Academic literature on the topic 'Orbiviruses'

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Journal articles on the topic "Orbiviruses"

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Kapoor, Amit, Robert B. Tesh, Raja Duraisamy, Vsevolod L. Popov, Amelia P. A. Travassos da Rosa, and W. Ian Lipkin. "A novel mosquito-borne Orbivirus species found in South-east Asia." Journal of General Virology 94, no. 5 (May 1, 2013): 1051–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.046748-0.

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The genus Orbivirus of the family Reoviridae includes a genetically diverse group of dsRNA arthropod-borne viruses that infect a wide variety of animal species. Here, we report the complete genome and phylogenetic analysis of a novel orbivirus (IAn-66411 or Sathuvachari virus, SVIV) isolated in 1963 from starlings (Brahminy myna) collected in Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. Comparative genetic analysis of the SVIV polymerase (VP1 protein), core protein (VP3) and outer core protein (VP7) confirmed that SVIV is most closely related to the mosquito-borne orbiviruses, but that it is equally divergent from all known species. Therefore, SVIV should be tentatively considered as the prototype of a novel mosquito-associated Orbivirus species. These findings will aid in the development of molecular reagents that can identify genetically similar orbiviruses and help elucidate their geographical distribution, epidemiology, species tropism and possible disease association.
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Fagre, Anna, Justin Lee, Robert Kityo, Nicholas Bergren, Eric Mossel, Teddy Nakayiki, Betty Nalikka, et al. "Discovery and Characterization of Bukakata orbivirus (Reoviridae:Orbivirus), a Novel Virus from a Ugandan Bat." Viruses 11, no. 3 (March 2, 2019): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11030209.

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While serological and virological evidence documents the exposure of bats to medically-important arboviruses, their role as reservoirs or amplifying hosts is less well-characterized. We describe a novel orbivirus (Reoviridae:Orbivirus) isolated from an Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus leachii) trapped in 2013 in Uganda and named Bukakata orbivirus. This is the fifth orbivirus isolated from a bat, however genetic information had previously only been available for one bat-associated orbivirus. We performed whole-genome sequencing on Bukakata orbivirus and three other bat-associated orbiviruses (Fomede, Ife, and Japanaut) to assess their phylogenetic relationship within the genus Orbivirus and develop hypotheses regarding potential arthropod vectors. Replication kinetics were assessed for Bukakata orbivirus in three different vertebrate cell lines. Lastly, qRT-PCR and nested PCR were used to determine the prevalence of Bukakata orbivirus RNA in archived samples from three populations of Egyptian fruit bats and one population of cave-associated soft ticks in Uganda. Complete coding sequences were obtained for all ten segments of Fomede, Ife, and Japanaut orbiviruses and for nine of the ten segments for Bukakata orbivirus. Phylogenetic analysis placed Bukakata and Fomede in the tick-borne orbivirus clade and Ife and Japanaut within the Culicoides/phlebotomine sandfly orbivirus clade. Further, Bukakata and Fomede appear to be serotypes of the Chobar Gorge virus species. Bukakata orbivirus replicated to high titers (106–107 PFU/mL) in Vero, BHK-21 [C-13], and R06E (Egyptian fruit bat) cells. Preliminary screening of archived bat and tick samples do not support Bukakata orbivirus presence in these collections, however additional testing is warranted given the phylogenetic associations observed. This study provided complete coding sequence for several bat-associated orbiviruses and in vitro characterization of a bat-associated orbivirus. Our results indicate that bats may play an important role in the epidemiology of viruses in the genus Orbivirus and further investigation is warranted into vector-host associations and ongoing surveillance efforts.
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Ahasan, Mohammad Shamim, Kuttichantran Subramaniam, Juan M. Campos Krauer, Katherine A. Sayler, Julia C. Loeb, Olivia F. Goodfriend, Hannah M. Barber, et al. "Three New Orbivirus Species Isolated from Farmed White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the United States." Viruses 12, no. 1 (December 20, 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12010013.

