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Journal articles on the topic 'Orbiviruses'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

Kapoor, Amit, Robert B. Tesh, Raja Duraisamy, Vsevolod L. Popov, Amelia P. A. Travassos da Rosa, and W. Ian Lipkin. "A novel mosquito-borne Orbivirus species found in South-east Asia." Journal of General Virology 94, no. 5 (May 1, 2013): 1051–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.046748-0.

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The genus Orbivirus of the family Reoviridae includes a genetically diverse group of dsRNA arthropod-borne viruses that infect a wide variety of animal species. Here, we report the complete genome and phylogenetic analysis of a novel orbivirus (IAn-66411 or Sathuvachari virus, SVIV) isolated in 1963 from starlings (Brahminy myna) collected in Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. Comparative genetic analysis of the SVIV polymerase (VP1 protein), core protein (VP3) and outer core protein (VP7) confirmed that SVIV is most closely related to the mosquito-borne orbiviruses, but that it is equally divergent from all known species. Therefore, SVIV should be tentatively considered as the prototype of a novel mosquito-associated Orbivirus species. These findings will aid in the development of molecular reagents that can identify genetically similar orbiviruses and help elucidate their geographical distribution, epidemiology, species tropism and possible disease association.

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2

Fagre, Anna, Justin Lee, Robert Kityo, Nicholas Bergren, Eric Mossel, Teddy Nakayiki, Betty Nalikka, et al. "Discovery and Characterization of Bukakata orbivirus (Reoviridae:Orbivirus), a Novel Virus from a Ugandan Bat." Viruses 11, no. 3 (March 2, 2019): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11030209.

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While serological and virological evidence documents the exposure of bats to medically-important arboviruses, their role as reservoirs or amplifying hosts is less well-characterized. We describe a novel orbivirus (Reoviridae:Orbivirus) isolated from an Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus leachii) trapped in 2013 in Uganda and named Bukakata orbivirus. This is the fifth orbivirus isolated from a bat, however genetic information had previously only been available for one bat-associated orbivirus. We performed whole-genome sequencing on Bukakata orbivirus and three other bat-associated orbiviruses (Fomede, Ife, and Japanaut) to assess their phylogenetic relationship within the genus Orbivirus and develop hypotheses regarding potential arthropod vectors. Replication kinetics were assessed for Bukakata orbivirus in three different vertebrate cell lines. Lastly, qRT-PCR and nested PCR were used to determine the prevalence of Bukakata orbivirus RNA in archived samples from three populations of Egyptian fruit bats and one population of cave-associated soft ticks in Uganda. Complete coding sequences were obtained for all ten segments of Fomede, Ife, and Japanaut orbiviruses and for nine of the ten segments for Bukakata orbivirus. Phylogenetic analysis placed Bukakata and Fomede in the tick-borne orbivirus clade and Ife and Japanaut within the Culicoides/phlebotomine sandfly orbivirus clade. Further, Bukakata and Fomede appear to be serotypes of the Chobar Gorge virus species. Bukakata orbivirus replicated to high titers (106–107 PFU/mL) in Vero, BHK-21 [C-13], and R06E (Egyptian fruit bat) cells. Preliminary screening of archived bat and tick samples do not support Bukakata orbivirus presence in these collections, however additional testing is warranted given the phylogenetic associations observed. This study provided complete coding sequence for several bat-associated orbiviruses and in vitro characterization of a bat-associated orbivirus. Our results indicate that bats may play an important role in the epidemiology of viruses in the genus Orbivirus and further investigation is warranted into vector-host associations and ongoing surveillance efforts.

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3

Ahasan, Mohammad Shamim, Kuttichantran Subramaniam, Juan M. Campos Krauer, Katherine A. Sayler, Julia C. Loeb, Olivia F. Goodfriend, Hannah M. Barber, et al. "Three New Orbivirus Species Isolated from Farmed White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the United States." Viruses 12, no. 1 (December 20, 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12010013.

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We report the detection and gene coding sequences of three novel Orbivirus species found in six dead farmed white-tailed deer in the United States. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the new orbiviruses are genetically closely related to the Guangxi, Mobuck, Peruvian horse sickness, and Yunnan orbiviruses, which are thought to be solely borne by mosquitos. However, four of the six viruses analyzed in this work were found as co-infecting agents along with a known cervid pathogen, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus-2 (EHDV-2), raising questions as to whether the new viruses are primary pathogens or secondary pathogens that exacerbate EHDV-2 infections. Moreover, EHDV-2 is known to be a Culicoides-borne virus, raising additional questions as to whether Culicoides species can also serve as vectors for the novel orbiviruses, if mosquitoes can vector EHDV-2, or whether the deer were infected through separate bites by the insects. Our findings expand knowledge of the possible viral pathogens of deer in the United States. Moreover, due to the close genetic relatedness of the three new orbiviruses to viruses that are primary pathogens of cattle and horses, our findings also underscore a crucial need for additional research on the potential role of the three new orbiviruses as pathogens of other animals.

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4

Attoui, Houssam, Fauziah Mohd Jaafar, Mourad Belhouchet, Nicolas Aldrovandi, Sanju Tao, Boquan Chen, Guodong Liang, Robert B. Tesh, Philippe de Micco, and Xavier de Lamballerie. "Yunnan orbivirus, a new orbivirus species isolated from Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes in China." Journal of General Virology 86, no. 12 (December 1, 2005): 3409–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81258-0.

