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Journal articles on the topic 'Orb weavers – Genetics'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Dimitrov, Dimitar, Lara Lopardo, Gonzalo Giribet, Miquel A. Arnedo, Fernando Álvarez-Padilla, and Gustavo Hormiga. "Tangled in a sparse spider web: single origin of orb weavers and their spinning work unravelled by denser taxonomic sampling." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1732 (November 2, 2011): 1341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.2011.

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In order to study the tempo and the mode of spider orb web evolution and diversification, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis using six genetic markers along with a comprehensive taxon sample. The present analyses are the first to recover the monophyly of orb-weaving spiders based solely on DNA sequence data and an extensive taxon sample. We present the first dated orb weaver phylogeny. Our results suggest that orb weavers appeared by the Middle Triassic and underwent a rapid diversification during the end of the Triassic and Early Jurassic. By the second half of the Jurassic, most of the extant orb-weaving families and web designs were already present. The processes that may have given origin to this diversification of lineages and web architectures are discussed. A combination of biotic factors, such as key innovations in web design and silk composition, as well as abiotic environmental changes, may have played important roles in the diversification of orb weavers. Our analyses also show that increased taxon sampling density in both ingroups and outgroups greatly improves phylogenetic accuracy even when extensive data are missing. This effect is particularly important when addition of character data improves gene overlap.

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2

Fernández, Rosa, Gustavo Hormiga, and Gonzalo Giribet. "Phylogenomic Analysis of Spiders Reveals Nonmonophyly of Orb Weavers." Current Biology 24, no. 15 (August 2014): 1772–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.06.035.

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3

Eggs, Benjamin, and Dirk Sanders. "Herbivory in Spiders: The Importance of Pollen for Orb-Weavers." PLoS ONE 8, no. 11 (November 29, 2013): e82637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082637.

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4

Simpson, Julie H., and Benjamin L. de Bivort. "Orb weavers: Patterns in the movement sequences of spider web construction." Current Biology 31, no. 22 (November 2021): R1467—R1469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.066.

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5

Whaite, Alessandra D., Tianfang Wang, Joanne Macdonald, and Scott F. Cummins. "Major ampullate silk gland transcriptomes and fibre proteomes of the golden orb-weavers, Nephila plumipes and Nephila pilipes (Araneae: Nephilidae)." PLOS ONE 13, no. 10 (October 17, 2018): e0204243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204243.

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6

Chamberland, Lisa, Fabian C. Salgado-Roa, Alma Basco, Amanda Crastz-Flores, Greta J. Binford, and Ingi Agnarsson. "Phylogeography of the widespread Caribbean spiny orb weaver Gasteracantha cancriformis." PeerJ 8 (April 30, 2020): e8976. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8976.

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Background Modern molecular analyses are often inconsistent with pre-cladistic taxonomic hypotheses, frequently indicating higher richness than morphological taxonomy estimates. Among Caribbean spiders, widespread species are relatively few compared to the prevalence of single island endemics. The taxonomic hypothesis Gasteracantha cancriformis circumscribes a species with profuse variation in size, color and body form. Distributed throughout the Neotropics, G. cancriformis is the only morphological species of Gasteracantha in the New World in this globally distributed genus. Methods We inferred phylogenetic relationships across Neotropical populations of Gasteracantha using three target genes. Within the Caribbean, we estimated genetic diversity, population structure, and gene flow among island populations. Results Our findings revealed a single widespread species of Gasteracantha throughout the Caribbean, G. cancriformis, while suggesting two recently divergent mainland populations that may represent separate species, diverging linages, or geographically isolated demes. The concatenated and COI (Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1) phylogeny supported a Caribbean clade nested within the New World. Genetic variability was high between island populations for our COI dataset; however, gene flow was also high, especially between large, adjacent islands. We found structured genetic and morphological variation within G. cancriformis island populations; however, this variation does not reflect genealogical relationships. Rather, isolation by distance and local morphological adaptation may explain the observed variation.

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7

Welke, Klaas W., and Jutta M. Schneider. "Males of the orb-web spider Argiope bruennichi sacrifice themselves to unrelated females." Biology Letters 6, no. 5 (April 21, 2010): 585–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0214.

