NT motoneurons might be involved in parametric adjustment of the proprioceptive feedback loops to match the demands of different types of eye movements. Understanding the role of proprioceptive feedback loops could have important clinical implications for surgical treatment of strabismus.
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Nicholson, Caroline Margaret Anne. "Recognition and enforcement of foreign custody orders and the associated problem of international parental kidnapping : a model for South Africa." 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/17579.
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Within the context of recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments the recognition and enforcement of foreign custody orders is unique. By reason of the fact that custody orders are always modifiable "in the best interests of the child" they cannot be regarded as final orders and
are thus not capable of recognition and enforcement on the same basis as final orders.
The failure of courts to afford foreign custody orders recognition and enforcement in the normal course has created the potential for a person deprived of the custody of a child to remove the child from the jurisdiction of a court rendering a custody order to another jurisdiction within which he or she may seek a new, more favourable order. This potential for behaviour in contempt of an existing order has been exploited by numerous parents who feel aggrieved by custody orders. The problem of parental child snatching has escalated to such a degree that the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction was drawn up to introduce uniform measures amongst member states to address this problem. Despite being a meaningful step in the fight against international child abduction the Hague Convention does not fully resolve the problem. For this
reason other measures have been suggested to supplement the Convention.
The different approaches taken in South Africa, the United Kingdom, Australia and the United States of America to recognition and enforcement of foreign custody orders and the measures to overcome
the problem of international child abduction are examined and a comparative methodology applied to the design of a model approach for South Africa. The object of this model is to permit the South
African courts to address the international child abduction problem without falling prey to any of the pitfalls experienced elsewhere in the legal systems examined.Law
LL.D.
Books on the topic "Order judgement"
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Homer, Bruce Douglas. Children's attribution of second-order mental states and truth value judgement. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1994.
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United States. District Court (District of Columbia). Memorandum and order and Final judgement: United States of America v. Microsoft Corporation, C.A. 98-1232 : State of New York, ex rel. Eliot Spitzer, et al., v. Microsoft Corporation, C.A. 98-1233. Washington, D.C: U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, 2000.
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Lovell, Charles C. State of Montana ex rel. Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Plaintiff, v. Burlington Northern, Inc., Burlington Northern Railroad Company, and Glacier Park Company, Defendants: Modified partial consent decree, order and judgement. [S.l: s.n., 1989.
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Legislation, Great Britain Second Standing Committee on Delegated. Draft civil jurisdiction and judgements act 1982 (amendment) order 2000: Wednesday 21 June 2000. London: Stationery Office, 2000.
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Court, India Supreme. In the public interest: Landmark judgements & orders of the Supreme Court of India on environment & human rights. New Delhi: Prakriti Publications, 2009.
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Court, India Supreme. In the public interest: Landmark judgements & orders of the Supreme Court of India on environment & human rights. New Delhi: Prakriti Publications, 2009.
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Spaliviero, Camilla. Educazione letteraria e didattica della letteratura. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-464-6.
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Literary education and language education are connected by a relationship of mutual exchange. On the one hand, without the mastery of appropriate language skills it is impossible to grasp the complexity of literary works. On the other, improving language competence is one of the multiple aims of literary education. Moreover, considering the current multicultural dimension of the Italian school system, teaching literature from an intercultural perspective provides an opportunity to foster the development of relational skills while discussing the meaning of the works. In this scenario, we explore the state of the art of literary education and the teaching of literature in Italy and we consider their implications with language education, intercultural education, and intercultural communication. Furthermore, we present both a model of literary and intercultural communicative competence and a hermeneutic and relational method, also aimed at improving language acquisition and promoting intercultural awareness. In our view, literary and intercultural communicative competence makes it possible to communicate effectively in events where the language is spoken in order to understand literary texts, to identify the original meanings, to discuss their significance from the students’ current perspective, and to formulate critical judgements. The aim of the volume is to offer content and methodological resources for the teaching of literature that can impact positively on the development of language and relational skills. Thus, we draw up some guidelines aimed at increasing students’ motivation for studying the works, fostering their active participation and allowing literature to preserve its educational function.
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MacBride, Fraser. Russell’s Higher-Order Judgement Relation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811251.003.0009.
