Journal articles on the topic 'Orchid, pollination'
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1
Ray, Haleigh, and Wagner Vendrame. "Orchid Pollination Biology." EDIS 2015, no. 6 (September 1, 2015): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-ep521-2015.
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Orchids and their pollinators have developed fascinating co-adaptations that promote orchid pollination. This 6-page fact sheet details the various and often strange ways that orchids attract pollinators. The kinds of insects and animals that pollinate orchids and orchids’ reproductive anatomies and processes are also covered. Written by Haleigh Ray and Wagner Vendrame, and published by the UF Department of Environmental Horticulture, June 2015.
ENH1260/EP521: Orchid Pollination Biology (ufl.edu)
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Reyes, Hortensia Cabrera, David Draper, and Isabel Marques. "Pollination in the Rainforest: Scarce Visitors and Low Effective Pollinators Limit the Fruiting Success of Tropical Orchids." Insects 12, no. 10 (September 23, 2021): 856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12100856.
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A single plant might be visited by many flower visitors but not all might act as pollinators. Legitimate pollinators might also differ considerably in their efficiency, limiting pollination success. Unsuitable climatic conditions such as rain also affect pollinator activity. However, in the evergreen rainforest there is no prolonged dry season and flowering occurs usually under rain. Here, we explore the dependence on pollinators and the efficiency of flower visitors for the fruiting success of 10 Andean rainforest orchids. All species were self-compatible but strictly pollinator-dependent. Overall, we found low levels of fruit set in control flowers while experimental geitonogamous and cross-pollinations increased fruit set, revealing extensive pollination limitation in all populations. Seed viability dropped considerably after self and geitonogamous pollinations suggesting the possibility of early-acting inbreeding depression. Even though we monitored flower visitors on an extensive survey, few visitors were seen in these species and even fewer acted as legitimate pollinators. Thus, even though orchid pollination might be extremely diversified, these results show that few visitors are pollinating these species, explaining the low levels of fruit set recorded in the area studied.
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Liu, Hong, and Robert Pemberton. "Pollination of an invasive orchid, Cyrtopodium polyphyllum (Orchidaceae), by an invasive oil-collecting bee, Centris nitida, in southern Florida." Botany 88, no. 3 (March 2010): 290–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b10-017.
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The lack of appropriate pollinators is believed to be an impediment to naturalization of orchids. We studied the self-compatibility and pollination of an invasive, showy, rewardless, terrestrial orchid ( Cyrtopodium polyphyllum (Vell.) Pabst ex F. Barrios) in southern Florida. Pollination treatments indicated that the orchid is self-compatible but not autogamous. Visitor observations indicated that the orchid is pollinated by an invasive specialist oil-collecting bee ( Centris nitida Smith). The presence of the invasive Centris nitida has probably contributed to the naturalization of this probable oil reward mimicking orchid in Florida. We contrasted our results in the orchid’s invasive range with those reported in two studies in the orchid’s native range. In the invasive range in Florida, the orchid experiences a lower inbreeding depression. In both areas, the orchid is pollinated by Centris species and the pollination of the orchid is apparently enhanced by the presence of oil-rewarding species of the Malpighiaceae.
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Thalwitzer, Liezl, Dave Kelly, Rob D. Smissen, Ruth Butler, David M. Suckling, and Ashraf El-Sayed. "Species-specific male pollinators found for three native New Zealand greenhood orchids (Pterostylis spp.) suggest pollination by sexual deception." Australian Journal of Botany 66, no. 3 (2018): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt17111.
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Many orchids achieve pollination by deceptive means. Sexually deceptive orchids are pollinated by male insects, which are lured to flowers that mimic the sex pheromones and/or appearance of their female conspecifics. This specialised pollination strategy was recently confirmed for the first time in a Pterostylis species in Australia. We investigated whether this pollination strategy may also be operating in Pterostylis species in New Zealand where generalised plant–insect pollination strategies are most commonly documented. The breeding systems of Pterostylis oliveri Petrie and Pterostylis irsoniana Hatch were investigated in the field with pollination treatments. Sticky traps were set up over flowering P. oliveri, P. irsoniana and Pterostylis venosa Colenso to catch potential pollinators of the flowers. Insects caught carrying orchid pollinia were identified, and the pollinia were identified to plant species with nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (nrDNA ITS) sequences. Both P. oliveri and P. irsoniana were found to be self-compatible, but dependent on insects for pollination. Pollinia from each of the three Pterostylis spp. were found to be carried species-specifically by male fungus gnats (Diptera: Mycetophilidae): only Mycetophila latifascia fungus gnats carried the pollinia of P. oliveri, Morganiella fusca gnats carried the pollinia of P. irsoniana, and Tetragoneura sp. carried the pollinia of P. venosa. The pollinator specificity indicates that each of the male fungus gnat species was attracted to the flowers of a specific Pterostylis orchid. This strongly suggests that each of the orchid species emit a specific floral volatile, most probably resembling the sex pheromones of the female conspecifics, to lure their male pollinators. These are the first documented cases of highly specialised sexually deceptive pollination in New Zealand orchids, which were thought to be predominantly self-pollinating.
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Haleigh Ray and Jennifer Gillett-Kaufman. "By land and by tree: Pollinator taxa diversity of terrestrial and epiphytic orchids." Journal of Pollination Ecology 31 (October 26, 2022): 174–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26786/1920-7603(2022)671.
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There are approximately 30,000 species in the family Orchidaceae, with some species growing terrestrially and others growing as epiphytes. Though the pollination biology of many of these species is not well known, there has been a diversity of taxa recorded as orchid pollinators. Insects, birds, and even a record of a mammal species have been documented as successful pollinators, while some orchids are able to reproduce without the use of a pollen vector. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of orchid pollination tactics, with references to more specific studies of each, and to analyze a large subset of publications to determine differences in pollinator taxa and specificity between epiphytic and terrestrial orchid genera. This review examines pollination data from over 400 orchid species, including 74 epiphytic and 83 terrestrial orchid genera. Two pollinator taxa, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera (Class: Insecta), were found to pollinate significantly more terrestrial than epiphytic orchid genera, while other taxa showed no significant differences. Hymenoptera were the dominant taxa of pollinator in regards to the overall number of species recorded; however, based on species interaction webs that were built, the Lepidoptera (Class: Insecta) have stronger interactions with the orchid species they pollinate, suggesting a more specific relationship between the two.
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Brundrett, Mark C. "Scientific approaches to Australian temperate terrestrial orchid conservation." Australian Journal of Botany 55, no. 3 (2007): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt06131.
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This review summarises scientific knowledge concerning the mycorrhizal associations, pollination, demographics, genetics and evolution of Australian terrestrial orchids relevant to conservation. The orchid family is highly diverse in Western Australia (WA), with over 400 recognised taxa of which 76 are Declared Rare or Priority Flora. Major threats to rare orchids in WA include habitat loss, salinity, feral animals and drought. These threats require science-based recovery actions resulting from collaborations between universities, government agencies and community groups. Fungal identification by DNA-based methods in combination with compatibility testing by germination assays has revealed a complex picture of orchid–fungus diversity and specificity. The majority of rare and common WA orchids studied have highly specific mycorrhizal associations with fungi in the Rhizoctonia alliance, but some associate with a wider diversity of fungi. These fungi may be a key factor influencing the distribution of orchids and their presence can be tested by orchid seed bait bioassays. These bioassays show that mycorrhizal fungi are concentrated in coarse organic matter that may be depleted in some habitats (e.g. by frequent fire). Mycorrhizal fungi also allow efficient propagation of terrestrial orchids for reintroduction into natural habitats and for bioassays to test habitat quality. Four categories of WA orchids are defined by the following pollination strategies: (i) nectar-producing flowers with diverse pollinators, (ii) non-rewarding flowers that mimic other plants, (iii) winter-flowering orchids that attract fungus-feeding insects and (iv) sexually deceptive orchids with relatively specific pollinators. An exceptionally high proportion of WA orchids have specific insect pollinators. Bioassays testing orchid-pollinator specificity can define habitats and separate closely related species. Other research has revealed the chemical basis for insect attraction to orchids and the ecological consequences of deceptive pollination. Genetic studies have revealed that the structure of orchid populations is influenced by pollination, seed dispersal, reproductive isolation and hybridisation. Long-term demographic studies determine the viability of orchid populations, estimate rates of transition between seedling, flowering, non-flowering and dormant states and reveal factors, such as grazing and competition, that result in declining populations. It is difficult to define potential new habitats for rare orchids because of their specific relationships with fungi and insects. An understanding of all three dimensions of orchid habitat requirements can be provided by bioassays with seed baits for fungi, flowers for insects and transplanted seedlings for orchid demography. The majority of both rare and common WA orchids have highly specific associations with pollinating insects and mycorrhizal fungi, suggesting that evolution has favoured increasing specificity in these relationships in the ancient landscapes of WA.
