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Journal articles on the topic 'Oral vaccines'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Zhu, Qing, and Jay A. Berzofsky. "Oral vaccines." Gut Microbes 4, no. 3 (May 2013): 246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/gmic.24197.

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2

Van der Weken, Hans, Eric Cox, and Bert Devriendt. "Advances in Oral Subunit Vaccine Design." Vaccines 9, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9010001.

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Many pathogens invade the host at the intestinal surface. To protect against these enteropathogens, the induction of intestinal secretory IgA (SIgA) responses is paramount. While systemic vaccination provides strong systemic immune responses, oral vaccination is the most efficient way to trigger protective SIgA responses. However, the development of oral vaccines, especially oral subunit vaccines, is challenging due to mechanisms inherent to the gut. Oral vaccines need to survive the harsh environment in the gastrointestinal tract, characterized by low pH and intestinal proteases and need to reach the gut-associated lymphoid tissues, which are protected by chemical and physical barriers that prevent efficient uptake. Furthermore, they need to surmount default tolerogenic responses present in the gut, resulting in suppression of immunity or tolerance. Several strategies have been developed to tackle these hurdles, such as delivery systems that protect vaccine antigens from degradation, strong mucosal adjuvants that induce robust immune responses and targeting approaches that aim to selectively deliver vaccine antigens towards specific immune cell populations. In this review, we discuss recent advances in oral vaccine design to enable the induction of robust gut immunity and highlight that the development of next generation oral subunit vaccines will require approaches that combines these solutions.
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Coffey, Jacob William, Gaurav Das Gaiha, and Giovanni Traverso. "Oral Biologic Delivery: Advances Toward Oral Subunit, DNA, and mRNA Vaccines and the Potential for Mass Vaccination During Pandemics." Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 61, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 517–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-030320-092348.

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Oral vaccination enables pain-free and self-administrable vaccine delivery for rapid mass vaccination during pandemic outbreaks. Furthermore, it elicits systemic and mucosal immune responses. This protects against infection at mucosal surfaces, which may further enhance protection and minimize the spread of disease. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract presents a number of prospective mucosal inductive sites for vaccine targeting, including the oral cavity, stomach, and small intestine. However, currently available oral vaccines are effectively limited to live-attenuated and inactivated vaccines against enteric diseases. The GI tract poses a number of challenges,including degradative processes that digest biologics and mucosal barriers that limit their absorption. This review summarizes the approaches currently under development and future opportunities for oral vaccine delivery to established (intestinal) and relatively new (oral cavity, stomach) mucosal targets. Special consideration is given to recent advances in oral biologic delivery that offer promise as future platforms for the administration of oral vaccines.
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4

Folorunso, Olufemi Samuel, and Olihile M. Sebolai. "Overview of the Development, Impacts, and Challenges of Live-Attenuated Oral Rotavirus Vaccines." Vaccines 8, no. 3 (June 27, 2020): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030341.

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Safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness are paramount to vaccine development. Following the isolation of rotavirus particles in 1969 and its evidence as an aetiology of severe dehydrating diarrhoea in infants and young children worldwide, the quest to find not only an acceptable and reliable but cost-effective vaccine has continued until now. Four live-attenuated oral rotavirus vaccines (LAORoVs) (Rotarix®, RotaTeq®, Rotavac®, and RotaSIIL®) have been developed and licensed to be used against all forms of rotavirus-associated infection. The efficacy of these vaccines is more obvious in the high-income countries (HIC) compared with the low- to middle-income countries (LMICs); however, the impact is far exceeding in the low-income countries (LICs). Despite the rotavirus vaccine efficacy and effectiveness, more than 90 countries (mostly Asia, America, and Europe) are yet to implement any of these vaccines. Implementation of these vaccines has continued to suffer a setback in these countries due to the vaccine cost, policy, discharging of strategic preventive measures, and infrastructures. This review reappraises the impacts and effectiveness of the current live-attenuated oral rotavirus vaccines from many representative countries of the globe. It examines the problems associated with the low efficacy of these vaccines and the way forward. Lastly, forefront efforts put forward to develop initial procedures for oral rotavirus vaccines were examined and re-connected to today vaccines.
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Faruck, Mohammad O., Prashamsa Koirala, Jieru Yang, Michael J. D’Occhio, Mariusz Skwarczynski, and Istvan Toth. "Polyacrylate-GnRH Peptide Conjugate as an Oral Contraceptive Vaccine Candidate." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 7 (July 15, 2021): 1081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13071081.

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Contraceptive vaccines are designed to elicit immune responses against major components of animal reproductive systems. These vaccines, which are most commonly administered via injection, typically target gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). However, the need to restrain animals for treatment limits the field applications of injectable vaccines. Oral administration would broaden vaccine applicability. We explored contraceptive vaccine candidates composed of GnRH peptide hormone, universal T helper PADRE (P), and a poly(methylacrylate) (PMA)-based delivery system. When self-assembled into nanoparticles, PMA-P-GnRH induced the production of high IgG titers after subcutaneous and oral administration in mice. PADRE was then replaced with pig T helper derived from the swine flu virus, and the vaccine was tested in pigs. High levels of systemic antibodies were produced in pigs after both injection and oral administration of the vaccine. In conclusion, we developed a simple peptide–polymer conjugate that shows promise as an effective, adjuvant-free, oral GnRH-based contraceptive vaccine.
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6

Hanna, Jeffrey, HarryF Hull, Jong Wook Lee, PeterA Patriarca, SamuelL Katz, and RobertT Chen. "Oral poliomyelitis vaccines." Lancet 347, no. 9013 (May 1996): 1495–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(96)91736-5.