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This chapter radically redraws the relationship between Russell and Wittgenstein in the 1910s, overturning the orthodox theory that Wittgenstein sunk Russell’s multiple theory of judgement. Starting from 1903, the chapter explains how Russell’s conception of the particular–universal distinction evolved under pressure from both developments in his thinking about the nature of judgement and the nature of relations, concerning the unity of the former and the direction of the latter. This shows that Russell wasn’t overcome by Wittgenstein’s criticisms of his multiple relation theory of judgement in 1913 and that Russell continued to develop the multiple relation theory up until 1919.
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Britain, Great. County Court (Interest on Judgement Debts) Order 1991. Stationery Office, The, 1991.
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Guitton, Clement. Reliance on Judgement. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699994.003.0003.
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What constitutes an authoritative judgment for attribution? Is that the same thing as a sound and universally true judgment? Furthermore, what are the political implications of acknowledging that attribution relies on judgment? Taking account of political judgment brings an important contribution to the debate on attribution by displacing the usual focus on technical constraints to a focus on political ones. It transpires that political judgment for attribution is neither good nor bad; it is fallible but inescapable. Attribution is a process that constantly evolves and is never perfect, due to its inherent reliance on judgment. This reliance on judgment in order to attribute cases threatening national security explains a useful trend: attribution is always possible, but with differing degrees depending on the authority and trust conferred on the entity expressing the judgment. In fact, though, the veracity of the judgment expressed is only secondary to its authoritative value: the role of attribution is primarily to convince an audience that its consequences were called for. Technical forensic evidence for attribution is therefore important; but so is the extent to which the public will be convinced of the guilt of the alleged instigator.
Book chapters on the topic "Order judgement"
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Lu, Shuya, Danny Weathers, and Juliana White. "Effects of Price/Quantity Presentation Order and Timing on Consumer Value Judgements." In Celebrating America’s Pastimes: Baseball, Hot Dogs, Apple Pie and Marketing?, 273–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26647-3_53.
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Speziale, Valerio. "Il ‘diritto dei valori’. La tirannia dei valori economici e il lavoro nella Costituzione e nelle fonti europee." In Studi e saggi, 125–63. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-484-7.09.
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After analysing the different meanings of the term «value» and the passage from juridical positivism to «the right of values» (described in its essential characteristics), the essay points out the constitutional principles of labour in the Italian Constitution and in the European legal sources. The evolution of the legislation enacted in the last few years (mainly since the last decade of the twentieth century) shows that Labour Law has been functionalized to reaching economic targets, creating a «tyranny of values», according to Carl Schmitt’s theory. However, the supremacy of economic values which has influenced the legislation is in contrast with the principles of Labour protection established in the Constitution, in the European legal sources and in the Charts of fundamental rights. Such principles, in the light of the rules of interpretation of these legal texts, impose different legal disciplines. They are also based on the interpretations of the Constitutional Court which define labour as a fundamental right of man and require a «personalistic» rather than a «mercantile» vision of Labour Law protection. Also the European legal sources protect labour to a similar extent to the Italian Constitution, with specific reference to the European Social Chart. However if, as expressed by some decisions of the Court of Justice, we should sustain that the law of the European Union does not express the same «idea of work» as our Constitution, this situation would not justify the prevalence of the economic dimension of labour. In fact, the Italian Constitutional Court has recently stated that the principles established by the European legislation must be «harmonized and balanced» with those contained in the Constitution, in order to ensure «the highest protection of rights at a systemic level» (judgement no. 269/2017). Such harmonization does not allow economic values to prevail over some es- sential labour characteristics (such as dignity, freedom of expression, safety, equal conditions of labour and remuneration, etc.) with which the human personality is formed.
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Lam, Tong. "The People’s Algorithms: Social Credits and the Rise of China’s Big (Br)other." In The New Politics of Numbers, 71–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78201-6_3.