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Scaccabarozzi, Daniela, Andrea Galimberti, Kingsley W. Dixon, and Salvatore Cozzolino. "Rotating Arrays of Orchid Flowers: A Simple and Effective Method for Studying Pollination in Food Deceptive Plants." Diversity 12, no. 8 (July 22, 2020): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12080286.
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Floral deception has been observed in several genera in angiosperms, but is most common in the Orchidaceae. Pollination mechanisms in food deceptive plants are often difficult to assess, as visitation frequency by insects requires numerous hours of field observations to ascertain. Here, for the first time, we describe in detail and validate a simple and effective method that extends previous approaches to increase the effectiveness of pollination studies of food deceptive orchids. We used an orchid of southwest Australia, Diuris brumalis (Orchidaceae), that visually mimics model plants belonging to the genus Daviesia (Faboideae). Arrays of orchid flowers were placed and moved systematically in proximity to model plants, resulting in rapid attraction of the pollinators of D. brumalis. We compared pollinaria removal (as an indicator of pollination success) in naturally growing orchids with pollinaria removal in arrays of orchid flowers in the same sites. We showed that the proposed method greatly enhances pollinator attractiveness in food deceptive systems with very low pollination rates, and we compared its efficiency with other similar methods. The approach can be used for observing pollinator behavioural patterns and confirming effective pollinators for food deceptive species with low insect visitation rates.
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Lee, Hakbong, Heung-Sik Lee, and Kee-Hwa Bae. "Brief Pollination Assessment of a Critically Endangered Food-Deceptive Orchid (Cypripedium guttatum) Using a Network Approach." Plants 11, no. 6 (March 17, 2022): 798. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11060798.
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The translocation of orchids (Orchidaceae) cannot be successful if one is unaware of their effective pollinators and plant–pollinator interactions. Cypripedium guttatum is a generalized food-deceptive orchid, which is highly threatened in the Republic of Korea, thus, requiring immediate translocation actions. Although effective pollinators of the orchid are well known in China, little is known about the pollinators in the Republic of Korea and the ecological context in which the orchid can be successfully pollinated. To briefly assess the pollination of C. guttatum prior to translocation, we conducted a one-month survey of general pollination and the community-wide plant–pollinator network properties. Over 21 h of observation, we found that an effective pollinator of the orchid was the sweat bee Lasioglossum virideglaucum. The network was significantly specialized and modular, but not significantly nested. L. virideglaucum (pollinator) and Arabis gemmifera (plant) were determined to be keystone species, based on network metrics. A total of six network modules were identified and the flower colors of the plant species belonging to the C. guttatum module were purple, white, and yellow. After comparing the daily network patterns, we found that pollination of the orchid was accomplished when various flowering plant species bloom, and the nestedness value was high. This study revealed that high plant and pollinator richness could increase the chance that the deceptive orchid would be pollinated. Our study suggests that the network properties of this food-deceptive orchid community could provide useful insight into understanding the ecologically suitable habitat for the translocation of the highly threatened orchid species C. guttatum.
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Tuomi, Juha, Juho Lämsä, Lauri Wannas, Thomas Abeli, and Anne Jäkäläniemi. "Pollinator Behaviour on a Food-Deceptive OrchidCalypso bulbosaand Coflowering Species." Scientific World Journal 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/482161.
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Food deception as a pollination strategy has inspired many studies over the last few decades. Pollinator deception has evolved in many orchids possibly to enhance outcrossing. Food-deceptive orchids usually have low pollinator visitation rates as compared to rewarding species. They may benefit in visitations from the presence (magnet-species hypothesis) or, alternatively, absence of coflowering rewarding species (competition hypothesis). We present data on pollinator visitations on a deceptive, terrestrial orchidCalypso bulbosa, a species with a single flower per plant and whose flowering period partly overlaps with rewarding, early flowering willows (Salixsp.) and later-flowering bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus). When surveying inactive bumblebee queens on willows in cool weather, about 7% of them carriedCalypsopollinia. Most common bumblebee species appeared to visit and thus pollinateCalypso. Bumblebees typically visited one to threeCalypsoflowers before flying away, providing some support for the outcrossing hypothesis. We conclude that, regarding the pollinations strategy, both magnet-species and competition hypotheses have a role in the pollination ofCalypso, but on different spatial scales. On a large scale rewarding species are important for attracting pollinators to a given region, but on a small scale absence of competition ensures sufficient pollination rate for the deceptive orchid.
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Reiter, Noushka, Björn Bohman, Marc Freestone, Graham R. Brown, and Ryan D. Phillips. "Pollination by nectar-foraging thynnine wasps in the endangered Caladenia arenaria and Caladenia concolor (Orchidaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 67, no. 7 (2019): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt19033.
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Prior to undertaking conservation translocations of plants with specialised pollination systems, it is important to ensure the presence of pollinators at recipient sites. Here, for two threatened species, Caladenia concolor Fitzg. and Caladenia arenaria Fitzg. (Orchidaceae), we determine (i) the pollination strategy used, (ii) which floral visitors are involved in pollination, and (iii) whether the pollinator species are present at potential translocation sites. For both orchid species, pollination was primarily achieved by nectar-foraging thynnine wasps, with a single species responsible for pollination in C. concolor, whereas C. arenaria utilised at least two species to achieve pollination. Both orchid species secreted meagre quantities of sucrose on the upper surface of the labellum. Visits to C. concolor occurred primarily in the late afternoon, with some wasps perching on the flowers overnight. Surveys revealed that pollinators were present at all extant populations and most potential translocation sites for both orchids. The specialisation on one pollinator species in C. concolor means that the distribution of the pollinator needs to be considered for conservation translocations. With C. arenaria, the risk of hybridisation with other Caladenia that are known to share one of its pollinator species needs to be taken into account when selecting translocation sites.
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Scopece, Giovanni, Nicolas Juillet, Christian Lexer, and Salvatore Cozzolino. "Fluctuating selection across years and phenotypic variation in food-deceptive orchids." PeerJ 5 (August 25, 2017): e3704. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3704.
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Nectarless flowers that deceive pollinators offer an opportunity to study asymmetric plant-insect interactions. Orchids are a widely used model for studying these interactions because they encompass several thousand species adopting deceptive pollination systems. High levels of intra-specific phenotypic variation have been reported in deceptive orchids, suggesting a reduced consistency of pollinator-mediated selection on their floral traits. Nevertheless, several studies report on widespread directional selection mediated by pollinators even in these deceptive orchids. In this study we test the hypothesis that the observed selection can fluctuate across years in strength and direction thus likely contributing to the phenotypic variability of this orchid group. We performed a three-year study estimating selection differentials and selection gradients for nine phenotypic traits involved in insect attraction in two Mediterranean orchid species, namely Orchis mascula and O. pauciflora, both relying on a well-described food-deceptive pollination strategy. We found weak directional selection and marginally significant selection gradients in the two investigated species with significant intra-specific differences in selection differentials across years. Our data do not link this variation with a specific environmental cause, but our results suggest that pollinator-mediated selection in food-deceptive orchids can change in strength and in direction over time. In perennial plants, such as orchids, different selection differentials in the same populations in different flowering seasons can contribute to the maintenance of phenotypic variation often reported in deceptive orchids.
