Academic literature on the topic 'Orb web spiders'
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Journal articles on the topic "Orb web spiders"
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Zhang, Shichang, Teck Hui Koh, Wee Khee Seah, Yee Hing Lai, Mark A. Elgar, and Daiqin Li. "A novel property of spider silk: chemical defence against ants." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1734 (November 23, 2011): 1824–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.2193.
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Spider webs are made of silk, the properties of which ensure remarkable efficiency at capturing prey. However, remaining on, or near, the web exposes the resident spiders to many potential predators, such as ants. Surprisingly, ants are rarely reported foraging on the webs of orb-weaving spiders, despite the formidable capacity of ants to subdue prey and repel enemies, the diversity and abundance of orb-web spiders, and the nutritional value of the web and resident spider. We explain this paradox by reporting a novel property of the silk produced by the orb-web spider Nephila antipodiana (Walckenaer). These spiders deposit on the silk a pyrrolidine alkaloid (2-pyrrolidinone) that provides protection from ant invasion. Furthermore, the ontogenetic change in the production of 2-pyrrolidinone suggests that this compound represents an adaptive response to the threat of natural enemies, rather than a simple by-product of silk synthesis: while 2-pyrrolidinone occurs on the silk threads produced by adult and large juvenile spiders, it is absent on threads produced by small juvenile spiders, whose threads are sufficiently thin to be inaccessible to ants.
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Mulder, Tom, Beth Mortimer, and Fritz Vollrath. "Functional flexibility in a spider's orb web." Journal of Experimental Biology 223, no. 23 (November 12, 2020): jeb234070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.234070.
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ABSTRACTWeb spiders rely on vibrations propagated via their web to identify, locate and capture entangled prey. Here, we experimentally tested the robustness of the orb weaver's predation strategy when webs are severely distorted and silk tensions are drastically altered throughout the web, a common occurrence in the wild. We assessed prey identification efficiency by comparing the spider's initial reaction times towards a fruit fly trapped in the web, we measured location efficiency by comparing times and number of tugging bouts performed, and we determined capture efficiency by comparing capture times. It emerged that spiders are capable of identifying, locating and capturing prey in distorted webs, albeit taking somewhat longer to do so.
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Sensenig, Andrew T., Kimberly A. Lorentz, Sean P. Kelly, and Todd A. Blackledge. "Spider orb webs rely on radial threads to absorb prey kinetic energy." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 9, no. 73 (March 19, 2012): 1880–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2011.0851.
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The kinetic energy of flying insect prey is a formidable challenge for orb-weaving spiders. These spiders construct two-dimensional, round webs from a combination of stiff, strong radial silk and highly elastic, glue-coated capture spirals. Orb webs must first stop the flight of insect prey and then retain those insects long enough to be subdued by the spiders. Consequently, spider silks rank among the toughest known biomaterials. The large number of silk threads composing a web suggests that aerodynamic dissipation may also play an important role in stopping prey. Here, we quantify energy dissipation in orb webs spun by diverse species of spiders using data derived from high-speed videos of web deformation under prey impact. By integrating video data with material testing of silks, we compare the relative contributions of radial silk, the capture spiral and aerodynamic dissipation. Radial silk dominated energy absorption in all webs, with the potential to account for approximately 100 per cent of the work of stopping prey in larger webs. The most generous estimates for the roles of capture spirals and aerodynamic dissipation show that they rarely contribute more than 30 per cent and 10 per cent of the total work of stopping prey, respectively, and then only for smaller orb webs. The reliance of spider orb webs upon internal energy absorption by radial threads for prey capture suggests that the material properties of the capture spirals are largely unconstrained by the selective pressures of stopping prey and can instead evolve freely in response to alternative functional constraints such as adhering to prey.
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Mortimer, B. "A Spider’s Vibration Landscape: Adaptations to Promote Vibrational Information Transfer in Orb Webs." Integrative and Comparative Biology 59, no. 6 (May 20, 2019): 1636–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icz043.
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Abstract Spider orb webs are used not only for catching prey, but also for transmitting vibrational information to the spider. Vibrational information propagates from biological sources, such as potential prey or mates, but also abiotic sources, such as wind. Like other animals, the spider must cope with physical constraints acting on the propagation of vibrational information along surfaces and through materials—including loss of energy, distortion, and filtering. The spider mitigates these physical constraints by making its orb web from up to five different types of silks, closely controlling silk use and properties during web building. In particular, control of web geometry, silk tension, and silk stiffness allows spiders to adjust how vibrations spread throughout the web, as well as their amplitude and speed of propagation, which directly influences energy loss, distortion, and filtering. Turning to how spiders use this information, spiders use lyriform organs distributed across their eight legs as vibration sensors. Spiders can adjust coupling to the silk fibers and use posture to modify vibrational information as it moves from the web to the sensors. Spiders do not sense all vibrations equally—they are least sensitive to low frequencies (<30 Hz) and most sensitive to high frequencies (ca. 1 kHz). This sensitivity pattern cannot be explained purely by the frequency range of biological inputs. The role of physical and evolutionary constraints is discussed to explain spider vibration sensitivity and a role of vibration sensors to detect objects on the web as a form of echolocation is also discussed.
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Fisher, David N., Jonathan N. Pruitt, and Justin Yeager. "Orb-weaving spiders show a correlated syndrome of morphology and web structure in the wild." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 131, no. 2 (August 28, 2020): 449–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa104.
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Abstract Extended phenotypes are traits that exist outside the physical body of organisms. Despite their role in the lives of the organisms that express them and other organisms influenced by extended phenotypes, the consistency and covariance with morphological and behavioural traits of extended phenotypes has rarely been evaluated. We repeatedly measured an extended phenotype involved in prey acquisition (web structure) of wild orb-weaving spiders (Micrathena vigorsii), which re-build their webs daily. We related web structure to behaviours and spider body length. Web diameter and web density were repeatable among individuals, reaction to a predation threat was very marginally so, and response to a prey stimulus and web evenness were not repeatable. Larger spiders spun wider webs, had webs with increased thread spacing, and the spider possibly tended to react more slowly to a predation threat. When a spider built a relatively larger web it was also a relatively less dense and less even web. The repeatability of web construction and relationship with spider body size we found may be common features of intra-population variation in web structure in spiders. By estimating the consistency and covariances of extended phenotypes we can begin to evaluate what maintains their variation and how they might evolve.
