Academic literature on the topic 'Orb weavers – Behavior'
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Journal articles on the topic "Orb weavers – Behavior"
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Goedeker, Sidney J., Theresa E. Wrynn, and Brian G. Gall. "Orientation behavior of riparian long‐jawed orb weavers ( Tetragnatha elongata ) after displacement over water." Ecology and Evolution 11, no. 6 (February 9, 2021): 2899–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7249.
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Minu, M., M. J. Mathew, and Anitha Abraham. "Seasonal diversity, distribution and abundance of Araneae in the Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary, Kerala, India." ENTOMON 47, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33307/entomon.v47i3.763.
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The aim of the present study was to analyze the diversity of spiders across various parts of the Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary, Kerala, a tropical, semi evergreen, low-land forest located between the tributaries of the Periyarriver. Survey of the spider fauna was carried out for a period of twelve months. In total, 3286 individuals were collected from the sanctuary, which consist of 89 species of spiders under 59 genera and 18 families. Araneidae was the most abundant family. The most abundant species was Hippasa agelenoides of Lycosidae family. Spiders belonging to six feeding guilds, i.e., orb - web weavers, stalkers, ground runners, scattered line weaver foliage runners and ambushers were identified. Relative abundances of spider community strongly differed with the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon seasons. Seasonal diversity indices of Margalef richness index, Pielou’s evenness index, Shannon-Wiener and Simpson index were calculated.
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Quesada-Hidalgo, Rosannette, William G. Eberhard, and Gilbert Barrantes. "Complex behavioral plasticity is not reduced in spiderlings with miniature brains." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 16, 2021): e0251919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251919.
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The brains of smaller animals are smaller than those of their larger relatives, but it is not clear whether their adaptive behavioral flexibility is more limited. Previous interspecific comparisons found that aspects of web construction behavior of very small orb weaving spiders (0.005 mg) were no less precise than those of much larger related orb weavers (30 mg), but the behaviors tested were relatively simple. Here we perform a more sensitive intraspecific test involving the multiple behavioral adjustments of orb web designs made by Leucauge argyra to confinement in very small spaces. Web adjustments of spiderlings as small as ~0.1 mg were compared to previously published observations of ~80 mg conspecific adults. Spiderlings in constrained spaces made all of the complex adjustments made by adults in at least seven independent web design variables, and their adjustments were no less precise. Rough estimates based on previously published data on total brain volumes and the mean diameters of neuron cell bodies suggested that spiderlings and adult females of Leucauge may have similar numbers of neurons, due to spiderlings having smaller neurons and a greater percentage of body tissues dedicated to the brain. We speculate that this neural similarity may explain why L. argyra spiderlings showed no behavioral deficits compared with adults.
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Joseph, Linta, and K. Sunil Jose. "Checklist of spiders from Vallakadavu range of Western Ghats, Kerala, India." ENTOMON 47, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 341–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33307/entomon.v47i3.774.
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In the preliminary study conducted to document the spider fauna in Vallakadavu range, Idukki district, Kerala, a total of 33 species of spiders belonging to 29 genera from 12 families were recorded. Among the 12 families recorded, Araneidae was the most predominant with orb web weavers. From the guild analysis, the recorded families were categorized into seven principle types of web patterns.The study extends the range of Poecilotheriastriata Pocock, 1895 in the state to the east.
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Levi, Herbert W. "American Neoscona and Corrections to Previous Revisions of Neotropical Orb-Weavers (Araneae: Araneidae)." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 99, no. 2-3 (1992): 221–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1992/93912.
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Framenau, Volker W., Renner L. C. Baptista, Francisca Sâmia M. Oliveira, and Pedro de S. Castanheira. "Taxonomic revision of the new spider genus Hortophora, the Australasian Garden Orb-weavers (Araneae, Araneidae)." Evolutionary Systematics 5, no. 2 (November 2, 2021): 275–334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.5.72474.
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The new genus Hortophora in the orb-weaving spider family Araneidae Clerck, 1757 is established to include 13 species from the Australasian-Pacific region, with ten species known from Australia (five of which new to science): Hortophora biapicata (L. Koch, 1871), comb. nov. (type species) (= Araneus biapicatifera Strand, 1907, syn. nov.; = Epeira frosti Hogg, 1896, syn. nov.); H. cucullussp. nov.; H. lodicula (Keyserling, 1887), comb. nov. (= Epeira scutigerens Hogg, 1900, syn. nov.); H. megacanthasp. nov.; H. porongurupsp. nov.; H. tatianeaesp. nov.; H. transmarina (Keyserling, 1865), comb. nov.) (also known from Papua New Guinea); H. urbana (Keyserling, 1887), comb. nov.; H. walesiana (Karsch, 1878), comb. nov. (= Epeira rhombocephalaThorell 1881, syn. nov.; = Epeira lutulenta Keyserling, 1886, syn. nov.); and H. yesabahsp. nov. The following species of Hortophoragen. nov. are recognised from the Pacific region but not revised in detail due to a lack of material, specifically mature males: Hortophora capitalis (L. Koch, 1871), comb. nov. (removed from synonymy with H. transmarinacomb. nov.) from Fiji, New Caledonia and Vanuatu; H. flavicoma (Simon, 1880), comb. nov. from New Caledonia (incl. Loyalty Islands) and H. viridis (Keyserling, 1865), comb. nov. (removed from synonymy with H. transmarinacomb. nov.) from Samoa. Epeira thyridota Thorell, 1870 is here removed from synonymy with H. transmarinacomb. nov. and transferred to Backobourkia Framenau, Dupérré, Blackledge & Vink, 2010, B. thyridota (Thorell, 1870), comb. nov.Hortophoragen. nov. includes medium-sized to large, nocturnal orb-weaving spiders typically with subtriangular to ovoid abdomen bearing humeral humps. The tibiae of the second leg in males is usually enlarged with numerous strong spines and an apico-ventral megaspur carrying a large spine in some species. Male pedipalps generally have an elongated, transverse median apophysis ending in a bifid tip in most species, a sinuous to straight embolus and a bubble-shaped terminal apophysis. The female epigyne scape is highly elongated and does not have a terminal pocket. Genital mutilation, i.e. breaking off the epigyne scape during copulation, is common in some species. Hortophoragen. nov. include the most frequently collected nocturnal orb-weaving spiders in Australia.