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We report the detection and gene coding sequences of three novel Orbivirus species found in six dead farmed white-tailed deer in the United States. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the new orbiviruses are genetically closely related to the Guangxi, Mobuck, Peruvian horse sickness, and Yunnan orbiviruses, which are thought to be solely borne by mosquitos. However, four of the six viruses analyzed in this work were found as co-infecting agents along with a known cervid pathogen, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus-2 (EHDV-2), raising questions as to whether the new viruses are primary pathogens or secondary pathogens that exacerbate EHDV-2 infections. Moreover, EHDV-2 is known to be a Culicoides-borne virus, raising additional questions as to whether Culicoides species can also serve as vectors for the novel orbiviruses, if mosquitoes can vector EHDV-2, or whether the deer were infected through separate bites by the insects. Our findings expand knowledge of the possible viral pathogens of deer in the United States. Moreover, due to the close genetic relatedness of the three new orbiviruses to viruses that are primary pathogens of cattle and horses, our findings also underscore a crucial need for additional research on the potential role of the three new orbiviruses as pathogens of other animals.
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Attoui, Houssam, Fauziah Mohd Jaafar, Mourad Belhouchet, Nicolas Aldrovandi, Sanju Tao, Boquan Chen, Guodong Liang, Robert B. Tesh, Philippe de Micco, and Xavier de Lamballerie. "Yunnan orbivirus, a new orbivirus species isolated from Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes in China." Journal of General Virology 86, no. 12 (December 1, 2005): 3409–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81258-0.

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An orbivirus designated Yunnan orbivirus (YUOV) was isolated from Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes collected in the Yunnan province of China. Electron microscopy showed particles with typical orbivirus morphology. The YUOV genome was sequenced completely and compared with previously characterized orbivirus genomes. Significant identity scores were detected between proteins encoded by the segments (Seg-1 to Seg-10) of YUOV and those encoded by their homologues in insect-borne and tick-borne orbiviruses. Analysis of VP1 (Pol) and VP2 (T2, which correlates with the virus serogroup) indicated that YUOV is a new species of the genus Orbivirus that is unrelated to the other insect-borne orbiviruses. The replication of YUOV in mosquito cell lines was restricted to Aedes albopictus cells and the virus failed to replicate in mammalian cell lines. However, intraperitoneal injection of virus into naïve mice resulted in productive, non-lethal virus replication and viraemia. Infected mice developed serum neutralizing antibodies and were protected against a new infection challenge. Sequence analysis of clones from the segments encoding outer coat proteins (Seg-3 and Seg-6) of YUOV recovered from mouse blood did not show significant changes in the sequences. The availability of the complete genome sequence will facilitate the development of sequence-specific PCR assays for the study of YUOV epidemiology in the field.
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Silva, Sandro P., Meik Dilcher, Franziska Weber, Frank T. Hufert, Manfred Weidmann, Jedson F. Cardoso, Valéria L. Carvalho, et al. "Genetic and biological characterization of selected Changuinola viruses (Reoviridae, Orbivirus) from Brazil." Journal of General Virology 95, no. 10 (October 1, 2014): 2251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.064691-0.

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The genus Orbivirus of the family Reoviridae comprises 22 virus species including the Changuinola virus (CGLV) serogroup. The complete genome sequences of 13 CGLV serotypes isolated between 1961 and 1988 from distinct geographical areas of the Brazilian Amazon region were obtained. All viral sequences were obtained from single-passaged CGLV strains grown in Vero cells. CGLVs are the only orbiviruses known to be transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies. Ultrastructure and molecular analysis by electron microscopy and gel electrophoresis, respectively, revealed viral particles with typical orbivirus size and morphology, as well as the presence of a segmented genome with 10 segments. Full-length nucleotide sequencing of each of the ten RNA segments of the 13 CGLV serotypes provided basic information regarding the genome organization, encoded proteins and genetic traits. Segment 2 (encoding VP2) of the CGLV is uncommonly larger in comparison to those found in other orbiviruses and shows varying sizes even among different CGLV serotypes. Phylogenetic analysis support previous serological findings, which indicate that CGLV constitutes a separate serogroup within the genus Orbivirus. In addition, six out of 13 analysed CGLV serotypes showed reassortment of their genome segments.
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Murphy, Frederick A. "Bluetongue and Related Orbiviruses." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 34, no. 6 (November 1, 1985): 1236. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1985.34.6.tm0340061236a.