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An orbivirus designated Yunnan orbivirus (YUOV) was isolated from Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes collected in the Yunnan province of China. Electron microscopy showed particles with typical orbivirus morphology. The YUOV genome was sequenced completely and compared with previously characterized orbivirus genomes. Significant identity scores were detected between proteins encoded by the segments (Seg-1 to Seg-10) of YUOV and those encoded by their homologues in insect-borne and tick-borne orbiviruses. Analysis of VP1 (Pol) and VP2 (T2, which correlates with the virus serogroup) indicated that YUOV is a new species of the genus Orbivirus that is unrelated to the other insect-borne orbiviruses. The replication of YUOV in mosquito cell lines was restricted to Aedes albopictus cells and the virus failed to replicate in mammalian cell lines. However, intraperitoneal injection of virus into naïve mice resulted in productive, non-lethal virus replication and viraemia. Infected mice developed serum neutralizing antibodies and were protected against a new infection challenge. Sequence analysis of clones from the segments encoding outer coat proteins (Seg-3 and Seg-6) of YUOV recovered from mouse blood did not show significant changes in the sequences. The availability of the complete genome sequence will facilitate the development of sequence-specific PCR assays for the study of YUOV epidemiology in the field.

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5

Silva, Sandro P., Meik Dilcher, Franziska Weber, Frank T. Hufert, Manfred Weidmann, Jedson F. Cardoso, Valéria L. Carvalho, et al. "Genetic and biological characterization of selected Changuinola viruses (Reoviridae, Orbivirus) from Brazil." Journal of General Virology 95, no. 10 (October 1, 2014): 2251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.064691-0.

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The genus Orbivirus of the family Reoviridae comprises 22 virus species including the Changuinola virus (CGLV) serogroup. The complete genome sequences of 13 CGLV serotypes isolated between 1961 and 1988 from distinct geographical areas of the Brazilian Amazon region were obtained. All viral sequences were obtained from single-passaged CGLV strains grown in Vero cells. CGLVs are the only orbiviruses known to be transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies. Ultrastructure and molecular analysis by electron microscopy and gel electrophoresis, respectively, revealed viral particles with typical orbivirus size and morphology, as well as the presence of a segmented genome with 10 segments. Full-length nucleotide sequencing of each of the ten RNA segments of the 13 CGLV serotypes provided basic information regarding the genome organization, encoded proteins and genetic traits. Segment 2 (encoding VP2) of the CGLV is uncommonly larger in comparison to those found in other orbiviruses and shows varying sizes even among different CGLV serotypes. Phylogenetic analysis support previous serological findings, which indicate that CGLV constitutes a separate serogroup within the genus Orbivirus. In addition, six out of 13 analysed CGLV serotypes showed reassortment of their genome segments.

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6

Murphy, Frederick A. "Bluetongue and Related Orbiviruses." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 34, no. 6 (November 1, 1985): 1236. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1985.34.6.tm0340061236a.

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7

GORMAN, B. M. "Evolutionary relationship among orbiviruses." Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 5, no. 2 (June 1, 1986): 323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/rst.5.2.258.

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8

Grimes, J., P. Gouet, A. Basak, G. Sutton, P. Roy, N. Burroughs, B. V. V. Prasad, P. Mertens, and D. Stuart. "Structural studies on orbiviruses." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 52, a1 (August 8, 1996): C179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767396092136.

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9

Gay, Cyril G. "Orbiviruses: A Gap Analysis." Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 15, no. 6 (June 2015): 333–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2015.28999.cgg.

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10

Cooper, Elyse, Srivishnupriya Anbalagan, Patricia Klumper, Gail Scherba, Randy R. Simonson, and Ben M. Hause. "Mobuck virus genome sequence and phylogenetic analysis: identification of a novel Orbivirus isolated from a white-tailed deer in Missouri, USA." Journal of General Virology 95, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.058800-0.

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The genus Orbivirus includes a diverse group of segmented dsRNA viruses that are transmitted via arthropods, have a global distribution and affect a wide range of hosts. A novel orbivirus was co-isolated with epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) from a white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) exhibiting clinical signs characteristic of EHDV. Using antiserum generated against EHDV, a pure isolate of the novel non-cytopathic orbivirus was obtained in Aedes albopictus cell culture. Genomic sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of predicted ORFs showed that eight of the ten ORFs were most homologous to Peruvian horse sickness virus (PHSV), with amino acid identities of 44.3–73.7 %. The remaining two ORFs, VP3 and VP5, were most similar to Middle Point orbivirus (35.9 %) and Yunnan orbivirus (59.8 %), respectively. Taxonomic classification of orbiviruses is largely based on homology of the major subcore structural protein VP2(T2), encoded by segment 2 for mobuck virus. With only 69.1 % amino acid identity to PHSV, we propose mobuck virus as the prototype of a new species of Orbivirus.

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11

Martinez, M., B. Rodriguez, and J. M. Sanchez-Vizcaino. "Autres orbivirus : Mise à jour des informations sur la peste équine africaine et la maladie hémorragique épizootique en Europe et dans le bassin méditerranéen." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 62, no. 2-4 (February 1, 2009): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.10081.

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Orbiviruses are vector-borne pathogens that can cause notifiable diseases in animals, such as bluetongue (BT) and epizootic haemorrhagic disease of deer (EHD) in ruminants, or African horse sickness (AHS) in equines. The relatively recent expansion of BT in Europe to higher latitudes than expected has evidenced the need to explore the ways of introduction and exposure of other orbiviruses in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin. AHS was successfully eradicated from Europe since the 1990s but continues to be endemic in many African countries. Of the nine AHS serotypes, two have been present in Mediterranean countries: AHS-9 (1966) and AHS-4 (1987-1990). The last outbreaks (up to 2008) of AHS in Africa classified by serotype occurred in Senegal (AHS-9), Kenya (AHS-4), and Nigeria, Senegal and Ethiopia (AHS-2). EHD is caused by 10 serotypes and is notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) since 2008. It is present in America, Australia, Asia and Africa and is known to affect wild ruminants as well as cattle. EHD has been present in cattle in North Africa (EHD-9) and the Middle East (EHD-7) since 2006. Transport of infected Culicoides from Northern Africa to Southern Europe by wind is a proved way of orbivirus introduction. Import of infected asymptomatic animals from an endemic country also happened the first time AHS was introduced in Spain. Then, certain environmental conditions such as warm temperatures can favour perpetuation of the disease in animals exposed to infected vectors. The frequent consideration of horses as expensive leisure animals can worsen the economic and social consequences of a possible outbreak. However, nowadays there are good diagnostic techniques for AHS. Eradication can be achieved with the available polyvalent live vaccines and control measures. This is not the case for EHD, because an effective vaccine is urgently needed and there have been cross-reactions in the diagnoses between BT and EHD. European countries can prepare against other orbivirus outbreaks by prevention through educational campaigns and inactivated vaccine banks for AHS, and by further research on the possible vectors, the overwintering capacity of certain orbiviruses, the infectivity in all affected species, the identification of other possible reservoirs, and the development of risk assessments and modelling.