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Costs of inbreeding can lead to total reproductive failure and inbreeding avoidance is, therefore, common. In classical sex roles with no paternal care, the selective pressure to avoid inbreeding is mostly on the female, which carries the higher costs. In some orb-web spiders, this situation is very different because females are polyandrous and males are monogynous or at most bigynous. Additionally, females of many entelegyne orb weavers are thought to bias paternity post-copulatorily towards a desired mate. This increases the selective pressure on males to adjust their investment in a mating with regard to the compatibility to a female. Here, we examine whether genetic relatedness influences mating behaviour in the orb-web spider Argiope bruennichi . We mated either a sibling or a non-sibling male to a female in single copulation trials and compared copulation duration, cannibalism rate and female fecundity. Our experiment revealed that males prolonged their copulation duration and were cannibalized more frequently when mating with a non-sibling female. Males mating with a sibling female were more likely to escape cannibalism by copulating briefly, thus presumably increasing their chances of re-mating with a more compatible female. This suggests that males can adaptively adjust their investment relating to the compatibility of a female.

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8

Henriques, Sergio, and Olga Sivell. "The genome sequence of the cave orb-weaver, Meta bourneti (Simon, 1922)." Wellcome Open Research 7 (December 22, 2022): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18638.1.

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We present a genome assembly from an individual male Meta bourneti (the cave orb-weaver; Arthropoda; Arachnida; Araneae; Tetragnathidae). The genome sequence is 1,383 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 13 chromosomal pseudomolecules, including half coverage of two X sex chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 15.8 kilobases long.

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9

Li, Chao, Zheng-Liang Wang, Wen-Yuan Fang, and Xiao-Ping Yu. "The complete mitochondrial genome of the orb-weaver spider Cyclosa argenteoalba Boes. et Str. (Araneae: Araneidae)." Mitochondrial DNA Part A 27, no. 4 (May 28, 2015): 2537–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/19401736.2015.1038793.

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10

Correa-Garhwal, Sandra M., Paul L. Babb, Benjamin F. Voight, and Cheryl Y. Hayashi. "Golden orb-weaving spider (Trichonephila clavipes) silk genes with sex-biased expression and atypical architectures." G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics 11, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/g3journal/jkaa039.

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Abstract Spider silks are renowned for their high-performance mechanical properties. Contributing to these properties are proteins encoded by the spidroin (spider fibroin) gene family. Spidroins have been discovered mostly through cDNA studies of females based on the presence of conserved terminal regions and a repetitive central region. Recently, genome sequencing of the golden orb-web weaver, Trichonephila clavipes, provided a complete picture of spidroin diversity. Here, we refine the annotation of T. clavipes spidroin genes including the reclassification of some as non-spidroins. We rename these non-spidroins as spidroin-like (SpL) genes because they have repetitive sequences and amino acid compositions like spidroins, but entirely lack the archetypal terminal domains of spidroins. Insight into the function of these spidroin and SpL genes was then examined through tissue- and sex-specific gene expression studies. Using qPCR, we show that some silk genes are upregulated in male silk glands compared to females, despite males producing less silk in general. We also find that an enigmatic spidroin that lacks a spidroin C-terminal domain is highly expressed in silk glands, suggesting that spidroins could assemble into fibers without a canonical terminal region. Further, we show that two SpL genes are expressed in silk glands, with one gene highly evolutionarily conserved across species, providing evidence that particular SpL genes are important to silk production. Together, these findings challenge long-standing paradigms regarding the evolutionary and functional significance of the proteins and conserved motifs essential for producing spider silks.

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11

Kim, Hoon, Jae-Hwi Seo, Kyo-Jin Kim, Kyung-Hoon Chung, and Myung-Jin Moon. "Fine structural reconstruction on the testicular cyst of the furrow orb weaver,Larinioides cornutusby 3D volume rendering." Animal Cells and Systems 20, no. 5 (September 2, 2016): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19768354.2016.1228544.

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12

McHugh, Anne, Carol Yablonsky, Greta Binford, and Ingi Agnarsson. "Molecular phylogenetics of Caribbean Micrathena (Araneae : Araneidae) suggests multiple colonisation events and single island endemism." Invertebrate Systematics 28, no. 4 (2014): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is13051.