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AbstractAround the turn of the twentieth century, Chinese intellectuals and political leaders dreamed of a modern nation inhabited by politically aware citizens. For them, this involved the production and circulation of social facts enabling citizens to make sound judgements. This theory of making citizens continued in the socialist era (1949–1978). Yet, it has changed profoundly with the advance of state-guided neoliberalism. Instead of creating enlightened citizens, the new paradigm of governance aims at producing an ecology in which citizens are expected to align their desires and aspirations with the state-sanctioned social order. Focusing on China’s emerging social credit system, this essay illustrates how central planning and neoliberal belief have come together to construct a new social and economic order using numbers, algorithms and credit rating.
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Head, Brian W. "Debates in Public Policy—Problem Framing, Knowledge and Interests." In Wicked Problems in Public Policy, 7–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94580-0_1.
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AbstractThere are different types of public policy problems. In democratic political systems, policy problems arise in very diverse political and institutional contexts. These influence how the problems are debated and resolved. Policy decision-making is structured through organisational processes that reflect historical institutional arrangements. Complex policy problems often involve conflicting interests and divergent perceptions among various stakeholder groups. Disagreements about problems and policies arise from many factors, including material interests, socio-cultural values and political (dis)trust. The framing of problems and solutions is expressed in different ways, through the language of economic benefits, ideological outlooks, group values and political loyalties. Leaders of political, economic and social organisations argue for the priority of some issues over others, depending on their judgements about threats, rewards and opportunities. Leaders typically offer simplified and persuasive narratives about problems and solutions, in order to attract wide support for their preferred approach. Evidence and expertise are mobilised selectively by policy actors to influence the perceived credibility of their own favoured policy options. However, rigorous evidence is not privileged in everyday politics—policy debates are structured through the interplay of many forms of knowledge, values, emotions and interests. Expertise can assist in managing complex problems but never determines the outcomes.
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Strand, Roger, and Dominique Chu. "Crossing the Styx: If Precision Medicine Were to Become Exact Science." In Human Perspectives in Health Sciences and Technology, 133–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92612-0_9.
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AbstractThe term “precision medicine” is used to denote existing practices as well as how medical research and practice are imagined to become in the future. One important element of the imaginaries of precision medicine is the development of systems biology and computational models with the promise of numerical precision and conceptual rigour. If precision medicine were to become an exact science that relies on computational models, it might increase precision in diagnosis and treatment, specifying the right drug to the right patient at the right time. It should be noted, though, that computational models require explicit specification of the properties and boundaries of the system to be modelled, whereas cells, tissues and patients are predominantly open systems in their natural state. Accordingly, such models risk being precisely wrong instead of approximately right. Right and wrong, however, are value judgements that depend upon the aims and scope of the scientific and medical enterprise. In order for medicine to become an exact science, cells, tissues and patients would have to be reconceived and/or reconfigured as relatively closed systems with relatively deterministic behaviour. The realization of precision medicine as an exact science may thus be accompanied by a transition from a world of complex natural life to a world of reduced life or a simple delay of death; a transition to be likened with the crossing of the Styx.
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Cowie, Christopher. "The Analogy." In Morality and Epistemic Judgement, 30–54. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198842736.003.0002.
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The argument from analogy is presented in a favourable light in order to properly assess it. It is comprised of two premises. According to the parity premise, the arguments for a moral error theory would entail an epistemic error theory. According to the epistemic existence premise an epistemic error theory is false. It is argued that the parity premise can be given two readings. The first reading—internalism-parity—targets the internalism-based moral error theory. The second reading—irreducibility-parity—targets the irreducibility-based moral error theory. Both readings are motivated. It is claimed that they are plausible and that the argument from analogy represents a strong case against the moral error theory.
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Jayyusi, Lena. "Values and moral judgement: communicative praxis as moral order." In Ethnomethodology and the Human Sciences, 227–51. Cambridge University Press, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511611827.011.
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Sambin, Giovanni, and Silvio Valentini. "Building up a toolbox for Martin-Löf’s type theory: subset theory." In Twenty Five Years of Constructive Type Theory. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198501275.003.0014.