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12

Quaglia, Agustin I., Erik M. Blosser, Bethany L. McGregor, Alfred E. Runkel, Kristin E. Sloyer, Dinesh Erram, Samantha M. Wisely, and Nathan D. Burkett-Cadena. "Tracking Community Timing: Pattern and Determinants of Seasonality in Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Northern Florida." Viruses 12, no. 9 (August 25, 2020): 931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12090931.

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Community dynamics are embedded in hierarchical spatial–temporal scales that connect environmental drivers with species assembly processes. Culicoides species are hematophagous arthropod vectors of orbiviruses that impact wild and domestic ruminants. A better sense of Culicoides dynamics over time is important because sympatric species can lengthen the seasonality of virus transmission. We tested a putative departure from the four seasons calendar in the phenology of Culicoides and the vector subassemblage in the Florida panhandle. Two years of weekly abundance data, temporal scales, persistence and environmental thresholds were analyzed using a tripartite Culicoides β-diversity based modeling approach. Culicoides phenology followed a two-season regime and was explained by stream flow and temperature, but not rainfall. Species richness fit a nested pattern where the species recruitment was maximized during spring months. Midges were active year-round, and two suspected vectors species, Culicoides venustus and Culicoides stellifer, were able to sustain and connect the seasonal modules. Persistence suggests that Orbivirus maintenance does not rely on overwintering and that viruses are maintained year-round, with the seasonal dynamics resembling subtropical Culicoides communities with temporal-overlapping between multivoltine species. Viewing Culicoides-borne orbiviruses as a time-sensitive community-based issue, our results help to recommend when management operations should be delivered.

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13

Attoui, Houssam, Julie M. Stirling, Ulrike G. Munderloh, Frédérique Billoir, Sharon M. Brookes, J. Nicholas Burroughs, Philippe de Micco, Peter P. C. Mertens, and Xavier de Lamballerie. "Complete sequence characterization of the genome of the St Croix River virus, a new orbivirus isolated from cells of Ixodes scapularis." Journal of General Virology 82, no. 4 (April 1, 2001): 795–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-82-4-795.

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An orbivirus identified as St Croix River virus (SCRV) was isolated from cells of Ixodes scapularis ticks. Electron microscopy showed particles with typical orbivirus morphology. The SCRV genome was sequenced completely and compared to previously characterized orbivirus genomes. Significant identity scores (21–38%) were detected between proteins encoded by segments S1, S2, S4, S5, S6, S8, S9 and S10 of SCRV and those encoded by segments S1, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S9 and S10, respectively, of Bluetongue virus (BTV), the prototype orbivirus species. The protein encoded by SCRV genome segment 3 (VP3) is thought to be the equivalent of VP2 of BTV. Segment 7 encodes a protein homologous to non-structural protein NS2(ViP) of BTV. Analysis of VP1(Pol) (segment 1) shows that SCRV is an orbivirus, distantly related to the other sequenced species. Blot hybridizations and sequence comparisons of the conserved protein encoded by genome segment 2 (the T2 subcore shell protein) with previously identified orbiviruses confirm that SCRV is a distinct orbivirus species, unrelated to another tick-borne species, Great Island virus. The presence of SCRV in cells prepared from tick eggs suggests that transovarial transmission of SCRV may occur in ticks.

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14

McVey, D. Scott, Barbara S. Drolet, Mark G. Ruder, William C. Wilson, Dana Nayduch, Robert Pfannenstiel, Lee W. Cohnstaedt, N. James MacLachlan, and Cyril G. Gay. "Orbiviruses: A North American Perspective." Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 15, no. 6 (June 2015): 335–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2014.1699.

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15

Roy, Polly. "Dissecting the assembly of orbiviruses." Trends in Microbiology 1, no. 8 (November 1993): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0966-842x(93)90006-d.

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16

Belaganahalli, M., S. Maan, and P. P. C. Mertens. "Caractérisation génétique des virus Tilligerry et Mitchell River." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 62, no. 2-4 (February 1, 2009): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.10060.