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RODRIGUES, EVERTON NEI LOPES, and MILTON DE S. MENDONÇA, JR. "Araneid orb-weavers (Araneae, Araneidae) associated with riparian forests in southern Brazil: a new species, complementary descriptions and new records." Zootaxa 2759, no. 1 (February 7, 2011): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2759.1.3.
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The Araneidae is a speciose family including web-spinning spiders that are very abundant in various terrestrial ecosystems. Sixty-five araneid species from 20 genera were collected during an inventory of riparian forests in southern Brazil. Among these were one new species, described here as Mangora piratini sp. nov. Also discovered were the previously unknown males of Alpaida citrina (Keyserling, 1893), A. octolobata Levi, 1988 and Testudinaria lemniscata (Simon, 1895), which are described here for the first time. Metazygia floresta Levi, 1995, Ocrepeira malleri Levi, 1993 and Testudinaria quadripunctata Taczanowski, 1879 are recorded for the first time for Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
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Opell, Brent D. "Changes in web-monitoring forces associated with web reduction in the spider family Uloboridae." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 4 (April 1, 1987): 1028–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-163.
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Members of the genera Uloborus, Hyptiotes, and Miagrammopes have similar web-monitoring postures, but very different webs and tactics for monitoring them. Orb weavers of the genus Uloborus construct horizontal webs and hang from their hubs, whereas reduced-web uloborids construct vertical webs and monitor them from a single thread. To determine if changes in spider strength accompanied web reduction, resting and maximum force measurements were taken of a developmental series of Hyptiotes cavatus, Uloborus glomosus, Miagrammopes animotus, Miagrammopes pinopus, and an undescribed Costa Rican Miagrammopes using a glass needle strain gauge. Both carapace length and spider weight were used as indexes of spider size. Regression analyses of forces show that H. cavatus exerts the greatest relative force and Miagrammopes species the least. This is consistent with requirements for the operation of each web type: Hyptiotes cavatus tenses its entire triangular web and suddenly releases this tension when a prey strikes its web, whereas a Miagrammopes species jerks a single thread that has captured a prey. Within the genus Miagrammopes, the species with the most highly modified carapace expressed the greatest resting force.
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Ellsworth, El, Yihan Li, Lenin D. Chari, Aidan Kron, and Sydney Moyo. "Tangled in a Web: Management Type and Vegetation Shape the Occurrence of Web-Building Spiders in Protected Areas." Insects 13, no. 12 (December 7, 2022): 1129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13121129.
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Land management of parks and vegetation complexity can affect arthropod diversity and subsequently alter trophic interactions between predators and their prey. In this study, we examined spiders in five parks with varying management histories and intensities to determine whether certain spider species were associated with particular plants. We also determined whether web architecture influenced spider occurrence. Our results showed that humpbacked orb-weavers (Eustala anastera) were associated with an invasive plant, Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense). This study revealed how invasive plants can potentially influence certain spider communities, as evidenced by this native spider species only occurring on invasive plants. Knowing more about spider populations—including species makeup and plants they populate—will give insights into how spider populations are dealing with various ecosystem changes. While we did not assess the effect of invasive plants on the behavior of spiders, it is possible that invasive species may not always be harmful to ecosystems; in the case of spiders, invasive plants may serve as a useful environment to live in. More studies are needed to ascertain whether invasive plants can have adverse effects on spider ecology in the long term.
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Lopardo, Lara, Peter Michalik, and Gustavo Hormiga. "Take a deep breath… The evolution of the respiratory system of symphytognathoid spiders (Araneae, Araneoidea)." Organisms Diversity & Evolution 22, no. 1 (November 10, 2021): 231–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-021-00524-w.
