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Sulistya Dewi, Endah Rita, Ary Susatyo Nugroho, and Maria Ulfa. "Menuju Desa Konservasi Aggrek di Desa Ngresep Balong, Limbangan Kendal." Journal of Dedicators Community 2, no. 2 (July 9, 2018): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.34001/jdc.v2i2.702.
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Forest Ungaran Mountain has a variety of plant diversity, one of which is a kind of forest orchids. Along with the wild hunting of Ungaran Mountain orchard and the change of function and clearing of forest land, then the popuasi and natural habitat for Ungaran Mountain Orchid species increasingly reduced. This makes the villagers of Ngesrep Balong feel worried about the species will disappear or extinct. To anticipate this, the villagers realized that the effort to conserve orchid of Ungaran Mountain needs to be done. The main problem is that villagers do not have enough skills to do conservation effort independently. Therefore it is very necessary to do counseling and training through this PPDM activity so that villagers gain knowledge and skills in conducting activities of conservation, cultivation until production of Ungaran Mountain Orchid independently. At Mount Ungaran Resort Limbangan Kendal District, found 12 species of orchids derived from 8 genera. Of the 12 species are 10 species of which are orchids epiphytes and two other types of terrestrial orchids. Looking at the potential, it can be concluded that Ngesrep Balong Village has potential to be used as Conservation Village of Orchid
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Farokhah, Tria, Sri Utami, and Jumari Jumari. "Diversity and Abundance of Orchids at Gebugan Nature Reserve in Semarang, Indonesia." Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education 10, no. 2 (August 29, 2018): 284–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/biosaintifika.v10i2.14579.
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Orchid is a plant with a high aesthetic value.The existence of orchids directly by the community from their natural habitat, causing the existence of orchid in nature was threatened. The potential of orchid diversity in the Gebugan Nature Reserve area needs exploration to maintain its sustainability. This research would explore the diversity and abundance of orchid species and determined the environmental conditionof Gebugan Nature Reserve. The study was done on 2 stations with altitude difference are 900 m asl and 1045 m asl. Five plots of 10 m x 10 m were systematically constructed at each station with a distance of plots 50 meters. Species of orchids found in the Gebugan Nature Reserve were 12 species, including 11 species of epiphytic orchids and 1 species of terrestrial orchids. The abundance of individual orchid species was relatively higher in places with higher altitudes. Micropera sp was the most abundant orchid species and Corymborkis veratrifolia was the species of orchid with the lowest abundance. It is found that the environmental conditions of Gebugan Nature Reserve are suitable for orchid. The novelty of the research is providing a new data base of orchid in the Gebugan Nature Reserve. The result of the study would be beneficial for developing strategy of genetic conservation of orchird germplasm.
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Brundrett, Mark C. "Scientific approaches to Australian temperate terrestrial orchid conservation." Australian Journal of Botany 55, no. 3 (2007): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt06131.
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This review summarises scientific knowledge concerning the mycorrhizal associations, pollination, demographics, genetics and evolution of Australian terrestrial orchids relevant to conservation. The orchid family is highly diverse in Western Australia (WA), with over 400 recognised taxa of which 76 are Declared Rare or Priority Flora. Major threats to rare orchids in WA include habitat loss, salinity, feral animals and drought. These threats require science-based recovery actions resulting from collaborations between universities, government agencies and community groups. Fungal identification by DNA-based methods in combination with compatibility testing by germination assays has revealed a complex picture of orchid–fungus diversity and specificity. The majority of rare and common WA orchids studied have highly specific mycorrhizal associations with fungi in the Rhizoctonia alliance, but some associate with a wider diversity of fungi. These fungi may be a key factor influencing the distribution of orchids and their presence can be tested by orchid seed bait bioassays. These bioassays show that mycorrhizal fungi are concentrated in coarse organic matter that may be depleted in some habitats (e.g. by frequent fire). Mycorrhizal fungi also allow efficient propagation of terrestrial orchids for reintroduction into natural habitats and for bioassays to test habitat quality. Four categories of WA orchids are defined by the following pollination strategies: (i) nectar-producing flowers with diverse pollinators, (ii) non-rewarding flowers that mimic other plants, (iii) winter-flowering orchids that attract fungus-feeding insects and (iv) sexually deceptive orchids with relatively specific pollinators. An exceptionally high proportion of WA orchids have specific insect pollinators. Bioassays testing orchid-pollinator specificity can define habitats and separate closely related species. Other research has revealed the chemical basis for insect attraction to orchids and the ecological consequences of deceptive pollination. Genetic studies have revealed that the structure of orchid populations is influenced by pollination, seed dispersal, reproductive isolation and hybridisation. Long-term demographic studies determine the viability of orchid populations, estimate rates of transition between seedling, flowering, non-flowering and dormant states and reveal factors, such as grazing and competition, that result in declining populations. It is difficult to define potential new habitats for rare orchids because of their specific relationships with fungi and insects. An understanding of all three dimensions of orchid habitat requirements can be provided by bioassays with seed baits for fungi, flowers for insects and transplanted seedlings for orchid demography. The majority of both rare and common WA orchids have highly specific associations with pollinating insects and mycorrhizal fungi, suggesting that evolution has favoured increasing specificity in these relationships in the ancient landscapes of WA.
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Phillips, Ryan D., Noushka Reiter, and Rod Peakall. "Orchid conservation: from theory to practice." Annals of Botany 126, no. 3 (May 14, 2020): 345–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaa093.
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Abstract Background Given the exceptional diversity of orchids (26 000+ species), improving strategies for the conservation of orchids will benefit a vast number of taxa. Furthermore, with rapidly increasing numbers of endangered orchids and low success rates in orchid conservation translocation programmes worldwide, it is evident that our progress in understanding the biology of orchids is not yet translating into widespread effective conservation. Scope We highlight unusual aspects of the reproductive biology of orchids that can have important consequences for conservation programmes, such as specialization of pollination systems, low fruit set but high seed production, and the potential for long-distance seed dispersal. Further, we discuss the importance of their reliance on mycorrhizal fungi for germination, including quantifying the incidence of specialized versus generalized mycorrhizal associations in orchids. In light of leading conservation theory and the biology of orchids, we provide recommendations for improving population management and translocation programmes. Conclusions Major gains in orchid conservation can be achieved by incorporating knowledge of ecological interactions, for both generalist and specialist species. For example, habitat management can be tailored to maintain pollinator populations and conservation translocation sites selected based on confirmed availability of pollinators. Similarly, use of efficacious mycorrhizal fungi in propagation will increase the value of ex situ collections and likely increase the success of conservation translocations. Given the low genetic differentiation between populations of many orchids, experimental genetic mixing is an option to increase fitness of small populations, although caution is needed where cytotypes or floral ecotypes are present. Combining demographic data and field experiments will provide knowledge to enhance management and translocation success. Finally, high per-fruit fecundity means that orchids offer powerful but overlooked opportunities to propagate plants for experiments aimed at improving conservation outcomes. Given the predictions of ongoing environmental change, experimental approaches also offer effective ways to build more resilient populations.