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Deswiniyanti, Ni Wayan, and Ni Kadek Dwipayani Lestari. "PERSILANGAN INTERSPESIFIK ANGGREK HITAM (Coelogyne pandurata) DENGAN ANGGREK MUTIARA (Coelogyne asperata)." Metamorfosa: Journal of Biological Sciences 4, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/metamorfosa.2017.v04.i01.p15.
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Black orchid (Coelogyne pandurata) and Pearl orchid (Coelogyne asperata) are endemic orchid from Kalimantan forest, shape and color suitable as ornamental flower. Many people collected the orchids from the wild for commercial purpose but not much effort on their propagation. To prevent population decreased, propagation and production of new varities via interspesific hybridisation need to be done. An important step required in plant breeding is to obtain cross compatiblity. Cross compatibility of some orchids from Indonesia are not known, including compatibility of Coelogyne pandurata x Coelogyne asperata. Information on compatibility and fertility is very important to produce good quality seed as propagation material. In this research pollination was performed on orchid plants at 2 until 5 day after flowering and pollination was done in the morning. There are three replicates for each pollination. Pollination was done with C. pandurata (black orchid) as male parent and C. asperata (pearl orchid) as female parent. The results showed that successful pollination was obtained from pollination at 2 days after flowering. Seed capsule was harvested at 3 months after pollination but not yet perfectly ripe. Seed germination employed in vitro method on Vacin & Went (VW) and VW with modification media. Seed from C. pandurata x C. asperata abled to germinate on VW media with addition of 0,1 mg/l auxin and 0.1 mg/l cytokinin and germinated 9 weeks after planting.
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Peakall, Rod, Lauren Jones, Colin C. Bower, and Brendan G. Mackey. "Bioclimatic assessment of the geographic and climatic limits to hybridisation in a sexually deceptive orchid system." Australian Journal of Botany 50, no. 1 (2002): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt01021.
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Australia is a major centre of diversity for pollination by sexual deception, a pollination syndrome unique to orchids and characterised by highly specific pollinator relationships. Chiloglottis pescottiana is a rare natural hybrid between sexually deceptive C. trapeziformis and C. valida. We utilised bioclimatic models to predict the potential range of the parental orchid species, the hybrid and their pollinators. The predicted ranges of the parental orchid species rarely overlapped (only 2% of the core range), with the geographic separation of the species reflecting the occupation of largely distinct climatic niches and limiting opportunities for hybridisation. Comparison of the predictions with independent distributions of the orchid taxa revealed a close match. Unexpectedly, our results revealed that several related and morphologically similar orchid species are, nevertheless, ecologically distinct from C. valida. Our study demonstrates that bioclimatic modelling provides an additional tool for exploring a range of ecological and evolutionary questions.
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Micheneau, Claire, Jacques Fournel, Laurence Humeau, and Thierry Pailler. "Orchid–bird interactions: a case study from Angraecum (Vandeae, Angraecinae) and Zosterops (white-eyes, Zosteropidae) on Reunion Island." Botany 86, no. 10 (October 2008): 1143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b08-068.
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Although angraecoid orchids are famous for their spectacular flowers, pollinated by hawkmoths in Madagascar, two species of Angraecum endemic to the Mascarenes (sect. Hadrangis ) have atypical unscented and short-spurred flowers that are pollinated by birds. We focused on the pollination and reproductive success of Angraecum bracteosum Balf.f. & S.Moore, a member of sect. Hadrangis. We investigated the breeding system by performing a set of hand-pollination experiments and by observing natural pollinators using video-captures. Pollinator efficiency (pollen removal and deposition) and reproductive success (fruit set) were quantified once a week in two natural island populations during three consecutive flowering seasons (2003–2005). The orchid is self-compatible but requires pollinator services to achieve reproduction. The two white-eye song-bird species (Zosteropidae) that occur on Reunion, Zosterops borbonicus Boddaert and Zosterops olivaceus L., were recorded as pollinators. However, while pollination events were rare and occasional following flower visits by Z. borbonicus, foraging of Z. oliveaceus resulted in a high frequency of successful pollinations. White-eyes typically perched on inflorescences, and probed most of the “fresh-looking” flowers for nectar. This study documents a probable case of bird-pollination specialization within Angraecum section Hadrangis, and sheds light on the role played by pollinators during the radiation of section Hadrangis in the Mascarene Archipelago.
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Prendergast, Grace, and N. A. van der Cingel. "An Atlas of Orchid Pollination: European Orchids." Kew Bulletin 51, no. 4 (1996): 826. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4119745.
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Fonseca, Rúbia Santos, Flávia Aparecida dos Santos, and Milene Faria Vieira. "Is the pollination efficiency of long-lived orchid flowers affected by age?" Revista Ceres 62, no. 4 (August 2015): 347–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-737x201562040003.
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The long-lived flowers of orchids increase the chances of pollination and thus the reproductive success of the species. However, a question arises: does the efficiency of pollination, expressed by fruit set, vary with the flower age? The objective of this study was to verify whether the flower age of Corymborkis flava(Sw.) Kuntze affects pollination efficiency. The following hypotheses were tested: 1) the fruit set of older flowers is lower than that of younger ones; 2) morphological observations (perianth and stigmatic area), stigma receptivity test by using a solution of hydrogen peroxide and hand-pollination tests are equally effective in defining the period of stigmatic receptivity. Flowers were found to be receptive from the first to the fourth day of anthesis. Fruit set of older flowers (third and fourth day) was lower than that of younger flowers. Morphological observations, the stigma receptivity test and hand-pollinations were equally effective in defining the period of stigmatic receptivity. However, to evaluate the maximum degree of stigma receptivity of orchid species with long-lived flowers, we recommend hand-pollinations, beyond the period of receptivity.
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Humeau, Laurence, Claire Micheneau, Hans Jacquemyn, Anne Gauvin-Bialecki, Jacques Fournel, and Thierry Pailler. "Sapromyiophily in the native orchid, Bulbophyllum variegatum, on Réunion (Mascarene Archipelago, Indian Ocean)." Journal of Tropical Ecology 27, no. 6 (September 30, 2011): 591–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467411000411.
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Abstract:Orchid species are well known for their highly specialized pollinator interactions. To better understand the reproductive biology of the tropical epiphytic orchid Bulbophyllum variegatum on Réunion, we investigated the floral morphology, breeding system, pollinator diversity, floral scent profile and fruiting success of about 30 individuals in three natural populations during two consecutive flowering seasons. Controlled hand-pollination experiments in two populations showed that the species is self-compatible, but requires pollinator service to achieve reproduction. Videotape pollinator observations were conducted during two flowering seasons for 56 h and revealed that B. variegatum is pollinated by a single species of fly from the Platystomatidae. This fly seems to be attracted by the unpleasant scent produced by the flowers, and does not receive any reward after achieving pollination. In addition, no egg-laying behaviour was observed. Bulbophyllum variegatum thus exhibits a typical sapromyiophilous pollination syndrome which constitutes the first proven case of sapromyiophily within the genus Bulbophyllum on the Mascarene Archipelago. Hand pollinations further showed that fruit set was not significantly higher for flowers that received outcross pollen than for those that were self-crossed (53% and 44% respectively). Fruit sets under natural conditions were significantly different among populations, ranging from 0.5% to 24.3%. This low fruit production is likely due to infrequent pollinator visits, particularly in disturbed forests where the pollinator has never been observed.
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Anders Nilsson, L. "Orchid pollination biology." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 7, no. 8 (August 1992): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(92)90170-g.
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Gaskett, A. C. "Orchid pollination by sexual deception: pollinator perspectives." Biological Reviews 86, no. 1 (April 6, 2010): 33–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00134.x.
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Brown, Julian, Alan York, and Fiona Christie. "Fire effects on pollination in a sexually deceptive orchid." International Journal of Wildland Fire 25, no. 8 (2016): 888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf15172.
