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Journal articles on the topic 'Orb weavers – Behavior'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Goedeker, Sidney J., Theresa E. Wrynn, and Brian G. Gall. "Orientation behavior of riparian long‐jawed orb weavers ( Tetragnatha elongata ) after displacement over water." Ecology and Evolution 11, no. 6 (February 9, 2021): 2899–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7249.

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2

Minu, M., M. J. Mathew, and Anitha Abraham. "Seasonal diversity, distribution and abundance of Araneae in the Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary, Kerala, India." ENTOMON 47, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33307/entomon.v47i3.763.

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The aim of the present study was to analyze the diversity of spiders across various parts of the Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary, Kerala, a tropical, semi evergreen, low-land forest located between the tributaries of the Periyarriver. Survey of the spider fauna was carried out for a period of twelve months. In total, 3286 individuals were collected from the sanctuary, which consist of 89 species of spiders under 59 genera and 18 families. Araneidae was the most abundant family. The most abundant species was Hippasa agelenoides of Lycosidae family. Spiders belonging to six feeding guilds, i.e., orb - web weavers, stalkers, ground runners, scattered line weaver foliage runners and ambushers were identified. Relative abundances of spider community strongly differed with the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon seasons. Seasonal diversity indices of Margalef richness index, Pielou’s evenness index, Shannon-Wiener and Simpson index were calculated.

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3

Quesada-Hidalgo, Rosannette, William G. Eberhard, and Gilbert Barrantes. "Complex behavioral plasticity is not reduced in spiderlings with miniature brains." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 16, 2021): e0251919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251919.

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The brains of smaller animals are smaller than those of their larger relatives, but it is not clear whether their adaptive behavioral flexibility is more limited. Previous interspecific comparisons found that aspects of web construction behavior of very small orb weaving spiders (0.005 mg) were no less precise than those of much larger related orb weavers (30 mg), but the behaviors tested were relatively simple. Here we perform a more sensitive intraspecific test involving the multiple behavioral adjustments of orb web designs made by Leucauge argyra to confinement in very small spaces. Web adjustments of spiderlings as small as ~0.1 mg were compared to previously published observations of ~80 mg conspecific adults. Spiderlings in constrained spaces made all of the complex adjustments made by adults in at least seven independent web design variables, and their adjustments were no less precise. Rough estimates based on previously published data on total brain volumes and the mean diameters of neuron cell bodies suggested that spiderlings and adult females of Leucauge may have similar numbers of neurons, due to spiderlings having smaller neurons and a greater percentage of body tissues dedicated to the brain. We speculate that this neural similarity may explain why L. argyra spiderlings showed no behavioral deficits compared with adults.

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4

Joseph, Linta, and K. Sunil Jose. "Checklist of spiders from Vallakadavu range of Western Ghats, Kerala, India." ENTOMON 47, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 341–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33307/entomon.v47i3.774.

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In the preliminary study conducted to document the spider fauna in Vallakadavu range, Idukki district, Kerala, a total of 33 species of spiders belonging to 29 genera from 12 families were recorded. Among the 12 families recorded, Araneidae was the most predominant with orb web weavers. From the guild analysis, the recorded families were categorized into seven principle types of web patterns.The study extends the range of Poecilotheriastriata Pocock, 1895 in the state to the east.

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5

Levi, Herbert W. "American Neoscona and Corrections to Previous Revisions of Neotropical Orb-Weavers (Araneae: Araneidae)." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 99, no. 2-3 (1992): 221–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1992/93912.

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6

Framenau, Volker W., Renner L. C. Baptista, Francisca Sâmia M. Oliveira, and Pedro de S. Castanheira. "Taxonomic revision of the new spider genus Hortophora, the Australasian Garden Orb-weavers (Araneae, Araneidae)." Evolutionary Systematics 5, no. 2 (November 2, 2021): 275–334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.5.72474.

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The new genus Hortophora in the orb-weaving spider family Araneidae Clerck, 1757 is established to include 13 species from the Australasian-Pacific region, with ten species known from Australia (five of which new to science): Hortophora biapicata (L. Koch, 1871), comb. nov. (type species) (= Araneus biapicatifera Strand, 1907, syn. nov.; = Epeira frosti Hogg, 1896, syn. nov.); H. cucullussp. nov.; H. lodicula (Keyserling, 1887), comb. nov. (= Epeira scutigerens Hogg, 1900, syn. nov.); H. megacanthasp. nov.; H. porongurupsp. nov.; H. tatianeaesp. nov.; H. transmarina (Keyserling, 1865), comb. nov.) (also known from Papua New Guinea); H. urbana (Keyserling, 1887), comb. nov.; H. walesiana (Karsch, 1878), comb. nov. (= Epeira rhombocephalaThorell 1881, syn. nov.; = Epeira lutulenta Keyserling, 1886, syn. nov.); and H. yesabahsp. nov. The following species of Hortophoragen. nov. are recognised from the Pacific region but not revised in detail due to a lack of material, specifically mature males: Hortophora capitalis (L. Koch, 1871), comb. nov. (removed from synonymy with H. transmarinacomb. nov.) from Fiji, New Caledonia and Vanuatu; H. flavicoma (Simon, 1880), comb. nov. from New Caledonia (incl. Loyalty Islands) and H. viridis (Keyserling, 1865), comb. nov. (removed from synonymy with H. transmarinacomb. nov.) from Samoa. Epeira thyridota Thorell, 1870 is here removed from synonymy with H. transmarinacomb. nov. and transferred to Backobourkia Framenau, Dupérré, Blackledge & Vink, 2010, B. thyridota (Thorell, 1870), comb. nov.Hortophoragen. nov. includes medium-sized to large, nocturnal orb-weaving spiders typically with subtriangular to ovoid abdomen bearing humeral humps. The tibiae of the second leg in males is usually enlarged with numerous strong spines and an apico-ventral megaspur carrying a large spine in some species. Male pedipalps generally have an elongated, transverse median apophysis ending in a bifid tip in most species, a sinuous to straight embolus and a bubble-shaped terminal apophysis. The female epigyne scape is highly elongated and does not have a terminal pocket. Genital mutilation, i.e. breaking off the epigyne scape during copulation, is common in some species. Hortophoragen. nov. include the most frequently collected nocturnal orb-weaving spiders in Australia.