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Puy, David J., and Sandra Bell. "THE MADAGASCAR ORCHID PROJECT Growing Orchids for Conservation." Curtis's Botanical Magazine 13, no. 3 (August 1996): 163–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8748.1996.tb00562.x.
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Veldman, Sarina, Seol-Jong Kim, Tinde van Andel, Maria Bello Font, Ruth Bone, Benny Bytebier, David Chuba, et al. "Trade in Zambian Edible Orchids—DNA Barcoding Reveals the Use of Unexpected Orchid Taxa for Chikanda." Genes 9, no. 12 (November 30, 2018): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes9120595.
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In Zambia, wild edible terrestrial orchids are used to produce a local delicacy called chikanda, which has become increasingly popular throughout the country. Commercialization puts orchid populations in Zambia and neighbouring countries at risk of overharvesting. Hitherto, no study has documented which orchid species are traded on local markets, as orchid tubers are difficult to identify morphologically. In this study, the core land-plant DNA barcoding markers rbcL and matK were used in combination with nrITS to determine which species were sold in Zambian markets. Eighty-two interviews were conducted to determine harvesting areas, as well as possible sustainability concerns. By using nrITS DNA barcoding, a total of 16 orchid species in six different genera could be identified. Both rbcL and matK proved suitable to identify the tubers up to the genus or family level. Disa robusta, Platycoryne crocea and Satyrium buchananii were identified most frequently and three previously undocumented species were encountered on the market. Few orchid species are currently listed on the global International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. Local orchid populations and endemic species could be at risk of overharvesting due to the intensive and indiscriminate harvesting of chikanda orchids, and we therefore encourage increased conservation assessment of terrestrial African orchids.
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Fay, Michael F. "Orchid conservation: further links." Annals of Botany 118, no. 1 (July 2016): 89–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw147.
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Heriansyah, Pebra, and Gusti Marlina. "Characterization and Potential of Coelogyne rochussenii Orchids from Bukit Rimbang and Bukit Baling Wildlife Sanctuary as Explant Source." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 9, no. 1 (January 29, 2021): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl1964-75.
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Conservation is an effort to return natural resources to their habitat to restore the ecosystem balance, which can be done in-situ and ex-situ. Coelogyne rochussenii orchid conservation efforts are essential to maintain its sustainability. The purpose of this study was to characterize C. rochussenii orchids from Bukit Rimbang and Bukit Baling Wildlife Sanctuary as a source of tissue culture explants to support ex-situ conservation efforts. Orchid plant samples were obtained through exploration in three locations with an altitude of 92 masl, and then the characterization of leaf morphology, pseudobulbs, roots, and fruit were carried out. The characterization results showed that the young pseudobulbs, young leaves, healthy roots, and physiologically ripe fruits of the C. rochussenii orchids obtained could be used as a source of explants to support ex-situ conservation efforts.Keywords: ex-situ conservation, physiologically mature, young pseudobulbs
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PUSPITANINGTYAS, DWI MURTI. "Orchid exploration in Mount Bintan Besar Protected Forest, Bintan Island, Riau Islands Province, Sumatra, Indonesia." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19, no. 3 (May 1, 2018): 1081–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190341.
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Puspitaningtyas DM. 2018. Orchid exploration in Mount Bintan Besar Protected Forest, Bintan Island, Riau IslandsProvince, Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 1081-1088. Sumatra is one of the main islands in Indonesia. The biodiversity is higherthan Java, but still below compare to Borneo and New Guinea. About 1,118 species of orchids are found growing in Sumatra, which41% of these are endemic to Sumatra. The exploration activities were conducted at Gunung Bintan Besar Protected Forest, Bintanisland-Sumatra. Orchid exploration was conducted in this area to collect living plants for ex situ conservation purpose. Orchid inventoryto record orchid diversity in this area, based on plant collection by purposive random sampling. The results of the study recordedapproximately 23 orchid collection numbers found in that area. These were representative of 15 genera and consist of 14 species ofepiphyte orchids and 9 species of terrestrial orchids. Most orchids found in this area are lowland orchid which are very common inSumatra. Dendrobium metachilinum Rchb.f., Dendrobium leonis (Lindl.) Rchb.f. and Plocoglottis lowii Rchb.f. are unique orchidsspecies found on this island.
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Gaman, Gasper, Nouke Lenda Mawikere, and Barahima Abbas. "Perbanyakan Beberapa Jenis Anggrek Melalui Teknik Kultur Jaringan dan Analisis Keanekaragaman Genetik Berdasarkan Penanda RAPD." Cassowary 1, no. 2 (July 5, 2018): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30862/casssowary.cs.v1.i2.16.
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Papua is the habitat of a variety of orchids and several of orchid species are endemic in Papua. Diversity of orchid species in Papua is a natural resource which needs special attention in conservation efforts and cultivation. The aimes of this research were determined the suitable medium for in vitro propagation technique of several orchid species which endemic in Papua and determine the genetic diversity of five orchids species using RAPD markers. The research was carried out by cultivation of five edemism orchid species on MS medium which enriched 0 to 40% coconut water. Genetic diversities of five orchid species were determined by using RAPD markers. Results of research showed that overall of orchid were cultured can grow to planlet formation. The suitable medium for growing orchids based on this experiment was Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium that enriched with 40% coconut water. Molecular analysis using RAPD markers showed that the five species of Papua orchid were tested different from another. UPGMA grouping based on the polymorphic bands show that the five species of orchid studied were devided into three groups on the coefficient of 0.4 or 40% their genomic different.
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Štípková, Zuzana, and Pavel Kindlmann. "Orchid Extinction over the Last 150 Years in the Czech Republic." Diversity 13, no. 2 (February 13, 2021): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13020078.
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Understanding temporal changes in the distribution and abundance of various species is one of the key goals of conservation biology. During recent decades, the abundance and distribution of many species of plants and animals have declined dramatically, mainly because of habitat loss and fragmentation. The purpose of this study is to analyze the rate of extinction of orchids at various sites in different 20-year time intervals over the last 150 years, determined according to changes in society. Using the dataset of the orchid records of the Nature Conservation Agency of the Czech Republic, we determined the disappearance rate of orchids from sites using a grid of 1 × 1 km. We found that the vast majority of orchids disappeared from many of their historical localities in all time intervals analyzed. The number of sites suitable for Czech orchids declined by 8–92%, depending on the species. The most threatened orchid species in the Czech Republic are Spiranthes spiralis, Anacamptis palustris, Epipogium aphyllum and Goodyera repens. This all seems to be closely related with changes in agricultural practices in the open as well as in forest habitats. Preserving suitable orchid habitats seems to be the key for keeping Czech orchid flora alive.
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Tsulsiyah, Binti, Thoyibatul Farida, Cahya Lembayung Sutra, and Endang Semiarti. "Important Role of Mycorrhiza for Seed Germination and Growth of Dendrobium Orchids." Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology 6, no. 2 (June 24, 2021): 60805. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.60805.