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Zschokke, Samuel, Yann Hénaut, Suresh P. Benjamin, and J. Alvaro García-Ballinas. "Prey-capture strategies in sympatric web-building spiders." Canadian Journal of Zoology 84, no. 7 (July 1, 2006): 964–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z06-074.
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Arthropods in several orders use traps to capture prey. Such trap-building predators expend most of their foraging energy prior to any prey contact. Nevertheless, relative investments in trap construction and actual prey capture may vary among trap builders, and they are likely to face a trade-off between building very effective but energetically costly traps and building less effective traps requiring faster reaction times when attacking prey. We analysed this trade-off in a field experiment by comparing the prey capture behaviour of four different sympatric web-building spiders (Araneae: Araneidae, Nephilidae, Tetragnathidae, Theridiidae) with the retention times of five different prey types in the webs of these spiders. Retention times differed greatly among webs and among prey types. The vertical orb webs retained prey longer than the horizontal orb web and the sheet web, and active prey escaped more quickly than less active prey. Among spiders with orb webs, the spider with the web that retained prey for the shortest time was the fastest to capture prey, thus confirming the expected trade-off between building long-retaining webs and attacking slowly versus building short-retaining webs and attacking more rapidly. The sheet web, however, neither retained prey for an appreciable period of time nor facilitated rapid prey capture. We suggest that this low capture effectiveness of sheet webs is compensated by their lower maintenance costs.
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Ximenes, Nathalia G., Vinicius De Souza Moraes, Jean C. G. Ortega, and Felipe M. Gawryszewski. "Color lures in orb-weaving spiders: a meta-analysis." Behavioral Ecology 31, no. 2 (January 21, 2020): 568–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz210.
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Abstract Lures are deceptive strategies that exploit sensory biases in prey, usually mimicking a prey’s mate or food item. Several predators exploit plant–pollinator systems, where visual signals are an essential part of interspecific interactions. Many diurnal, and even nocturnal, orb-web spiders present conspicuous body coloration or bright color patches. These bright colors are regarded as color-based lures that exploit biases present in insect visual systems, possibly mimicking flower colors. The prey attraction hypothesis was proposed more than 20 years ago to explain orb-web spider coloration. Although most data gathered so far has corroborated the predictions of the prey attraction hypothesis, there are several studies that refute these predictions. We conducted a multilevel phylogenetic meta-analysis to assess the magnitude of the effect of conspicuous orb-web spider body coloration on prey attraction. We found a positive effect in favor of the prey attraction hypothesis; however, there was substantial heterogeneity between studies. Experimental designs comparing conspicuous spiders to painted spiders or empty webs did not explain between-studies heterogeneity. The lack of theoretical explanation behind the prey attraction hypothesis makes it challenging to address which components influence prey attraction. Future studies could evaluate whether color is part of a multicomponent signal and test alternative hypotheses for the evolution of spider colors, such as predator avoidance and thermoregulation.
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Folt, Brian, and Witold Lapinski. "New observations of frog and lizard predation by wandering and orb-weaver spiders in Costa Rica." Phyllomedusa: Journal of Herpetology 16, no. 2 (December 21, 2017): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v16i2p269-277.
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Studies have suggested that predation by spiders may be an important force regulating life history in neotropical frogs and lizards, but detailed descriptions of predator-prey relationships are few. Here we describe novel observations where spiders contributed to the mortality of frogs and lizards in northeastern Costa Rica, and we corrected or clarified three identification errors of spiders from the literature. The most frequently observed predators were wandering spiders (Ctenidae), which seem to be generalist predators on frogs and lizards. An orb-weaver spider (Araneidae) also contributed to frog mortality, likely after the frog became entangled in the spider’s web. More detailed studies are needed to elucidate the role that spider predation contributes to frog and lizard demography in neotropical forests.
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Blackledge, Todd, and John Wenzel. "SILK MEDIATED DEFENSE BY AN ORB WEB SPIDER AGAINST PREDATORY MUD-DAUBER WASPS." Behaviour 138, no. 2 (2001): 155–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685390151074357.
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AbstractStabilimenta are zigzag and spiral designs of seemingly conspicuous silk included at the centers of many spider webs. We examined the association of stabilimenta with the ability of spiders to defend themselves against predatory mud-dauber wasps. We found that Argiope trifasciata (Araneae, Araneidae) were significantly more likely to survive attacks by Chalybion caeruleum and Sceliphron caementarium (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) when spiders included stabilimenta in webs. This association could not be explained by factors such as differences in sizes or conditions of spiders nor locations of webs. We suggest that stabilimenta may function to delay pursuit of spiders as they drop from webs by physically blocking wasps, camouflaging spiders or distracting attacking wasps. Stabilimenta may function in a role very similar to the retreats built by many other genera of spiders and appear to be an adaptation to reduce the predation pressure faced by spiders that have evolved foraging habits at highly exposed diurnal web sites.
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Penney, David, and Vicente M. Ortuño. "Oldest true orb-weaving spider (Araneae: Araneidae)." Biology Letters 2, no. 3 (June 14, 2006): 447–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0506.
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The aerial orb web woven by spiders of the family Araneidae typifies these organisms to laypersons and scientists alike. Here we describe the oldest fossil species of this family, which is preserved in amber from Álava, Spain and represents the first record of Araneidae from the Lower Cretaceous. The fossils provide direct evidence that all three major orb web weaving families: Araneidae, Tetragnathidae and Uloboridae had evolved by this time, confirming the antiquity of the use of this remarkable structure as a prey capture strategy by spiders. Given the complex and stereotyped movements that all orb weavers use to construct their webs, there is little question regarding their common origin, which must have occurred in the Jurassic or earlier. Thus, various forms of this formidable prey capture mechanism were already in place by the time of the explosive Cretaceous co-radiation of angiosperms and their flying insect pollinators. This permitted a similar co-radiation of spider predators with their flying insect prey, presumably without the need for a ‘catch-up lag phase’ for the spiders.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Orb web spiders"
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Barraza, Daniella R. "Factors Influencing Web Tenure in a Tropical Spider and Comparison between Forest and Non-forest Habitats." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/166.