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Viruses that are normally safely contained within their host species can emerge due to intense livestock farming, trade, travel, climate change and encroachment of human activities into new environments. The unexpected emergence of bluetongue virus (BTV), the prototype species of the genus Orbivirus, in economically important livestock species (sheep and cattle) across the whole of Europe (since 1998), indicates that other orbiviruses represent a potential further threat to animal and human populations in Europe and elsewhere. The genus Orbivirus is the largest within the family Reoviridae, containing 22 virus species, as well as 14 unclassified orbiviruses, some of which may represent additional or novel species. The orbiviruses are transmitted primarily by arthropod vectors (e.g. Culicoides, mosquitoes or ticks). Viral genome sequence data provide a basis for virus taxonomy and diagnostic test development, and make it possible to address fundamental questions concerning virus biology, pathogenesis, virulence and evolution, that can be further explored in mutation and reverse genetics studies. Genome sequences also provide criteria for the classification of novel isolates within individual Orbivirus species, as well as the identification of different serotypes, topotypes, reassortants and even closely related but distinct virus lineages. Full-length genome characterization of Tilligerry virus (TILV), a member of the Eubenangee virus species, and Mitchell River virus (MRV), a member of the Warrego virus species, have revealed highly conserved 5’ and 3’ terminal hexanucleotide sequences. Phylogenetic analyses of orbivirus T2 ‘sub-core-shell’ protein sequences reinforce the hypothesis that this protein is an important evolutionary marker for these viruses. The T2 protein shows high levels of amino acid (AA) sequence identity (> 91%) within a single Orbivirus species / serogroup, which can be used for species identification. The T2-protein gene has therefore been given priority in sequencing studies. The T2 protein of TILV is closely related to that of Eubenangee virus (~91% identity), confirming that they are both members of the same Eubenangee virus species. Although TILV is reported to be related to BTV in serological assays, the TILV T2 protein shows only 68-70% AA identity to BTV. This supports its current classification within a different serogroup (Eubenangee). Warrego virus and MRV are currently classified as two distinct members (different serotypes) within the Warrego virus species. However, they show only about 79% AA identity in their T2 protein (based on partial sequences). It is therefore considered likely that they could be reclassified as members of distinct Orbivirus species. The taxonomic classification of MRV will be reviewed after generating full length sequences for the entire genomes of both viruses. The taxonomic status of each of these viruses will also be tested further by co-infections and attempts to create reassortants between them (only viruses belonging to the same species can reassort their genome segments). TILV and MRV are the first viruses from their respective serogroups / virus species to be genetically fully characterized, and will provide a basis for the further characterization / identification of additional viruses within each group / species. These data will assist in the development of specific diagnostic assays and potentially in control of emerging diseases. The sequences generated will also help to evaluate current diagnostic [reverse transcriptase - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)] tests for BTV, African horse sickness virus, epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus, etc., in silico, by identifying any possibility of cross reactivity.

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17

Veronesi, E., P. P. C. Mertens, P. Mellor, K. Darpel, S. Maan, N. Maan, K. Nomikou, A. Shaw, and Simon Carpenter. "Interactions entre les orbivirus et leurs vecteurs Culicoides." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 62, no. 2-4 (February 1, 2009): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.10046.

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Bluetongue, African horse sickness and epizootic haemorrhagic disease are non-contagious, infectious diseases, caused by orbiviruses transmitted by Culicoides biting midges. Recent incursions of bluetongue virus (BTV) into both Southern and Northern European countries have highlighted our lack of knowledge in the mechanisms involved in the transmission of orbiviruses, which are of importance in understanding their spread. This presentation will discuss preliminary results of vector competence studies and provide an overview of future investigations. An understanding of the rates and temperature limits of virus replication and effects of temperature on vector metabolism can provide simple tools to predict the probability of virus establishment and onwards transmission subsequent to new incursions. Experiments showed that it was possible to use KC cell lines originating from C. sonorensis embryos as a surrogate system to screen rapidly replication rates in preference to the classical method of infecting and incubating adult insects via membrane feeding on a blood/virus meal. Some of the issues that arose in the development of detection assays are examined. The value of these techniques is then discussed in relation to understanding the effect of laboratory passage history upon orbivirus infectivity and detection, and this is related to an overview of current BTV strains’ distribution. Finally, future areas of interest that may develop from these studies are described.

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18

van Niekerk, M., M. Freeman, J. T. Paweska, P. G. Howell, A. J. Guthrie, A. C. Potgieter, V. van Staden, and H. Huismans. "Variation in the NS3 gene and protein in South African isolates of bluetongue and equine encephalosis viruses." Journal of General Virology 84, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): 581–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.18749-0.

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Bluetongue virus (BTV) and equine encephalosis virus (EEV) are agriculturally important orbiviruses transmitted by biting midges of the genus Culicoides. The smallest viral genome segment, S10, encodes two small nonstructural proteins, NS3 and NS3A, which mediate the release of virus particles from infected cells and may subsequently influence the natural dispersion of these viruses. The NS3 gene and protein sequences of South African isolates of these viruses were determined, analysed and compared with cognate orbivirus genes from around the world. The South African BTV NS3 genes were found to have the highest level of sequence variation for BTV (20 %), while the highest level of protein variation of BTV NS3 (10 %) was found between South African and Asian BTV isolates. The inferred NS3 gene phylogeny of the South African BTV isolates grouped them with BTV isolates from the United States, while the Asian BTV isolates grouped into a separate lineage. The level of variation found in the NS3 gene and protein of EEV was higher than that found for BTV and reached 25 and 17 % on the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively. The EEV isolates formed a lineage independent from that of the other orbiviruses. This lineage segregated further into two clusters that corresponded to the northern and southern regions of South Africa. The geographical distribution of these isolates may be related to the distribution of the Culicoides subspecies that transmit them.

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19

Jori, Ferran, Matthieu Roger, Thierry Baldet, Jean-Claude Delécolle, Jacqueline Sauzier, Mahmad Reshad Jaumally, and François Roger. "Orbiviruses in Rusa Deer, Mauritius, 2007." Emerging Infectious Diseases 17, no. 2 (February 2011): 312–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1702.101293.

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20

Madani, Hafsa, Jordi Casal, Anna Alba, Alberto Allepuz, Catherine Cêtre-Sossah, Leila Hafsi, Houria Kount-Chareb, Nadera Bouayed-Chaouach, Hassiba Saadaoui, and Sebastian Napp. "Animal Diseases Caused by Orbiviruses, Algeria." Emerging Infectious Diseases 17, no. 12 (December 2011): 2325–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1712.110928.

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21

Maan, S., N. Maan, K. Bankowska, A. Potgieter, K. Nomikou, and P. P. C. Mertens. "Mise au point de nouvelles techniques de diagnostic pour les maladies à orbivirus chez les animaux domestiques et sauvages." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 62, no. 2-4 (February 1, 2009): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.10061.