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Indonesia is a tropical country that has natural forests and is suitable for orchid species habitat, leading to more than 5,000 species of orchids grow. The tropical area is the main distribution centre for epiphytic orchids, one of which is Dendrobium, which grows more than 1,000 species throughout the world. Orchid seeds are very small and do not have an endosperm, making germination difficult in their natural habitat. Mycorrhizal association with orchids plays a role in the survival of orchids in nature through seed germination and growth. This study aims to provide a deeper understanding about the important role of mycorrhiza in seed germination and growth of Dendrobium. The mechanism of mycorrhizal association with orchids begins with the initial contact of the fungus with the orchid, hyphae enter the cortex cells to form peloton, peloton lysis, and exchange of nutrients occurs. Orchid mycorrhiza that mostly found groups in Dendrobium are Rhizoctonia (Epulorhiza, Tulasnella, Rhizoctonia). Mycorrhiza plays a role in increased secretion of phytohormone and enzyme activity which supports seed germination and growth of orchids. Specific mycorrhizal data on orchids can be used as an effort for in-situ and ex-situ conservation of Indonesian orchids, including Dendrobium.
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Arditti, Joseph, and H. W. Pritchard. "Modern Methods in Orchid Conservation." Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 117, no. 3 (July 1990): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2996709.
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Kindlmann, Pavel. "New issues in orchid conservation." EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 1, no. 2 (February 23, 2012): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/23361964.2015.41.
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Fay, Michael F., Thierry Pailler, and Kingsley W. Dixon. "Orchid conservation: making the links." Annals of Botany 116, no. 3 (August 26, 2015): 377–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcv142.
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Baasanmunkh, Shukherdorj, Batlai Oyuntsetseg, Petr Efimov, Zagarjav Tsegmed, Sumiya Vandandorj, Khurelpurev Oyundelger, Magsar Urgamal, et al. "Orchids of Mongolia: Taxonomy, Species Richness and Conservation Status." Diversity 13, no. 7 (July 2, 2021): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13070302.
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Orchidaceae is a diverse, globally important plant family with high conservation assessment and prioritization requirements. The checklist of Orchidaceae in Mongolia was updated based on herbarium materials, literature, and field observations. Mongolian orchids were revised as comprising 26 taxa belonging to 14 genera with major updates were conducted on Herminium and Epipactis. In particular, H. alaschanicum, previously noted in the Alashan Gobi region, was added to the flora of Mongolia based on literature and type specimens. Epipactis helleborine and E. palustris were excluded from the Mongolian flora owing to the absence of herbarium specimens and wild collection from Mongolia. Assessment of all orchid species at the national level resulted in 1, 4, 7, 11, and 2 species as critically endangered (CR), endangered (EN), vulnerable (VU), near threatened (NT), and data deficient (DD), respectively, according to IUCN criteria. Species richness and conservation gap analyses of 970 georeferenced orchid records based on 0.5° × 0.5° grid cells across 16 phytogeographical regions of Mongolia, showed that four phytogeographical regions, Khangai, Khuvgul, Khentii and Mongolian Dauria, have a high number of orchids. Regrettably, most orchid-rich locations in Mongolia are not fully within protected areas, highlighting the need for protection management updates. Based on herbarium collections, we prepared grid distribution maps of the 26 taxa using 40 × 40 km2 grids. Photographs of 18 taxa taken during fieldwork were included, providing valuable information on species morphology and typical habitat.
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Shefferson, Richard P., Hans Jacquemyn, Tiiu Kull, and Michael J. Hutchings. "The demography of terrestrial orchids: life history, population dynamics and conservation." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 192, no. 2 (November 30, 2019): 315–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boz084.
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Abstract Terrestrial orchid life-cycles are complex and dependent on pollinators and mycorrhizal associates. Worldwide, orchid populations are declining because of urbanization, atmospheric nitrogen deposition and climate change. To advance understanding of the factors determining orchid population viability, we review knowledge about orchid demography, life histories and population dynamics. Orchids can produce thousands of seeds, although few survive to reach maturity, with mortality rates declining from juvenile to adult life states. Flowering and fruiting rates vary widely between years, and many populations, especially of deceptive species, are pollen- and seed-limited. Many species have long lifespans and periods of vegetative dormancy and exhibit costs associated with reproduction, sprouting, vegetative dormancy, growth and size. Population growth rates range from 0.50–2.92 (mean: 0.983 ± 0.026). Although vital rates can fluctuate widely between years and be strongly correlated, these correlations have little impact on population dynamics. Variation in spatial density of fungi and microsite quality, limited dispersal and competition generate density dependence in vital rates. Future research should elucidate the roles of biotic and abiotic factors on population dynamics to underpin effective management for conservation. Understanding the impact of idiosyncratic individual plant behaviour on population dynamics will also improve demographic parameter estimation, including population growth rate and net reproductive rate.
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Mahfut, Mahfut, Mitha Valentina Treesya Panjaitan, Sri Wahyuningsih, Tundjung Tripeni Handayani, and Sukimin Sukimin. "Identification of Disease and Efforts to Protect Natural Orchid Plants Against Fungi Infection in the Liwa Botanical Garden." International Journal of Engineering, Science and Information Technology 1, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.52088/ijesty.v1i1.39.
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Liwa Botanical Garden is located in West Lampung Regency which has an area of 86.6 hectares and is one of the conservation of ornamental plants that presents the flora of the Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park. One of the flagship collections of this botanical garden is a native orchid. Disease infection is still a major obstacle in the cultivation and development of native orchid potential at Liwa Botanical Garden. Based on the results of previous studies, it is known that several individual natural orchid collections from Liwa Botanical Garden showed symptoms of fungal disease infections. Disease infections can inhibit plant growth and resistance and reduce the aesthetic value periodically. Symptoms of infection include necrotic patches on the upper surface of the leaf. This research was conducted to determine the identification of diseases and efforts to protect native orchids against fungal infections at Liwa Botanical Garden through a collection of samples that showed symptoms of infection, analysis of disease symptoms, and analysis of disease resistance levels. The results showed that the response of the native orchid at Liwa Botanical Garden to fungal infections was showed symptoms of wilting in the leaves, namely in the orchids Eria sp., Dendrobium sp., and Cymbidium sp. turns black on the edge of the leaf, Thrixspermum sp. The type of orchid most commonly infected with fungus is Cymbidium sp. a total of 8 samples, and Thrixspermum sp. 3 samples, Eria sp. as many as 4 samples, Dendrobium sp. and Calanthe triplicata as many as 6 samples. The type of native orchid that is most susceptible to fungal infections is Dendrobium sp. and Eria sp. with disease intensity of 74.11% and 22.3%. The results of this activity are expected to be basic information in efforts to protect plants against diseases to support the application of conservation of native orchids on Liwa Botanical Garden.
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Calevo, Jacopo, Samuele Voyron, Enrico Ercole, and Mariangela Girlanda. "Is the Distribution of Two Rare Orchis Sister Species Limited by Their Main Mycobiont?" Diversity 12, no. 7 (June 30, 2020): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12070262.