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AbstractSpiders are unique in having a dual respiratory system with book lungs and tracheae, and most araneomorph spiders breathe simultaneously via book lungs and tracheae, or tracheae alone. The respiratory organs of spiders are diverse but relatively conserved within families. The small araneoid spiders of the symphytognathoid clade exhibit a remarkably high diversity of respiratory organs and arrangements, unparalleled by any other group of ecribellate orb weavers. In the present study, we explore and review the diversity of symphytognathoid respiratory organs. Using a phylogenetic comparative approach, we reconstruct the evolution of the respiratory system of symphytognathoids based on the most comprehensive phylogenetic frameworks to date. There are no less than 22 different respiratory system configurations in symphytognathoids. The phylogenetic reconstructions suggest that the anterior tracheal system evolved from fully developed book lungs and, conversely, reduced book lungs have originated independently at least twice from its homologous tracheal conformation. Our hypothesis suggests that structurally similar book lungs might have originated through different processes of tracheal transformation in different families. In symphytognathoids, the posterior tracheal system has either evolved into a highly branched and complex system or it is completely lost. No evident morphological or behavioral features satisfactorily explains the exceptional variation of the symphytognathoid respiratory organs.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Orb weavers – Behavior"
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Barraza, Daniella R. "Factors Influencing Web Tenure in a Tropical Spider and Comparison between Forest and Non-forest Habitats." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/166.
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Webs are fundamental to the ecology of Nephila clavipes, the golden orb-weaver spider, because they serve as sites for prey capture, reproduction, competition, predation, and parasitism. In addition to the presence of the female N. clavipes, males and kleptoparasites reside on the web in varying numbers. Webs are also found in clusters with conspecific females. Web site selection and length of web tenure is a behavioral decision vital to the spider’s fitness and the ecology of her species. I conducted a field census to quantify these factors and analyze their influence on web tenure, compare web ecology between a forest and non-forest habitat, as well as explain the significance of N. clavipes’ web as central to many interactions. Web tenure, as well, was influenced differently by the factors between both environments. In the forest habitat, increase in prey capture rate decreased web tenure and inclusion in cluster increased web tenure. In the non-forest habitat, only increase in spider size was related to increased web tenure. There were significant differences between the two habitats in the sizes of the female spider and quantity of males and kleptoparasites. Results also showed that spider size influenced quantity of males and web diameter influenced quantity of kleptoparasites. Explanation of these results can be attributed to the complex relationships among the variables and the consequences of living in habitats impacted by human occupation.
Books on the topic "Orb weavers – Behavior"
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Sierra, Sylvia. Millennials Talking Media. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190931117.001.0001.
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This book examines how a group of US Millennial friends in their late twenties embed both old media (books, songs, films, TV shows) and new media (YouTube videos, video games, and internet memes) in their everyday talk for particular interactional purposes. Multiple case studies are presented featuring the recorded talk of Millennial friends to demonstrate how and why these speakers make media references in their conversations. These recorded conversations are supplemented with participant playback interviews, along with ethnographic field notes. The analysis demonstrates how the speakers phonetically signal media references in the speech stream, how they demonstrate appreciation of the references in their listening behaviors, and how they ultimately use media references for epistemic, framing, and identity construction purposes, often (but not always) when faced with epistemic, or knowledge, imbalances as well as interactional dilemmas, or awkward moments in interaction. The analysis shows how such references contribute to epistemic management and frame shifts in conversation, which is ultimately conducive to different forms of Millennial identity construction. Additionally, this book explores the stereotypes embedded in the media that these Millennials quote, and examines the effects of reproducing those stereotypes in everyday social life. This fascinating book explores how the boundaries between screens, online and offline life, language, and identity are porous for Millennials, and weaves together the most current linguistic theories regarding knowledge, framing, and identity work in everyday interaction, illuminating the interplay between these processes.
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Berk, Laura E. Awakening Children's Minds. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195124859.001.0001.
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Parents and teachers today face a swirl of conflicting theories about child rearing and educational practice. Indeed, current guides are contradictory, oversimplified, and at odds with current scientific knowledge. Now, in Awakening Children's Minds, Laura Berk cuts through the confusion of competing theories, offering a new way of thinking about the roles of parents and teachers and how they can make a difference in children's lives. This is the first book to bring to a general audience, in lucid prose richly laced with examples, truly state-of-the-art thinking about child rearing and early education. Berk's central message is that parents and teachers contribute profoundly to the development of competent, caring, well-adjusted children. In particular, she argues that adult-child communication in shared activities is the wellspring of psychological development. These dialogues enhance language skills, reasoning ability, problem-solving strategies, the capacity to bring action under the control of thought, and the child's cultural and moral values. Berk explains how children weave the voices of more expert cultural members into dialogues with themselves. When puzzling, difficult, or stressful circumstances arise, children call on this private speech to guide and control their thinking and behavior. In addition to providing clear roles for parents and teachers, Berk also offers concrete suggestions for creating and evaluating quality educational environments--at home, in child care, in preschool, and in primary school--and addresses the unique challenges of helping children with special needs. Parents, Berk writes, need a consistent way of thinking about their role in children's lives, one that can guide them in making effective child-rearing decisions. Awakening Children's Minds gives us the basic guidance we need to raise caring, thoughtful, intelligent children.
Book chapters on the topic "Orb weavers – Behavior"
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Eberhard, William. "Chapter 6. The building behavior of orb-weavers." In Spider Webs, 277–312. University of Chicago Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226534749.003.0006.