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The recent emergence and spread of bluetongue virus (BTV) across the whole of Europe suggests that other orbiviruses could also emerge to threaten livestock species and wildlife populations in Europe and other parts of the world. The genus Orbivirus is the largest within the family Reoviridae, containing 22 virus species, as well as 14 unclassified orbiviruses. The orbiviruses are transmitted primarily by arthropod vectors (e.g. Culicoides, mosquitoes or ticks) and several are associated with severe and economically important diseases of livestock, including BTV in cattle and sheep, African horse sickness virus (AHSV), equine encephalosis virus (EEV) and Peruvian horse sickness virus (PHSV) in equids, as well as epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) in wild ungulates or cattle. Recent incursions of BTV in Europe, Southeastern USA, Australia and Asia, EHDV in North Africa, the Middle East and the Mediterranean region, AHSV in sub-Saharan Africa, and EEV in Israel and Gambia, indicate a need for the development of faster, more sensitive and more reliable diagnostic assays. These are required to detect and identify rapidly the viruses and virus types involved, monitor their incidence and movement, and identify infected animals. The Orbivirus genome is composed of 10 linear segments of double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA), each segment coding for at least one viral protein. The outer capsid proteins VP2 and VP5 are situated on or near the surface of the virus particle and are more variable than components of the virus core, or the non-structural proteins. VP2 (encoded by Seg- 2) is the outermost of the BTV capsid proteins and represents the primary target antigen for neutralising antibodies, and hence Seg-2 is a target for the development of type-specific nucleic-acid-based diagnostic assays. In contrast, the genome segments coding for protein components of the virus core and/or the non-structural proteins can be used as targets for development of serogroup (virus-species) specific, reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) based diagnostic assays. Virus species-specific and type-specific conventional (gel based) RT-PCR diagnostic assays, for the detection, identification and typing of some of these viruses (BTV, EHDV and AHSV), have been developed using the sequence data for segments 7 and 2, respectively. Initial evaluation studies indicate that these assays are reliable, specific, do not cross-react with related orbiviruses (group/species specific) or with related types (type specific). Although they are labour intensive, the results obtained can be confirmed by sequence analyses of the resulting complementary deoxyribonucleic acid complementary (c) DNA amplicons, and phylogenetic comparisons to determine the strain of virus involved. However, conventional RT-PCR assays are prone to cross-contamination, potentially leading to false positive results. The authors also describe group-specific real-time RT-PCR assays that use a ‘closed-tube’ format, which are therefore less susceptible to cross-contamination. These assays target the conserved genome segment 9, or genome segment 1, which can be used to detect all of the serotypes, as well as geographic variants (different topotypes) of BTV, EHDV, AHSV, EEV and PHSV. Type-specific real-time RT-PCR assays that target the most variable genome segment 2 can be used to differentiate 25 serotypes of BTV or the seven serotypes of EHDV. These diagnostic assays were found to be very sensitive, reproducible and suitable for rapid screening of field samples. Results will be presented from studies to optimise these RT-PCR assays.

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22

Mohd Jaafar, Fauziah, Baptiste Monsion, Mourad Belhouchet, Peter P. C. Mertens, and Houssam Attoui. "Inhibition of Orbivirus Replication by Fluvastatin and Identification of the Key Elements of the Mevalonate Pathway Involved." Viruses 13, no. 8 (July 23, 2021): 1437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13081437.

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Statin derivatives can inhibit the replication of a range of viruses, including hepatitis C virus (HCV, Hepacivirus), dengue virus (Flavivirus), African swine fever virus (Asfarviridae) and poliovirus (Picornaviridae). We assess the antiviral effect of fluvastatin in cells infected with orbiviruses (bluetongue virus (BTV) and Great Island virus (GIV)). The synthesis of orbivirus outer-capsid protein VP2 (detected by confocal immunofluorescence imaging) was used to assess levels of virus replication, showing a reduction in fluvastatin-treated cells. A reduction in virus titres of ~1.7 log (98%) in fluvastatin-treated cells was detected by a plaque assay. We have previously identified a fourth non-structural protein (NS4) of BTV and GIV, showing that it interacts with lipid droplets in infected cells. Fluvastatin, which inhibits 3-hydroxy 3-methyl glutaryl CoA reductase in the mevalonic acid pathway, disrupts these NS4 interactions. These findings highlight the role of the lipid pathways in orbivirus replication and suggest a greater role for the membrane-enveloped orbivirus particles than previously recognised. Chemical intermediates of the mevalonic acid pathway were used to assess their potential to rescue orbivirus replication. Pre-treatment of IFNAR(−/−) mice with fluvastatin promoted their survival upon challenge with live BTV, although only limited protection was observed.

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Mohl, Bjorn-Patrick, Edward Emmott, and Polly Roy. "Phosphoproteomic Analysis Reveals the Importance of Kinase Regulation During Orbivirus Infection." Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 16, no. 11 (August 29, 2017): 1990–2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/mcp.m117.067355.

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Bluetongue virus (BTV) causes infections in wild and domesticated ruminants with high morbidity and mortality and is responsible for significant economic losses in both developing and developed countries. BTV serves as a model for the study of other members of the Orbivirus genus. Previously, the importance of casein kinase 2 for BTV replication was demonstrated. To identify intracellular signaling pathways and novel host-cell kinases involved during BTV infection, the phosphoproteome of BTV infected cells was analyzed. Over 1000 phosphosites were identified using mass spectrometry, which were then used to determine the corresponding kinases involved during BTV infection. This analysis yielded protein kinase A (PKA) as a novel kinase activated during BTV infection. Subsequently, the importance of PKA for BTV infection was validated using a PKA inhibitor and activator. Our data confirmed that PKA was essential for efficient viral growth. Further, we showed that PKA is also required for infection of equid cells by African horse sickness virus, another member of the Orbivirus genus. Thus, despite their preference in specific host species, orbiviruses may utilize the same host signaling pathways during their replication.