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7

RODRIGUES, EVERTON NEI LOPES, and MILTON DE S. MENDONÇA, JR. "Araneid orb-weavers (Araneae, Araneidae) associated with riparian forests in southern Brazil: a new species, complementary descriptions and new records." Zootaxa 2759, no. 1 (February 7, 2011): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2759.1.3.

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The Araneidae is a speciose family including web-spinning spiders that are very abundant in various terrestrial ecosystems. Sixty-five araneid species from 20 genera were collected during an inventory of riparian forests in southern Brazil. Among these were one new species, described here as Mangora piratini sp. nov. Also discovered were the previously unknown males of Alpaida citrina (Keyserling, 1893), A. octolobata Levi, 1988 and Testudinaria lemniscata (Simon, 1895), which are described here for the first time. Metazygia floresta Levi, 1995, Ocrepeira malleri Levi, 1993 and Testudinaria quadripunctata Taczanowski, 1879 are recorded for the first time for Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.

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8

Opell, Brent D. "Changes in web-monitoring forces associated with web reduction in the spider family Uloboridae." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 4 (April 1, 1987): 1028–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-163.

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Members of the genera Uloborus, Hyptiotes, and Miagrammopes have similar web-monitoring postures, but very different webs and tactics for monitoring them. Orb weavers of the genus Uloborus construct horizontal webs and hang from their hubs, whereas reduced-web uloborids construct vertical webs and monitor them from a single thread. To determine if changes in spider strength accompanied web reduction, resting and maximum force measurements were taken of a developmental series of Hyptiotes cavatus, Uloborus glomosus, Miagrammopes animotus, Miagrammopes pinopus, and an undescribed Costa Rican Miagrammopes using a glass needle strain gauge. Both carapace length and spider weight were used as indexes of spider size. Regression analyses of forces show that H. cavatus exerts the greatest relative force and Miagrammopes species the least. This is consistent with requirements for the operation of each web type: Hyptiotes cavatus tenses its entire triangular web and suddenly releases this tension when a prey strikes its web, whereas a Miagrammopes species jerks a single thread that has captured a prey. Within the genus Miagrammopes, the species with the most highly modified carapace expressed the greatest resting force.

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9

Ellsworth, El, Yihan Li, Lenin D. Chari, Aidan Kron, and Sydney Moyo. "Tangled in a Web: Management Type and Vegetation Shape the Occurrence of Web-Building Spiders in Protected Areas." Insects 13, no. 12 (December 7, 2022): 1129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13121129.

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Land management of parks and vegetation complexity can affect arthropod diversity and subsequently alter trophic interactions between predators and their prey. In this study, we examined spiders in five parks with varying management histories and intensities to determine whether certain spider species were associated with particular plants. We also determined whether web architecture influenced spider occurrence. Our results showed that humpbacked orb-weavers (Eustala anastera) were associated with an invasive plant, Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense). This study revealed how invasive plants can potentially influence certain spider communities, as evidenced by this native spider species only occurring on invasive plants. Knowing more about spider populations—including species makeup and plants they populate—will give insights into how spider populations are dealing with various ecosystem changes. While we did not assess the effect of invasive plants on the behavior of spiders, it is possible that invasive species may not always be harmful to ecosystems; in the case of spiders, invasive plants may serve as a useful environment to live in. More studies are needed to ascertain whether invasive plants can have adverse effects on spider ecology in the long term.

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10

Lopardo, Lara, Peter Michalik, and Gustavo Hormiga. "Take a deep breath… The evolution of the respiratory system of symphytognathoid spiders (Araneae, Araneoidea)." Organisms Diversity & Evolution 22, no. 1 (November 10, 2021): 231–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-021-00524-w.

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AbstractSpiders are unique in having a dual respiratory system with book lungs and tracheae, and most araneomorph spiders breathe simultaneously via book lungs and tracheae, or tracheae alone. The respiratory organs of spiders are diverse but relatively conserved within families. The small araneoid spiders of the symphytognathoid clade exhibit a remarkably high diversity of respiratory organs and arrangements, unparalleled by any other group of ecribellate orb weavers. In the present study, we explore and review the diversity of symphytognathoid respiratory organs. Using a phylogenetic comparative approach, we reconstruct the evolution of the respiratory system of symphytognathoids based on the most comprehensive phylogenetic frameworks to date. There are no less than 22 different respiratory system configurations in symphytognathoids. The phylogenetic reconstructions suggest that the anterior tracheal system evolved from fully developed book lungs and, conversely, reduced book lungs have originated independently at least twice from its homologous tracheal conformation. Our hypothesis suggests that structurally similar book lungs might have originated through different processes of tracheal transformation in different families. In symphytognathoids, the posterior tracheal system has either evolved into a highly branched and complex system or it is completely lost. No evident morphological or behavioral features satisfactorily explains the exceptional variation of the symphytognathoid respiratory organs.