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Eberhard, William. "Chapter 5. The building behavior of non-orb weavers." In Spider Webs, 241–76. University of Chicago Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226534749.003.0005.
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Hopkins, Ramona O. "Pediatric Carbon Monoxide Poisoning." In Cognitive and Behavioral Abnormalities of Pediatric Diseases. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195342680.003.0073.
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Carbon monoxide (CO) exposure has been described ever since humans developed products of combustion (e.g. fire, burning charcoal). The Romans realized that CO poisoning leads to death (Penney 2000). Coal fumes were used in ancient times for execution, and the deaths of two Byzantine emperors are attributed to CO poisoning (Lascaratos and Marketos 1998). Admiral Richard E. Byrd developed CO poisoning during the winter he spent alone in a weather station deep in the Antarctic interior (Byrd 1938). Further, CO poisoning took the life of tennis player Vitas Gerulaitis (“Died, Vitas Gerulaitis,” 1994; Lascaratos and Marketos 1998) and may have contributed to Princess Diana’s accidental death in 1997 (Sancton and Macleod 1998). Carbon monoxide is a colorless, tasteless, odorless gas by-product of the combustion of carbon-containing compounds such as natural gas, gasoline, kerosene, propane, and charcoal. The most common sources of CO poisoning are internal combustion engines and faulty gas appliances (Weaver 1999). Carbon monoxide poisoning can also occur from space heaters, methylene chloride in paint removers, and fire (Weaver 1999). The most frequent causes of pediatric CO poisoning are vehicle exhaust, dysfunctional gas appliances and heaters, and charcoal briquettes (Kind 2005; Mendoza and Hampson 2006). Less common sources of CO poisoning include riding in the back of pickup trucks, and while swimming and recreational boating (Hampson and Norkool 1992; Silvers and Hampson 1995). Among pediatric populations, minorities are disproportionately affected by CO poisoning compared to Caucasians, and Latinos and non-Latino blacks were more commonly poisoned by charcoal briquettes used for cooking or heating (Mendoza and Hampson 2006). Carbon monoxide is the leading cause of poisoning injury and death worldwide (Raub et al. 2000) and accidental and intentional poisoning in the United States. In the United States carbon monoxide poisoning results in approximately 40,000 emergency department visits (Hampson 1999) and 800 deaths per year (Piantadosi 2002). Children are particularly venerable to CO poisoning. The Center for Disease Control reports children younger than 4 years have the highest incidence of unintentional CO poisoning but the lowest death rates (2005).
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Liu-Lastres, Bingjie, and Amy M. Johnson. "Managing the reputation of cruise lines in times of crisis A review of current practices." In Reputation and Image Recovery for the Tourism Industry. Goodfellow Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23912/9781911396673-4102.
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Serving as both a luxury hotel and a traveling city, the cruise line industry acts as one of the fastest growing sectors within the tourism and hospitality industry. With a 62% growth in demand from 2005 to 2015, the cruise line industry expects to welcome 28 million global passengers on board (Cruise Line International Association [CLIA], 2018). According to CLIA (2018), the top five source markets of the global cruise industry are the United States (11.5 million passengers in 2016), China (2.1 million passengers in 2016), Germany (2 million passengers in 2016), United Kingdom (1.9 million passengers in 2016), and Australia (1.3 million passengers in 2016). Although the United States ranks as one of the most important markets for the cruise industry, the number of domestic cruise line companies remains relatively small, which is due to the necessity of obtaining substantial capital investment, and the intense competition (Ryschka et al., 2016). Within such a competitive market, reputation has become one of the key assets that cruise line companies cannot simply overlook (Weaver, 2005). Reputation refers to “the prestige or status of a product of service, as perceived by the purchaser, based on the image of the supplier” (Petrick, 2002:125). Reputation helps distinguish a particular brand from others as well as affecting peoples’ attitude, perceptions, and purchasing intentions (Petrick 2002, 2011; Weaver, 2005). The strong relationship between reputation and consumer decisions and behaviors has been well reported by numerous empirical studies, including both the general marketing literature (e.g. Olshavsky & Granbois, 1979) and the cruise tourism literature (e.g. Perick, 2002, 2011).
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Perks, Lisa Glebatis. "Binge-Watching Conditions and Multitasking: The Enjoyable Ephemeral." In Binge-Watching and Contemporary Television Studies, 82–97. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474461986.003.0006.
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Drawing from a study of 120 television viewers who had binge-watched at least two shows in the previous 12 months, this study presents a picture of a viewer who weaves binge-watching into their domestic experience. Many participants were viewing at night through television screens or more mobile screens (such as laptops and tablets) to move the binge-watch out of the living room--most commonly into the bedroom. The two-show comparison suggests that binge-watching behaviors such as co-viewing and multitasking were situational rather than ritualistic. Media multitasking involved several different activities, either related to screens (gaming, texting, perusing social media, working on a computer) or unrelated to screens (eating, knitting, drawing). Although multitasking may diminish the quality of the two coinciding activities, participants reported many multitasking gratifications or benefits, including productivity, alleviating boredom, and relaxation enhancement. These findings gesture toward a view of binge-watching that maximizes an entertainment experience in a way that complements rather than replaces other daily activities and rituals.