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Beginning in 1970, Per Martin-Löf has developed an intuitionistic type theory (hence-forth type theory for short) as a constructive alternative to the usual foundation of mathematics based on classical set theory. We assume the reader is aware at least of the main peculiarities of type theory, as formulated in Martin-Löf 1984 or Nordström et al. 1990; here we recall some of them to be able to introduce our point of view. The form of type theory is that of a logical calculus, where inference rules to derive judgements are at the same time set-theoretic constructions, because of the “propositions-as-sets” interpretation. The spirit of type theory—expressing our interpretation in a single sentence-—is to adopt those notions and rules which keep total control of the amount of information contained in the different forms of judgement. We now briefly justify this claim. First of all, the judgement asserting the truth of a proposition A, which from an intuitionistic point of view means the existence of a verification of A, in type theory is replaced by the judgement a ∈ A which explicitly exhibits a verification a of A. In fact, it would be unwise, for a constructivist, to throw away the specific verification of A which must be known to be able to assert the existence of a verification! The judgement that A is a set, which from an intuitionistic point of view means that there exists an inductive presentation of A, is treated in type theory in a quite similar way (even if in this case no notation analogous to a ∈ A is used) since the judgement A set in type theory becomes explicit knowledge of the specific inductive presentation of A. In fact, the rules for primitive types and for type constructors are so devised that whenever a judgement A set is proved, it means that one also has complete information on the rules which describe how canonical elements of A are formed. Such a property, which might look like a peculiarity of type theory, is as a matter of fact necessary in order to give a coherent constructive treatment of quantifiers.
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Jacobs, Jonathan. "In Dialogue with Philosophy." In Crime, Justice, and Social Order, 60—C4.P61. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192859600.003.0004.
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Abstract Tony Bottoms’s work has a crucial role in developing ethical studies in the criminological context. Numerous social scientists have investigated ethically important issues of criminal justice, including some discussion of moral theory. However, rather than ‘applying’ ready-made moral theory to criminology, Tony employs moral thought as a set of conceptual tools for articulating the diverse presence of moral value in the issues studied. This is a way of pursuing an empirically based project of moral thought, judgement, and inquiry. It is, in important respects, a contemporary version of the ‘moral sciences’ approach in the tradition of the British Moralists, such as Hume, Smith, and others. Tony has explored in considerable depth critically important issues concerning agency and how its exercise is to be understood—both in contrast to and in conjunction with the sorts of causal explanations criminologists often seek. He has articulated a sophisticated awareness of aspects of moral thought and theorising, showing how they are integral to understanding criminological topics. His approach overcomes the alleged fact/value compartmentalisation in a way that is illuminating for both criminology and moral philosophy.
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Bloxham, Donald. "Writing History: Problems of Neutrality." In History and Morality, 87–126. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198858713.003.0003.
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Part 2 Writing History: Problems of Neutrality This Part of the book challenges widespread assumptions that, where it matters, it is possible or desirable for historians to avoid value judgements and the sorts of evocative descriptions that imply or could reasonably be expected to prompt such judgements. The first section distinguishes between History and particular traditions within the social sciences in order to show why the ‘rules’ about moral evaluation can be different in these differing endeavours. The second section establishes the widespread existence of evocations and evaluations in the very labelling and description of many historical phenomena, suggesting not just how peculiar works of History would look in their absence of evocations and appraisals, but that their absence would often distort what is being reported. These arguments are key to the distinction made in the third section about rejecting value neutrality as a governing ideal while insisting on truthfulness as a historian’s primary duty. The fourth section highlights the nature of most historical accounts as composites of a range of perspectives as it considers questions of context, agency, outcome, and experience. The composition gives rise to the overall impression, evaluative or evocative, provided by the work. The fifth section brings together a number of the chapter’s themes as it examines an important case of the historian’s judgement—judgement about the legitimacy of power in past worlds where legitimacy could be as contested as often today.
Conference papers on the topic "Order judgement"
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Rego, Vale´ria S. "Investigation of Directional Spreading of Waves in Relatively Shallow Water." In ASME 2007 26th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2007-29589.
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The directional spreading of waves is investigated for relatively shallow water (20m depth) wave data, collected with acoustic current profilers, along the Atlantic Coast of South America. Values for the wave kinematics or wave spreading factor, recommended by API and ISO for reduction of in-line particle velocities and accelerations under waves due to directional spreading, are calculated in order to allow judgement of approximate values that can be used in shallow water regions for practical design applications.
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Benson, Michael L., Patrick A. C. Raynaud, and Jay S. Wallace. "Exploring Finite Element Validation for Weld Residual Stress Prediction." In ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-84931.