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The terrestrial biota of the Caribbean islands includes many lineages, some whose presence on the islands dates back some 35–40 million years ago, when land bridges are thought to have linked islands to continents, and others that have colonised more recently via dispersal. The New World spiny orb-weavers (Micrathena Sundevall, 1833) are a diverse group of mostly Neotropical spiders. Eight species have been described on the Greater Antilles islands: three widespread and five single island endemics. Here, using three molecular markers (16S rRNA, ITS-2 and COI) we provide a preliminary phylogenetic test of the taxonomy and biogeography of Caribbean Micrathena through the first molecular phylogeny of the genus. Our analyses support monophyly of the genus, but not that of Caribbean Micrathena with at least 3–4 colonisations from South America. We sampled six of the eight nominal Caribbean species (M. banksi, M. cubana, M. similis, M. forcipata, M. horrida, M. militaris), but demark eight divergent genetic lineages that all are single island endemics, and morphologically distinct. Thus a revision of the taxonomy of Caribbean Micrathena is needed. Our results function foremost to guide more thorough taxon sampling of Micrathena that enable more rigorous assessments of its diversity and biogeography in the Caribbean.

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13

Del Matto, Lygia A., Renato C. Macedo-Rego, and Eduardo S. A. Santos. "Mate-guarding duration is mainly influenced by the risk of sperm competition and not by female quality in a golden orb-weaver spider." PeerJ 9 (October 22, 2021): e12310. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12310.

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Males are expected to mate with as many females as possible, but can maximize their reproductive success through strategic mating decisions. For instance, males can increase their own fitness by mating with high quality females that produce more offspring. Additionally, males can adjust mating effort based on the relative distribution of females and male competitors. To test factors that influence male mate choice, we assessed male mating decisions in the golden silk orb-weaver spider, Trichonephila clavipes (Nephilidae), a species in which females are polyandrous, males guard females before and after copulation occurs and large males are the most successful at guarding mates. We tested the hypothesis that males spend more time guarding high quality females that are spatially isolated, and when the risk of sperm competition is higher. We also hypothesized that this effect increases with male body size. We assessed solitary and aggregated female webs in the field and quantified female quality (i.e., female body condition), male size (i.e., male body size), the risk of sperm competition (i.e., number of males in each female web), and mate-guarding duration (i.e., number of days each male spent in each web). We found that mate-guarding behaviour is largely influenced by the presence of male competitors. In addition, male body size seems to moderately influence male guarding decisions, with larger males guarding for a longer time. Finally, female body condition and type of web (i.e., solitary or aggregated) seem to play small roles in mate-guarding behaviour. As mate-guarding duration increased by 0.718 day per each additional male competitor in the web, and guarding behaviour prevents males from seeking additional mates, it seems that guarding females can be considerably costly. We conclude that failing to guard a sexual partner promotes high costs derived from sperm competition, and a male cannot recover his relative loss in fertilization success by seeking and fertilizing more females. In addition, the search for more sexual partners can be constrained by possible high costs imposed by weight loss and fights against other males, which may explain why the type of web only moderately influenced male mate choice. Following the same rationale, if high-quality females are not easy to find and/or mating with a high-quality female demands much effort, males may search females and guard them regardless of female quality. In conclusion, the factor that most influences male mate-guarding behaviour among T. clavipes in the field is the risk of sperm competition.

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14

Lunghi, Enrico. "Ecology and life history of Meta bourneti (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) from Monte Albo (Sardinia, Italy)." PeerJ 6 (November 29, 2018): e6049. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6049.

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The orb-weaver spider Meta bourneti Simon 1922 (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) is one of the most common cave predators occurring in the Mediterranean basin. Although the congeneric M. menardi represented the model species in several studies, our knowledge of M. bourneti is only founded on observations performed on a handful of populations. In this study M. bourneti spiders were studied in caves of Monte Albo (Sardinia, Italy) over a year. Generalized Linear Mixed Models were used to analyze spider occupancy inside cave environments, as well as spider abundance. Analyses on M. bourneti occupancy and abundance were also repeated for adults and juveniles separately. Generalized Linear Models, were used to weight species absence based on its detection probability. Linear Mixed Models were used to detect possible divergences in subterranean spatial use between adult and juvenile spiders. Although widespread on the mountain, M. bourneti generally showed low density and low detection probability. Most of the individuals observed were juveniles. The spiders generally occupied cave sectors with high ceilings that were deep enough to show particular microclimatic features. Adults tended to occupy less illuminated areas than juveniles, while the latter were more frequently found in sectors showing high humidity. The abundance of M. bourneti was strongly related to high humidity and the presence of two troglophile species, Hydromantes flavus Wake, Salvador & Alonso-Zarazaga, 2005 (Amphibia: Caudata) and Oxychilus oppressus (Shuttleworth, 1877) (Gastropoda: Panpulmonata). The abundance of juveniles was related to sector temperature and humidity, the presence of H. flavus and O. oppressus and to morphological sector features. However, when only adults were considered, no significant relationships were found. Adult and juvenile spiders did not differ in their spatial distribution inside the caves studied, but a seasonal distribution of the species along cave walls was observed. Microclimate was one of the most important features affecting both the presence and abundance of M. bourneti in subterranean environments. Individuals tended to occupy lower heights during hot seasons.