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As orchids rely on their mycorrhizal fungi for nutrient supply, their spatial range is dependent on the distribution of orchid mycorrhizal (OM) fungi. We addressed possible correlations between mycorrhizal specificity and the geographic distribution of orchids and OM fungi in three populations of the rare sister species Orchis patens and O. canariensis. Metabarcoding of the fungal ITS2 region indicated that, although adult plants of either species were colonized by several ceratobasidioid, tulasnelloid, sebacinoid and serendipitoid fungi, the mycobiont spectra were dominated by Tulasnella helicospora (which occurred in 100% of examined plants with high read numbers), which is a globally distributed fungus. In vitro assays with a T. helicospora isolate obtained from O. patens indicated the effectiveness of this OM fungus at germinating seeds of its native host. At a local scale, higher read numbers for T. helicospora were found in soil samples collected underneath O. patens roots than at locations unoccupied by the orchid. Although these findings suggest that the geographical pattern of the main fungal symbiont does not limit the distribution of O. patens and O. canariensis at this scale, the actual causal link between orchid and OM fungal occurrence/abundance still needs to be better understood.
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Nevill, Geoff. "Orchids on the edge: threatened orchid recovery in the North Central region, 2003-2009." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 122, no. 2 (2010): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs10017.
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This paper presents an overview of activities to conserve a suite of threatened orchid taxa within the North Central region between 2003 and 2009. Historical and current threats to orchid populations are outlined and management responses detailed, together with results of key management actions. Knowledge gaps are identified, with past and current actions to address some of these included. Future directions for the conservation of threatened orchids in the region are briefly discussed.
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Cozzolino, S., A. M. Nardella, S. Impagliazzo, A. Widmer, and C. Lexer. "Hybridization and conservation of Mediterranean orchids: Should we protect the orchid hybrids or the orchid hybrid zones?" Biological Conservation 129, no. 1 (April 2006): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.09.043.
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Evans, Alexandra, Sam Janssens, and Hans Jacquemyn. "Impact of Climate Change on the Distribution of Four Closely Related Orchis (Orchidaceae) Species." Diversity 12, no. 8 (August 13, 2020): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12080312.
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Long-term monitoring programs and population demographic models have shown that the population dynamics of orchids are to a large extent dependent on prevailing weather conditions, suggesting that the changes in climatic conditions can have far reaching effects on the population dynamics and hence the distribution of orchids. Although a better understanding of the effects of climate change on the distribution of plants has become increasingly important during the final years, only a few studies have investigated the effects of changing temperature and precipitation on the distribution of orchids. In this study, we investigated the impact of climate change on the distribution of four terrestrial orchid species (Orchis anthropophora, Orchis militaris, Orchis purpurea and Orchis simia). Using bioclimatic data for current and future climate scenarios, habitat suitability, range shifts and the impact of different abiotic factors on the range of each species were modelled using Maxent. The results revealed an increase in suitable habitat area for O. anthropophora, O. purpurea and O. simia under each RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway) scenario, while a decrease was observed for O. militaris. Furthermore, all four of the orchids showed a shift to higher latitudes under the three RCPs leading to a significant range extension under mild climate change. Under severe climate change, a significant decline in the distribution area at the warm edge of their distributions was observed. Overall, these results show that mild climate change may be beneficial for the studied orchid species and lead to range expansion. However, continued warming may yet prove detrimental, as all species also showed pronounced declines at lower latitudes when temperature increases were larger than 4 °C.
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FARDHANI, INDRA, HIROMITSU KISANUKI, and PARIKESIT PARIKESIT. "SWOT analysis for orchid conservation in a forest at Mount Sanggara, West Java, Indonesia." Asian Journal of Ethnobiology 1, no. 2 (November 1, 2018): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/asianjethnobiol/y010203.
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Abstract. Fardhani I, Kisanuki H, Parikesit. 2018. SWOT analysis for orchid conservation in a forest at Mount Sanggara, West Java, Indonesia. Asian J Ethnobiol 1: 69-74. Mount Sanggara, West Java, Indonesia, specifically in Legok Jero area has orchid diversity consisting of 46 epiphytic and four terrestrial. The diversity indexes (H’) were categorized as medium both for epiphytic and terrestrial species. The problems in Mount Sanggara are due to conversion of forest into coffee plantation and illegal logging although the forest status is protected forest. Besides, orchids are also threatened by illegal collecting. Strategic management is needed to solve these problems. The purpose of this study was to create the proper strategies to manage the forest in a sustainable way for orchid species, surrounding villages, company, and the sustainability of the orchid community itself. This paper explores internal and external factors by SWOT analysis to formulate management strategies. Data were gathered by structured and unstructured interview and questionnaire. The instruments were distributed to company as stake holder, farmer group, and local residents. From the SWOT analysis, several strategies were proposed to optimize the strengths and opportunities for the purpose of overcoming the weaknesses and to avoid the threats. Consequently, the proposed strategies can be an alternative for stakeholder to manage this forest sustainably not only for local residents but also for the orchid community itself.
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HARTINI, SRI. "Orchids Diversity in the Sicikeh-Cikeh Forest, North Sumatra, Indonesia." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 20, no. 4 (March 23, 2019): 1087–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200421.
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Abstract. Hartini S. 2019. Orchids Diversity in the Sicikeh-Cikeh Forest, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 1087-1096. Sicikeh-cikeh forest includes three forest areas, namely Adian Tinjoan Customary Forest, Adian Tinjoan Protection Forest, and Taman Wisata Alam Sicikeh-cikeh. Typical vegetation of this area is mountain forest with large diversity of plant species. Among the species, orchid is one of the potential plants found diversely in this location and has not yet been recorded. The exploration activities were conducted at Sicikeh-cikeh forest. Orchid exploration was conducted to collect living plants for ex situ conservation purpose. Orchid inventory, to record orchid diversity in this area, was based on plant collection by purposive random sampling. The results of the study recorded approximately 102 different species from 30 genera of orchids in this area. Typical epiphytic and terrestrial highland orchids were found and very common in Sumatra. Among the species found are endemic Sumatra, such as Coelogyne brachygyne, Coelogyne salmonicolor, Dendrobium kruiense, Epigeneium pulchellum, Thrixspermum gombakense, Corybas stenotribonos and Paphiopedilum tonsum. Interesting terrestrial orchids include Kuhlhasseltia javanica, Neuwiedia zollingeri var. javanica, Paphiopedilum tonsum, Phaius callosus, Corybas stenotribonos, Calanthe aurantiaca, Calanthe chrysoglossoides, and Calanthe pulchra. While interesting epiphytic orchids include Bulbophyllum absconditum, Bulbophyllum coloriferum, Coelogyne brachygyne, Epigenium pulchellum, Eria bractescens, Eria pachystachya, Pholidota gibbosa, and Thrixspermum amplexicaule.
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Kaur, Saranjeet. "Cryopreservation of Orchids – A Review." Recent Patents on Biotechnology 13, no. 2 (March 29, 2019): 114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1872208313666181127143058.