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Webs are fundamental to the ecology of Nephila clavipes, the golden orb-weaver spider, because they serve as sites for prey capture, reproduction, competition, predation, and parasitism. In addition to the presence of the female N. clavipes, males and kleptoparasites reside on the web in varying numbers. Webs are also found in clusters with conspecific females. Web site selection and length of web tenure is a behavioral decision vital to the spider’s fitness and the ecology of her species. I conducted a field census to quantify these factors and analyze their influence on web tenure, compare web ecology between a forest and non-forest habitat, as well as explain the significance of N. clavipes’ web as central to many interactions. Web tenure, as well, was influenced differently by the factors between both environments. In the forest habitat, increase in prey capture rate decreased web tenure and inclusion in cluster increased web tenure. In the non-forest habitat, only increase in spider size was related to increased web tenure. There were significant differences between the two habitats in the sizes of the female spider and quantity of males and kleptoparasites. Results also showed that spider size influenced quantity of males and web diameter influenced quantity of kleptoparasites. Explanation of these results can be attributed to the complex relationships among the variables and the consequences of living in habitats impacted by human occupation.
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Welke, Klaas W. Verfasser], and Jutta M. [Akademischer Betreuer] [Schneider. "Mating rates and their adaptive value in orb-web spiders of the genus Argiope (Araneae: Araneidae) / Klaas W. Welke. Betreuer: Jutta M. Schneider." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1024772861/34.
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Tarakanova, Anna. "Spider's orb web : implications of structural hierarchies to materials-based evolution." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/101842.
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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2015.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 65-69).
Among a myriad of spider web geometries, the orb web presents a fascinating, exquisite example in architecture and evolution. Its structural component, the silk protein, is an exemplary natural material because its superior properties stem intrinsically from the synergistic cooperativity of hierarchically-organized components, rather than from the particular properties of the building blocks themselves. By bridging together different levels of hierarchy in the web, we elucidate the mechanisms by which structure at each composite level contributes to organization and material phenomena at subsequent levels, demonstrating that the web is a highly adapted system where both material and hierarchical structure across all length-scales is critical for its functional properties. Further, the material hierarchy scheme within the orb web is exploited to address questions of silk evolution. Spider orb webs can be divided into two categories distinguished by the capture silk used in construction: cribellate orb webs composed of pseudoflagelliform silk coated with dry cribellate threads and ecribellate orb webs, composed of viscid flagelliform silk fibers, coated by adhesive glue droplets. Cribellate capture silk is generally stronger but less extensible than viscid capture silk and a body of phylogenic evidence suggests that cribellate capture silk is more closely related to the ancestral form of capture spiral silk. Here, we use a coarse-grained web model to investigate how the mechanical properties of spiral capture silk affect the behavior of the web system, illustrating that more extensible capture spiral silk yields a decrease in the web's energy absorption, suggesting that the function of the capture spiral shifted from prey capture to other structural roles. Additionally, we observe that in webs with more extensible capture silk, the effect of thread strength on web performance is reduced, indicating that thread extensibility is a dominant driving factor in web diversification. In this thesis, we propose a novel model-centered materials-hierarchy based approach to studying evolutionary trends and suggest possible applications for other fields.
by Anna Tarakanova.
S.M.
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Evans, Samuel C. "Stochastic Modeling of Orb-Web Capture Mechanics Supports the Importance of Rare Large Prey for Spider Foraging Success and Suggests How Webs Sample Available Biomass." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1384443854.
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Watanabe, Takeshi. "Ecological study on plasticity and function of the orb-web design in the spider Octonoba sybotides." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/181146.
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Stellwagen, Sarah Day. "Structure and Function of the Viscous Capture Spiral and its Relationship to the Architecture of Spider Orb Webs." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/75178.
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Spider orb-webs have evolved to intercept prey, absorb and dissipate the kinetic energy from prey impact, and retain prey until a spider can subdue their catch. Orb-web structure and function engages scientists from many disciplines, including engineering, behavior, materials science, ecology, and evolution. This dissertation examines the sticky capture spiral component of an orb-web. This composite material is made of supporting fibers covered in sticky glue droplets. These threads are both adhesive and extensible, and their performance is influenced by ambient conditions. The questions I addressed are framed in an ecological context, although they also add to our understanding of materials science. The results of the first study showed that temperature increased the viscosity of glycoproteins within Argiope aurantia droplets, mediating the effect of daily humidity changes, an important environmental effect on the glue's performance. The second study demonstrates that capture spiral droplets of spiders that build webs in habitats ranging from full sun to shade and nocturnal species (Argiope aurantia, Leucauge venusta, Neoscona crucifera, Verrucosa areenata, Micrathena gracilis) is resistant to degradation after a day's worth of UVB exposure. Conversely, after the equivalent of two days of UVB exposure the glue degrades in webs built by M. gracilis that build webs in the shade and N. crucifera, a nocturnal species. The less harsh UVA has little affect on capture spiral glue function, both for species that build webs in full sun and those that build webs at night. The third study documented web asymmetry in Argiope trifasciata orb-webs and identified differences in droplet characteristics across the webs. These spiders differently allocated resources, with the bottom region of the web having twice the droplet volume as the top, and half the ratio of aqueous to glycoprotein material as the inner droplets. Additionally, during foraging times, the bottom of the web experiences higher humidity than the top, which has the potential to increase droplet toughness in this region. This study expands the understanding of web asymmetry by examining the differences in glue characteristics as an additional level of flexibility for web fine-tuning.Ph. D.
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Marhabaie, Mohammad. "Protein Composition Correlates with the Mechanical Properties of Spider (Argiope Trifasciata) Dragline Silk." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1373908675.
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Geurts, Paul. "The Synthetic spider silk fibers spun from Pyriform Spidroin 2, a glue silk protein discovered in orb-weaving spider attachment discs." Scholarly Commons, 2010. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/759.