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11

McHugh, Anne, Carol Yablonsky, Greta Binford, and Ingi Agnarsson. "Molecular phylogenetics of Caribbean Micrathena (Araneae : Araneidae) suggests multiple colonisation events and single island endemism." Invertebrate Systematics 28, no. 4 (2014): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is13051.

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The terrestrial biota of the Caribbean islands includes many lineages, some whose presence on the islands dates back some 35–40 million years ago, when land bridges are thought to have linked islands to continents, and others that have colonised more recently via dispersal. The New World spiny orb-weavers (Micrathena Sundevall, 1833) are a diverse group of mostly Neotropical spiders. Eight species have been described on the Greater Antilles islands: three widespread and five single island endemics. Here, using three molecular markers (16S rRNA, ITS-2 and COI) we provide a preliminary phylogenetic test of the taxonomy and biogeography of Caribbean Micrathena through the first molecular phylogeny of the genus. Our analyses support monophyly of the genus, but not that of Caribbean Micrathena with at least 3–4 colonisations from South America. We sampled six of the eight nominal Caribbean species (M. banksi, M. cubana, M. similis, M. forcipata, M. horrida, M. militaris), but demark eight divergent genetic lineages that all are single island endemics, and morphologically distinct. Thus a revision of the taxonomy of Caribbean Micrathena is needed. Our results function foremost to guide more thorough taxon sampling of Micrathena that enable more rigorous assessments of its diversity and biogeography in the Caribbean.

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12

Rivera-Quiroz, Francisco Andres, Booppa Petcharad, and Jeremy A. Miller. "First records and three new species of the family Symphytognathidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from Thailand, and the circumscription of the genus Crassignatha Wunderlich, 1995." ZooKeys 1012 (January 26, 2021): 21–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1012.57047.

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The family Symphytognathidae is reported from Thailand for the first time. Three new species: Anapistula choojaiaesp. nov., Crassignatha seeliamsp. nov., and Crassignatha seedamsp. nov. are described and illustrated. Distribution is expanded and additional morphological data are reported for Patu shiluensis Lin & Li, 2009. Specimens were collected in Thailand between July and August 2018. The newly described species were found in the north mountainous region of Chiang Mai, and Patu shiluensis was collected in the coastal region of Phuket. DNA sequences are provided for all the species here studied. The relations of these symphytognathid species were tested using previously published phylogenetic analyses on micro orb-weavers. Also, we used micro CT analysis to build 3D models of the male genitalia and somatic characters of two species of Crassignatha Wunderlich, 1995. The molecular phylogeny and 3D models were used to discuss the taxonomy and circumscription of the currently valid symphytognathid genera, with focus on Crassignatha and Patu Marples, 1951. Based on this, three new combinations are suggested: Crassignatha bicorniventris (Lin & Li, 2009), comb. nov., Crassignatha quadriventris (Lin & Li, 2009), comb. nov., and Crassignatha spinathoraxi (Lin & Li, 2009), comb. nov. A new record of Crassignatha danaugirangensisMiller et al. 2014 is reported from Brunei.

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13

Churchill, T. B., and J. A. Ludwig. "Changes in spider assemblages along grassland and savanna grazing gradients in northern Australia." Rangeland Journal 26, no. 1 (2004): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj04001.

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Spiders are beneficial predators that respond to those land uses that modify their habitat. Cattle grazing is an extensive land use across northern Australian rangelands, yet the impact of grazing on spider habitat is poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated the way in which spider assemblages varied between grassland and savanna habitats in the Victoria River District of the Northern Territory, and also between dry and wet seasons in the savanna habitat. We also investigated changes in spider assemblages, and some common taxa, with distance from cattle watering points, which was used as a surrogate for a gradient in grazing intensity. Spiders were sampled using pitfall traps and sweep nets along two distance from water-grazing gradients. The first gradient was in savanna on calcareous red loam soils at Kidman Springs, and the second was in grassland on cracking black clays at Mount Sanford. Ordinations revealed that spider assemblages differed between grassland and savanna, and between the late-wet and late-dry seasons in savanna. Spider assemblages also markedly changed along the two distance-grazing gradients in response to habitat changes. For example, orb weavers in the family Araneidae increased in abundance as the cover of perennial grasses and litter increased with distance from water; this response was consistent for both grassland and savanna gradients. Patch type was also important to the distribution of spiders. For example, more individuals of Habronestes sp. were caught when the local habitat was patches of perennial grasses rather than patches of annual grasses and litter, bare ground, or tree-shrub canopy. These results suggest that spiders are good indicators of the habitat changes that may occur with grazing in the rangelands of Australia.

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14

Eberhard, William G. "Modular patterns in behavioural evolution: webs derived from orbs." Behaviour 155, no. 6 (2018): 531–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003502.