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GORMAN, B. M. "Evolutionary relationship among orbiviruses." Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 5, no. 2 (June 1, 1986): 323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/rst.5.2.258.

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Grimes, J., P. Gouet, A. Basak, G. Sutton, P. Roy, N. Burroughs, B. V. V. Prasad, P. Mertens, and D. Stuart. "Structural studies on orbiviruses." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 52, a1 (August 8, 1996): C179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767396092136.

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Gay, Cyril G. "Orbiviruses: A Gap Analysis." Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 15, no. 6 (June 2015): 333–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2015.28999.cgg.

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Cooper, Elyse, Srivishnupriya Anbalagan, Patricia Klumper, Gail Scherba, Randy R. Simonson, and Ben M. Hause. "Mobuck virus genome sequence and phylogenetic analysis: identification of a novel Orbivirus isolated from a white-tailed deer in Missouri, USA." Journal of General Virology 95, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.058800-0.

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The genus Orbivirus includes a diverse group of segmented dsRNA viruses that are transmitted via arthropods, have a global distribution and affect a wide range of hosts. A novel orbivirus was co-isolated with epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) from a white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) exhibiting clinical signs characteristic of EHDV. Using antiserum generated against EHDV, a pure isolate of the novel non-cytopathic orbivirus was obtained in Aedes albopictus cell culture. Genomic sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of predicted ORFs showed that eight of the ten ORFs were most homologous to Peruvian horse sickness virus (PHSV), with amino acid identities of 44.3–73.7 %. The remaining two ORFs, VP3 and VP5, were most similar to Middle Point orbivirus (35.9 %) and Yunnan orbivirus (59.8 %), respectively. Taxonomic classification of orbiviruses is largely based on homology of the major subcore structural protein VP2(T2), encoded by segment 2 for mobuck virus. With only 69.1 % amino acid identity to PHSV, we propose mobuck virus as the prototype of a new species of Orbivirus.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Orbiviruses"

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Diprose, Jonathan Marlborough. "Structural studies on orbiviruses." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365819.

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Pritchard, Lindsay Ian, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "Evolutionary relationships among bluetongue and related orbivuses." Deakin University. School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 1993. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20051017.141925.

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Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) sequencing of specific viral gene segments was used to investigate the phylogenetic relationships among the orbiviruses. Sequence comparisons of the bluetongue virus (BTV) RNA3 from different regions of the world (North America, South Africa, India, Indonesian, Malaysia, Australia and the Caribbean region) showed that geographic separation had resulted in significant divergence, consistent with the evolution of distinct viral populations. There were at least 3 topotypes (Gould, 1987); the Australasian, African - American and another topotype represented by BTV 15 isolated in Australia in 1986. The topotypes of BTV had RNA3 nucleotide sequences that differed by approximately 20 per cent. Analysis of BTV-specific gene segments from animal and insect specimens showed that bluetongue viruses had entered northern Australia from South East Asia, possibly by wind-borne vectors. Nucleotide sequence comparisons were used to show the close genetic relationship between BTV 2 (Ona-A strain) from Florida and BTV 12 from Jamaica, and to investigate the reassortment of BTV genome segments in nature. The mutation rates of the BTV RNA2 and RNA3 segments were estimated to be of the order of 10(-4) nucleotide changes/site/year, similar in magnitude to that reported for other RNA viruses.
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Weyer, Camilla Theresa. "African horse sickness virus dynamics and host responses in naturally infected horses." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25558.