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15

Kallal, Robert J., Dimitar Dimitrov, Miquel A. Arnedo, Gonzalo Giribet, and Gustavo Hormiga. "Monophyly, Taxon Sampling, and the Nature of Ranks in the Classification of Orb-Weaving Spiders (Araneae: Araneoidea)." Systematic Biology, July 11, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz043.

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Abstract We address some of the taxonomic and classification changes proposed by Kuntner et al. (2019) in a comparative study on the evolution of sexual size dimorphism in nephiline spiders. Their proposal to recircumscribe araneids and to rank the subfamily Nephilinae as a family is fundamentally flawed as it renders the family Araneidae paraphyletic. We discuss the importance of monophyly, outgroup selection, and taxon sampling, the subjectivity of ranks, and the implications of the age of origin criterion to assign categorical ranks in biological classifications. We explore the outcome of applying the approach of Kuntner et al. (2019) to the classification of spiders with emphasis on the ecribellate orb-weavers (Araneoidea) using a recently published dated phylogeny. We discuss the implications of including the putative sister group of Nephilinae (the sexually dimorphic genus Paraplectanoides) and the putative sister group of Araneidae (the miniature, monomorphic family Theridiosomatidae). We propose continuation of the phylogenetic classification put forth by Dimitrov et al. (2017), and we formally rank Nephilinae and Phonognathinae as subfamilies of Araneidae. Our classification better reflects the understanding of the phylogenetic placement and evolutionary history of nephilines and phonognathines while maintaining the diagnosability of Nephilinae. It also fulfills the fundamental requirement that taxa must be monophyletic, and thus avoids the paraphyly of Araneidae implied by Kuntner et al. (2019).

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16

Jorge, Inmaculada, Víctor Ruiz, Jesús Lavado‐García, Jesús Vázquez, Cheryl Hayashi, Francisco J. Rojo, José M. Atienza, Manuel Elices, Gustavo V. Guinea, and José Pérez‐Rigueiro. "Expression of spidroin proteins in the silk glands of golden orb‐weaver spiders." Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution, January 4, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.b.23117.

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17

"Correction: Proximate mechanism of behavioral manipulation of an orb-weaver spider host by a parasitoid wasp." PLOS ONE 12, no. 3 (March 13, 2017): e0174146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174146.

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18

Diaz, Candido, Richard H. Baker, John H. Long, and Cheryl Y. Hayashi. "Connecting materials, performance and evolution: a case study of the glue of moth-catching spiders (Cyrtarachninae)." Journal of Experimental Biology 225, Suppl_1 (March 8, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.243271.

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ABSTRACT Morphological structures and extended phenotypes are made possible by materials that are encoded by the genome. Nearly all biomaterials are viscoelastic, which means that to understand performance, one must understand the strain rate-dependent properties of these materials in relevant ecological interactions, as the behavior of a material can vary dramatically and rapidly. Spider silks are an example of materials whose properties vary substantially intra- and inter-specifically. Here, we focus on aggregate silk, which functions as a biological adhesive. As a case study to understand how a material manifests from genome through organism to ecology, we highlight moth-specialist spiders, the Cyrtarachninae, and their glues as an ideal experimental system to investigate the relationship between genomics and ecologically variable performance of a biological material. There is a clear eco-evolutionary innovation that Cyrtarachne akirai and related species have evolved, a unique trait not found in other spiders, a glue which overcomes the scales of moths. By examining traditional orb-weavers, C. akirai and other subfamily members using biomechanical testing and genomic analysis, we argue that we can track the evolution of this novel bioadhesive and comment on the selection pressures influencing prey specialization. The importance of the ecological context of materials testing is exemplified by the poor performance of C. akirai glue on glass and the exceptional spreading ability and adhesive strength on moths. The genetic basis for these performance properties is experimentally tractable because spider silk genes are minimally pleiotropic and advances in genomic technologies now make possible the discovery of complete silk gene sequences.

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