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Abstract Imperfect knowledge of ancestral behaviour often hampers tracing behavioural evolution. This limitation is reduced in orb weaving spiders, because spider orb web construction behaviour and the cues used by modern orb-weavers are well-studied and highly conserved. Several species in orb-weaving families build non-orb webs that are clearly derived from orbs, allowing transitions from ancestral to modern behaviours to be described with high confidence. Three major patterns of general evolutionary significance were found in 69 phylogenetically independent transitions in 15 groups in 8 families: ancestral traits were often maintained as units; the most frequent of the eight different types of ancestral trait change was transfer of an ancestral behaviour to a new context; and ‘new’ traits that had no clear homology with ancestral traits were also common. Changes occurred in all major stages of orb construction. This may be the most extensive summary of evolutionary transitions in behaviour yet compiled.

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15

Levi, Herbert W. "The Orb-Weaver Genus Witica (Araneae: Araneidae)." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 93, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1986): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1986/93154.

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16

Levi, Herbert W. "The New Orb-Weaver GenusLewisepeira(Araneae: Araneidae)." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 100, no. 3-4 (1993): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1993/97657.

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17

Hinton, H. E., and R. S. Wilson. "Stridulatory organs in spiny orb-weaver spiders." Journal of Zoology 162, no. 4 (August 20, 2009): 481–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1970.tb01282.x.

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18

Abel, Christoph, Jutta M. Schneider, Matjaž Kuntner, and Danilo Harms. "Phylogeography of the ‘cosmopolitan’ orb-weaver Argiope trifasciata (Araneae: Araneidae)." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 131, no. 1 (August 5, 2020): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa078.

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Abstract Few spider species show truly cosmopolitan distributions. Among them is the banded garden spider Argiope trifasciata, which is reported from six continents across major climatic gradients and geographical boundaries. In orb-weaver spiders, such global distributions might be a result of lively dispersal via ballooning. However, wide distributions might also be artefactual, owing to our limited understanding of species taxonomy. To test the hypothesis that A. trifasciata might be a complex of cryptic species with more limited geographical ranges, we investigated the biogeographical structure and evolutionary history of A. trifasciata through a combination of time-calibrated phylogenetic analyses (57 terminals and three genes), ancestral range reconstruction and species delimitation methods. Our results strongly suggest that A. trifasciata as currently defined is not a single species. Its populations fall into five reciprocally monophyletic clades that are genetically distinct and have evolutionary origins in the Plio-Pleistocene. These clades are confined to East Asia, temperate Australia, Hawaii, the New World and the Old World (Africa and most of the Palaearctic). Our results provide the basis for future investigation of morphological and/or ecological disparity between the populations that are likely to represent species, in addition to examinations of the attributes and dispersal modes of these species.

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19

Levi, Herbert W. "The Neotropical Orb-Weaver Genera Epeiroides, Bertrana and Amazonepeira (Araneae: Araneidae)." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 96, no. 1-2 (1989): 75–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1989/65890.

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20

Glueck, Susan. "A Taxonomic Revision of the Orb Weaver Genus Acacesia (Araneae: Araneidae)." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 101, no. 1-2 (1994): 59–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1994/34645.

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21

Mulder, Tom, Beth Mortimer, and Fritz Vollrath. "Functional flexibility in a spider's orb web." Journal of Experimental Biology 223, no. 23 (November 12, 2020): jeb234070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.234070.

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ABSTRACTWeb spiders rely on vibrations propagated via their web to identify, locate and capture entangled prey. Here, we experimentally tested the robustness of the orb weaver's predation strategy when webs are severely distorted and silk tensions are drastically altered throughout the web, a common occurrence in the wild. We assessed prey identification efficiency by comparing the spider's initial reaction times towards a fruit fly trapped in the web, we measured location efficiency by comparing times and number of tugging bouts performed, and we determined capture efficiency by comparing capture times. It emerged that spiders are capable of identifying, locating and capturing prey in distorted webs, albeit taking somewhat longer to do so.

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22

Kloss, Thiago Gechel, Marcelo Oliveira Gonzaga, José Augusto Martins Roxinol, and Carlos Frankl Sperber. "Host behavioural manipulation of two orb-weaver spiders by parasitoid wasps." Animal Behaviour 111 (January 2016): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.11.001.

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23

Brown, Susan G., and Terry E. Christenson. "The Relationships Between Web Parameters and Spiderling Predatory Behavior in the Orb-weaver, Nephila clavipes." Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 63, no. 2-3 (April 26, 2010): 241–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1983.tb00090.x.

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24

Welke, Klaas W., and Jutta M. Schneider. "Males of the orb-web spider Argiope bruennichi sacrifice themselves to unrelated females." Biology Letters 6, no. 5 (April 21, 2010): 585–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0214.

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Costs of inbreeding can lead to total reproductive failure and inbreeding avoidance is, therefore, common. In classical sex roles with no paternal care, the selective pressure to avoid inbreeding is mostly on the female, which carries the higher costs. In some orb-web spiders, this situation is very different because females are polyandrous and males are monogynous or at most bigynous. Additionally, females of many entelegyne orb weavers are thought to bias paternity post-copulatorily towards a desired mate. This increases the selective pressure on males to adjust their investment in a mating with regard to the compatibility to a female. Here, we examine whether genetic relatedness influences mating behaviour in the orb-web spider Argiope bruennichi . We mated either a sibling or a non-sibling male to a female in single copulation trials and compared copulation duration, cannibalism rate and female fecundity. Our experiment revealed that males prolonged their copulation duration and were cannibalized more frequently when mating with a non-sibling female. Males mating with a sibling female were more likely to escape cannibalism by copulating briefly, thus presumably increasing their chances of re-mating with a more compatible female. This suggests that males can adaptively adjust their investment relating to the compatibility of a female.