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African horse sickness (AHS) is a life threatening disease of equids caused by African horse sickness virus (AHSV), a member of the genus Orbivirus in the family Reoviridae. The virus is transmitted to horses by midges (Culicoides spp.) and the disease is most prevalent during the time of year, and in areas where the Culicoides spp. are most abundant, namely in late summer in the summer rainfall areas of the country. Whilst the clinical signs and presentation of the disease were well documented by Sir Arnold Theiler (1921), very little is known or documented about AHSV dynamics or the clinical pathological and serological responses of horses to natural infection with AHSV. This dissertation describes the history and current knowledge on AHS, and the methods and results of a prospective study on natural AHSV infection of horses, undertaken between 2009 and 2010 by the Equine Research Centre (ERC) at the University of Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Onderstepoort. This study is the first documented study of its nature and included animals of various ages and therefore variable vaccination status. The objectives of the study were to describe the viral dynamics of AHSV infection in horses, to gain a better understanding of the clinical pathological and serological responses to natural AHS infection and to demonstrate early detection of AHS infection in horses under field conditions.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Veterinary Tropical Diseases
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Whistler, Toni. "A study of the molecular variation between orbivirus proteins." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003290.

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The aim of this study was to initiate a structural analysis of the capsid polypeptides from several serotypes of bluetongue virus in order to provide insight into the relatedness and possible origins of the different serotypes. Tryptic peptide mapping of ¹²⁵I-labelled group antigen by ion exchange chromatography was used to assess the structural relatedness of seven BTV serotypes from Southern Africa, North America and Australia. Each serotype had several tyrosine containing tryptic peptides which were unique, but approximately 35% of the peptides analyzed were found to be highly conserved between all 7 serotypes. BTV-20 appeared to be closely related to BTV-B and these two serotypes with BTV-4 and BTV-17 appeared to form a closely knit central cluster.
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Horscroft, Nigel John. "Orbivirus non-structural protein NS2 : its role in virus replication." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9b550db6-dd9d-4127-941f-93eab2b6e038.

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Riegler, Lutz. "Variation in African horse sickness virus and its effect on the vector competence of culicoides biting midges." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2002. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843/.

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Jacquet, Stéphanie. "Invasions biologiques et maladies émergentes en santé animale : expansion et colonisation du bassin méditerranéen par Culicoides imicola (Diptera Ceratopogonidae), moucheron vecteur d'Orbivirus." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS163/document.

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Les invasions biologiques constituent une source de préoccupation majeure du fait des conséquences écologiques, économiques et sanitaires dont elles sont responsables. Déterminer et comprendre les facteurs sous-jacents au succès invasif des espèces envahissantes permet de prédire de nouvelles invasions et de mettre en place des stratégies de contrôle. Culicoides imicola est un vecteur majeur d’Orbivirus d’intérêt vétérinaire incluant le virus de la fièvre catarrhale ovine (FCO). Suite à l’émergence de la FCO dans le bassin méditerranéen, les populations de C. imicola ont été découvertes dans des territoires où elles étaient considérées comme absentes, caractérisant alors cette présence comme la résultante d’une expansion récente de l’espèce. Cette thèse décrit un ensemble de travaux visant à comprendre l’histoire de la colonisation du bassin méditerranéen par C. imicola. L’utilisation d’une approche multi-marqueurs combinant des analyses de génétique de populations, des inférences basées sur la méthode Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) et la simulation mathématique de la dispersion atmosphérique de l’espèce, a permis (i) de déterminer l’origine des populations installées au Maghreb et au Moyen Orient et de décrire les routes de colonisation et la chronologie de ces évènements, (ii) de définir les caractéristiques démographiques, évolutives et temporelles de la colonisation du sud de l’Europe et (iii) de caractériser les principaux facteurs expliquant le succès d’expansion géographique des populations installées. Les principaux résultats de cette thèse permettent de proposer des hypothèses pour expliquer le succès de l’installation des populations de C. imicola dans le bassin méditerranéen
Biological invasions are of major concern because of their environmental, economic and health consequences. Determining and understanding the factors underlying the invasion success of species allow predicting potential other biological invasions, and developing vector control strategies. Culicoides imicola is a major vector species of Orbivirus, including the bluetongue virus (BTV) which affects domestic ruminants. Following BT emergence in the Mediterranean basin, C. imicola populations were recorded in territories where the species was considered to be absent, and consequently was described as expanding its range expansion on a short period. This Phd work describes a set of studies aiming at understanding the colonization history of the Mediterranean basin by C. imicola. The use of a multi-loci approach combining population genetics analyses, Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) methods and mathematical simulations of the atmospheric dispersion of the species enabled to (i) determine the origin of the established populations in the Maghreb and the Middle-East and describe the routes of colonization and the chronology of such events, (ii) define the demographic, evolutionary and temporal characteristics of south-western Europe colonization and (iii) characterize the main factors explaining the successful range expansion of the established populations. The main results of this thesis allow suggesting hypotheses to explain the successful establishment of C. imicola populations in the Mediterranean basin
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O'Hara, Rachel Siobhan. "Identification of the genome segments and proteins controlling the virulence of African horsesickness virus." Thesis, University of Reading, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282749.