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Ebersohn, Karen, Peter Coetzee, Louwrens P. Snyman, Robert Swanepoel, and Estelle H. Venter. "Phylogenetic Characterization of the Palyam Serogroup Orbiviruses." Viruses 11, no. 5 (May 16, 2019): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11050446.

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The Palyam serogroup orbiviruses are associated with abortion and teratogenesis in cattle and other ruminants. Of the 13 different serotypes that have been identified, the full genome sequence of only one, Kasba, has been published. We undertook to perform Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) and phylogenetic analysis on 12 Palyam serotypes plus field isolates of the African serotypes in our possession. The Palyam serogroup was found to be most closely related to the African horse sickness virus group and showed the most distant evolutionary relationship to the equine encephalosis viruses (EEV). Amino acid sequence analysis revealed that the gene encoding VP7 was the most conserved within serotypes and VP2 and VP5 showed the highest degree of variation. A high degree of sequence identity was found for isolates from the same geographical region. The phylogenetic analysis revealed two clades where the African serotypes were all very closely related in one clade and the other clade contained the Australian and Asian serotypes and one African serotype, Petevo. It was evident from the sequence data that the geographical origin of Palyam serogroup viruses played an important role in the development of the different serotypes.

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25

Belaganahalli, Manjunatha, Sushila Maan, Narender Maan, Joe Brownlie, Robert Tesh, Houssam Attoui, and Peter Mertens. "Genetic Characterization of the Tick-Borne Orbiviruses." Viruses 7, no. 5 (April 28, 2015): 2185–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v7052185.

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Arenas-Montes, Antonio J., Antonio Arenas, Ignacio García-Bocanegra, Peter Mertens, Carrie Batten, and Kyriaki Nomikou. "Serosurveillance of orbiviruses in wild cervids from Spain." Veterinary Record 172, no. 19 (May 10, 2013): 508.2–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.f2932.

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Devaney, Margaret A., Joe Kendall, and Marvin J. Grubman. "Characterization of a nonstructural phosphoprotein of two orbiviruses." Virus Research 11, no. 2 (September 1988): 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1702(88)90040-8.

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Lewis, S. A., and M. J. Grubman. "VP2 is the major exposed protein on orbiviruses." Archives of Virology 121, no. 1-4 (March 1991): 233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01316758.

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29

Ramírez-Martínez, María M., Andrew J. Bennett, Christopher D. Dunn, Thomas M. Yuill, and Tony L. Goldberg. "Bat Flies of the Family Streblidae (Diptera: Hippoboscoidea) Host Relatives of Medically and Agriculturally Important “Bat-Associated” Viruses." Viruses 13, no. 5 (May 8, 2021): 860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13050860.

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Bat flies (Hippoboscoidea: Nycteribiidae and Streblidae) are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites of bats. We collected streblid bat flies from the New World (México) and the Old World (Uganda), and used metagenomics to identify their viruses. In México, we found méjal virus (Rhabdoviridae; Vesiculovirus), Amate virus (Reoviridae: Orbivirus), and two unclassified viruses of invertebrates. Méjal virus is related to emerging zoonotic encephalitis viruses and to the agriculturally important vesicular stomatitis viruses (VSV). Amate virus and its sister taxon from a bat are most closely related to mosquito- and tick-borne orbiviruses, suggesting a previously unrecognized orbivirus transmission cycle involving bats and bat flies. In Uganda, we found mamucuso virus (Peribunyaviridae: Orthobunyavirus) and two unclassified viruses (a rhabdovirus and an invertebrate virus). Mamucuso virus is related to encephalitic viruses of mammals and to viruses from nycteribiid bat flies and louse flies, suggesting a previously unrecognized orthobunyavirus transmission cycle involving hippoboscoid insects. Bat fly virus transmission may be neither strictly vector-borne nor strictly vertical, with opportunistic feeding by bat flies occasionally leading to zoonotic transmission. Many “bat-associated” viruses, which are ecologically and epidemiologically associated with bats but rarely or never found in bats themselves, may actually be viruses of bat flies or other bat ectoparasites.

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30

Russell, Bonnie L., Nishal Parbhoo, and Samantha Gildenhuys. "Analysis of Conserved, Computationally Predicted Epitope Regions for VP5 and VP7 Across three Orbiviruses." Bioinformatics and Biology Insights 12 (January 1, 2018): 117793221875534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1177932218755348.

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Orbiviruses are double-stranded RNA viruses that have profound economic and veterinary significance, 3 of the most important being African horse sickness virus (AHSV), bluetongue virus (BTV), and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV). Currently, vaccination and vector control are used as preventative measures; however, there are several problems with the current vaccines. Comparing viral amino acid sequences, we obtained an AHSV-BTV-EHDV consensus sequence for VP5 (viral protein 5) and for VP7 (viral protein 7) and generated homology models for these proteins. The structures and sequences were analyzed for amino acid sequence conservation, entropy, surface accessibility, and epitope propensity, to computationally determine whether consensus sequences still possess potential epitope regions. In total, 5 potential linear epitope regions on VP5 and 11 on VP7, as well as potential discontinuous B-cell epitopes, were identified and mapped onto the homology models created. Regions identified for VP5 and VP7 could be important in vaccine design against orbiviruses.

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31

Williams, Roy, Dion Henri Du Plessis, and Wouter Van Wyngaardt. "Group-Reactive ELISAs for Detecting Antibodies to African Horsesickness and Equine Encephalosis Viruses in Horse, Donkey, and Zebra Sera." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 5, no. 1 (January 1993): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063879300500102.