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Riess, Jana. "Exodus." In The Next Mormons, 211–32. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190885205.003.0012.
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This chapter focuses on millennial former Mormons. As many as half of millennials who were raised Mormon may be leaving the faith, which is a significant change from older generations, which retained closer to three-quarters of childhood adherents. The Next Mormons Survey (NMS) was able to learn more about former Mormons' demographic characteristics, religious beliefs and behaviors, reasons for leaving, and post-Mormon religious lives. The picture that emerges is complex; leaving a religion is often the result of multiple areas of conflict, not just one. Yet there are common threads that weave the stories of people together. Generationally, social issues like the Church's treatment of women and the LGBT community appear to be galvanizing disaffection among younger former Mormons. Another major concern for them was feeling judged or misunderstood.
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Pinchevski, Amit. "Conclusion: Wounding Transmissions." In Transmitted Wounds. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190625580.003.0009.
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“Transmission” is a term used, curiously enough, in both technology and psychology. In the former, it denotes the transfer of messages from one point to another, a view that was principally theorized by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver. Technologically speaking, transmission names the conveyance of information from sender to receiver through a designated channel by means of symbols or signals. This technical formulation of transmission constitutes the operational basis of numerous media technologies. In psychology, transmission is often used to describe the way behavior and symptoms of traumatized parents are transferred to their children, causing transgenerational trauma. Such transmission can be direct or indirect, overt or covert; indeed, transmission of trauma might be the result of either over-disclosure of knowledge and facts, or of under- disclosure, even of persistent silence, which “can often communicate traumatic messages as powerfully as words.” In both technological and psychological uses, transmission denotes a unilateral handing over across space and/ or time. But clearly psychological transmission implies more than the mere delivery of messages: it involves a delivery that exceeds that of meaning or information proper, a transmission taking place as though beyond words, on the affective rather than on the cognitive level. This book has posited media as linking the two senses of transmission above by virtue of the technological capability of effecting impact in excess of message, and contact in excess of content. And nowhere are the stakes in linking technological and psychological transmissions higher than in the mediation of trauma. In this book I have advanced an argument about the deep association of media and trauma. The media discussed here—radio, videotape, television, digital, and virtual—comprise different instantiations of the mediation of trauma: the ways media technologies sustain and convey the experience of unsettling experience. Media reach to the Real, and in so doing make available a register whose registration is of corporeality itself. Bodies find expression through media in the Real, revealing materiality as a common substratum.
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Targowski, Andrew. "Asymmetric Communication." In Information Technology and Societal Development, 345–62. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-004-2.ch015.
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This chapter defines a framework for the crosscultural communication process, including efficiency and cost. The framework provides some directions for dialogue among civilizations, which is one of the main routes toward creation of the universal civilization. A developed architectural design of the cross-cultural communication process is based on a universal system approach that not only considers the complexities of the various cultural hierarchies and their corresponding communication climates, but also compares and quantifies the cultural-specific attributes with the intention of increasing efficiency levels in crosscultural communication. The attributes for two selected cultures (Western-West and Egyptian) are estimated in a normative way using expert opinions, measuring on a scale from 1 to 5 with 5 as the best value. Quantifying cultural richness (R), cultural efficiency (?), modified cultural differences (DMC, and cultural ability (B) reflects how a given culture’s strength can overcome cultural differences and enhance its competitive advantage (V). Two components of the culture factor cost, explicit (CE) and implicit (CI), are defined, examined and quantified for the purposes not only of controlling the cost of doing business across cultures, but also to determine the amount of investment needed to overcome cultural differences in a global economy. In this new millennium, global organizations will increasingly focus on the critical value of the cross-cultural communication process, its efficiency, its competence, its cost of doing business. In order to successfully communicate crossculturally, knowledge and understanding of such cultural factors as values, attitudes, beliefs and behaviors should be acquired. Because culture is a powerful force that strongly influences communication behavior, culture and communication are inseparably linked. Worldwide, in the last 20 years, countries have experienced a phenomenal growth in international trade and foreign direct investment. Similarly, they have discovered the importance of crosscultural communication. As a result, practitioners and scholars are paying attention to the fact that cultural dimensions influence management practices (Hofstede, 1980; Child, 1981; Triandis, 1982; Adler, 1983; Laurent, 1983; Maruyama, 1984). In recent years, empirical work in the crosscultural arena has focused on the role of culture on employee behavior in communicating within business organizations (Tayeb, 1988). But current 346 Asymmetric Communication work on cross-cultural business communication has paid little attention to either (a) how to adapt these seminal works on general communication to the needs of intercultural business or (b) how to create new models more relevant to cross-cultural business exchanges (Limaye & Victor, 1991, p. 283). There are many focused empirical studies on cross-cultural communication between two specific cultures (e.g., Wong & Hildebrandt, 1983; Halpern, 1983; Victor, 1987; Eiler & Victor, 1988; Varner, 1988; Victor & Danak, 1990), but such results must be arguable when extrapolated across multiple cultures. The prevailing western classical linear and process models of communication (Shannon & Weaver, 1949; Berlo, 1960) neglect the complexity of cross-cultural communication. Targowski and Bowman (1988) developed a layer-based pragmatic communication process model which covered more variables than any previous model and indirectly addressed the role of cultural factors among their layer-based variables. In a similar manner, the channel ratio model for intercultural communication developed by Haworth and Savage (1989) has also failed to account completely for the multiple communication variables in cross-cultural environments. So far, there is no adequate model that can explain the cross-cultural communication process and efficiency, let alone estimate the cost of doing business with other cultures worldwide.