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Angove, Helen Louise. "The identification of bluetongue virus T-cell epitope(s) in sheep." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260772.

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Craig, Anthony Francis. "A comparison of equine orbivirus dynamics on two equine establishments on the East Rand Gauteng Province South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/53322.

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African horse sickness (AHS) is a non-contagious viral disease transmitted by arthropod vectors namely Culicoides (Avaritia) imicola Kieffer and Culicoides (Avaritia) bolitinos Meiswinkel endemic to sub-Saharan Africa. The disease affects all equine species, where its severity increases in horses foreign to Africa. Currently, vaccination is the only means of controlling the disease. African horse sickness poses a great risk to South African equines, not only due to the high mortality rate, but also due to the large scale restrictions implemented on the movement of horses for breeding or competition and on the international exportation of horses by the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). A prospective study was undertaken between 2013 and 2014 by the Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases and the Equine Research Centre (ERC), Faculty of Veterinary Science (FVS), University of Pretoria to determine the presence of Culicoides midges, the vector of the African horse sickness virus (AHSV) and the prevalence of disease at two equine establishments on the East Rand, Gauteng Province, South Africa. The two establishments differed extremely, when looking at infrastructure, management and vaccination protocols, this being the primary reason for their inclusion into the study. In the study, which started in December 2013, EDTA blood samples were collected and rectal temperatures recorded every 14 days over six months, from 28 Friesian / Lusitano and Appaloosa horses both resident in stables and open camps at the two establishments. The horses ranged in age from yearlings to four years. The EDTA samples were tested for the presence of AHSV and equine encephalosis virus (EEV) dsRNA by RT-qPCR (Quan et al. 2010). The clinical picture of the horses was recorded and rectal temperatures monitored for presentation of clinical cases caused by both viruses. It was shown that a total of nine (32%) cases of AHSV and five (18%) cases of EEV were identified in the 28 horses included in this study, where 89% of the horses had been vaccinated against AHS. As part of the risk assessment at each establishment it was essential to monitor the presence of the known vectors of AHSV. Therefore the conventional down-draught Onderstepoort black-light trap was operated overnight at various intervals throughout the study. The infection rate using RT-qPCR of the collected Culicoides midges was lower than the previous assumptions made by the owner and consulting veterinarians based on the mortality rate during the previous AHS season. Both AHSV and EEV were detected in separate single pools of collected midges. The low number of positive midges found in this study during 2014 could be explained by the occurrence of both diseases followed by the very active midge season of 2013. It is hypothesized that the prevalence of these diseases is dependent on seasonal patterns where a build-up of virus must reach a critical level after which spilling over will occur into associated equine populations (Venter et al. 2014). The present study also investigated the relationship between prevention strategies; primarily vaccination with a registered vaccine and the incidence of both diseases, where it shows that the prevalence of disease is dependent on the various prevention strategies implemented at each establishment. The presence of subclinical infection as seen in this study requires further investigation as it has a major impact on the movement of equines and the possible introduction of disease into naïve populations. The analysis of EE in the study, which is more prevalent than AHS, however does not cause severe disease, assists in the evaluation of wild-type virus transmission, as there is no commercial vaccine is available for EE. The presence of the virus assists in the study of the virus/host dynamics, natural maintenance cycles and the transmission of orbiviruses amongst South African horses. (Venter et al. 1999).
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
tm2016
Veterinary Tropical Diseases
MSc
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Books on the topic "Orbiviruses"