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The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission staff has analyzed results from the weld residual stress round robin study, conducted in 2014. An uncertainty quantification scheme was applied to the dataset in order to compare and contrast results from independent analysts. The uncertainty quantification scheme provides a rigorous framework within which to make judgement calls about appropriate modeling guidelines and potential validation schemes. This paper will explore various options for guidelines and validation approaches, as informed by a statistical analysis of the dataset.
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Xialan, Jiang, Liu Yi, Liu Taili, and Zhang Xuan. "Analysis of Impact on Core Level Monitoring System due to Judgement of Main Coolant Pump Status During LOCA." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-67459.
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CCMS (Core Cooling Monitoring System) is widely used in current CPR1000 (Improved Chinese PWR) nuclear power plant to calculate core level and subcooling margin in the reactor vessel. In order to validate the effectiveness of core level calculation under condition of LOCA (Loss of Coolant Accident), and quantitatively analyze water level calculation difference of two judgment methods of main coolant pump status in control system, the measuring principles of CCMS are analyzed. The level and error of CCMS calculation under these two conditions is calculated using RELAP5 (Reactor Excursion and Leak Analysis Program) to simulated thermal hydraulic part of CPR1000 unit and virtual DCS (Distributed Control System) to emulate control system. The result shows that CCMS system will introduce large error of water level between calculation value and real level in reactor during LOCA, and operator may be misled by the incorrect information to an improper operation procedure.
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Coull, John D. "Endwall Loss in Turbine Cascades." In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-57325.
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Prior to the detailed design of components, turbomachinery engineers must guide a mean-line or throughflow design towards an optimum configuration. This process requires a combination of informed judgement and low-order correlations for the principle sources of loss. With these requirements in mind, this paper examines the impact of key design parameters on endwall loss in turbines, a problem which remains poorly understood. The analysis focuses on parametric computational studies of linear cascades, which represent a simplified model of real-engine flow. The designs are nominally representative of the Low Pressure Turbine blades of an aero engine. The paper examines the variations across the design space in a quantitative manner, examining the impact of flow angles, blade thickness and suction surface aerodynamics.
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de Haan - de Wilde, F. H. E., and M. J. Janssen. "An Update of the Assessment Methodology for Civil Ageing Management for LTO/CSO Based on International Standards and Engineering Judgement." In ASME 2021 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2021-61499.
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Abstract For many nuclear power plants worldwide the operation period will be extended to 60 or 80 years in the coming years. As the operation period increases, the importance of knowledge of ageing mechanisms increases. In the framework of LTO there is limited knowledge about ageing and structural integrity of concrete structures. Recent developments have shown that ageing of civil structures receive more attention internationally. In order to increase the knowledge in the field of civil structures, this paper focusses on investigation of ageing of civil structures and determining an ageing management strategy. Knowledge of the ageing mechanisms of civil structures and especially concrete, will lead to improvement of ageing management and assessment methods of concrete. As a first step international information was gathered on civil structures ageing issues and management thereof (see PVP2019-93029). In addition a highlevel assessment methodology was proposed. In the next step the initially proposed assessment methodology has been tested by application to a nuclear reactor. The resulting list of relevant AMPs has been verified with the outcome for another PWR with a steel containment. With this experience the assessment methodology is tested, compared and improved (see PVP2020-21838). The results indicated that the method can be used to obtain a list of plant specific AMPs. What was added to the assessment method is the link to the TLAAs for civil structures. In this follow up step the transition is made from a high level of IGALL AMPs to a practical AMPs that will deal with the right mechanism at the right location. The detailing to a level of practical work instructions for the maintenance of the plant has to be made in order to make real life implementation possible. In this step studying of relevant degradation mechanisms, relevant AMPs (like IAEA AMP305 and AMP306 ) and applicable literature in combination with the practical knowledge from operation of a reactor, has taken place. The international developments on ageing management of concrete will be included. The goal of the project is to obtain more knowledge on ageing management of civil structures and especially concrete. It will lead to an assessment method for civil ageing management and ageing management programs dealing with the relevant mechanisms at the various locations in a practical manner. The results of this ongoing work are presented in this report. For the research reactor all SSCs in scope of the Continued Safe Operation could be linked to the relevant AMP(s) and a resulting set of plant specific AMPs for civil ageing management was obtained. Including the international developments, literature and guidelines, a more general applicable list was created (Table 5 through Table 13). The conclusion is that Figure 2 represents a practical method for obtaining a set of plant specific civil AMPs ready for implementation. For representation in this paper the final outcome is given in as a generic list of actions for a generic reactor (Table 5 through Table 13). In these tables the relevant SSCs, ageing mechanisms and actions are listed. The tables represent an generic list of actions for civil ageing management that might others help develop their ageing management program. Future steps are shifting the focus from the general but practical assessment methodology to finite element modelling techniques for concrete. The assessment criteria for concrete (e.g. in ASME III, ASME XIII or Eurocode) will be investigated and investigation on the modelling of the concrete for ageing are planned.