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<P>Background: The orchids are one of the beautiful creations of nature which stand apart from any other assemblage of flowering plants. They are highly evolutionary and ecologically significant group of plants that have effectively occupied almost every habitat on the earth. Indiscriminate collections and extermination of their natural habitats have threatened many species of orchids with extinction, resulting in a severe reduction of their genetic resources in nature according to recent patents. It is necessary to adopt sound scientific protocols for the preservation of orchid species.Method:This cost-effective technique provides large storage time for the conservation of germplasm. Presently, efforts have been made to explore various cryopreservation techniques utilized so far and factors affecting the longevity of the propagules (in vivo and in vitro) while cryopreserving them. The sample to be cryopreserved is freeze-preserved in two ways, a) stepwise at two different subzero temperatures and b) in the rapid method, the samples are placed directly in the liquid nitrogen. </P><P> Results: The orchid seeds and pollen are the most suitable propagules for cryopreservation of orchids due to their minute size and less space requirement.Conclusion:Among the tissues (such as seeds, pollen, protocorms etc.) seeds are the most reliable. The present article reviews the cryopreservation techniques and factors effecting the cryopreservation, for in vitro conservation of orchid gene pool.</P>
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Damgaard, Christian, Jesper Erenskjold Moeslund, and Peter Wind. "Changes in the Abundance of Danish Orchids over the Past 30 Years." Diversity 12, no. 6 (June 15, 2020): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12060244.
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Orchid abundance data collected over the past 30 years (1987–2016) from 440 sites within the National Orchid Monitoring Program were analyzed to quantify the population trends of orchids in Denmark, and the underlying reasons for the observed population trends were analyzed and discussed. Of the 45 monitored Danish orchids, 20 showed a significant decrease in abundance over the past 30 years (16, if only orchids with at least 50 observations each were selected), thus corroborating the previous observations of declining orchid abundances at the European scale. Generally, there was a significant negative effect of overgrowing with tall-growing herbs and shrubs on the abundance of Danish orchids, mainly caused by change of farming practices, as extensive management, such as grazing or mowing of light-open grassland areas, has decreased.
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Pujasatria, Galih Chersy, Chihiro Miura, and Hironori Kaminaka. "In Vitro Symbiotic Germination: A Revitalized Heuristic Approach for Orchid Species Conservation." Plants 9, no. 12 (December 9, 2020): 1742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9121742.
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As one of the largest families of flowering plants, Orchidaceae is well-known for its high diversity and complex life cycles. Interestingly, such exquisite plants originate from minute seeds, going through challenges to germinate and establish in nature. Alternatively, orchid utilization as an economically important plant gradually decreases its natural population, therefore, driving the need for conservation. As with any conservation attempts, broad knowledge is required, including the species’ interaction with other organisms. All orchids establish mycorrhizal symbiosis with certain lineages of fungi to germinate naturally. Since the whole in situ study is considerably complex, in vitro symbiotic germination study is a promising alternative. It serves as a tool for extensive studies at morphophysiological and molecular levels. In addition, it provides insights before reintroduction into its natural habitat. Here we reviewed how mycorrhiza contributes to orchid lifecycles, methods to conduct in vitro study, and how it can be utilized for conservation needs.
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Scade, A., M. C. Brundrett, A. L. Batty, K. W. Dixon, and K. Sivasithamparam. "Survival of transplanted terrestrial orchid seedlings in urban bushland habitats with high or low weed cover." Australian Journal of Botany 54, no. 4 (2006): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt04025.
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The conservation of wild orchid populations may depend on the establishment of propagated orchids to field sites to help sustain depleted populations if natural recruitment is not successful. However, very little is known about biotic factors which influence the establishment of terrestrial orchid seedlings in natural habitats. An experiment was established to measure the survival of six orchid species during their first growing season following transplantation to a West Australian urban bushland with a Banksia and Eucalyptus canopy and understorey dominated either by weeds or native vegetation. Symbiotically germinated orchid seedlings raised in the laboratory for 5 months before planting were established in adjacent field sites with high or low weed cover. There was a gradual mortality of seedlings at field sites throughout the growing season, primarily owing to insect grazing, and this was not affected by the enclosure of seedlings by wire mesh or shade cloth. Overall rates of survival varied from 49% for Microtis media R.Br., a species capable of growing in disturbed habitats, to 21% for Caladenia arenicola Hopper & A.P.Brown, the most common native orchid at these sites. However, not all surviving seedlings produced a tuber, so their expected rate of survival after the next dry season was reduced further. The factors having the greatest impact on seedling survival were site aspect (slope and canopy cover), weed cover and orchid species respectively. Orchid seedling survival was not well correlated with the presence of existing orchids of the same species at the same sites or the presence of compatible fungi in soil at these sites (simultaneously measured by orchid seed baiting).
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Swarts, Nigel D., and Kingsley W. Dixon. "Perspectives on orchid conservation in botanic gardens." Trends in Plant Science 14, no. 11 (November 2009): 590–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2009.07.008.
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Dubynin, Alexander, Inessa Selyutina, Alexandra Egorova, and Mikhail Blinnikov. "An orchid (Orchidaceae)-rich area recommended for preservation in Novosibirsk Region, Russia." Acta Biologica Sibirica 7 (April 7, 2021): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/abs.7.e63131.
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The spatial distribution of 14 species of the orchid family (Orchidaceae) was studied at the left bank of the Koynikha River (Iskitimskiy District, Novosibirsk Region, Russia). Four species are listed in the Russian Federation Red Data Book, four are listed in the Novosibirsk Region Red Data Book. The number of individual plants is sufficient to ensure the long-term viability of each red-listed orchid population. What is apparently one of the largest populations of Cypripedium macranthos in the region is described (up to 5,000 individuals). Some of the orchids discovered require further study, namely interspecific hybrids of Dactylorhiza and Gymnadenia and distinctive floral developmental morphs of Platanthera. Аpplying the international criteria for allocation of an “Important Plant Area”, we nominate a new one for South Siberia. Based on the analysis of plant species composition of protected areas in Novosibirsk Region, we conclude that in situ preservation of orchids in the region is overall insufficient. It is therefore necessary to organize a new protected area “Orchid Zapovednik” in the category of “botanical Zakaznik” on 335 hectares with an explicit floral diversity conservation mandate and long-term orchid population monitoring.
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Xanco, Berta Millas, Jaime V. Aguilar, Gregory J. Kenicer, and Heather McHaffie. "Establishing Ex Situ Conservation Methods for Dactylorhiza ebudensis and D. traunsteinerioides, a Combination of In Situ Turf Removal and In Vitro Germinations." Sibbaldia: the International Journal of Botanic Garden Horticulture, no. 10 (October 31, 2012): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24823/sibbaldia.2012.68.