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Research into the effectiveness of prescribed fire in managing pollination has only recently begun. The effects of fire on pollination have not been explored in sexually deceptive systems. Further, the potential for multiple effects operating at different spatial scales has not been explored in any pollination system despite multiscale effects on pollination observed in agricultural landscapes. We observed the frequency of pollinator visitation to flowers of sexually deceptive Caladenia tentaculata and related it to the post-fire age class of the vegetation at local and landscape scales. We also related the number of the pollinator’s putative larval hosts (scarab beetles) captured at these sites to age class. At the local scale (i.e. the sample location), visitation was highest in recently burnt sites. At the landscape scale, positive associations were observed between (1) putative pollinator hosts and vegetation burnt 36–50 years ago, and (2) pollinator visitation and vegetation burnt ≥50 years ago. Local- and landscape-scale effects on visitation were synergistic, such that visitation was greatest when fire age was heterogeneous within pollinator foraging range.
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Faast, Renate, Lachlan Farrington, José M. Facelli, and Andrew D. Austin. "Bees and white spiders: unravelling the pollination syndrome of Caladenia rigida (Orchidaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 57, no. 4 (2009): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt08135.
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Orchids of the genus Caladenia have been shown to utilise two quite different pollination strategies, namely species-specific sexual deception of thynnine wasps and a more generalist strategy attracting a larger spectrum of foraging insects. While baiting techniques have enabled the identification of numerous pollinators of sexually deceptive Caladenia, insects that pollinate food-advertising species have received little attention. The present study employed a multidisciplinary approach to better evaluate the pollination syndrome of the white spider orchid, Caladenia rigida R.S.Rogers, a species previously reported to utilise both food and sexual deception. This included the observation and capture of potential pollinators of C. rigida through direct observation, pantraps, Malaise traps and pollinator-baiting experiments, and the use of molecular techniques to identify orchid pollinia isolated from carrier insects. We describe a suite of generalist insects visiting and bearing pollinia from C. rigida. In addition, samples collected from the labellum and column of C. rigida contained sugars at levels comparable to those of a known nectar-producing orchid, Microtis parviflora R.Br. Potential osmophores in the clubs and calli stained positively with neutral red and although this character is often associated with sexual deception, we found no evidence for this secondary pollination syndrome in C. rigida. The present study is the first one to provide a detailed description of the pollinators and pollination syndrome of a non-sexually deceptive species within the genus Caladenia and the first report to provide evidence of nectar production by a species within this genus.
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Miranda-Molina, Yazmín M., Edgar J. González, Judith Márquez-Guzmán, Jorge Meave, and Eduardo A. Pérez García. "Pollination success in three tropical dry forest orchid species from Mexico: insights from floral display, visitation rates, and flower micromorphology." Botanical Sciences 99, no. 4 (August 4, 2021): 771–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.2785.
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Background: Despite long-lasting efforts to disentangle the drivers of orchid pollination, pollination success in tropical dry forest orchids remains largely unknown.
Questions and hypothesis: How successful are pollination in three tropical dry forest orchids? How is pollination influenced by floral display and floral rewards (as suggested by floral micromorphology)? We hypothesized a positive effect of floral display on pollinia removal and deposition rates.
Studied species: Barkeria whartoniana (C. Schweinf.) Soto Arenas, Clowesia dodsoniana E. Aguirre, and Cyrtopodium macrobulbon (La Llave & Lex.) G.A. Romero & Carnevali.
Study site and dates: Nizanda (Oaxaca), Mexico; flowering periods of 2013 and 2014.
Methods: We calculated pollinia removal and deposition rates, identified floral visitors and analyzed flower microstructure to search for structures potentially producing rewards. Floral display was measured through number of open flowers, and number and length of inflorescences, and its effect on pollination success was assessed through linear modeling.
Results: Pollinia removal rates were higher than deposition rates, and floral display was related to pollination success in C. dodsoniana only. Visitation rates were low for the three species and most visitors were not true pollinators. The three species possess potentially secreting structures, but for B. whartoniana and C. macrobulbon these rewards are likely part of the pollinator deception mechanism.
Conclusions: The generalized low pollination success implies the need for high population densities of both interacting parts. We emphasize the need for integrated evaluations of different aspects of the plant-pollinator interaction.
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Jacquemyn, Hans, Rein Brys, and Olivier Honnay. "Large population sizes mitigate negative effects of variable weather conditions on fruit set in two spring woodland orchids." Biology Letters 5, no. 4 (May 20, 2009): 495–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0262.
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Global circulation models predict increased climatic variability, which could increase variability in demographic rates and affect long-term population viability. In animal-pollinated species, pollination services, and thus fruit and seed set, may be highly variable among years and sites, and depend on both local environmental conditions and climatic variables. Orchid species may be particularly vulnerable to disruption of their pollination services, as most species depend on pollinators for successful fruit set and because seed germination and seedling recruitment are to some extent dependent on the amount of fruits and seeds produced. Better insights into the factors determining fruit and seed set are therefore indispensable for a better understanding of population dynamics and viability of orchid populations under changing climatic conditions. However, very few studies have investigated spatio-temporal variation in fruit set in orchids. Here, we quantified fruit production in eight populations of the orchid Orchis purpurea that does not reward pollinators and 13 populations of the rewarding Neottia ( Listera ) ovata during five consecutive years (2002–2006). Fruit production in large populations showed much higher stability than that in small populations and was less affected by extreme weather conditions. Our results highlight the potential vulnerability of small orchid populations to an increasingly variable climate through highly unpredictable fruit-set patterns.
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Johnson, Steven D., Erica Torninger, and Jon Ågren. "Relationships between population size and pollen fates in a moth-pollinated orchid." Biology Letters 5, no. 2 (February 25, 2009): 282–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0702.
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Management of small plant populations requires an understanding of their reproductive ecology, particularly in terms of sensitivity to Allee effects. To address this issue, we explored how components of pollen transfer and pollination success of individual plants varied among 36 populations of the self-compatible moth-pollinated orchid Satyrium longicauda in South Africa. Mean fruit set, seed production, proportion of flowers with pollen deposited or removed and proportion of removed pollen that reached stigmas (approx. 8% in this species) were not significantly related to population size (range: 1–450 flowering individuals), density or isolation. Plants in small populations did, however, have significantly higher levels of pollinator-mediated self-pollination (determined using colour-labelled pollen) than those in larger populations. Our results suggest that small populations of this orchid species are resilient to Allee effects in terms of overall pollination success, although the higher levels of pollinator-mediated self-pollination in small populations may lead to inbreeding depression and long-term erosion of genetic diversity.
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Capó, Miquel, Sebastià Perelló-Suau, and Juan Rita. "Preventing inbreeding depression in Anacamptis coriophora (Orchidaceae) as a model of food-rewarding orchid." Plant Ecology 223, no. 4 (January 21, 2022): 423–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258-022-01221-0.
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AbstractPollination of deceptive orchids has enabled scientists to understand how these species avoid inbreeding depression by reducing the number of pollinator visits per inflorescence. In rewarding species, which receive a higher rate of visits per plant, geitonogamy is usually higher and therefore the risk of inbreeding increases. In this study, we assess the breeding system of the rewarding orchid A. coriophora, and the spatio-temporal changes in its fitness as well as variation in nectar content after pollination. We found that the species partially selects allogamous pollen if pollinia from the same stalk and other plants arrive to the stigma. Furthermore, when self-pollination occurs, despite successful fructification, seed viability is significantly lower than that of cross-pollinated plants. A. coriophora exhibits spatio-temporal variation in fitness that does not correlate with any plant feature. Moreover, nectar volume is reduced after pollination, but the sugar concentration is maintained. This study emphasizes how essential the pre-zygotic and post-zygotic reproductive barriers are for rewarding orchids to avoid inbreeding depression.
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Scaccabarozzi, Daniela, Lorenzo Guzzetti, Ryan D. Phillips, Lynne Milne, Nicola Tommasi, Salvatore Cozzolino, and Kingsley W. Dixon. "Ecological factors driving pollination success in an orchid that mimics a range of Fabaceae." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 194, no. 2 (August 5, 2020): 253–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boaa039.