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da Silva Souza, Hebert, Yuri Fanchini Messas, Marcelo Oliveira Gonzaga, and João Vasconcellos-Neto. "Population ecology of the orb-weaver spider Eustala taquara (Keyserling) (Araneidae)." Journal of Natural History 56, no. 17-20 (May 19, 2022): 1045–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2098071.

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GAIONE-COSTA, ALEXANDER, DIEGO GALVÃO DE PÁDUA, ÍTALO MENDES DELAZARI, ANDERSON RAIMUNDO SOUZA SANTOS, and THIAGO GECHEL KLOSS. "Redescription and oviposition behavior of an orb-weaver spider parasitoid Hymenoepimecis cameroni Townes, 1966 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)." Zootaxa 5134, no. 3 (May 11, 2022): 415–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5134.3.5.

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Strategies to invade and exploit hosts for survival are an essential part of the parasitic lifestyle. Species of the Polysphincta genus group (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), which utilize spiders as hosts, are examples of parasitoids that present several behavioral strategies in host immobilization and egg laying. In this study, we characterized the oviposition behavior of the Darwin wasp Hymenoepimecis cameroni Townes, 1966 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) on their host spider, performed the taxonomic description of the female, and redescribed the male parasitoid. We observed eight H. cameroni females endeavoring to parasitize young Leucauge volupis (Keyserling, 1893) spiders. Each female made up to 12 successive attempts at oviposition, totaling 36 observed attacks, with only two successful attacks. The main oviposition behavior of H. cameroni individuals consists of flying close to the web and performing a direct attack on the spider, which often results in the spider escaping into the vegetation. We observed that in seven events where the spiders fled into the vegetation, the individuals of H. cameroni adopted a second strategy, which consisted of hanging from the hind legs in the web hub. This observation showed that the females of H. cameroni have the ability to modulate the oviposition strategy after a failure in the initial attack. The pattern observed for the attack of H. cameroni indicates that the ability to adjust the approach could be specific to the behavioral habits of L. volupis.

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27

Styrsky, John D. "An orb‐weaver spider exploits an ant–acacia mutualism for enemy‐free space." Ecology and Evolution 4, no. 3 (January 2, 2014): 276–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.930.

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28

Aisenberg, Anita, and Gilbert Barrantes. "Sexual behavior, cannibalism, and mating plugs as sticky traps in the orb weaver spider Leucauge argyra (Tetragnathidae)." Naturwissenschaften 98, no. 7 (May 24, 2011): 605–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00114-011-0807-y.

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29

Bateman, Philip W., and Patricia A. Fleming. "The influence of web silk decorations on fleeing behaviour of Florida orb weaver spiders, Argiope florida (Aranaeidae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 91, no. 7 (July 2013): 468–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2012-0312.

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Spider web silk decorations may (i) act to attract prey, (ii) be decoys for predators, and (iii) make the web visible to prevent larger animals from destroying them. To disentangle the last two hypotheses, we examined the fleeing response and flight initiation distance (FID) of the Florida orb weaver spider (Argiope florida Chamberlin and Ivie, 1944). Spiders were approached in one of two manners: (1) a “predatory” one mimicking a bird and (2) a “looming” approach mimicking the approach of a large animal. We predicted that if silk decorations had an antipredator function, then the extent of silk decoration would influence whether spiders fled from the predatory approach. However, if the function was primarily a signal to large animals, then all spiders would flee the looming approach, but FID would be influenced by the extent of silk decoration. We found no influence of silk decorations on fleeing behaviour and FID of spiders. Spider fleeing behaviour was, however, influenced by height of the web from the ground. The effects of web height might reflect an adaptive response to a more exposed position and therefore could support either of the two hypotheses tested; however, we have no evidence supporting the role of silk decorations on antipredator responses.

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Fernández Campón, F. "More sharing when there is less: insights on spider sociality from an orb-weaver's perspective." Animal Behaviour 75, no. 3 (March 2008): 1063–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.08.021.

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Kallal, Robert J., Andrew J. Moore, and Gustavo Hormiga. "The Shape of Weaver: Investigating Shape Disparity in Orb-Weaving Spiders (Araneae, Araneidae) Using Geometric Morphometrics." Evolutionary Biology 46, no. 4 (September 18, 2019): 317–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11692-019-09482-w.

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SOBCZAK, JOBER FERNANDO, GERMAN ANTONIO VILLANUEVA-BONILLA, DIEGO GALVÃO DE PÁDUA, and YURI FANCHINI MESSAS. "The wasp Flacopimpla varelae Gauld (Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae), parasitoid of the spider Achaearanea tingo Levi (Theridiidae: Theridiinae), with description of the male wasp." Zootaxa 4365, no. 5 (December 20, 2017): 594. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4365.5.7.

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Parasitoid organisms can manipulate the morphology, physiology and/or behavior of their hosts to increase their own survival (Moore 2002; Korenko et al. 2015a). Wasps of the Polysphincta genus-group sensu Gauld & Dubois, 2006 (hereafter polysphinctine wasps) are well known to act exclusively as koinobiont ectoparasitoids of spiders (Gauld & Dubois 2006). The host range of these wasps is remarkably narrow and often species-specific; individuals of some polysphinctine genera (e.g. Hymenoepimecis, Acrotaphus) usually attack orb-weaver spiders (Pádua et al. 2016), whereas other are specialized on spiders that construct three-dimensional webs. Fritzén (2014), for example, discussed that Oxyrrhexis Föerster, 1869, Zatypota Föerster, 1869 and Flacopimpla Gauld, 1991 are specialized on theridiid hosts, the last two mainly or exclusively on spiders of the subfamily Theridiinae.