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Orchidaceae is one of the most diverse flowering plant families in the world, occupying a diverse range of habitats from epiphytes to terrestrial forms. It is also one of the most vulnerable to changes in land use because of its complex ecological requirements. In nature, orchid seed will only grow if infected with a compatible fungus which provides all the carbohydrates and nutrients needed for its development. This mycotrophic mode of nourishment can persist underground for years in some orchids, which makes them difficult to observe in the wild. Understanding their behaviour is essential for their successful propagation and conservation. In an investigation looking into conservation and propagation, turves were lifted from wild populations of two rare Scottish orchid species in order to ensure the best possible association between these species and their growing environment. A combined in vitro experiment was set up for the wild harvested seeds under different media to compare their effects. Two different successful ex situ conservation methods for Dactylorhiza ebudensis and D. traunsteinerioides are presented.
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Noh, Seung Woo, Jun-Kyu Park, Jin Seok Yu, Da Eun Nam, Yuno Do, and Ki Wha Chung. "Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of the Spring Orchid Cymbidium goeringii in Korean Distant Islands." Diversity 12, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12120486.
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The spring orchid (Cymbidium goeringii), found in northeast Asia, is one of the most popular and horticulturally important species of the orchid family. This study analyzed the genetic diversity and population structure of the spring orchid populations in the small islands and mainland South Korea using 11 microsatellite markers. The genetic diversities of spring orchid populations in the distant islands (Heuksan Island and Ulleung Island) were slightly lower than that of the mainland population (Yeonggwang-gun). The population structure in the mainland was genetically separated from the populations in the islands. The population of Ulleung Island, located in the eastern part of the Korean peninsula, was genetically closer to the populations from China and Japan than to the populations from Yeonggwang-gun and Heuksan Island, which are geographically close to China. These results imply that the populations of spring orchids distributed in Yeonggwang-gun and Heuksan Island appear not to be influenced by the yellow dust winds. As the first population genetic study of spring orchids distributed in small distant islands, our study will be useful for understanding the genetic diversity and population structure of isolated C. goeringii populations.
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Milanovici, Sretco. "Orchidaceae L. Family in the “Iron Gates” Park (Romania)." Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research 16, no. 3 (December 1, 2014): 65–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/trser-2015-0034.
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Abstract Currently, little information is available about the orchid flora in the “Iron Gates” Nature Park, especially due to the lack of the data regarding the detailed geographical distribution and the actual conservation status of species and populations. According to the data provided by the specialist literature for the south-west of Romania, 39 species of orchids are found in this area, of which 29 are in the Danube Gorge (known as Clisura Dunării ‒ “Iron Gates” Nature Park). The field researches regarding the Orchidaceae L. family in the “Iron Gates” Nature Park area have been conducted over a period covering 15 years, from 1996 to 2011. During research conducted in the field I acknowledged the presence of 23 orchid species in the Danube Gorge area and ascertained the presence of new orchid species in the research area: two new species in the Danube Gorge area (“Iron Gates” Nature Park): Epipactis purpurata Sm. and Listera ovata (L.) R. Br.
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Hrivnák, Matúš, Michal Slezák, Dobromil Galvánek, Jaroslav Vlčko, Eva Belanová, Veronika Rízová, Dušan Senko, and Richard Hrivnák. "Species Richness, Ecology, and Prediction of Orchids in Central Europe: Local-Scale Study." Diversity 12, no. 4 (April 17, 2020): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12040154.
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Orchids are one of the most species-rich families in the world, and many species are under threat in numerous countries. Biodiversity research focusing on the relationship between the richness of orchid species and ecological factors was performed across the Cerová vrchovina Mts (Western Carpathians) testing impact of 26 explanatory variables. We aimed to determine the main ecological predictors controlling species richness and to predict potential species richness patterns. Altogether, 19 orchid species were found in the studied area, with Cephalanthera damasonium and Epipactis microphylla being the most common. Four environmental predictors (minimal longitude, carbonate-containing sediments, maximal yearly solar irradiation, and agricultural land) had statistically significant effects on orchid richness following regression analysis. Predictive models for the nine most frequent species using MaxEnt software showed (i) that land cover and geological substrate had the highest contribution to the explained variance in the models and (ii) strong potential for occurrence of given orchids in several poorly mapped parts of the studied area.
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Tsiftsis, Spyros, Ioannis Tsiripidis, and Panayiotis Trigas. "Identifying important areas for orchid conservation in Crete." EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 1, no. 2 (February 23, 2012): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/23361964.2015.44.
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Light, Marilyn H. S., and Michael Macconaill. "Potential impact of insect herbivores on orchid conservation." EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 1, no. 2 (February 23, 2012): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/23361964.2015.54.
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PILLON, YOHAN, and MARK W. CHASE. "Taxonomic Exaggeration and Its Effects on Orchid Conservation." Conservation Biology 21, no. 1 (February 2007): 263–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00573.x.
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Merritt, David J., Fiona R. Hay, Nigel D. Swarts, Karen D. Sommerville, and Kingsley W. Dixon. "Ex situ Conservation and Cryopreservation of Orchid Germplasm." International Journal of Plant Sciences 175, no. 1 (January 2014): 46–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/673370.
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Swarts, Nigel D., and Kingsley W. Dixon. "Terrestrial orchid conservation in the age of extinction." Annals of Botany 104, no. 3 (February 14, 2009): 543–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcp025.
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Barrett, Craig F., and Aaron H. Kennedy. "Plastid Genome Degradation in the Endangered, Mycoheterotrophic, North American Orchid Hexalectris warnockii." Genome Biology and Evolution 10, no. 7 (May 29, 2018): 1657–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evy107.
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Abstract Heterotrophic plants provide evolutionarily independent, natural experiments in the genomic consequences of radically altered nutritional regimes. Here, we have sequenced and annotated the plastid genome of the endangered mycoheterotrophic orchid Hexalectris warnockii. This orchid bears a plastid genome that is ∼80% the total length of the leafy, photosynthetic Phalaenopsis, and contains just over half the number of putatively functional genes of the latter. The plastid genome of H. warnockii bears pseudogenes and has experienced losses of genes encoding proteins directly (e.g., psa/psb, rbcL) and indirectly involved in photosynthesis (atp genes), suggesting it has progressed beyond the initial stages of plastome degradation, based on previous models of plastid genome evolution. Several dispersed and tandem repeats were detected, that are potentially useful as conservation genetic markers. In addition, a 29-kb inversion and a significant contraction of the inverted repeat boundaries are observed in this plastome. The Hexalectris warnockii plastid genome adds to a growing body of data useful in refining evolutionary models in parasites, and provides a resource for conservation studies in these endangered orchids.
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Petit, Sophie, and Catherine Ruth Dickson. "Grass-tree (Xanthorrhoea semiplana, Liliaceae) facilitation of the endangered pink-lipped spider orchid (Caladenia syn. Arachnorchis behrii, Orchidaceae) varies in South Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 53, no. 5 (2005): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt04034.