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International Symposium on Bluetongue, African Horse Sickness, and Related Orbiviruses (2nd 1991 Paris, France). Bluetongue, African horse sickness, and related orbiviruses: Proceedings of the Second International Symposium. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1992.

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International Symposium on Bluetongue, African Horse Sickness, and Related Orbiviruses (2nd 1991 Paris, France). Bluetongue, African horse sickness and related orbiviruses: 2nd International Symposium, Paris, 17-21 June 1991 : summary and conclusions. Paris: Office international des epizooties, 1992.

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BARBER, TL. Barber Bluetongue and Related Orbiviruses. John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1985.

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Lynwood, Barber T., Jochim Michael M, and Osburn Bennie I, eds. Bluetongue and related orbiviruses: Proceedings of an international symposium held at the Asilomar Conference Center, Monterey, California, January 16-20, 1984. New York: A.R. Liss, 1985.

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Walton, Thomas E., and Bennie I. Osburn. Bluetongue, African Horse Sickness, and Related Orbiviruses: Proceedings of the Second International Symposium. CRC, 1992.

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Barber, T. Lynwood, and Michael M. Jochim. Bluetongue and related orbiviruses: Proceedings of an international symposium held at the Asilomar Conference Center, Monterey, California, January 16-20, 1984 (Progress in clinical and biological research 178). A.R. Liss, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Orbiviruses"

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Maan, Sushila, Manjunatha N. Belaganahalli, Narender S. Maan, Houssam Attoui, and Peter P. C. Mertens. "Orbiviruses." In Emerging and Transboundary Animal Viruses, 161–214. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0402-0_8.

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Emmons, Richard W. "Reoviridae: The Orbiviruses (Colorado Tick Fever)." In Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases Principles and Practice, 375–83. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3900-0_20.

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Nuttall, Patricia A., T. F. Booth, Dorothy Carey, C. R. Davies, Linda D. Jones, Mary A. Morse, and S. R. Moss. "Biological and molecular characteristics of orbiviruses and orthomyxoviruses isolated from ticks." In Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome, Tick- and Mosquito-Borne Viruses, 219–25. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-9091-3_24.

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Brodie, Scott J., Patricia M. O’Hearn, Kurt Diem, and David Muthui. "Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Animal Orbiviruses That Cause Disease at Low Copy Number." In Techniques in Quantification and Localization of Gene Expression, 107–21. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1342-0_8.

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Roy, Polly. "Orbivirus." In The Springer Index of Viruses, 1603–10. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-95919-1_263.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Orbivirus." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 912. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_14397.

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Mellor, Philip S. "Orbivirus Infections." In Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals and Birds in Europe, 119–27. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118342442.ch8.

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Stuart, D. I., P. Gouet, J. Grimes, R. Malby, J. Diprose, S. Zientara, J. N. Burroughs, and P. P. C. Mertens. "Structural studies of orbivirus particles." In African Horse Sickness, 235–50. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6823-3_21.

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Maan, Sushila, Manjunatha N. Belaganahalli, Narender S. Maan, and Peter P. C. Mertens. "Whole Genome Sequencing Strategies and Development of Orbivirus Sequence Database: Implications for Novel dsRNA Virus Detection." In Biotechnology: Prospects and Applications, 237–55. New Delhi: Springer India, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1683-4_18.

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Mertens, P. P. C., H. Attoui, and P. S. Mellor. "Orbiviruses." In Encyclopedia of Virology, 454–65. Elsevier, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-012374410-4.00453-2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Orbiviruses"

1

Drolet, Barbara S. "Culicoides: The controller of orbivirus transmission." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.107329.

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