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Spider attachrnentdisc silk fibers are spun into a viscous liquid that rapidly solidifies, gluing dragline silk fibers to substrates for locomotion or web construction. Here we report the identification and artificial spinning of a novel attachment disc glue silk fibroin, Pyriform Spidroin 2 (PySp2), from the golden orb weaver Nephila c/avipes. MS studies support PySp2 is a constituent of the pyriform gland that is spun into attachment discs. Analysis of the PySp2 protein architecture reveals sequence divergence relative to the other silk family members, including the cob weaver glue silk fibroin PySpl. PySp2 contains internal block repeats that consist of two sub-repeat units: one dominated by Ser, Gin and Ala, the other Pro-rich. Artificial spinning of recombinant PySp2 truncations shows that the Ser-Gln-Ala-rich sub-repeat is sufficient for the assembly of polymeric subunits and subsequent fiber formation. These studies support that both orb- and cob-weaving spiders have evolved highly polar block-repeat sequence with the ability to self-assemble into fibers, suggesting a strategy to allow fiber fabrication in the liquid environment of the attachment discs.
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Pollak, Cynthia Catherine Nichols. "Mechanical and optical analyses provide a network model for spiral silk from the orb web of the spider Araneus diadematus." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30274.
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Glue-coated spiral silk from Araneus diadematus orb webs is stretchy compared to the stiff and inextensible frame silk. This thesis examines whether part of the difference between properties may be due to molecular arrangements, not just the glue. Dry and wet spiral samples had average diameters of 2.2 and 3.1 microns and a non-circular cross-section with an average ellipticity of 1.5. The lengthwise contraction of wetted samples is a two-phase process, with an average ratio of wet to dry slack length of 0.6. Stress-extension behavior of samples was analyzed according to theories of rubber elasticity. Dry and wet spiral samples have, on average, network chains with 4.8 and 6.6 random segments between crosslinks; frame silk has two. The average shear moduli of wet and dry spiral samples are 0.67 and 0.32 MN/m² (the modulus of wet frame silk is 0.8 MN/m²). Spiral samples' average volume increase from the dry to the wet state is 1.6 compared to frame's volume change of 2.1, possibly because "dry" spiral silk is already partially plasticized. Samples that are stiffer than average in the dry state require higher than average work of extension in both dry or wet states, but stiffer dry samples have proportionately higher reductions in work of extension when wetted, perhaps because most of the extra stiffness is caused by water-labile structures rather than stable crystals. A solution of guanidine hydrochloride rapidly causes silk to lose its mechanical integrity, supporting hypotheses that the major crosslinking mechanism of Araneus silk is non-covalent. Optical analyses yielded a residual birefringence of approximately 1.5x10⁻³ (half that of frame silk, at 3.8xl0⁻³) and a stress-optical coefficient of 2x10⁻⁹ N/m². Both parameters are significantly higher than expected for wholly amorphous rubbers and provide evidence for crystals or aligned glassy regions. Thus, the hypothesis that the network structure of spiral silk is different than frame silk was supported by the significantly different values for chain densities, segment counts, and birefringences.Science, Faculty of
Zoology, Department of
Graduate
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Diaz, Candido Jr. "Moth Catching Masters: Analysis Of The Structrual And Mechanical Properties Of The Silk Spun By The Derived Orb-Web Weaver Cyrtarachne akirai." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1524054250656993.
Full textBooks on the topic "Orb web spiders"
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Inside the Spider's Web. Bearport Publishing Company, Incorporated, 2013.
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Allman, Toney. From Spider Webs to Man-Made Silk (Imitating Nature). KidHaven Press, 2005.
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Fischer, Nick. Conclusion. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040023.003.0013.
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This conclusion discusses the legacies of the Anticommunist Spider Web and the myriad ways in which they persist in the extraordinary life span and significance of anticommunism in US politics, economy, and culture. Among the most important consequences of anticommunism was the creation of the surveillance state and the promotion of a military–industrial complex. The Spider Web also wielded significant influence in the areas of partisan politics, big business, immigration policy, political economy, and liberal anticommunism. This conclusion shows that the Spider Web's descendants used the same arguments, rhetorical tropes, and state and corporate instruments to pursue the political, economic, and social agenda of their forebears. It argues that the cooperation of liberals and labor unions in the suppression of anything that smacked of “communism” restricted public debate about how the Left might or should influence the future of America while creating an ideological void that the heirs of the Spider Web rushed to fill.
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Fischer, Nick. Antidemocracy and Authoritarianism. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040023.003.0012.
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This chapter examines antidemocracy and paranoid authoritarianism as part of the Anticommunist Spider Web. It shows how anticommunist conspiracy theory, anticommunist propaganda, and the actions of many anticommunists encouraged the destruction of democracy and its replacement by a system of government by kinship group or tribe. It argues that the propaganda issued by the Spider Web, stressing the inherent disloyalty and degeneracy of huge sections of the community, inevitably pointed toward the restriction of American citizenship to those who truly deserved it. Anticommunism sought to restrict the franchise to people of the same ethnic background and religious and political beliefs. So even though anticommunist rhetoric emphasized the virtues of republican government and the universal basis of citizenship, it ultimately sought to legitimize an antidemocratic and even authoritarian society.
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Germein, Katrina, and Suzanne Houghton. Wonderful Wasps. CSIRO Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486315741.
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What do you know about wasps?
There are wasps that shimmer in shades of bright blue and green. There are some without wings – and some almost too tiny to see. Some capture spiders, while others nest in fruit or mud.
With over 12 000 species found in Australia, Wonderful Wasps brings the beauty and importance of native wasps to life, and reminds us every creature matters in its own wonderful way.
Reading level varies from child to child, but we recommend this book for ages 5 to 9.
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Clasen, Mathias. How Horror Works, II. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190666507.003.0004.
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The most effective monsters of horror fiction mirror ancestral dangers to exploit evolved fears. For most of human evolutionary history, we have faced threats in the domains of predation, conspecific violence, contagion, status loss, and dangerous nonliving environmental features. We thus very easily acquire fears directed toward threats from these domains. This chapter argues that the nonrandom distribution of human fears is reflected in horror, which features stimuli that mirror evolved fears, often in incarnations that are exaggerated and/or counterintuitive for increased salience, including giant spiders, supernormal monsters such as evil clowns, and physics-violating ghosts. Many monsters are also equipped with contagion cues, thus exploiting an evolved disgust mechanism. Some monsters evoke moral disgust through their violation of norms. To strengthen audiences’ emotional responses to such monsters, horror artists often provide descriptions of characters’ reactions which are mirrored by the audience through an adaptive mechanism enabling emotional contagion.