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Abstract Rewarding plants can enhance the pollination success of co-occurring plants pollinated by food mimicry. However, it is not always possible to readily discern between the effect of model and magnet species. Here, we tested for mimicry of co-occurring Fabaceae by the rewardless Diuris magnifica (Orchidaceae) and whether the number of flowers of Fabaceae, habitat remnant size and frequency of conspecifics, influenced the pollination success of D. magnifica. Trichocolletes bees were the primary pollinators of D. magnifica, on which they displayed similar behaviour as seen when feeding on Fabaceae. Quantification of spectral reflectance suggested that flowers of Bossiaea eriocarpa, Daviesia divaricata and Jacksonia sternbergiana may represent models for D. magnifica, whereas Hardenbergia comptoniana strongly differed in colour. Orchid pollination success was not directly affected by the number of model flowers, but the pollination rate was enhanced by increased numbers of Hardenbergia flowers. Pollination success of the orchid decreased with higher density of conspecifics, but did not exhibit a significant relationship with Trichocolletes occurrence, possibly because of the contribution of sub-optimal pollinator species. Fruit set of the orchid was greater in larger habitat remnants. Overall, pollination success of D. magnifica is affected by ecological factors related to the effectiveness of mimicry, numbers of co-flowering plants and anthropogenic landscape alteration.
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Pansarin, E. R., L. M. Pansarin, M. E. P. Martucci, and L. Gobbo-Neto. "Self-compatibility and specialisation in a fly-pollinated Acianthera (Orchidaceae: Pleurothallidiinae)." Australian Journal of Botany 64, no. 4 (2016): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt15177.
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Diptera is one of the most widespread order of pollinators within Angiosperms and the more important pollinator group of the orchid subtribe Pleurothallidinae. Acianthera aphthosa (Lindl.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase was studied in a Brazilian nature reserve, covering aspects of phenology, floral morpho-anatomy, flower histochemistry, pollinators, pollination mechanisms and reproductive system. A. aphthosa possess multicellular papillae on the inner surface of the sepals, which release a fetid dung-like fragrance. The fragrance is released by apical stomata, and attracts several fly species of the families Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Sarcophagidae and Ulidiidae. However, only one species of Acrosticta (Ulidiidae) was shown to be an effective pollinator. The upper surface of the labellum possesses a secretory tissue that apparently is related to nectar production, although the secretion is retained under the cuticle. As is common in fly-pollinated orchids, the Diptera are trapped by the flower. However, contrary to what is reported for other myophilous orchids, the pollinators of A. aphthosa are not frightened after leaving the flower and commonly visit further flowers on the same plant and inflorescence. In this case, the retention of the anther cap by the pollinarium, tend to reduce the geitonogamous self-pollination. A. aphthosa is self-compatible but pollinator-dependent. To the best of our knowledge this is the first record of complete self-compatibility in Acianthera. The low amount of seeds without embryos in self-pollinated flowers, in contrast to cross-pollinations, seems to be a consequence of inbreeding depression.
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Alanís Méndez, José Luis, Luz del Carmen Ortiz Santos, Ivette Alicia Chamorro Florescano, Juan Manuel Pech Canché, and Francisco Limón. "Pollinators and floral visitors of two orchids in a protected natural area in Tuxpan, Veracruz." Ecosistemas y Recursos Agropecuarios 6, no. 17 (May 3, 2019): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.19136/era.a6n17.1922.
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Floral visitors, particularly pollinators, are important during the life cycle of many orchids. However, despite their biological importance, this information is still unknown in many species, particularly those in mangrove forests. The aim of this research was to study the floral visitors, as well as the pollinators, of the two orchid species Myrmecophila grandifloraand Brassavola nodosa, in a protected natural area with mangrove (RAMSAR), in Tuxpan, Veracruz, Mexico. Ants of different genera were the floral visitors of M. grandiflora, its pollinator is the carpenter bee, Xylocopa nautlana. In B. nodosa, were observed mosquitoes and ladybugs as floral visitors, the pollinator could not be registered, but it is possible that it is a species of moth (Scopula sp.). Finally, this study provides field information about floral visitors and pollinators in two orchid species in mangrove ecosystems and the evidence for pollination.
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Paiva Neto, Vespasiano Borges de, Mateus de Aguiar Torrezan, Manoela Aparecida Vieira da Silva, Daly Roxana Castro Padilha, Jerônimo Constantino Borel, and Monica Cristina Rezende Zuffo-Borges. "Self-pollination of the orchid Cycnoches haagii from Brazilian Cerrado results in albino phenotype seedlings." Ornamental Horticulture 28, no. 1 (January 2022): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2447-536x.v28i1.2411.
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Abstract Cycnoches haagii Barb. Rodr. is an epiphytic orchid very targeted by collectors, but no reference was found in the literature about its reproductive biology. Thus, the purpose of this study was to obtain initial information regarding pollination types and its influence on seed viability of this native orchid of the Brazilian Cerrado, in order to enable future propagation and preservation programs. Pollination among flowers of the same plant (geitonogamy) or different plants (xenogamy) were carried out. Seeds extracted from the capsules were sown in B&G medium, with full and half strength. Seeds from geitonogamic resulted in 25% of albino protocorms and consequently in albino seedlings. This phenomenon did not occur in seedlings derived from xenogamic pollination. Pigment analysis showed that even the albino seedlings presented chlorophylls and carotenoids, however, in significantly minor concentrations, 16% and 37% respectively, in relation to green seedlings. Geitonogamic and xenogamic pollinations resulted in C. haagii viable seeds with high germination percentage (90%) under in vitro conditions. The germination of seeds from xenogamic pollination resulted in chlorophyll or normal seedlings only, and can be recommended at conservation programs. On the other hand, although geitonogamic pollination should be avoided at conservation programs of this orchid species as it leads to albino seedlings, it showed a very interesting system to obtain seedlings with this phenotype, an interesting plant material to future investigation.
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Bower, CC. "Demonstration of Pollinator-Mediated Reproductive Isolation in Sexually Deceptive Species of Chiloglottis (Orchidaceae: Caladeniinae)." Australian Journal of Botany 44, no. 1 (1996): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9960015.
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Three designs of field choice experiments were used to demonstrate complete reproductive isolation by sexually deceived thynnine pollinators (Neozeleboria Rohwer spp.) in eight species of Chiloglottis R.Br. Four species, Chiloglottis diphylla R.Br., C. formicifera Fitzg., C. pluricallata D.L.Jones and C. valida D.L.Jones, attracted only one wasp species, but the other four, C. platyptera D.L.Jones, C. seminuda D.L.Jones, C. trilabra Fitzg. and C. reflexa Labill. Druce exhibited multiple species attraction. Wasps visiting orchids were classified as major responders if they exhibited behaviour which could potentially result in pollination, by contrast to minor responders which did not. Major responders occurring sympatrically with the orchid were termed confirmed, potential or putative pollinators on the basis of observation of pollinia removal or deposition, pseudocopulation with the labellum, or arrival at bait flowers with pollinia from local orchid populations, respectively. Each Chiloglottis species had a single Neozeleboria species as confirmed or potential pollinator. The data confirmed that field pollinator choice tests can be used to distinguish cryptic sexually deceptive orchid species, and that specific pollinators may be used reliably as taxonomic characters in Chiloglottis.
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Bower, Colin C. "Specific pollinators reveal a cryptic taxon in the bird orchid, Chiloglottis valida sensu lato (Orchidaceae) in south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 54, no. 1 (2006): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt05043.
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Orchid species belonging to the sexual-deception pollination syndrome exhibit highly specific, usually one-to-one, relationships with their pollinators. This specificity is mediated by the orchid’s mimicry of the sex-attractant pheromones emitted by females of the pollinator species. Chiloglottis valida D.Jones sensu lato is a widespread, sexually deceptive, terrestrial orchid found in south-eastern New South Wales, and eastern and southern Victoria from sea level to at least 1600 m in the Australian Alps. Flowers from 38 C. valida s.l. populations from throughout this area were compared in field choice experiments for the specificity of attracted pollinator species. Four potential pollinator wasps in the thynnine genus Neozeleboria Rohwer were attracted. The data demonstrate the existence of two attractant odour types among C. valida s.l. and its pollinators, and support the recognition of two partially sympatric cryptic species in the orchid, each with two potential pollinators. The copheromone pollinator pairs replace each other on the altitudinal gradient, albeit with some overlap. In alpine areas the pollinators of the two cryptic orchid species are themselves sibling species within Neozeleboria monticola Turner s.l. The results indicate that C. aff. valida, the sister species of C. valida s.s., has two geographically replacing pollinators.