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We examined the role of the grass-tree Xanthorrhoea semiplana F.Muell. canopy in the survival of the nationally endangered orchid Caladenia (syn. Arachnorchis) behrii Schltdl. at three sites in the northern Adelaide region. We compared grazing and pollination of the flowering orchids within and away from the grass-tree canopy. Grass-trees generally provided significant protection from grazing, but orchids protected by grass-trees experienced reduced pollination for 2 out of 5 years. The net effect of these interactions, as measured by seed set, varied across years. When grazing pressure is high, orchids may benefit from grass-tree protection (facilitation), but under low grazing pressure, it is more probable that orchids set seeds away from grass-trees than under their canopy. Grazing pressure probably does not decrease in view of habitat fragmentation the importance of fragments as wildlife refuges. Therefore, factors affecting the survival of grass-trees, such as Phytophthora cinnamomi, may also affect orchid survival. Kangaroos which are often assumed to be responsible for most grazing in the Adelaide Hills are not the only predators of orchids, and a culling program has so far not resulted in a decrease of grazing pressure for the orchids. Translocation and fencing programs should examine the role of facilitative plants and grazers before spending precious conservation resources.
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Pecoraro, Lorenzo, Mariangela Girlanda, Tiiu Kull, Claudia Perini, and Silvia Perotto. "Analysis of fungal diversity in Orchis tridentata Scopoli." Open Life Sciences 7, no. 5 (October 1, 2012): 850–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-012-0071-y.
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AbstractWe have assessed the identities of fungi associated with Orchis tridentata, an endangered orchid species growing in open woodland and poor grassland of Central and Southern Europe. Fungal diversity in ten O. tridentata adult individuals collected in two protected areas of Central Italy was analysed by means of morphological and molecular methods. Sequencing of the cloned ITS fungal inserts corresponding to the dominant PCR products obtained from amplification of total root DNA with ITS1F and ITS4 primers revealed a variety of fungal species occurring in O. tridentata roots. Among them, members of the basidiomycete families Ceratobasidiaceae, Tulasnellaceae and Hymenogastraceae were recovered, together with ascomycetes belonging to Leptodontidium and Terfezia. The implications of these results in the understanding of O. tridentata biology and for the conservation of this threatened orchid species are discussed.
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Semiarti, Endang, Naufal Ghozi Adityal Perdana, Rozikin Rozikin, and Febri Yuda Kurniawan. "In vitro culture and characterization of the HSP70 gene on Vanda tricolor Lindley var. Suavis ‘Queen Maxima’." BIO Web of Conferences 28 (2020): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202803004.
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Vanda tricolor Lindey var. Suavis is an endemic orchid from Mt.Merapi, Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia. This orchid has beautiful flowers with unique patterns of white and purple spots, fragrant and can live in the slopes of Mt.Merapi which is a very active volcano. UGM in collaboration with the Netherlands carried out ex situ conservation of the V. tricolor Merapi through the self-pollination of orchids by the Queen of the Netherlands, Queen Maxima on March 11, 2020 at the UGM campus, Yogyakarta. In honor, the new generation of crosses is named Vanda tricolor var Suavis ‘Queen Maxima’. This study aims to produce mass quantities of the orchid and characterize the HSP70 gene in it. Methods: Standard in vitro culture for Vanda on MS, NP and VW medium, isolation of plant gDNA, PCR with V. tricolor HSP70primers and sequencing of amplicon DNA. The results showed that > 90 % of V. tricolor ‘Queen Maxima’ seeds germinated well in all media and the best on VW medium. V. tricolor has the HSP70 protein with PTZ00009 super family amino acid motif that 87 % similar to the HSP70 protein from the Phalaenopsis equestris orchid, which is probably the reason V. tricolor become superior to high temperature environments.
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Vendrame, Wagner, Ricardo Tadeu de Faria, Mauren Sorace, and Sandra Aparecida Sahyun. "Orchid cryopreservation." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 38, no. 3 (June 2014): 213–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542014000300001.
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Orchids are lush and highly valuable plants due to their diversity and the beauty of their flowers, which increases their commercialization. The family Orchidaceae comprises approximately 35,000 species, distributed among more than 1,000 distinct genera and 100,000 hybrids, totaling approximately 8% to 10% of all flowering plants. With the advance of agriculture and the constant destruction of their natural habitat, orchid species are collected in an indiscriminate manner by collectors and vendors, and this extractive activity threatens many species with extinction, drastically reducing their genetic variability in nature. Therefore, it is essential to seek alternatives that make the preservation of such species feasible using techniques with low maintenance costs that provide greater storage time and that enable good phytosanitary conditions for the plant material for commercial use. Cryopreservation involves the conservation of biological materials at ultra-low temperatures, generally in liquid nitrogen at -196 ºC or in its vapor phase at -150 ºC. This is the only technique currently available for the long-term preservation of the germplasm of plant species that are vegetatively propagated or that have unviable, recalcitrant or intermediate seeds. The objective of this bibliographic review is to report on the importance, methods and application of cryopreservation for orchids. According to the studies reviewed, this is an incipient, developing and relevant field that generates a lot of discussion and requires further research relative to the type of treatment to use for cryopreservation and the methodology to be applied according to the species. The types of methods that are used for cryopreservation and the large variation in the responses of orchids to the cryopreservation methods observed in this study emphasize the need for the development of more appropriate protocols for the preservation of orchids.
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Phillips, Ryan D., Renate Faast, Colin C. Bower, Graham R. Brown, and Rod Peakall. "Implications of pollination by food and sexual deception for pollinator specificity, fruit set, population genetics and conservation of Caladenia (Orchidaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 57, no. 4 (2009): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt08154.
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Caladenia is very unusual in that it contains species that attract pollinators by two different strategies, food and sexual deception. Among the sexually deceptive species, baiting for pollinators has shown that within populations orchid species are typically pollinated by a single species of thynnine wasp. However, some wasp species can be pollinators of more than one species of orchid usually when their ranges do not overlap. There is a trend for closely related orchids to exploit wasps from the same genus, with different lineages of orchids often pollinated by different genera. Very little is known about pollination of food-deceptive Caladenia species, although it is evident they attract a suite of generalist food-seeking insects. Food-deceptive species have a higher pollination rate than do sexually deceptive species. Studies of population genetics and pollen movements are few, although they suggest a pattern of fine-scale genetic structuring within populations, owing to predominantly restricted seed dispersal and low genetic differentiation among populations as a consequence of rare long-distance seed-dispersal events. Both evolutionary and ecological research of Caladenia will greatly benefit from a better understanding of the insect species involved in pollination, their ecological requirements and the ecological and genetic consequences of food and sexual deception.
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Semiarti, Endang, Sri Nopitasari, Yuli Setiawati, Muhammad Dylan Lawrie, Aziz Purwantoro, Jaka Widada, Yasushi Yoshioka, Shogo Matsumoto, Kana Ninomiya, and Yuuki Asano. "Application of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system for molecular breeding of orchids." Indonesian Journal of Biotechnology 25, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijbiotech.39485.