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Cunning, David. Margaret Cavendish. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190664053.001.0001.
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Margaret Cavendish, a seventeenth-century philosopher, scientist, poet, playwright, and novelist, went to battle with the great thinkers of her time, and in many cases arguably got the better of them, but she did not have the platform that she would have had in the twenty-first century. She took a creative and systematic stand on the major questions of philosophy of mind, epistemology, metaphysics, and political philosophy. She defends a number of theses across her corpus: for example, that human beings and all other members of the created universe are wholly material; that matter is eternal; that the universe is a plenum of contiguous bodies; that matter is generally speaking knowledgeable and perceptive and that non-human creatures like spiders, plants, and cells exhibit wisdom and skill; that motion is never transferred from one body to another, but bodies always move by motions that are internal to them; that sensory perception is not via impressions or stamping; that we can have no ideas of immaterials; and that creatures depend for their properties and features on the behavior of the beings that surround them. Cavendish uses her fictional work to further illustrate these views, and in particular to illustrate the view that creatures depend on their surroundings for their social and political properties. For example, she crafts alternative worlds in which women are not seen as unfit for roles such as philosopher, scientist, and military general, and in which they flourish. This volume of Cavendish’s writings provides a cross-section of her interconnected writings, views, and arguments.
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Owens, Thomas. Wordsworth, Coleridge, and 'the language of the heavens'. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198840862.001.0001.
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This book explores some of the exultant visions inspired by Wordsworth’s and Coleridge’s close scrutiny of the night sky, the natural world, and the domains of science. It examines a set of scientific patterns drawn from natural, geometric, celestial, and astronomical sources which Wordsworth and Coleridge used to express their ideas about poetry, religion, literary criticism, and philosophy. It establishes the central important of analogy in their creative thinking. Analogies prompted the poets’ imaginings in geometry and cartography, in nature (representations of the Moon) and natural history (studies of spider-webs, streams, and dew), in calculus and conical refraction, and in the discovery of infra-red and ultraviolet light. Although this is primarily a study of the patterns which inspired their writing, the findings overturn the prevalent critical consensus that Wordsworth and Coleridge did not have the access, interest, or capacity to understand the latest developments in nineteenth-century astronomy and mathematics, which they did in fact possess. This research reinstates many relationships which the poets had with scientists and their sources. Most significantly, the book illustrates that these sources are not simply another context or historical lens through which to engage with Wordsworth’s and Coleridge’s work but are instead a controlling device of the symbolic imagination. Exploring the structures behind Wordsworth’s and Coleridge’s poems and metaphysics stakes out a return to the evidence of the Romantic imagination, not for its own sake, but in order to reveal that their analogical configuration of the world provided them with a scaffold for thinking, an intellectual orrery which ordered artistic consciousness and which they never abandoned.
Book chapters on the topic "Orb web spiders"
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Tillinghast, Edward K., and Mark Townley. "Chemistry, Physical Properties, and Synthesis of Araneidae Orb Webs." In Ecophysiology of Spiders, 203–10. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71552-5_14.
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"THE ORB WEB WEAVER GUILD." In Spiders of North America, 124–215. Princeton University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2382dtg.8.
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"4. The Orb Web Weaver Guild." In Spiders of North America, 124–215. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780691237060-006.
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Eberhard, William. "Chapter 3. Functions of orb web designs." In Spider Webs, 75–190. University of Chicago Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226534749.003.0003.
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Eberhard, William. "Chapter 6. The building behavior of orb-weavers." In Spider Webs, 277–312. University of Chicago Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226534749.003.0006.
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Eberhard, William. "Chapter 5. The building behavior of non-orb weavers." In Spider Webs, 241–76. University of Chicago Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226534749.003.0005.
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Blackledge, Todd A., Matjaž Kuntner, and Ingi Agnarsson. "The Form and Function of Spider Orb Webs." In Advances in Insect Physiology, 175–262. Elsevier, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-415919-8.00004-5.
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Vollrath, Fritz. "Analysis and Interpretation of Orb Spider Exploration and Web-building behavior." In Advances in the Study of Behavior, 147–99. Elsevier, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0065-3454(08)60144-8.
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"Community Ecology of Stream Fishes: Concepts, Approaches, and Techniques." In Community Ecology of Stream Fishes: Concepts, Approaches, and Techniques, edited by Gordon H. Copp, Saulius Stakėnas, and Julien Cucherousset. American Fisheries Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874141.ch17.
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<em>Abstract</em>.—The pumpkinseed <em>Lepomis gibbosus </em>was introduced to Europe, including England, more than 100 years ago, but relatively little is known of its potential ecological impacts on native species and ecosystems. In England, the pumpkinseed is currently established in ponds of the River Ouse (Sussex) and its flood plain. Escapee pumpkinseeds are found in some small tributaries that contain native species of conservation interest (brown trout <em>Salmo trutta</em>, brook lamprey <em>Lampetra planeri</em>, European eel <em>Anguilla anguilla</em>, European bullhead <em>Cottus gobio</em>). We used using electrofishing surveys and telemetry methods to examine the interactions between pumpkinseeds and native stream fishes (mainly brown trout), including predator–prey relationships, home range size, microhabitat preferences, home range fidelity, and habitat overlap/repartition. To assess impacts of pumpkinseed on stream food webs, a preliminary study quantified trout growth and food-web structure of a stream ecosystem (abundance of primary and secondary producers, fish, and riparian spiders) in reaches with and without pumpkinseed. Where pumpkinseeds were in high density, differences were observed in stream food-web structure, in proportional representation of fish species traits and in riparian spider community composition, but these differences cannot be attributed solely to pumpkinseed presence. From the available evidence, there appears to be little direct or indirect adverse impact of pumpkinseed on native species and the stream ecosystem when in low densities, including as a host of nonnative infectious agents. However, this could change under conditions of climate warming, which are likely to favor pumpkinseed reproduction, potentially to the detriment of native species. In a context in which freshwater ecosystems are impacted by several human and climate-induced factors acting synergistically, our results underline the need to study nonnative species impacts through a series of experimental and long-term studies of stream ecosystems.