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Tourinho, Luara, André de Almeida Mendonça, and Hilton F. Japyassú. "Ontogenetic variation in the predatory behavior of the orb-weaver spider Azilia histrio: detecting changes in behavioral organization." Journal of Ethology 34, no. 3 (April 2, 2016): 219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10164-016-0467-7.

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GONZAGA, Marcelo O., and Jober F. SOBCZAK. "Behavioral manipulation of the orb-weaver spider Argiope argentata (Araneae: Araneidae) by Acrotaphus chedelae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)." Entomological Science 14, no. 2 (March 24, 2011): 220–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8298.2010.00436.x.

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Levi, Herbert W. "The American Species of the Orb-Weaver Genus Carepalxis and the New Genus Rubrepeira (Araneae: Araneidae)." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 98, no. 2-3 (1991): 251–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1991/26493.

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Kelly, Sean D., Brent D. Opell, and Sandra M. Correa‐Garwhal. "Correlated evolution between orb weaver glue droplets and supporting fibres maintains their distinct biomechanical roles in adhesion." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 35, no. 6 (June 2022): 879–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jeb.14025.

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WAWER, WIOLETTA, and JOLANTA WYTWER. "Abundance changes in orb-weaver spider communities at the edge of the Argiope bruennichi expansion range." Zootaxa 4899, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 363–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4899.1.18.

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Expanding range is an inherent feature of any species and may be caused by climate change, destruction or other change of habitat, or lack of natural enemies. In a new habitat the species may be neutral, or as predator it can displace related species through competition. A strong expansion to northern Europe was observed in the thermophilous spider species Argiope bruennichi. The species doubled its range in Poland during the 1990s and its impact on native species was not investigated so far. In this article, the results of studies about A. bruennichi number (density) and its contribution in orb-weaver spider communities are analysed. We also try to determine the impact of newly occurring species on the local araneofauna.

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Mi, Xiaoqi, and Shuqiang Li. "Nine new species of the spider family Araneidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China." ZooKeys 1072 (November 19, 2021): 49–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1072.73345.

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Nine new species of the orb-weaver spider family Araneidae Clerck, 1757 from Menglun Town, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China are described: Acusilas tongisp. nov. (♂♀), Chorizopes yuisp. nov. (♂♀), Chorizopesoides guoisp. nov. (♂♀), Deione chenisp. nov. (♀), D. yangisp. nov. (♂♀), Hypsosinga pullasp. nov. (♂♀), Mangora baiisp. nov. (♂♀), M. cephalasp. nov. (♂♀) and Milonia gemellasp. nov. (♂♀). The genus Milonia Thorell, 1890 is recorded from China for the first time. The previous description of Chorizopesoides wulingensis (Yin, Wang & Xie, 1994) from Libo County, Guizhou by Mi and Wang (2018) refers to Chorizopesoides annasestakovaesp. nov. (♂♀). Diagnostic photos of the habitus and copulatory organs of the new species are provided.

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Queller, Philip S., and Troy G. Murphy. "Painted Bunting (Passerina ciris) caught in the web of a giant lichen orb-weaver spider (Araneus bicentenarius)." Wilson Journal of Ornithology 131, no. 1 (April 9, 2019): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1676/17-12.

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Kloss, Thiago Gechel, Marcelo Oliveira Gonzaga, José Augusto Martins Roxinol, and Carlos Frankl Sperber. "Attack Behavior of Two Wasp Species of the Polysphincta Genus Group (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) on their Orb-Weaver Spider Hosts (Araneae, Araneidae)." Journal of Insect Behavior 29, no. 3 (May 2016): 315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10905-016-9560-6.

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Xavier, Gabriel Máximo, Adilson Quero, Rafael Rios Moura, Camila Vieira, Felipe André Meira, and Marcelo Oliveira Gonzaga. "Influence of web traits, height, and daily periods of exposition on prey captured by orb-weaver spiders." Behavioural Processes 193 (December 2021): 104536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2021.104536.

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Corey, Tyler B., Earl Agpawa, and Eileen A. Hebets. "Spiders (Araneae) Collected as Prey by the Mud-Dauber Wasps Sceliphron caementarium and Chalybion californicum (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) in Southeastern Nebraska." Journal of Entomological Science 56, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 123–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-56.2.123.

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Abstract Predator diets represent a potential interaction between local prey availability, prey antipredator defenses, and predator foraging behavior. Female spider-specialist mud-dauber wasps (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) collect spiders and provision them intact, but paralyzed, to their developing larvae, providing a unique means of quantifying the diversity and abundance of prey that they capture. Mud-dauber wasps are hypothesized to be a major source of selection on antipredator defenses in web-building spiders, and the spiny and thickened abdomens of female spiny orb-weaving spiders (Araneae: Araneidae) are hypothesized to function as antiwasp defenses. We inventoried spider prey from nests of the mud-dauber wasps Sceliphron caementarium (Drury) and Chalybion californicum (Saussure), and surveyed for spider fauna in areas surrounding nest collection sites, to specifically investigate if the spiny orb-weaver Micrathena gracilis (Walckenaer) was collected as prey by these wasps. We collected nests from six sites in southeastern Nebraska from two regions that we classify based on habitat—a forest corridor and agricultural land. We collected 761 intact spider prey from 87 nests and identified them to the family level. None of these spiders were M. gracilis. Micrathena gracilis were rare in faunal surveys on agricultural land and, surprisingly, absent in forest corridor surveys. Mud-dauber wasps were more common; we collected more spiders on agricultural land than in the forest corridor. We propose that in agricultural landscapes, the lack of certain spiders in mud-dauber wasp nests is driven by habitat use differences between predators and prey rather than physical antipredator defenses.