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Roos, Peter H. "Interaction of milkweed butterflies with egret and jewel orchids: observations on pollinaria attachment to danaid butterflies on east Sulawesi (Indonesia) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Danainae; Orchidoideae: Habenarinae and Goodyerinae)." Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 162, no. 1 (November 23, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22119434-20192082.
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Species of the butterfly subfamily Danainae visit orchids, resulting in pollinaria being attached to their heads. In several habitats in east Sulawesi a remarkable percentage of Danainae specimens was observed with orchid pollinaria preferentially attached to their eyes. Among the 13 observed native Danainae species, seven carried pollinaria. Pollinaria attachment appears to be selective for Danainae as hundreds of specimens from other butterfly families were negative. Selectivity also concerns the orchid species, as attached pollinaria could be assigned to a Habenaria orchid and in one case only to an Anoectochilus. Efficient pollinaria attachment requires compatible morphological characters of butterfly and orchid. In this respect, the observed high pollinaria load of single butterflies is also important. Comparable investigations in southeast Sulawesi did not reveal danaid–orchid interactions. Further studies are required to prove orchid pollination by Danainae and to clarify the mechanism by which these butterflies are attracted to the orchids.
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Phillips, Ryan D., Renate Faast, Colin C. Bower, Graham R. Brown, and Rod Peakall. "Implications of pollination by food and sexual deception for pollinator specificity, fruit set, population genetics and conservation of Caladenia (Orchidaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 57, no. 4 (2009): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt08154.
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Caladenia is very unusual in that it contains species that attract pollinators by two different strategies, food and sexual deception. Among the sexually deceptive species, baiting for pollinators has shown that within populations orchid species are typically pollinated by a single species of thynnine wasp. However, some wasp species can be pollinators of more than one species of orchid usually when their ranges do not overlap. There is a trend for closely related orchids to exploit wasps from the same genus, with different lineages of orchids often pollinated by different genera. Very little is known about pollination of food-deceptive Caladenia species, although it is evident they attract a suite of generalist food-seeking insects. Food-deceptive species have a higher pollination rate than do sexually deceptive species. Studies of population genetics and pollen movements are few, although they suggest a pattern of fine-scale genetic structuring within populations, owing to predominantly restricted seed dispersal and low genetic differentiation among populations as a consequence of rare long-distance seed-dispersal events. Both evolutionary and ecological research of Caladenia will greatly benefit from a better understanding of the insect species involved in pollination, their ecological requirements and the ecological and genetic consequences of food and sexual deception.
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PÉREZ-HÉRNANDEZ, HERMES, ANNE DAMON, JAVIER VALLE-MORA, and DANIEL SÁNCHEZ-GUILLEN. "Orchid pollination: specialization in chance?" Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 165, no. 3 (January 4, 2011): 251–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2010.01109.x.
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Schiestl, Florian P., Manfred Ayasse, Hannes F. Paulus, Christer Löfstedt, Bill S. Hansson, Fernando Ibarra, and Wittko Francke. "Orchid pollination by sexual swindle." Nature 399, no. 6735 (June 1999): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/20829.
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Paiva Neto, Vespasiano Borges de, Ana Paula Mezoni Correa, Fábio de Barros, Daly Roxana Castro Padilha, and Monica Cristina Rezende Zuffo Borges. "The Bletia catenulata ornamental orchid is self-compatible but pollinator-dependent for reproduction." Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical 45, no. 4 (December 2015): 473–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-40632015v4538410.
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ABSTRACT Bletia catenulata is a native Brazilian orchid whose populations have suffered from predatory collection. Aiming at elucidating aspects of its reproductive biology and the relation with seed germination, pollination tests were carried out in flowers of plants cultivated in a greenhouse. Manual cross and self-pollination resulted in high percentage of fructification (76.7-86.7 %), being only 26.7 % for natural pollination, in which the absence of pollinators, due to flower isolation, resulted in absence of fruits. In vitro seed germination for all fruits from the different pollination processes was low, being 8.6 % the highest percentage for protocorms. Thus, B. catenulata is selfcompatible, resulting in viable seeds, but pollinator-dependent for sexual reproduction.
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Travers, Steven E., Kirk Anderson, Pati Vitt, and Marion O. Harris. "Breeding system and inbreeding depression in the rare orchid, Platanthera praeclara, in a fragmented grassland landscape." Botany 96, no. 3 (March 2018): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2017-0104.
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An important consequence of self-compatibility in plants is that self-pollination can have deleterious effects on plant fitness because of inbreeding. We conducted a hand pollination experiment under field conditions to measure the magnitude of inbreeding depression associated with self-pollination in the rare western prairie fringed-orchid Platanthera praeclara Sheviak and Bowles. By comparing capsules and seeds resulting from cross versus self-pollination treatments, we determined that self-pollination reduces seed quality while having no detectable effect on capsule production or seed numbers. A smaller percentage of seeds resulting from self-pollination contained an embryo (18%) relative to seeds from cross-pollination (46%). Seeds that had an embryo were scored for the size of the embryo, small or large. A smaller proportion of seeds from self-pollination contained a large embryo (75%) relative to seeds from cross-pollination (92%). These results suggest that sexual reproduction and recruitment in this rare plant are dependent on the frequency of pollinator visitations that result in outcrossing.
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Cozzolino, Salvatore, and Giovanni Scopece. "Specificity in pollination and consequences for postmating reproductive isolation in deceptive Mediterranean orchids." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1506 (June 25, 2008): 3037–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0079.
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The type of reproductive isolation prevalent in the initial stages of species divergence can affect the nature and rate of emergence of additional reproductive barriers that subsequently strengthen isolation between species. Different groups of Mediterranean deceptive orchids are characterized by different levels of pollinator specificity. Whereas food-deceptive orchid species show weak pollinator specificity, the sexually deceptive Ophrys species display a more specialized pollination strategy. Comparative analyses reveal that orchids with high pollinator specificity mostly rely on premating reproductive barriers and have very little postmating isolation. In this group, a shift to a novel pollinator achieved by modifying the odour bouquet may represent the main isolation mechanism involved in speciation. By contrast, orchids with weak premating isolation, such as generalized food-deceptive orchids, show strong evidence for intrinsic postmating reproductive barriers, particularly for late-acting postzygotic barriers such as hybrid sterility. In such species, chromosomal differences may have played a key role in species isolation, although strong postmating–prezygotic isolation has also evolved in these orchids. Molecular analyses of hybrid zones indicate that the types and strength of reproductive barriers in deceptive orchids with contrasting premating isolation mechanisms directly affect the rate and evolutionary consequences of hybridization and the nature of species differentiation.
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Tremblay, Raymond Louis. "Trends in the pollination ecology of the Orchidaceae: evolution and systematics." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 3 (March 1, 1992): 642–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-083.
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Reduction in the number of pollinator species per plant species is a mechanism that may lower the cost of pollen transfer. Using efficient pollinators may have an evolutionary significance. It is hypothesized that an evolutionary trend from many pollinators to few pollinators per plant species should be observable when species from ancestral versus recently derived monophyletic taxon are compared. Three different orchid phylogenetic sequences are used; two of the phylogenies show a reduction in the number of pollinator species per orchid species from the most ancestral to the most recently derived subfamilies. The third classification did not show this trend. It is thus possible to observe macroevolution of pollinator specialization of a monophyletic plant taxon. Key words: evolution, pollination, systematics, Orchidaceae, evolutionary ecology.
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Hall, Peter W., Paul M. Catling, Paul L. Mosquin, and Ted Mosquin. "European Skipper Butterfly (Thymelicus lineola) Associated with Reduced Seed Development of Showy Lady’s-slipper Orchid (Cypripedium reginae)." Canadian Field-Naturalist 131, no. 1 (July 14, 2017): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v131i1.1952.