Conference papers on the topic "Orb weavers – Behavior"
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Wilkinson, Michael P., and Marina B. Ruggles-Wrenn. "Mechanical Properties and Fatigue Behavior of 2D Woven PMC and Unitized Composite Airframe Structures at Elevated Temperature." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-65763.
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Airframe structures and components on many existing and future Air Force aerospace systems require operation in elevated temperature. Examples include hypersonic vehicle airframes, engine related components (such as engine ducts, engine vanes, and exhaust flaps), and hot trailing edges of B-2 and C-17 wings. Material systems that show improved fatigue performance, excellent thermal resistance, and damage tolerance are prime candidate materials for potential air vehicle structural components. Polymer matrix composites (PMCs) and ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are two types of composites used in aircraft structures subjected to high temperatures. The polymer matrix in most PMCs cannot withstand the temperatures required for many aerospace structural applications. Therefore, either improvements in temperature capability of polymer matrix materials or developing novel thermal protection systems are desired for elevated temperature applications. Any new material system intended for aerospace applications must be studied and tested to verify that the mechanical properties are sufficient for use in the operating environments. This study investigated the mechanical properties and tension-tension fatigue behavior of two newly developed material systems for use in structures subjected to elevated temperatures, namely a 2D weave PMC and a 2D weave unitized composite (or PMC/CMC, consisting of a PMC co-cured with a CMC layer to act as a thermal barrier). These two material systems are two of three new composites developed under contract through the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and investigated during a master’s thesis research program at the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) [1]. The 2D PMC investigated in this effort consisted of an NRPE (a high-temperature polyimide) matrix reinforced with carbon fibers. The fiber architecture of the PMC was an 8 harness satin weave fiber fabric. The PMC portion of the unitized composite had the same constituent properties and weave as the aforementioned 2D PMC. The CMC layer consisted of a zirconia-based matrix reinforced with an 8 harness satin weave quartz fiber fabric. For both material systems (PMC and PMC/CMC), material properties were investigated for both on-axis [0°/90°] and off-axis [±45°] fiber orientations. Tensile properties were evaluated at (1) room temperature and (2) with one side of the specimen at 329 °C and the other side exposed to ambient air. Tension-tension fatigue tests were conducted at elevated temperature at a frequency of 1.0 Hz with a ratio of minimum stress to maximum stress of R = 0.05. Fatigue run-out for this effort was defined as 2×105 cycles. Elevated temperature had little effect on the tensile properties of both material systems with the 0°/90° fiber orientation; however, specimens with the ±45° fiber orientation exhibited a significant increase in failure strain at elevated temperature. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the 2D PMC with the ±45° fiber orientation decreased slightly at elevated temperature, but the UTS of the unitized composite with ±45° fiber orientation showed no significant change. The unitized composite did not exhibit an increase in tensile strength and stiffness compared to the 2D PMC. However, the 2D PMC with ±45° fiber orientation produced significantly greater failure strain. The 2D PMC showed slightly better fatigue resistance than the unitized composite with the 0°/90° fiber orientation. For the ±45° fiber orientation, the fatigue limit for the 2D PMC was approximately two times greater than that for the unitized composite. Microstructural investigation of tested specimens revealed delamination in the 2D PMC and very severe delamination in the unitized composite.
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Komeili, Mojtaba, and Abbas S. Milani. "On the Effect of Uncertainty Factors on Mechanical Behavior of Woven Fabric Composites at Meso-Level." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-12079.
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Unit cell modeling of woven fabric composites at meso-level has been advantageous in finding equivalent mechanical properties of different weave architectures without performing physical experiments on each new fabric. The obtained properties, in turn, can be used in the macro-level modeling and simulation of large composite structures. Models used for this purpose, however, often consider a perfect description of unit cells, while in practice fabrics are not always fabricated under ideal conditions and flaws like fiber misalignment, material and/or geometrical defects are present. A benchmark work covering effects of this kind on the mesoscopic behavior of woven fabrics is underway. The aim of this paper is to present a statistical way to approach the problem by studying the main effects of such uncertainty/noise factors along with their levels of significance. Namely, a one-factor-at-a-time screening method is selected to identify the effect of (1) fiber misalignment, (2) fiber modulus variation, (3) geometrical flaws in yarn section, (4) unpredictable friction between weft and warp yarns. Computer experiments are done using FE modeling of a plain weave unit cell under the uniaxial, equibiaxial, and trellising (shear) modes. A parameter sensitivity analysis is conducted to identify the most significant factors and the extent to which each can independently contribute to the variation of load-displacement curves (i.e., testing data non-repeatabilities).
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Hassan, Marwan, and David S. Weaver. "Modelling of Streamwise and Transverse Fluidelastic Instability in Tube Arrays." In ASME 2015 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2015-45428.