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Group-reactive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were developed to selectively detect antibodies to African horsesickness virus (AHSV) and equine encephalosis virus (EEV), 2 orbiviruses that infect equids. In indirect ELISA, guinea pig antisera to all known AHSV or EEV serotypes recognized immobilized AHSV serotype 3 or EEV Cascara, respectively. Antisera from naturally infected animals did not cross-react with their respective heterologous viruses. The ELISA was used in parallel with the complement fixation (CF) and agar gel immunodiffusion tests to detect antibodies in sera from animals in the field. The ELISA distinguished among those that contained antibodies to AHSV, EEV, or both viruses and was useful with sera that did not yield results in CF tests because of anticomplementary activity. Zebra and donkeys, both potential subclinical carrier animals in Africa, contained AHSV or EEV antibodies. Some sera reacted with 1 of the 2 orbiviruses, whereas others reacted with both. The ELISA can be used in projected epidemiological studies in which many serum samples must be assayed.

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32

Ohashi, S., Y. Matsumori, T. Yanase, M. Yamakawa, T. Kato, and T. Tsuda. "Evidence of an Antigenic Shift among Palyam Serogroup Orbiviruses." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 42, no. 10 (October 1, 2004): 4610–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.42.10.4610-4614.2004.

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33

VIENNET, E., C. GARROS, L. GARDÈS, I. RAKOTOARIVONY, X. ALLÈNE, R. LANCELOT, D. CROCHET, C. MOULIA, T. BALDET, and T. BALENGHIEN. "Host preferences of PalaearcticCulicoidesbiting midges: implications for transmission of orbiviruses." Medical and Veterinary Entomology 27, no. 3 (September 18, 2012): 255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2012.01042.x.

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34

Whistler, T., and R. Swanepoel. "Characterization of Potentially Foetotropic Palyam Serogroup Orbiviruses Isolated in Zimbabwe." Journal of General Virology 69, no. 9 (September 1, 1988): 2221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-69-9-2221.

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35

Oprandy, John J., Tom G. Schwan, and Andrew J. Main. "Tick-borne Kemerovo group orbiviruses in a Newfoundland seabird colony." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 34, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): 782–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m88-133.

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Five new isolates of Kemerovo group viruses were recovered from Ixodes uriae collected on Great Island, Witless Bay Seabird Sanctuary, Newfoundland, Canada, during July 1985. This brings the total number of Orbivirus isolates on Great Island to 18 isolates including the 7 from 1971 and 6 from 1972. Genomic segments of several strains were compared by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The degree of variation in each segment of these viruses was calculated. Great Island and Bauline viruses exhibited a great degree of variation in dsRNA migration patterns. Great Island and Bauline genomes averaged 11.60 (SD = 0.107) and 11.69 megadaltons (SD = 0.075), respectively. Variation was observed in all 10 segments of Great Island and Bauline viruses. These findings were compared with serologic and protein gel data.

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36

Blacksell, Stuart D., Ross A. Lunt, and John R. White. "A rapid indirect ELISA for the serogrouping of Australian orbiviruses." Journal of Virological Methods 49, no. 1 (August 1994): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-0934(94)90056-6.

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37

Nuttall, Patricia A., and Stephen R. Moss. "Genetic reassortment indicates a new grouping for tick-borne orbiviruses." Virology 171, no. 1 (July 1989): 156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(89)90522-9.

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38

Nuttall, Patricia A., Stephen R. Moss, Dorothy Carey, Linda D. Jones, and Susan C. Jacobs. "Genetic determinants modulating the pathogenic phenotype of tick-borne orbiviruses." Virology 174, no. 2 (February 1990): 430–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(90)90096-a.

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39

Nuttall, Patricia A., Susan C. Jacobs, Linda D. Jones, Dorothy Carey, and Stephen R. Moss. "Enhanced neurovirulence of tick-borne orbiviruses resulting from genetic modulation." Virology 187, no. 2 (April 1992): 407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(92)90442-r.

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40

Lean, Fabian Z. X., Jean Payne, Jennifer Harper, Joanne Devlin, David T. Williams, and John Bingham. "Evaluation of Bluetongue Virus (BTV) Antibodies for the Immunohistochemical Detection of BTV and Other Orbiviruses." Microorganisms 8, no. 8 (August 7, 2020): 1207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8081207.

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The detection of bluetongue virus (BTV) antigens in formalin-fixed tissues has been challenging; therefore, only a limited number of studies on suitable immunohistochemical approaches have been reported. This study details the successful application of antibodies for the immunohistochemical detection of BTV in BSR variant baby hamster kidney cells (BHK-BSR) and infected sheep lungs that were formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE). BTV reactive antibodies raised against non-structural (NS) proteins 1, 2, and 3/3a and viral structural protein 7 (VP7) were first evaluated on FFPE BTV-infected cell pellets for their ability to detect BTV serotype 1 (BTV-1). Antibodies that were successful in immunolabelling BTV-1 infected cell pellets were further tested, using similar methods, to determine their broader immunoreactivity against a diverse range of BTV and other orbiviruses. Antibodies specific for NS1, NS2, and NS3/3a were able to detect all BTV isolates tested, and the VP7 antibody cross-reacted with all BTV isolates, except BTV-15. The NS1 antibodies were BTV serogroup-specific, while the NS2, NS3/3a, and VP7 antibodies demonstrated immunologic cross-reactivity to related orbiviruses. These antibodies also detected viral antigens in BTV-3 infected sheep lung. This study demonstrates the utility of FFPE-infected cell pellets for the development and validation of BTV immunohistochemistry.

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41

McGregor, Bethany L., Dinesh Erram, Carolina Acevedo, Barry W. Alto, and Nathan D. Burkett-Cadena. "Vector Competence of Culicoides sonorensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) for Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus Serotype 2 Strains from Canada and Florida." Viruses 11, no. 4 (April 22, 2019): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11040367.