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It has been suggested that European Skipper butterflies (Thymelicus lineola) trapped in the lips of the Showy Lady’s-slipper orchid (Cypripedium reginae) may interfere with pollination. This could occur through blockage of the pollinator pathway, facilitation of pollinator escape without pollination, and/or disturbance of the normal pollinators. A large population of the orchid at an Ottawa Valley site provided an opportunity to test the interference hypothesis. The number of trapped skippers was compared in 475 post-blooming flowers with regard to capsule development and thus seed development. The presence of any skippers within flowers was associated with reduced capsule development (P = 0.0075), and the probability of capsule development was found to decrease with increasing numbers of skippers (P = 0.0271). The extent of a negative effect will depend on the abundance of the butterflies and the coincidence of flowering time and other factors. Counts of skippers trapped in flowers were found to follow closely a negative binomial distribution (P = 0.8656).
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Petit, Sophie, and Catherine Ruth Dickson. "Grass-tree (Xanthorrhoea semiplana, Liliaceae) facilitation of the endangered pink-lipped spider orchid (Caladenia syn. Arachnorchis behrii, Orchidaceae) varies in South Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 53, no. 5 (2005): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt04034.
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We examined the role of the grass-tree Xanthorrhoea semiplana F.Muell. canopy in the survival of the nationally endangered orchid Caladenia (syn. Arachnorchis) behrii Schltdl. at three sites in the northern Adelaide region. We compared grazing and pollination of the flowering orchids within and away from the grass-tree canopy. Grass-trees generally provided significant protection from grazing, but orchids protected by grass-trees experienced reduced pollination for 2 out of 5 years. The net effect of these interactions, as measured by seed set, varied across years. When grazing pressure is high, orchids may benefit from grass-tree protection (facilitation), but under low grazing pressure, it is more probable that orchids set seeds away from grass-trees than under their canopy. Grazing pressure probably does not decrease in view of habitat fragmentation the importance of fragments as wildlife refuges. Therefore, factors affecting the survival of grass-trees, such as Phytophthora cinnamomi, may also affect orchid survival. Kangaroos which are often assumed to be responsible for most grazing in the Adelaide Hills are not the only predators of orchids, and a culling program has so far not resulted in a decrease of grazing pressure for the orchids. Translocation and fencing programs should examine the role of facilitative plants and grazers before spending precious conservation resources.
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Indsto, James O., Peter H. Weston, Mark A. Clements, Adrian G. Dyer, Michael Batley, and Robert J. Whelan. "Pollination of Diuris maculata (Orchidaceae) by male Trichocolletes venustus bees." Australian Journal of Botany 54, no. 7 (2006): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt05146.
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In a previous study, the Australian terrestrial orchid Diuris maculata sensu lato, from a site near Melbourne in Victoria, was suggested to be a floral mimic of several sympatric legume species. The widespread distribution of this orchid species (or species complex) suggests that there may be a number of different model and pollinator species throughout this range, and that additional studies are necessary to characterise its pollination adequately. In this study, the pollination of D. maculata in the Sydney region, mainly at Scheyville National Park, was compared with the results previously obtained in Victoria. At Scheyville National Park, Trichocolletes venustus was the only native bee species found in significant numbers, and the flowers it visited were almost exclusively the legumes Hardenbergia violacea and Daviesia ulicifolia ssp. ulicifolia. Fifty per cent (14 of 28) of captured male bees carried D. maculata orchid pollinaria, or remnants, which were identified by AFLP fingerprinting. Female bees, which appeared about 10–14 days after males, were not observed visiting the orchid or carrying orchid pollinaria. We confirmed that D. maculata flowers lack nectar, and noted that the pea-like flowers possess an UV false nectar guide comparable to the true UV nectar guide of the legume flowers. Colorimetric analysis showed the colour separation between D. ulicifolia ssp. ulicifolia and the orchid is small enough to be likely to produce foraging errors, consistent with mimicry. We conclude that guild mimicry of a diversity of ‘egg and bacon’ legumes best explains the pollination of D. maculata s.l., rather than precise mimicry of any one pea species. Preliminary observations suggest that pea-flower mimicry may range from being highly precise in some species, through to being much more generalised, but still retaining elements of mimicry. The novel finding of comparable UV patterns in Diuris species and putative pea models applies to most species in the genus and we found that the rare D. aequalis shows remarkable similarity in colour, shape and UV patterns to the sympatric legume Gompholobium huegelii, and is likely to be a mimic of this species.
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Phillips, Ryan D., Noushka Reiter, and Rod Peakall. "Orchid conservation: from theory to practice." Annals of Botany 126, no. 3 (May 14, 2020): 345–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaa093.
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Abstract Background Given the exceptional diversity of orchids (26 000+ species), improving strategies for the conservation of orchids will benefit a vast number of taxa. Furthermore, with rapidly increasing numbers of endangered orchids and low success rates in orchid conservation translocation programmes worldwide, it is evident that our progress in understanding the biology of orchids is not yet translating into widespread effective conservation. Scope We highlight unusual aspects of the reproductive biology of orchids that can have important consequences for conservation programmes, such as specialization of pollination systems, low fruit set but high seed production, and the potential for long-distance seed dispersal. Further, we discuss the importance of their reliance on mycorrhizal fungi for germination, including quantifying the incidence of specialized versus generalized mycorrhizal associations in orchids. In light of leading conservation theory and the biology of orchids, we provide recommendations for improving population management and translocation programmes. Conclusions Major gains in orchid conservation can be achieved by incorporating knowledge of ecological interactions, for both generalist and specialist species. For example, habitat management can be tailored to maintain pollinator populations and conservation translocation sites selected based on confirmed availability of pollinators. Similarly, use of efficacious mycorrhizal fungi in propagation will increase the value of ex situ collections and likely increase the success of conservation translocations. Given the low genetic differentiation between populations of many orchids, experimental genetic mixing is an option to increase fitness of small populations, although caution is needed where cytotypes or floral ecotypes are present. Combining demographic data and field experiments will provide knowledge to enhance management and translocation success. Finally, high per-fruit fecundity means that orchids offer powerful but overlooked opportunities to propagate plants for experiments aimed at improving conservation outcomes. Given the predictions of ongoing environmental change, experimental approaches also offer effective ways to build more resilient populations.
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Jakubska-Busse, Anna, and Marcin Kadej. "The pollination of Epipactis Zinn, 1757 (Orchidaceae) species in Central Europe – the significance of chemical attractants, floral morphology and concomitant insects." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 80, no. 1 (2011): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2011.007.
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A series of studies on pollination biology of the <em>Epipactis atrorubens </em>(Hoffm.) Besser, <em>E. purpurata </em>Sm., and <em>E. palustris </em>(L.) Crantz populations was conducted in Poland, Lithuania and Czech Republic between 2003 and 2010. The research focused on pollinators and visitors to aforementioned orchid species as well as on the chemical analysis of orchids' nectar which was done using the GC/MS method. It was found that: 1) the type of pollinators depends on the orchid population size and the surrounding environment, where the temperature and amount of precipitation during the vegetative season are the most vital factors; 2) pollinators and visitors to the examined orchids might differ in successive growing seasons; 3) the studied <em>Epipactis</em> species differ in the chemical composition of their nectar and its scent, which can influence their pollination biology; 4) the tendency to autogamy observed in <em>E. purpurata </em>might be due to lack of pollinators in its habitats.
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Gonmei, A., and A. N. Rao. "A study on flowering phenology, synchrony, and pollination mechanism of Dendrobium primulinum Lindl. (Orchidaceae)." South Asian Journal of Experimental Biology 4, no. 6 (February 4, 2015): 308–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.38150/sajeb.4(6).p308-314.
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Studies were conducted on the pollination mechanisms of Dendrobium prim-ulinum, epiphytic orchids distributed from India to South East Asia, Australia and Newzeland. The average longevity of flowers of the species was record-ed 10.1 ± 0.21 days. The species was proved to be strictly self-incompatible and pollinator dependent. Higher flowering synchrony resulted higher repro-ductive output. Out of many insects visitors to the flowers, only two species of bees viz. Andrena cineraria and Bombus species were identified as the successful pollinators for the species. The locations of the insect body where the pollinia attached during the pollination process varied; head in case of Bombus species and thorax in A. cineraria. The reason for the pollen attach-ment at different places of the two pollinators was attributed to the insects’ body size in relation to the size of the floral parts especially the labellum chamber, which was an adaptation character of the orchid species.