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Turing, Alan. "Bombe and Spider (1940)." In The Essential Turing. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198250791.003.0011.
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This material forms chapter 6 of Turing’s Treatise on the Enigma (known at Bletchley Park as ‘Prof ’s Book’). The text has been prepared by Ralph Erskine, Philip Marks and Frode weierud from the two known surviving copies of Turing’s original typescript. The pagination of Turing’s typescript indicates that the chapter may possibly have continued for a further four pages; however, these pages are not to be found in either of the archived copies. When one has asteckered Enigma to deal with one’s problems naturally divide themselves into what is to be done to find the Stecker, and what is to be done afterwards. Unless the indicating system is very well designed there will be no problem at all when the Stecker have been found, and evenwith a good indicating system we shall be able to apply the methods of the last two chapters [of Turing’s Treatise] to the individual messages. The obvious example of a good indicating system is the German Naval Enigma cipher, which is dealt with in Chapter VII [of the Treatise]. This chapter is devoted to methods of finding the Stecker. Naturally enough we never find the Stecker without at the same time finding much other information. The most obvious kind of data for finding the keys is a ‘crib’, i.e. a message of which a part of the decode is known. fie shall mostly assume that our data is a crib, although actually it may be a number of constatations arising from another source, e.g. a number of CILLIs or a Naval Banburismus. It is sometimes possible to find the keys by pencil and paper methods when the number of Stecker is not very great, e.g. 5 to 7. One would have to hope that several of the constatations of the crib were ‘unsteckered’. The best chance would be if the same pair of letters occurred twice in the crib (a ‘half-bombe’). In this case, assuming 6 or 7 Stecker there would be a 25% chance of both constatations being unsteckered. The positions at which these constatations occurred could be found by means of the Turing sheets (if there were three wheels) or the Jeffreys sheets.
Conference papers on the topic "Orb web spiders"
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ERIC ROBERT BEHLING, ERIC ROBERT BEHLING, ASHUTOSH SRIVASTAVA, RAPHAËL GLAESENER, SIDDHANT KUMAR, and ANIRUDDH VASHISTH. "WHAT IF SPIDERS MADE METAMATERIAL WEBS USING MATERIALS WITH MECHANICAL SIZE-EFFECTS?" In Thirty-sixth Technical Conference. Destech Publications, Inc., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc36/35746.
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Spider’s webs are elegant examples of natural composites that can absorb outof- plane impact energy to capture prey. Different spiders have different methods and structure of webs, and these variations in topologies have a significant effect on the prey catching abilities of the web. Taking inspiration from the spiders, metamaterials that have architectured topology can be fabricated according to end applications such as energy absorbers or impact tolerant materials. In this investigation, we theoretically examined impact loading on various orb-spider webs modeled with metamaterial architecture using materials that show size-dependent behavior. Using the size-dependent properties of nano-reinforced polymer-derived ceramics (PDCs), various metamaterial topologies were evaluated for out-of-plane impact due using ANSYS Ls-Dyna. The material properties capture the size dependency of the ceramics where smaller elements have higher strength due to reduced flaw intensity; the mechanical strength of these elements does not follow the conventional Griffith Theory. In this study, spider web geometries fabricated with PDCs with varying size elements were examined.
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Kane, Deb M., Gregory R. Staib, Nishen Naidoo, Douglas J. Little, and Marie E. Herberstein. "Optics of spider "sticky" orb webs." In SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring, edited by Raúl J. Martín-Palma and Akhlesh Lakhtakia. SPIE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.880665.
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Kane, Deb M., Benjamin Snowdon, Sean J. Blamires, and Douglas J. Little. "Orb web spider silks: how their optics affects potential visibility." In AOS Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology (ACOFT) and Australian Conference on Optics, Lasers, and Spectroscopy (ACOLS) 2019, edited by Arnan Mitchell and Halina Rubinsztein-Dunlop. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2541128.
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Schmitt, Wagner, Marcelo Walter, and Joao Luiz Dihl Comba. "Realistic Modeling of Self-Adapted Spider Orb-Webs in Real-Time." In 2013 XXVI SIBGRAPI - Conference on Graphics, Patterns and Images (SIBGRAPI). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sibgrapi.2013.47.
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Grudzinski, J. J., R. Fischer, R. L. Talaga, V. Guarino, A. Pla-Dalmau, J. E. Fagan, and C. Grozis. "Evaluation of Mechanical Properties at the Knit Line Interface in a Complex Multi-Cell PVC Extrusion." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-40217.
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In order to form internal cells in PVC extrusions, the die requires an insert or internal member that the material flows past. These inserts are supported to the outer die structure by so-called spiders that pass through to the outer wall of the extrusion die. The extruded material must separate and then recombine as it passes over the spider. The material must then form a bond at this interface shortly before exiting the die. These interfaces are referred to as knit-lines. In a recent project involving a large and complex PVC extrusion, difficulty was encountered in developing these knit lines within the webs of the extrusions. Upon visual inspection, these interfaces appeared to be without bond over portions of the cross section. However, mechanical testing in the worst knits revealed that bonding had occurred with the knit providing 85% of the bulk material strength although without supporting any significant ductility. At the same time, knits at different parts of the extrusions showed ductility comparable with the base material. Altering the process variables showed a means for improvement in the webs but this was limited by other constraints. In this work we describe the character of the knitlines and the resulting mechanical properties along with the testing methodology.
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Kulhanek, Chris D., Stephen M. James, and Justin R. Hollingsworth. "Stiffening Effect of Motor Core Webs for Torsional Rotordynamics." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-69967.