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Mi, Xiaoqi, and Shuqiang Li. "On eleven new species of the orb-weaver spider genus Araneus Clerck, 1757 (Araneae, Araneidae) from Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China." ZooKeys 1137 (December 22, 2022): 75–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1137.96306.

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Eleven new species of Araneus Clerck, 1757 from Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China are described: Araneus arcuatussp. nov. (♂♀), A. bidentatussp. nov. (♂♀), A. bidentatoidessp. nov. (♂♀), A. complanatussp. nov. (♂♀), A. corrugissp. nov. (♀), A. cucullatussp. nov. (♀), A. minisculussp. nov. (♂), A. ovoideussp. nov. (♀), A. pseudodigitatussp. nov. (♂♀), A. semiorbiculatussp. nov. (♀), and A. tetracanthussp. nov. (♂♀). Diagnostic photographs of the habitus and copulatory organs are provided.

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Garrison, Nicole L., Juanita Rodriguez, Ingi Agnarsson, Jonathan A. Coddington, Charles E. Griswold, Christopher A. Hamilton, Marshal Hedin, Kevin M. Kocot, Joel M. Ledford, and Jason E. Bond. "Spider phylogenomics: untangling the Spider Tree of Life." PeerJ 4 (February 23, 2016): e1719. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1719.

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Spiders (Order Araneae) are massively abundant generalist arthropod predators that are found in nearly every ecosystem on the planet and have persisted for over 380 million years. Spiders have long served as evolutionary models for studying complex mating and web spinning behaviors, key innovation and adaptive radiation hypotheses, and have been inspiration for important theories like sexual selection by female choice. Unfortunately, past major attempts to reconstruct spider phylogeny typically employing the “usual suspect” genes have been unable to produce a well-supported phylogenetic framework for the entire order. To further resolve spider evolutionary relationships we have assembled a transcriptome-based data set comprising 70 ingroup spider taxa. Using maximum likelihood and shortcut coalescence-based approaches, we analyze eight data sets, the largest of which contains 3,398 gene regions and 696,652 amino acid sites forming the largest phylogenomic analysis of spider relationships produced to date. Contrary to long held beliefs that the orb web is the crowning achievement of spider evolution, ancestral state reconstructions of web type support a phylogenetically ancient origin of the orb web, and diversification analyses show that the mostly ground-dwelling, web-less RTA clade diversified faster than orb weavers. Consistent with molecular dating estimates we report herein, this may reflect a major increase in biomass of non-flying insects during the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution 125–90 million years ago favoring diversification of spiders that feed on cursorial rather than flying prey. Our results also have major implications for our understanding of spider systematics. Phylogenomic analyses corroborate several well-accepted high level groupings: Opisthothele, Mygalomorphae, Atypoidina, Avicularoidea, Theraphosoidina, Araneomorphae, Entelegynae, Araneoidea, the RTA clade, Dionycha and the Lycosoidea. Alternatively, our results challenge the monophyly of Eresoidea, Orbiculariae, and Deinopoidea. The composition of the major paleocribellate and neocribellate clades, the basal divisions of Araneomorphae, appear to be falsified. Traditional Haplogynae is in need of revision, as our findings appear to support the newly conceived concept of Synspermiata. The sister pairing of filistatids with hypochilids implies that some peculiar features of each family may in fact be synapomorphic for the pair. Leptonetids now are seen as a possible sister group to the Entelegynae, illustrating possible intermediates in the evolution of the more complex entelegyne genitalic condition, spinning organs and respiratory organs.

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Del Matto, Lygia A., Renato C. Macedo-Rego, and Eduardo S. A. Santos. "Mate-guarding duration is mainly influenced by the risk of sperm competition and not by female quality in a golden orb-weaver spider." PeerJ 9 (October 22, 2021): e12310. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12310.

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Males are expected to mate with as many females as possible, but can maximize their reproductive success through strategic mating decisions. For instance, males can increase their own fitness by mating with high quality females that produce more offspring. Additionally, males can adjust mating effort based on the relative distribution of females and male competitors. To test factors that influence male mate choice, we assessed male mating decisions in the golden silk orb-weaver spider, Trichonephila clavipes (Nephilidae), a species in which females are polyandrous, males guard females before and after copulation occurs and large males are the most successful at guarding mates. We tested the hypothesis that males spend more time guarding high quality females that are spatially isolated, and when the risk of sperm competition is higher. We also hypothesized that this effect increases with male body size. We assessed solitary and aggregated female webs in the field and quantified female quality (i.e., female body condition), male size (i.e., male body size), the risk of sperm competition (i.e., number of males in each female web), and mate-guarding duration (i.e., number of days each male spent in each web). We found that mate-guarding behaviour is largely influenced by the presence of male competitors. In addition, male body size seems to moderately influence male guarding decisions, with larger males guarding for a longer time. Finally, female body condition and type of web (i.e., solitary or aggregated) seem to play small roles in mate-guarding behaviour. As mate-guarding duration increased by 0.718 day per each additional male competitor in the web, and guarding behaviour prevents males from seeking additional mates, it seems that guarding females can be considerably costly. We conclude that failing to guard a sexual partner promotes high costs derived from sperm competition, and a male cannot recover his relative loss in fertilization success by seeking and fertilizing more females. In addition, the search for more sexual partners can be constrained by possible high costs imposed by weight loss and fights against other males, which may explain why the type of web only moderately influenced male mate choice. Following the same rationale, if high-quality females are not easy to find and/or mating with a high-quality female demands much effort, males may search females and guard them regardless of female quality. In conclusion, the factor that most influences male mate-guarding behaviour among T. clavipes in the field is the risk of sperm competition.