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LINDBERG, ANNIKA BÜCHERT, and JENS MOGENS OLESEN. "The fragility of extreme specialization: Passiflora mixta and its pollinating hummingbird Ensifera ensifera." Journal of Tropical Ecology 17, no. 2 (March 2001): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467401001213.
Full textAbstract:
Some of the most spectacular examples of coevolution between flowers and their pollinators are reflected in their morphologies. Tongue length of insects and bill lengths of nectar-feeding birds are some of the most significant characters in pollination studies (Kearns & Inouye 1993). As Darwin noted as early as 1862, the evolution of deep floral tubes or spurs and long tongues of flower visitors can be explained by runaway coevolution (Nilsson 1988). However, such a process has only been shown to be likely in a few cases, e.g. between Malagasy orchids and hawkmoths (Nilsson et al. 1985). The pollinator of the Malagasy orchid Angraecum sesquipedale, with a 30 cm nectar spur, is a sphingid moth with a tongue of a similar size (Darwin 1862, Nilsson 1998). However, most studies of such extreme pollination specialization also report that the interaction is asymmetrical, i.e. the pollinators interact with a guild of plants, whereas the plant often depends on only a few pollinators (Johnson & Steiner 1995).
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Vereecken, Nicolas J., Carol A. Wilson, Susann Hötling, Stefan Schulz, Sergey A. Banketov, and Patrick Mardulyn. "Pre-adaptations and the evolution of pollination by sexual deception: Cope's rule of specialization revisited." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1748 (October 10, 2012): 4786–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1804.
Full textAbstract:
Pollination by sexual deception is arguably one of the most unusual liaisons linking plants and insects, and perhaps the most illustrative example of extreme floral specialization in angiosperms. While considerable progress has been made in understanding the floral traits involved in sexual deception, less is known about how this remarkable mimicry system might have arisen, the role of pre-adaptations in promoting its evolution and its extent as a pollination mechanism outside the few groups of plants (primarily orchids) where it has been described to date. In the Euro-Mediterranean region, pollination by sexual deception is traditionally considered to be the hallmark of the orchid genus Ophrys . Here, we introduce two new cases outside of Ophrys , in plant groups dominated by generalized, shelter-mimicking species. On the basis of phylogenetic reconstructions of ancestral pollination strategies, we provide evidence for independent and bidirectional evolutionary transitions between generalized (shelter mimicry) and specialized (sexual deception) pollination strategies in three groups of flowering plants, and suggest that pseudocopulation has evolved from pre-adaptations (floral colours, shapes and odour bouquets) that selectively attract male pollinators through shelter mimicry. These findings, along with comparative analyses of floral traits (colours and scents), shed light on particular phenotypic changes that might have fuelled the parallel evolution of these extraordinary pollination strategies. Collectively, our results provide the first substantive insights into how pollination sexual deception might have evolved in the Euro-Mediterranean region, and demonstrate that even the most extreme cases of pollinator specialization can reverse to more generalized interactions, breaking ‘Cope's rule of specialization’.
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Maulida, D., OCP Pradana, and L. Erfa. "Pollination Compatibility of Dendrobium Polinela Lampung, and The Effect of Media Composition with Coconut Water on Seed Germination In Vitro." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1012, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1012/1/012065.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Efforts to increase the quality of Dendrobium orchids can be made by increasing the genetic quality through crosses while increasing the quantity can be done by propagation through in vitro culture. Information about the compatibility of an orchid species is very important to maximize the acquisition of seeds as propagation material. The seeds from the cross were propagated by in vitro culture technique. The purpose of this study was to obtain a compatible crossing method between crossing and selfing D.Polinela Lampung orchids with selected parents and to determine the effect of giving a combination of media with coconut water concentration in inducing germination and growth of orchid seeds. This study consisted of two experiments, namely (1) the compatibility test of D.Polinela Lampung orchids with three types of Indonesian orchids (D.discolour, D.leporinum, D.lasientera), and (2) the effect of basic media (MS, VW, Growmore, Gandasil) and water concentration CW (0, 50, 150, and 250 ml/1) on seedling growth of D.Polinela Lampung x D.lasientera orchids. In conclusion, among the sixteen crosses of Dendrobium orchids, ten compatibility crosses were found (pollination that produces fruit). The addition of 15 and 25% CW in the growmore medium (91.37% and 98.03%), MS (90.97% and 96.00 %), and Gandasil (90.67% and 92.67%) gave the highest percentage results. Seed germination and protocorm formation. The protocorm that forms the first leaves produced on Growmore media added with 50-150 ml/1 coconut water gave the most results compared to other treatments. The results of the research are expected as basic information in orchid propagation, especially the study of compatibility and germination of orchid seeds.
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Krahl, A. H., D. R. P. Krahl, J. J. Valsko, A. C. Webber, and E. R. Pansarin. "Evidence of reward production and pollination by Centris in Encyclia (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae): the reproductive biology of Encyclia mapuerae." Australian Journal of Botany 65, no. 3 (2017): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt16253.
Full textAbstract:
Encyclia is a neotropical orchid genus distributed from Florida to South Brazil and comprises ~120 taxa, including Encyclia mapuerae (Huber) Brade & Pabst. Besides its diversity and wide distribution, conclusive data on pollinators and reproductive biology of this orchid genus is scarce. Furthermore, nothing is known about the production of floral reward in Encyclia but the pollinators of their species are assumed to be attracted through food deception. Based on data on phenology, floral morpho-anatomy, histochemistry, pollinators, pollination mechanisms, and breeding system, the reproductive biology of E. mapuerae was studied in a nature reserve at Central Amazonia, Brazil. The flowers of E. mapuerae show longitudinal lines on the labellum that act as a nectar guide. The secretory epidermis has papillae whose cells are covered by an ornamented cuticle. The subtended tissue is composed of a tree-layered collenchyma. The flowers attract several species of Hymenoptera. However, a single species of Centris was recorded as pollinator. The bees collect the nectar produced inside the cuniculus. When the bees leave the flower the pollinarium is attached to their heads. Encyclia mapuerae is self-compatible and pollinator-dependent. The reproductive success in natural conditions is low because of deficient pollen transference due to the scarcity of pollinators. As far we know this is the first study that reports and production of floral reward in Encyclia. This discovery provides new insights on the function of the cuniculus in Laeliinae, and sheds light on the evolution of floral rewards and pollination mechanisms within this diverse group of Neotropical orchids.
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Lahondère, Chloé, Clément Vinauger, Ryo P. Okubo, Gabriella H. Wolff, Jeremy K. Chan, Omar S. Akbari, and Jeffrey A. Riffell. "The olfactory basis of orchid pollination by mosquitoes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 708–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1910589117.
Full textAbstract:
Mosquitoes are important vectors of disease and require sources of carbohydrates for reproduction and survival. Unlike host-related behaviors of mosquitoes, comparatively less is understood about the mechanisms involved in nectar-feeding decisions, or how this sensory information is processed in the mosquito brain. Here we show thatAedesspp. mosquitoes, includingAedes aegypti, are effective pollinators of thePlatanthera obtusataorchid, and demonstrate this mutualism is mediated by the orchid’s scent and the balance of excitation and inhibition in the mosquito’s antennal lobe (AL). TheP. obtusataorchid emits an attractive, nonanal-rich scent, whereas relatedPlatantheraspecies—not visited by mosquitoes—emit scents dominated by lilac aldehyde. Calcium imaging experiments in the mosquito AL revealed that nonanal and lilac aldehyde each respectively activate the LC2 and AM2 glomerulus, and remarkably, the AM2 glomerulus is also sensitive to N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), a mosquito repellent. Lateral inhibition between these 2 glomeruli reflects the level of attraction to the orchid scents. Whereas the enriched nonanal scent ofP. obtusataactivates the LC2 and suppresses AM2, the high level of lilac aldehyde in the other orchid scents inverts this pattern of glomerular activity, and behavioral attraction is lost. These results demonstrate the ecological importance of mosquitoes beyond operating as disease vectors and open the door toward understanding the neural basis of mosquito nectar-seeking behaviors.