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Orchid is an important ornamental plant in Indonesia due to their natural beauty of flowers. In the tropical forest, orchids are being acquired for trading and commercial market. Thus, the effort is required to proliferate orchid in large quantities for conservation and improve the floral variation for plant breeding. The purpose of this study is to develop a firmed methodology of molecular breeding of orchids using CRISPR/Cas9 KO system. The plant material used was Phalaenopsis amabilis protocorms growth on NP medium+pepton (2 g/L). Protocorm were submerged in the culture of Agrobacterium tumefaciens that Ti‐plasmid had been filled with a T‐DNA construct of a pRGEB32 vector harboring sgRNA with PDS3 sequence. Detection for transformants was confirmed by PCR using HPT primers (545 bp), Cas9 primers (402 bp), PDS primers (280 bp) and trnL‐F (1200 bp) as an internal control. The results showed that 0.96% PDS transformants were obtained from PDS3T2 lines. Several transformant showed pale leaf color compared to non‐transformant plants. This study suggests that the target gene has successfully edited by CRISPR/Cas9 system and could be applied for that functional gene editing in orchids.
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Lõhmus, Asko, and Tiiu Kull. "Orchid abundance in hemiboreal forests: stand-scale effects of clear-cutting, green-tree retention, and artificial drainage." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 6 (June 2011): 1352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x11-047.
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The current knowledge on the impact of forest management on plant species of conservation concern is poor. We asked how three basic silvicultural techniques (clear-cutting, green-tree retention, and artificial drainage) affect the abundance of terrestrial orchid species and their communities in Estonia, hemiboreal Europe. Fixed-area, fixed-effort surveys (4 h per 2 ha plot) were used in 29 plot clusters representing five site types, with each cluster including plots of four treatments (old growth, mature managed forest, and cutover with and without live retention trees). Altogether 11 species of orchids were recorded in those 116 plots, with the most complete sets of species in artificially drained plots and mature stands. Five species were widely distributed among treatments and site types, but most site types also hosted shade-tolerant orchids (six species) that characteristically disappeared after timber harvesting. Cutover areas (3–7 years after harvest) hosted no species absent from uncut forest stands, and retention of solitary trees had no effect on orchid abundance over clear-cuts. Modern Estonian forest landscapes appear to support viable populations of many orchids, with rotation ages sufficient for population development of the majority of shade-tolerant species.
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Rashid, ME, MA Rahman, and MK Huda. "Possibly lost orchid treasure of Bangladesh and their enumeration with conservation status." Journal of Biodiversity Conservation and Bioresource Management 3, no. 1 (May 22, 2018): 65–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcbm.v3i1.36762.
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The study aimed at determining the status of occurrence of the orchid treasure of Bangladesh for providing data for Planning National Conservation Strategy and Development of Conservation Management. 54 orchid species are assessed to be presumably lost from the flora of Bangladesh due to environmental degradation and ecosystem depletion. The assessment of their status of occurrence was made based on long term field investigation, collection and identification of orchid taxa; examination and identification of herbarium specimens preserved at CAL, E, K, DACB, DUSH, BFRIH,BCSIRH, HCU; and survey of relevant upto date floristic literature. These species had been recorded from the present Bangladesh territory for more than 50 to 100 years ago, since then no further report of occurrence or collection from elsewhere in Bangladesh is available and could not be located to their recorded localities through field investigations. Of these, 29 species were epiphytic in nature and 25 terrestrial. More than 41% of these taxa are economically very important for their potential medicinal and ornamental values. Enumeration of these orchid taxa is provided with updated nomenclature, bangla name(s) and short annotation with data on habitats, phenology, potential values, recorded locality, global distribution conservation status and list of specimens available in different herbaria.J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2017, 3(1): 65-84
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Scaccabarozzi, Daniela, Andrea Galimberti, Kingsley W. Dixon, and Salvatore Cozzolino. "Rotating Arrays of Orchid Flowers: A Simple and Effective Method for Studying Pollination in Food Deceptive Plants." Diversity 12, no. 8 (July 22, 2020): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12080286.
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Floral deception has been observed in several genera in angiosperms, but is most common in the Orchidaceae. Pollination mechanisms in food deceptive plants are often difficult to assess, as visitation frequency by insects requires numerous hours of field observations to ascertain. Here, for the first time, we describe in detail and validate a simple and effective method that extends previous approaches to increase the effectiveness of pollination studies of food deceptive orchids. We used an orchid of southwest Australia, Diuris brumalis (Orchidaceae), that visually mimics model plants belonging to the genus Daviesia (Faboideae). Arrays of orchid flowers were placed and moved systematically in proximity to model plants, resulting in rapid attraction of the pollinators of D. brumalis. We compared pollinaria removal (as an indicator of pollination success) in naturally growing orchids with pollinaria removal in arrays of orchid flowers in the same sites. We showed that the proposed method greatly enhances pollinator attractiveness in food deceptive systems with very low pollination rates, and we compared its efficiency with other similar methods. The approach can be used for observing pollinator behavioural patterns and confirming effective pollinators for food deceptive species with low insect visitation rates.
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RINDYASTUTI, RIDESTI, SITI NURFADILAH, APRIYONO RAHADIANTORO, LIA HAPSARI, and ILHAM KURNIA ABYWIJAYA. "Leaf anatomical characters of four epiphytic orchids of Sempu Island, East Java, Indonesia: The importance in identification and ecological adaptation." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19, no. 5 (September 21, 2018): 1906–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190544.
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Abstract. Rindyastuti R, Nurfadilah S, Rahadiantoro A, Hapsari L, Abywijaya IK. 2018. Leaf anatomical characters of four epiphytic orchids of Sempu Island, East Java, Indonesia: The importance in identification and ecological adaptation. Biodiversitas 19: 1906-1918. Leaf anatomy features are important characters to support species identification and classification, and they are related to ecological adaptation of species. The aims of the present study were: (i) to investigate leaf anatomical characters of four epiphytic orchids of Sempu Island (Ascochilus emarginatus, Dendrobium subulatum, Thrixspermum subulatum, and Thrixspermum acuminatissimum) in relation to the significance in species identification and ecological adaptation in coastal habitats of Sempu Island, (ii) to compare the adaptive ability of the four species in coastal habitats based on adaptive anatomical characters. The procedure of leaf anatomical studies as follows: orchid leaves were fixed in ethanol 70% and sliced into thin pieces with a microtome, and stained with 1% Safranin. The leaf anatomical organization of orchids (stomata, epidermis, mesophyll, vascular bundles, and other characters such as hypodermis, fibre bundles, raphide bundles, and spiral thickenings) was observed under light microscope. The results showed the comparable data of leaf anatomical characters among the orchids. There was distinct variation in the anatomical characters of the orchids including stomata anomocytic, tetracytic, and cyclocytic; the presence or absence of hypodermis, spiral thickenings, fibre bundles, raphide bundles, and bundle sheaths; homogenous and heterogenous mesophyll; and variation in vascular bundle arrangement. Detailed leaf anatomical characters can be used to distinguish a species from others, which are important to support species identification. The similarity of anatomical characters among these orchids were they possessed relatively thick cuticle and other specific anatomical characters as a structural adaptation to coastal habitat with high irradiation to reduce leaf transpiration. D. subulatum can be considered as the most adaptive orchid species to coastal habitats based on adaptive anatomical characters as it possessed the largest number of adaptive anatomical characters. The implication of this study is the importance of leaf anatomical features to support species identification and to increase understanding of orchid biology and ecology which are important in orchid conservation.