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Cataldo, Giuseppina, and Roberto Legori. "Advanced Ultrasonic Techniques in Pipeline Girth Welds Examination." In ASME 2003 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2003-1852.
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Installation of pipelines onboard a lay-barge requires rapid inspection and judgement of all girth welds prior to leaving the vessel. Furthermore, the new philosophy of Engineering Critical Assessment (ECA) based on the principles of fracture mechanics to assess the severity of a defect on its vertical extent requires the application of an inspection system able to accurately assess height, length and through thickness location of the defect in order to reducing the number of unnecessary repairs. Automated Ultrasonic Testing (AUT) is rapidly replacing radiography as standard method of inspecting pipeline girth welds, reducing pipeline costs through increased productivity and avoiding the radiation hazard and the chemical waste of the film processing. This paper describes SAIPEM experience with the new Phased Array AUT technology carried out on several projects, particularly with reference to the ultra-deep water Blue Stream Project, which required an extensive qualification of the AUT System in accordance to DNV Rules [1,2].
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Schmitz, Oliver, Sascha Kaiser, Hermann Klingels, Petra Kufner, Martin Obermüller, Martin Henke, Jan Zanger, et al. "Aero Engine Concepts Beyond 2030: Part 3 — Experimental Demonstration of Technological Feasibility." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-15397.
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Abstract Recognizing the attention currently devoted to the environmental impact of aviation, this three-part publication series introduces two new aircraft propulsion concepts for the timeframe beyond 2030. The first part focuses on the novel steam injecting and recovering aero engine concept. In the second part, the free-piston composite cycle engine concept is presented. Complementary to the two technical publications, this third part describes the cooperative project, which was initiated by an interdisciplinary consortium, aiming at the demonstration and the proof of concept of both aforementioned aero engine concepts. At the beginning of the project, simulations on propulsion, aircraft system, and test bench level will be conducted. On this basis, preliminary tests and fundamental experiments are planned in order to establish a solid basis for the demonstration. Finally, a system demonstration will be carried out at the laboratory level. Thus, the project allows for a final judgement on both the feasibility of the new concepts and the attainability of the requirements for future aircraft propulsion systems.
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de Haan - de Wilde, F. H. E., and C. G. M. de Bont. "An Assessment Methodology for Civil Ageing Management and Concrete for LTO/CSO Based on International Standards and Engineering Judgement." In ASME 2020 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2020-21838.