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The development of a theoretical model for fluidelastic instability in tubes arrays is presented. Based on the simple model of Lever and Weaver, it considers a group of 7 tubes which move in both the streamwise and transverse directions. The analysis does not constrain either tube frequency or relative mode shape so that the tubes’ behaviour evolves from a perturbation naturally. No additional empirical input is required. A particular case is used to evaluate the model’s performance and the ratio of streamwise to transverse natural frequency is varied. Both streamwise and transverse fluidelastic instability are predicted and the results agree well with experimental observations.
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Weeks, Craig A., Robert S. Bertke, and Mark W. Laber. "Soft Body Impact Damage Tolerance of Laminated and 3D Woven Composites." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0662.
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Abstract The Affordable Composite for Propulsion (ACP) program is investigating material designs and manufacturing processes which produce affordable and structurally acceptable parts for turbofan engine applications. In order to evaluate material architectures for engine structures susceptible to bird impact events, soft body impact tests were performed on laminated and 3D woven composite flat panels. Material architecture variables such as graphite/glass hybridization, stitching and type of stitch fiber for laminated composites, and ply-to-ply and through thickness interlock weaves for 3D materials were investigated. The primary test results of interest were damage resistance (velocity or energy to initiate measurable damage) and damage tolerance (resistance of the panel to propagation of existing damage). The results of these experiments are presented, and the behavior of the various material architectures are compared and contrasted. Material architecture variables which increase the soft body impact damage resistance and tolerance will be noted.
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Al Kuwaiti, Maryam H., and Abdel-Hamid I. Mourad. "Thermomechanical Characteristics of Compacted and Non-Compacted Plain Weave Woven Laminated Composites." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65764.
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Nowadays, fiber reinforced composites are widely used in variety of industrial applications such as aircraft structures, automotive, pressure vessels and piping, etc. Aircraft standard fabrication process requires certain level of vacuum compaction (debulking) during the lay-up process, and a standard bagging method for curing in an autoclave. Every compacted component cured in an autoclave needs to be vacuum bagged employing edge breathers or bleeders and surface breathers. This process is repetitive and time consuming, and therefore needs further investigation. In this research, the combined effect of the removal of compaction and edge breathing on the thermomechanical behavior of plain weave woven laminated composites is studied. Tests have been conducted on 12 lamina plain weave composite specimens. Results indicated an insignificant difference on the thermomechanical properties between compacted and non-compacted specimens. Tensile, ILSS, flexural and DSC tests confirm that for the 12 lamina specimens compaction and edge breathing are not needed.
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Hassan, Marwan. "Simulation of Fluidelastic Vibrations of Heat Exchanger Tubes With Loose Supports." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93899.
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Fluidelastic instability is regarded as the most complex and destructive flow excitation mechanism in heat exchanger tube arrays subjected to cross fluid flow. Several attempts have been made for modelling fluidelastic instability in tube arrays in order to predict the stability threshold. However, fretting wear prediction requires a nonlinear computation of the tube dynamics in which proper modelling of the fluid forcing function is essential. In this paper, a time domain simulation of fluidelastic instability is presented for a single flexible tube in an otherwise rigid array subjected to cross fluid flow. The model is based on the unsteady flow theory proposed by Lever and Weaver [1] and Yetisir and Weaver [2]. The developed model has been implemented in INDAP (Incremental Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis Program), an in-house finite element code. Numerical investigations were performed for two linear tube-array geometries and compared with published experimental data. A reasonable agreement between the numerical simulation and the experimental results was obtained. The fluidelastic force model was also coupled with a tube/support interaction model. The developed numerical model was utilized to study a loosely-supported cantilever tube subjected to air flow. Tube-to-support clearance, random excitation level, and flow velocity were then varied. The results indicated that the loose support has a stabilizing effect on the tube response. Both rms impact force and normal work rate increased as a result of increasing the flow velocity or the support radial clearance. Contact ratio exhibited a sharp increase at a flow velocity higher than the instability threshold of the first unsupported mode. In addition, an interesting behaviour has been observed, namely the change of tube’s equilibrium position due to fluid forces. This causes a single-sided impact. At a higher turbulence level, double-sided impact conditions were dominant. The influence of these dynamic regimes on the tube/support parameters was also addressed.
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BUENROSTRO, JAVIER, HYONNY KIM, ROBERT K. GOLDBERG, and TRENTON M. RICKS. "HYBRID EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE 3D RESPONSE OF WOVEN POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES." In Thirty-sixth Technical Conference. Destech Publications, Inc., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc36/35940.