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Pollo, Pietro, Danilo G. Muniz, and Eduardo S. A. Santos. "Be prudent if it fits you well: male mate choice depends on male size in a golden orb-weaver spider." Animal Behaviour 156 (October 2019): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.06.030.

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Gawryszewski, Felipe, and Paulo Motta. "The silk tuft web decorations of the orb-weaver Gasteracantha cancriformis : testing the prey attraction and the web advertisement hypotheses." Behaviour 145, no. 3 (2008): 277–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853908783402911.

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AbstractSeveral orb-web spiders build conspicuous decorations in their webs. The prey attraction hypothesis proposes that decorations increase spider foraging success by attracting prey, and that attraction is linked to UV reflectance. Alternatively, the web advertisement hypothesis proposes that decorations are a signal that advertises the presence of the web to large animals. We tested both hypotheses for the web silk tufts of Gasteracantha cancriformis. Even though tufts are UV reflective, we did not find support for the prey attraction hypothesis. In the field, when webs with tufts painted black and control webs were compared, there were no differences in the number of prey captured, number of damaged areas in webs and type of prey captured. In the laboratory, Drosophila melanogaster did not demonstrate preference for tufted silk lines versus non-tufted silk lines. Our data also did not give support for the web advertisement hypothesis. The proportion of web destruction was similar between web with tufts painted black and control webs during four days of experimentation. Therefore, two of the most favoured hypotheses that attempt to explain decorations do not apply for web silk tufts in our study system. Instead we propose that silk tufts might be an aposematic signal.

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Lüddecke, Tim, Björn M. von Reumont, Frank Förster, André Billion, Thomas Timm, Günter Lochnit, Andreas Vilcinskas, and Sarah Lemke. "An Economic Dilemma between Molecular Weapon Systems May Explain an Arachno-Atypical Venom in Wasp Spiders (Argiope bruennichi)." Biomolecules 10, no. 7 (June 30, 2020): 978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10070978.

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Spiders use venom to subdue their prey, but little is known about the diversity of venoms in different spider families. Given the limited data available for orb-weaver spiders (Araneidae), we selected the wasp spider Argiope bruennichi for detailed analysis. Our strategy combined a transcriptomics pipeline based on multiple assemblies with a dual proteomics workflow involving parallel mass spectrometry techniques and electrophoretic profiling. We found that the remarkably simple venom of A. bruennichi has an atypical composition compared to other spider venoms, prominently featuring members of the cysteine-rich secretory protein, antigen 5 and pathogenesis-related protein 1 (CAP) superfamily and other, mostly high-molecular-weight proteins. We also detected a subset of potentially novel toxins similar to neuropeptides. We discuss the potential function of these proteins in the context of the unique hunting behavior of wasp spiders, which rely mostly on silk to trap their prey. We propose that the simplicity of the venom evolved to solve an economic dilemma between two competing yet metabolically expensive weapon systems. This study emphasizes the importance of cutting-edge methods to encompass the lineages of smaller venomous species that have yet to be characterized in detail, allowing us to understand the biology of their venom systems and to mine this prolific resource for translational research.

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Berti-Filho, Ev�neo, Isabela M. P. Rinald, and S�rgio Freitas. "Mantispa minuta Fabricius (Neuroptera: Mantispidae) on Egg Sacs of the Orb-Weaver Spider Parawixia bistriata (Araneidae) in Forests of Eucalyptus grandis in Brazil." Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 37, no. 2 (August 1, 2002): 159–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/snfe.37.2.159.8580.

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Weiss, Katharina, and Jutta M. Schneider. "Family-specific chemical profiles provide potential kin recognition cues in the sexually cannibalistic spider Argiope bruennichi." Biology Letters 17, no. 8 (August 2021): 20210260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2021.0260.

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Kin recognition, the ability to detect relatives, is important for cooperation, altruism and also inbreeding avoidance. A large body of research on kin recognition mechanisms exists for vertebrates and insects, while little is known for other arthropod taxa. In spiders, nepotism has been reported in social and solitary species. However, there are very few examples of kin discrimination in a mating context, one coming from the orb-weaver Argiope bruennichi . Owing to effective mating plugs and high rates of sexual cannibalism, both sexes of A. bruennichi are limited to a maximum of two copulations. Males surviving their first copulation can either re-mate with the current female (monopolizing paternity) or leave and search for another. Mating experiments have shown that males readily mate with sisters but are more likely to leave after one short copulation as compared with unrelated females, allowing them to search for another mate. Here, we ask whether the observed behaviour is based on chemical cues. We detected family-specific cuticular profiles that qualify as kin recognition cues. Moreover, correlations in the relative amounts of some of the detected substances between sexes within families indicate that kin recognition is likely based on subsets of cuticular substances, rather than entire profiles.

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