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Abstract For many nuclear power plants worldwide the operation period will be extended to 60 or 80 years in the coming years. As the operation period increases, the importance of knowledge of ageing mechanisms increases. In the framework of LTO there is limited knowledge about ageing and structural integrity of concrete structures. Recent developments have shown that ageing of civil structures receive more attention internationally (for example concrete degradation in bunker building Doel and buried piping attention in topical peer review EU). In order to increase the knowledge in the field of civil structures, this work focusses on investigation of ageing of civil structures and determining an ageing management strategy. Knowledge of the ageing mechanisms of civil structures and especially concrete, will lead to improvement of ageing management and assessment methods of concrete. As a first step international information was gathered on civil structures ageing issues and management thereof (see PVP2019-93029). In addition a very high level assessment methodology was proposed. The goal of the project is to obtain more knowledge on ageing management of civil structures and especially concrete. It will lead to an assessment method for civil ageing management and ageing management programs dealing with the relevant mechanisms at the various locations in a practical manner. The results of this ongoing work are presented in this report. The initial proposed assessment methodology has been tested by application to the HFR research reactor. The resulting list of relevant AMPs has been verified with the outcome for another PWR with a steel containment. With this experience the assessment methodology is improved. In addition each civil SSC in the scope of the Continued Safe Operation program is linked to the relevant AMP(s). The improved, but not finalized assessment method of ageing management for civil structures can be seen in figure 2. The proposed assessment method for ageing of civil structures has been tested, compared and improved. The results indicated that the method can be used to obtain a list of plant specific AMPs. The comparison of the list of relevant AMPs for a steel containment PWR, showed similar results. What is added to the assessment method is the link to the TLAAs for civil structures. The detailing to a level of practical work instructions for the maintenance of the plant has to be made in the near future. In the near future the step will be made from a high level of IGALL AMP to a practical AMP that will deal with the relevant mechanisms at the various locations. Therefore further steps are in studying of relevant degradation mechanisms, relevant AMPs (like AMP305 [9],AMP306 [10]) and applicable literature (e.g.[21]) in combination with the practical knowledge from operation of a reactor. The international developments on ageing management of concrete will be included. It is foreseen that the future report will contain information on concrete degradation mechanisms relevant for nuclear reactors. If findings requires calculations the assessment method will be verified with the finite element modelling techniques.
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Ziwei, Su, and Zhang Xin. "Seismic Analysis of Fuel Transfer Tube Gate Valve." In 2022 29th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone29-89869.
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Abstract The Gate valve is an important functional part of the Fuel Transfer system, in order to achieve complete independence of Fuel Transfer unit, the scientific research and manufacture of the gate valve is imperative. According to the objectives, the overall structure design, component function design and material selection are completed, and then manufacture scientific research prototype, carry out a series of performance tests such as strength test, sealing test and whole machine life test, etc. Among them, it is an important step to verify the integrity of the Gate valve under seismic conditions, so in accordance with the design structure, establish the 3D geometric model, divide mesh, creat the finite element model, and apply the boundary conditions, the numerical simulation for Gate valve was presented by using ANSYS software. The results show that under a combination of loads of various working conditions, including SL-1 abnormal condition or SL-2 accident condition, the stress of each component of Gate valve body, Support, Operating mechanism and Driving rod is less than the specified limit and meets the requirements of the judgement criterion; so the equipment achieve complete independence of Fuel Transfer unit, and be with reliable and stable performance, which can effectively guarantee the safe operation of nuclear power plant.
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Woiceshyn, Leo, Yuchi Wang, Goldie Nejat, and Beno Benhabib. "A Socially Assistive Robot to Help With Getting Dressed." In 2017 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2017-3467.
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Getting dressed is a universally performed daily activity, and has a substantial impact on a person’s well-being. Choosing appropriate outfits to wear is important, as clothes protect a person from elements in the environment, and act as a barrier against harsh surfaces [1]. Studies have shown strong correlation between clothing choices and perceptions of sociability, emotional stability, and impression formation (e.g., [2]). This activity, however, can be difficult for some individuals, as they may lack the required reasoning and judgement required [3]. They include children with intellectual and learning disabilities [4] (e.g., Down syndrome [5], dyspraxia [6], autism spectrum disorder [7]), and older adults suffering from dementia including Alzheimer’s disease [8,9], or HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders [10]. In this paper, we present the development of a novel autonomous robotic clothing recommendation system to provide appropriate clothing options, which are personalized to a user’s wardrobe. This research expands on our previous work on socially assistive robots providing assistance with other daily activities, including meal eating [11] and playing Bingo games [12]. Currently, a few smartphone applications exist for providing outfit choices (e.g., [13,14]); however, unlike our proposed system, they are fashion-focused and not able to adapt online to a user’s preferences. Furthermore, by utilizing a socially assistive robot, we provide a more engaging interaction. We utilize the small Nao social robot, Leia, to guide and interact with a user in order to obtain information regarding his/her preferences, the activity for which the clothing will be worn, as well as the environment in which the activity will take place in order to make outfit recommendations, Fig. 1.