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Longitudinal webs or spider bars are often placed mid-span of a motor shaft and are primarily used to support the windings or rotor laminations while allowing sufficient space for cooling air flow. When subject to a torque, the radial webs experience a loading configuration that includes bending and torsion while the base shaft experiences pure torsion. A webbed cross-section has a higher torsional stiffness as compared to the torsional stiffness of just the circular portion of the shaft section. This influences the torsional critical speeds and can become important for torsional systems that operate with minimal separation margins from resonance frequencies. This work presents various approaches to calculate the stiffening effect. The approaches include empirical and analytical methods described by Nestorides and API 684. An additional method uses a solid model of the motor core and a commercial Finite Element Analysis (FEA) solver to predict steady-state deflection under a torsional load. This in turn allows for a torsional stiffness calculation. Motor core configurations with various shaft diameters, number of spider bars, and spider bar geometries are considered. Good agreement is shown between the FEA results and the Griffith and Taylor method described by Nestorides. The other methods considered, including the calculation method described in API 684, show generally poor agreement with the FEA torsional stiffness results for the webbed shaft geometries studied.
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Bujarbaruah, Prankush, Sukungta Monlai, Satyajit Chakrabarty, Sidhartha Gogoi, Manash Choudhury, Ashish Khera, and Bidyut B. Baniah. "Utilization of High Resolution Integrated Indirect Inspection Survey Technologies as Part of the Direct Assessment Methodology of Ageing Non-Cathodically Protected Pipeline Network." In ASME 2021 India Oil and Gas Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/iogpc2021-64097.
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Abstract There is an old adage “if it is not broken, do not fix it” and this could be applicable for our day-to-day menial activities, but could prove fatally disastrous if followed by any pipeline owners globally. Although, pipelines are statistically the safest means of transporting hydrocarbon — the consequence to an event could be exponential, even if the probability of the event to occur is low. The magnitude of consequence only goes higher with the ever-burgeoning population. To this effect, Oil India Limited (OIL) owns an intensive network of spider-webbed carbon steel pipelines in Upper Assam, India geographical area with varying vintage. Understanding the associated risks of operating such critical pipeline systems, it was decided for the pipelines to undergo code-compliant integrity assessment. It is well known that non-CP protected pipelines are electrically continuous conductors without any insulation (isolation) joints to separate the above-ground station piping to the cross-country underground pipeline sections. With respect to this, OIL deployed a state-of-the-art integrated indirect inspection survey tool to assist in conducting Direct Assessment based integrity assessment. This paper provides an insight into such a scenario where the operator proactively employed the use of advanced high-resolution integrated survey technology to their non-cathodically protected, but coated pipeline assets. Due to the age and design of these “temporary” pipeline systems, there were no prior readily available records in terms of construction, drawings, maps, alignment sheets, operational or historical maintenance data for these pipelines. The advanced Integrated survey played a vital role in decluttering these extensively jumbled network of non-CP pipelines. Firstly, by actually locating the pipeline based on sub meter accuracy and secondly performing simultaneous above ground survey for coating assessment and susceptibility for corrosion. The adaptability of integrated survey as per given situation helped overcome the difficult pipeline route conditions and customize the assessment for these highly challenging pipelines and make ECDA feasible as per NACE SP0502 Standard Practice for this very complex spider web network of pipelines.
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Tapphorn, R., H. Gabel, L. Premuda, T. Crowe, and K. Hashimoto. "Kinetic Metallization of Ceramic Armor Tiles." In ITSC 2012, edited by R. S. Lima, A. Agarwal, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, A. McDonald, and F. L. Toma. ASM International, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2012p0500.
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Abstract Ceramic tiles are widely used as ballistic armor due to their ability to absorb high specific impact energy. However, ceramic materials often exhibit very low ductility and have a tendency to exhibit multiple fractures in spider-web patterns around the point of impact. One method used to introduce ductility is to encapsulate the tile in a metal jacket, or to provide a strongly adhered metallic backing plate. Aluminum and titanium metals are of primary interest to decrease the overall weight of the armor material system. The low temperature Kinetic Metallization (KM) process allows direct deposition of the metals onto the ceramic tiles. This is not possible with thermal spray processes due to the extreme mismatch in thermal expansion and adverse metallic-ceramic chemical reactions at high temperatures. Kinetic Metallization has been used to deposit aluminum and titanium coatings onto silicon carbide (SiC) and proprietary ceramic matrix composite (CMC) tiles. Ballistic testing of coated tiles has shown decreased fracturing of the armor material, leading to improved performance for subsequent impacts.
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Tabatabaei, Maryam, and Arash Dahi Taleghani. "Smart Lost Circulation Materials to Seal Large Fractures." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205873-ms.
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Abstract Lost circulation problems may result in a significant downtime, a considerable reduction of the rate of penetration, or even well control problems. Despite advances in manufacturing lost circulation materials (LCMs), some formations, like heavily fractured carbonates, have complete losses during drilling. We develop smart LCMs using shape memory polymers (SMPs), and program them thermo-mechanically to satisfy size limitations imposed by bottomhole assemblies (BHA). Elevated downhole temperatures act as an external trigger to recover the permanent shape of LCMs, which could expand ten times larger than the temporary (programmed) dimensions for deployment. Smart LCMs are a combination of various material categories such as granular, fibrous (one-dimensional or 1-D) and planar (two-dimensional or 2-D) configurations that resume to the original shape after exposure to high temperatures. The LCMs form different structures such as flatted pellet, disc-shaped, spider-shaped, and spindled, which, respectively, presents grains, 1-D fibers, 2-D stars, and 2-D lattices after recovery. A combination of the above categories attempt to build three-dimensional (3-D) plugging capabilities across various sized fractures.
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Nyangara, Karen. "Engendering Digital Learning to Enhance Online Interaction in Continuing Education." In Tenth Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning. Commonwealth of Learning, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56059/pcf10.8694.
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Skill building for increased employability, relevance at work or for promotion drives continuing education through flexible learning modes such as digital learning. However, digital learning research continues to focus on formal learning institution, where technologies and learners are more sophisticated than in continuing education. Participants demonstrate gendered differences in ability to access and use online tools and platforms, exacerbating marginalization and lack of inclusiveness. In our training sessions, men dominated: the triple roles of women and girls, access to technology and perception of social position resulted in lower levels of participation during plenary, and in ranking of overall. training experience. Subsequent training utilized synchronous and asynchronous innovations- including heavy use of chat, spider web discussion, pairing of participants to brainstorm before joining breakaway groups, integration of WhatsApp and group email for mobile-based assignments and to preview learning material. Assessment of difference in access and participation was based on length of attendance in sessions, use of feedback streams, and post training evaluation. Results indicate that use of multiple approaches positively impacts on attendance and interaction, and leading to higher attainment of learning goals. These findings show that engendering digital learning technologies facilitates inclusion of technologically disadvantaged learners in informal, low-support settings.