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Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV), an Orbivirus transmitted by Culicoides spp. vectors, is represented by seven serotypes and numerous strains worldwide. While studies comparing vector competence between serotypes exist, studies between viral strains are lacking. In this study, we examined the rates of infection, dissemination, and transmission of two strains of EHDV-2 orally fed to the known vector, Culicoides sonorensis Wirth & Jones. Culicoides sonorensis cohorts were fed an infectious blood meal containing EHDV-2 strains from either Alberta, Canada (Can-Alberta) or Florida (5.5 log10 PFUe/mL) and tested for the vector’s susceptibility to infection and dissemination. In addition, transmission rates of the virus were assessed and compared using capillary tube and honey card methods. Our results show that the Florida strain had higher infection and dissemination rates than the Can-Alberta strain in spite of the Florida strain having significantly lower viral titers in C. sonorensis bodies, legs, and saliva than the Can-Alberta strain. Overall transmission rates were not significantly different between the two strains but varied significantly between the methods used. These findings suggest that the consequences of EHDV infection in C. sonorensis vary between virus strains and have huge implications in future vector competence studies involving Culicoides species and Orbiviruses.

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42

Mohammed, M. E. H., and P. S. Mellor. "Further studies on bluetongue and bluetongue-related Orbiviruses in the Sudan." Epidemiology and Infection 105, no. 3 (December 1990): 619–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800048263.

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SUMMARYThe seasonal incidence of bluetongue virus (BTV) in Central Sudan is related primarily to fluctuations in the prevalence of the vector, Culicoides imicola. Population densities of this midge begin to rise with the onset of precipitation and peak during October, before falling sharply at the end of the rainy season in November. These are also the months of BTV transmission. Populations of C. schultzei, the commonest midge in Central Sudan, are also related to the rainy season but this species does not seem to be involved with BTV transmission.BTV serotype 2 was isolated from C. imicola confirming the status of this midge as a known vector but a second isolate of the same serotype was made from a mixed pool of Culicoides not including C. imicola. This suggests that BTV transmission in the Sudan may involve more than one species of Culicoides. Epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) serotype 4 and a palyam virus were isolated from C. schultzei which indicates that this species may be involved in the transmission of BT-related viruses. Seven further virus isolates from sentinel calves at Shambat (Khartoum) confirmed the presence of BTV serotypes 1, 4 and 16, and an untyped EHDV (designated 318) in the Sudan. All of the viruses isolated and identified during the course of this work are recorded from the Sudan for the first time.

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43

Al-Busaidy, S. M., and P. S. Mellor. "Epidemiology of bluetongue and related orbiviruses in the Sultanate of Oman." Epidemiology and Infection 106, no. 1 (February 1991): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800056533.

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SUMMARYSentinel herds at 34 farms were used to study the epidemiology of bluetongue and related orbiviruses in Oman. The results indicate that bluetongue virus (BTV) is widespread and is enzootic in Northern Oman. At least three BTV serotypes (3, 4 and 22) were present at the time of the study. Antibodies to epizootic haemorrhagic disease of deer virus (EHDV) type 2 and EHDV-318 were also detected but were less prevalent. Entomological investigations identified the presence of 16 species of Culicoides. The peak seasonal incidence of the BTV vector C. imicola and the EHDV vectors C. schultzei (group) midges at Rumais in Northern Oman correlated closely with the spring rains in that area. However, both species of midge were also present in lower numbers throughout the year. Four species of Omani midge, C. arabiensis, C. ibriensis, C. neoschultzei and C. buettikeri are new to science.

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44

Jacobs, S. C., D. Carey, C. Chastel, T. G. Schwan, and P. A. Nuttall. "Characterization of Orbiviruses of the Kemerovo serogroup: Isolations and serological comparisons." Archives of Virology 91, no. 1-2 (March 1986): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01316732.

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45

Gould, Allan R. "The use of recombinant DNA probes to group and type orbiviruses." Archives of Virology 99, no. 3-4 (September 1988): 205–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01311070.

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46

MATSUO, Eiko. "Reverse genetics systems for orbiviruses reveal the essential mechanisms in their replication." Uirusu 64, no. 2 (2014): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2222/jsv.64.203.

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47

Whistler, T., and R. Swanepoel. "Teratogenicity of the Palyam serogroup orbiviruses in the embryonated chicken egg model." Epidemiology and Infection 106, no. 1 (February 1991): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800056545.

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SUMMARYEmbryonated chicken eggs were used as a model for assessing the teratogenic potential of several Palyam serogroup orbiviruses. Infection of 4-day-old embryonated chicken eggs via the yolk sac with eight of the viruses resulted in deaths or congenital deformities which included retarded development, arthrogryposis and reduced feathering. Statistical analysis showed that the viruses could be divided into three groups: those that caused death (Gweru virus isolates 866/77 and 1726/7776 and Apies River virus), those that caused deaths only when large amounts of virus were inoculated (Gweru isolate AR11869 and Marondera virus) and those that caused death and deformities (Abadina, Kasba, Nyabira, Petevo and Vellore viruses). Differences in pathogenic potential were noted between isolates identified as the same serotype by serological tests.

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48

Mertens, P. P. C., and D. V. Sangar. "Analysis of the terminal sequences of the genome segments of four orbiviruses." Virology 140, no. 1 (January 1985): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(85)90445-3.

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49

Colmant, Agathe M. G., Kayvan Etebari, Cameron E. Webb, Scott A. Ritchie, Cassie C. Jansen, Andrew F. van den Hurk, Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, Jody Hobson-Peters, Sassan Asgari, and Roy A. Hall. "Discovery of new orbiviruses and totivirus from Anopheles mosquitoes in Eastern Australia." Archives of Virology 162, no. 11 (August 7, 2017): 3529–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00705-017-3515-x.

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50

Nuttall, Patricia A., Stephen R. Moss, Linda D. Jones, and Dorothy Carey. "Identification of the major genetic determinant for neurovirulence of tick-borne orbiviruses." Virology 172, no. 2 (October 1989): 428–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(89)90185-2.

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