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The need for advanced material models to simulate the deformation, damage, and failure of polymer matrix composites under impact conditions is becoming critical as these materials are gaining increased usage in the aerospace and automotive industries. The purpose of this work is to characterize carbon epoxy fabrics for composite material models that rely on a large number of input parameters to define their nonlinear and 3D response; e.g. elastic continuum damage mechanics models or plasticity damage models [1, 2]. It is challenging to obtain large sets of experimental stress-strain curves, therefore, careful selection of physical experiments that exhibit nonlinear behavior is done to significantly reduce the cost of generating threedimensional material databases. For this work, plain weave carbon fabrics with 3k and 12k tows are manufactured by VARTM. Testing is done using MTS hydraulic test frames and 2D digital image correlation (DIC) to obtain experimental stress-strain curves for in-plane tension and shear as well as transverse shear. For cases where actual experimental data is either not available or difficult to obtain, the required model input is virtually generated using the NASA Glenn developed Micromechanics Analysis Method/Generalized Method of Cells (MAC/GMC) code. A viscoplastic polymer model is calibrated and utilized to model the matrix constituent within a repeating unit cell (RUC) of a plain weave carbon fiber fabric. Verification and validation of this approach is done using MAT213, a tabulated orthotropic material model in the finite element code LS-DYNA, which relies on 12 input stress-strain curves in various coordinate directions [2]. Based on the model input generated by the micromechanics analyses in combination with available experimental data, a series of coupon level verification and validation analyses are carried out using the MAT 213 composite model.
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Leanos, Alma L., and Pavana Prabhakar. "A Novel Computational Framework for the Oxidation of C/C Composites Under Thermal Shock." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-51873.
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In this paper, the influence of thermal shock conditions on both, the extent of carbon materials decomposition and the through-thickness compressive stiffness degradation of 2D woven C/C composites is predicted by computational efforts and validated against experimental results. The proposed computational framework consists of two main steps: a) A radiation heat transfer analysis on a meso-scale C/C composite model exposed to thermal shock conditions accounting for the heat flux in the form of gas due to carbon material decomposition within the meso-scale model; b) A stress analysis to model the carbon stiffness degradation due to oxidation observed in the previous step. This is followed by a through-thickness compressive analysis on the meso-scale model to determine its compressive stiffness. The predicted oxidation behavior and compressive responses of the meso-scale model under various thermal shock conditions are compared with previously published experimental results, resulting in good agreement. In conclusion, the proposed computational framework can be used to aid in the design of C/C composites and protection systems. This computational model has the potential of extension to other C/C composites by changing the fiber architecture, weave pattern and/or fiber volume fraction.
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Brei, Diann. "Nexus Materials: A Vision Just Beyond the Horizon." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-15216.
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In future applications, materials will need to extend beyond that of the bulk response or even simple engineered behavior. This paper attempts to articulate an integrated vision and even push it further to the next realm of materials defined here as Nexus materials, the synergistic connection that weaves it all together. The applications in mind will demand complex functionality such as higher order actuation across surfaces/volumes, distributed conformal sensing, and full-spectrum instantaneous color change. Looking beyond the horizon, the level of complexity needs to be raised to radical state change (not just by a few percent) where the material properties can be grossly changed on command by electrical, magnetic, thermal, optical or chemical control stimuli. While it is desirable to have multiple states, the materials should be situationally functional with the ability to change key properties over time to economically accommodate changing situations- in contrast to current multifunctional materials that are time invariant. The research in nanomaterials holds the promise that one day it will be possible to design and build up materials from the bottom up into ultrahierachial systems like nature. It may be possible to achieve truly intrinsic intelligence with control and supporting elements such as power onsite via energy harvesting. However, the level of integration has to evolve beyond the discrete laminated structures of the 1990's and the discretely integrated composites of the 2000's to continuously integrated materials where the phases are indistinguishable. This doesn't mean no interfaces, but does implies minimizing the parasitic interfaces (typically extrinsic) and maximizing the helpful symbiotic interfaces (typically intrinsic). To achieve this vision, a new wholistic approach will be required that synergistically uses the design space, coupling multiple fields (piezoelectric, magnetostriction, shape memory, etc.). This alternative engineering paradigm will hopefully lead to new classes of material systems - Nexus materials - that make the ultimate, synergistic connection between the past and the future and are just beyond the horizon.
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Yang, Kang, and Wenya Li. "Anisotropic Response of Cold Sprayed Copper Deposits." In ITSC2018, edited by F. Azarmi, K. Balani, H. Li, T. Eden, K. Shinoda, T. Hussain, F. L. Toma, Y. C. Lau, and J. Veilleux. ASM International, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2018p0187.
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Abstract Cold spray (CS) is characterized as a solid-state process of high deposition efficiency for metallic coatings as well as additive manufacturing of metals. However, due to high velocity impact and extensive deformation of particles during CS, the as-received coatings or deposits may present anisotropic characteristics which could influence the performance of deposits. Hence this study aims to investigate the anisotropic behaviors of CS copper deposits in a systematic way. The microstructure and micromechanical properties of the deposits both in the cross-section (v-face) and in the parallel plane to the surface (p-face) were characterized. Tensile tests were performed at various loading angles with respect to the nozzle moving direction in the p-face. It is revealed that there exist strong microstructural and mechanical anisotropies in CS deposits. Different interparticle interaction results in more severe particle impact deformation in v-face than p-face, with larger elastic modulus and microhardness values. The tensile tests show an unexpected anisotropy in both ultimate tensile strength and elongation, with the highest performance occurring at the angle of 20°. The in-plane tensile anisotropy could be attributed to the parallel multiple passes. Therefore, a novel weave-spraying method was proposed, which can greatly reduce the tensile anisotropy of CS deposits.