Reports on the topic "Orb web spiders"
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Smit, Amelia, Kate Dunlop, Nehal Singh, Diona Damian, Kylie Vuong, and Anne Cust. Primary prevention of skin cancer in primary care settings. The Sax Institute, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/qpsm1481.
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Overview Skin cancer prevention is a component of the new Cancer Plan 2022–27, which guides the work of the Cancer Institute NSW. To lessen the impact of skin cancer on the community, the Cancer Institute NSW works closely with the NSW Skin Cancer Prevention Advisory Committee, comprising governmental and non-governmental organisation representatives, to develop and implement the NSW Skin Cancer Prevention Strategy. Primary Health Networks and primary care providers are seen as important stakeholders in this work. To guide improvements in skin cancer prevention and inform the development of the next NSW Skin Cancer Prevention Strategy, an up-to-date review of the evidence on the effectiveness and feasibility of skin cancer prevention activities in primary care is required. A research team led by the Daffodil Centre, a joint venture between the University of Sydney and Cancer Council NSW, was contracted to undertake an Evidence Check review to address the questions below. Evidence Check questions This Evidence Check aimed to address the following questions: Question 1: What skin cancer primary prevention activities can be effectively administered in primary care settings? As part of this, identify the key components of such messages, strategies, programs or initiatives that have been effectively implemented and their feasibility in the NSW/Australian context. Question 2: What are the main barriers and enablers for primary care providers in delivering skin cancer primary prevention activities within their setting? Summary of methods The research team conducted a detailed analysis of the published and grey literature, based on a comprehensive search. We developed the search strategy in consultation with a medical librarian at the University of Sydney and the Cancer Institute NSW team, and implemented it across the databases Embase, MEDLINE, PsycInfo, Scopus, Cochrane Central and CINAHL. Results were exported and uploaded to Covidence for screening and further selection. The search strategy was designed according to the SPIDER tool for Qualitative and Mixed-Methods Evidence Synthesis, which is a systematic strategy for searching qualitative and mixed-methods research studies. The SPIDER tool facilitates rigour in research by defining key elements of non-quantitative research questions. We included peer-reviewed and grey literature that included skin cancer primary prevention strategies/ interventions/ techniques/ programs within primary care settings, e.g. involving general practitioners and primary care nurses. The literature was limited to publications since 2014, and for studies or programs conducted in Australia, the UK, New Zealand, Canada, Ireland, Western Europe and Scandinavia. We also included relevant systematic reviews and evidence syntheses based on a range of international evidence where also relevant to the Australian context. To address Question 1, about the effectiveness of skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings, we summarised findings from the Evidence Check according to different skin cancer prevention activities. To address Question 2, about the barriers and enablers of skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings, we summarised findings according to the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). The CFIR is a framework for identifying important implementation considerations for novel interventions in healthcare settings and provides a practical guide for systematically assessing potential barriers and facilitators in preparation for implementing a new activity or program. We assessed study quality using the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) levels of evidence. Key findings We identified 25 peer-reviewed journal articles that met the eligibility criteria and we included these in the Evidence Check. Eight of the studies were conducted in Australia, six in the UK, and the others elsewhere (mainly other European countries). In addition, the grey literature search identified four relevant guidelines, 12 education/training resources, two Cancer Care pathways, two position statements, three reports and five other resources that we included in the Evidence Check. Question 1 (related to effectiveness) We categorised the studies into different types of skin cancer prevention activities: behavioural counselling (n=3); risk assessment and delivering risk-tailored information (n=10); new technologies for early detection and accompanying prevention advice (n=4); and education and training programs for general practitioners (GPs) and primary care nurses regarding skin cancer prevention (n=3). There was good evidence that behavioural counselling interventions can result in a small improvement in sun protection behaviours among adults with fair skin types (defined as ivory or pale skin, light hair and eye colour, freckles, or those who sunburn easily), which would include the majority of Australians. It was found that clinicians play an important role in counselling patients about sun-protective behaviours, and recommended tailoring messages to the age and demographics of target groups (e.g. high-risk groups) to have maximal influence on behaviours. Several web-based melanoma risk prediction tools are now available in Australia, mainly designed for health professionals to identify patients’ risk of a new or subsequent primary melanoma and guide discussions with patients about primary prevention and early detection. Intervention studies have demonstrated that use of these melanoma risk prediction tools is feasible and acceptable to participants in primary care settings, and there is some evidence, including from Australian studies, that using these risk prediction tools to tailor primary prevention and early detection messages can improve sun-related behaviours. Some studies examined novel technologies, such as apps, to support early detection through skin examinations, including a very limited focus on the provision of preventive advice. These novel technologies are still largely in the research domain rather than recommended for routine use but provide a potential future opportunity to incorporate more primary prevention tailored advice. There are a number of online short courses available for primary healthcare professionals specifically focusing on skin cancer prevention. Most education and training programs for GPs and primary care nurses in the field of skin cancer focus on treatment and early detection, though some programs have specifically incorporated primary prevention education and training. A notable example is the Dermoscopy for Victorian General Practice Program, in which 93% of participating GPs reported that they had increased preventive information provided to high-risk patients and during skin examinations. Question 2 (related to barriers and enablers) Key enablers of performing skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings included: • Easy access and availability of guidelines and point-of-care tools and resources • A fit with existing workflows and systems, so there is minimal disruption to flow of care • Easy-to-understand patient information • Using the waiting room for collection of risk assessment information on an electronic device such as an iPad/tablet where possible • Pairing with early detection activities • Sharing of successful programs across jurisdictions. Key barriers to performing skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings included: • Unclear requirements and lack of confidence (self-efficacy) about prevention counselling • Limited availability of GP services especially in regional and remote areas • Competing demands, low priority, lack of time • Lack of incentives.