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7

Kabir, Shahjahan. "Critical Analysis of Compositions and Protective Efficacies of Oral Killed Cholera Vaccines." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 21, no. 9 (July 23, 2014): 1195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00378-14.

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ABSTRACTTwo cholera vaccines, sold as Shanchol and Dukoral, are currently available. This review presents a critical analysis of the protective efficacies of these vaccines. Children under 5 years of age are very vulnerable to cholera and account for the highest incidence of cholera cases and more than half of the resulting deaths. Both Shanchol and Dukoral are two-spaced-dose oral vaccines comprising large numbers of killed cholera bacteria. The former containsVibrio choleraeO1 and O139 cells, and the latter containsV. choleraeO1 cells with the recombinant B subunit of cholera toxin. In a field trial in Kolkata (India), Shanchol, the preferred vaccine, protected 45% of the test subjects in all of the age groups and only 17% of the children under 5 years of age during the first year of surveillance. In a field trial in Peru, two spaced doses of Dukoral offered negative protection in children under 5 years of age and little protection (15%) in vaccinees over 6 years of age during the first year of surveillance. Little is known about Dukoral's long-term protective efficacy. Both of these vaccines have questionable compositions, usingV. choleraeO1 strains isolated in 1947 that have been inactivated by heat and formalin treatments that may denature protein. Immunological studies revealed Dukoral's reduced and short-lived efficacy, as measured by several immunological endpoints. Various factors, such as the necessity for multiple doses, poor protection of children under 5 years of age, the requirement of a cold supply chain, production costs, and complex logistics of vaccine delivery, greatly reduce the suitability of either of these vaccines for endemic or epidemic cholera control in resource-poor settings.
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8

Bhairy, Srinivas Rajesham, and Rajashree Shreeram Hirlekar. "EDIBLE VACCINES: AN ADVANCEMENT IN ORAL IMMUNIZATION." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i2.15825.

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Vaccines represent a useful contribution to the field of biotechnology as they supply protection against various diseases. But, the major obstacle to oral vaccination is the digestion of macromolecule antigenic protein within the stomach due to extremely acidic pH. To address this issue, scientist Arntzen introduced the concept of edible vaccines. Edible vaccines are prepared by using the science of genetic engineering in which the selected genes are introduced into the plants by means of various methods. The transgenic plant is then induced to manufacture the encoded protein which acts as a vaccine. Owing to its low cost, it will be affordable for developing countries like India. Edible vaccines are used to treat various diseases like malaria, measles, hepatitis B, stopping autoimmunity in type-1 diabetes, cholera, enterotoxicogenic E.coli (ETEC), HIV and anthrax. This review comprises mechanism of action, methods of development, candidate plants, applications, clinical trials and patents of edible vaccines.Keywords: Edible vaccines, Antigens, Oral immunization, Immunity.
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9

Chatfield, S. N., M. Roberts, G. Dougan, C. Hormaeche, and C. M. A. Khan. "The development of oral vaccines against parasitic diseases utilizing live attenuatedSalmonella." Parasitology 110, S1 (March 1995): S17—S24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000001451.

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SummaryGenetically defined, live attenuatedSalmonellavaccines are proving useful both as oral vaccines against salmonellosis and for the development of multivalent vaccines based on the expression of heterologous antigens in such strains. Several candidate attenuatedS. typhistrains are at present being evaluated as new single dose oral typhoid vaccines in human volunteers. The emergence of such a vaccine will facilitate the development of multivalent vaccines for humans. Many antigens from different infectious organisms have been expressed in attenuatedSalmonella. A focus of this work has been on developing vaccines against parasitic diseases. This review will summarize the efforts that have been made in this area.
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10

Kang, Sung, Seok Hong, Yong-Kyu Lee, and Sungpil Cho. "Oral Vaccine Delivery for Intestinal Immunity—Biological Basis, Barriers, Delivery System, and M Cell Targeting." Polymers 10, no. 9 (August 27, 2018): 948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10090948.

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Most currently available commercial vaccines are delivered by systemic injection. However, needle-free oral vaccine delivery is currently of great interest for several reasons, including the ability to elicit mucosal immune responses, ease of administration, and the relatively improved safety. This review summarizes the biological basis, various physiological and immunological barriers, current delivery systems with delivery criteria, and suggestions for strategies to enhance the delivery of oral vaccines. In oral vaccine delivery, basic requirements are the protection of antigens from the GI environment, targeting of M cells and activation of the innate immune response. Approaches to address these requirements aim to provide new vaccines and delivery systems that mimic the pathogen’s properties, which are capable of eliciting a protective mucosal immune response and a systemic immune response and that make an impact on current oral vaccine development.
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11

Khalil, M. K., Y. Y. Al Mazrou, and Y. S. Al Ghamdi. "Vaccines: World Health Organization versus Federal Drug Administration recommended formula." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 6, no. 4 (August 15, 2000): 644–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2000.6.4.644.

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Vaccines produced in accordance with WHO formulas, differ in concentration from those used in United States according to FDA formulas. We aimed to compare the immunogenicity of both formulas. Infants who were 6 weeks old were randomly put into 3 groups to receive 3 doses of vaccines at 6 weeks, 3 months and 5 months of age. The vaccines consisted of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine, diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis and oral polio vaccine. Antibody levels for polyribosylribitol phosphate [PRP], tetanus, diphtheria and poliovirus were measured 1 month after the third dose of vaccines. Although diphtheria and tetanus antigens in the FDA formula are half the concentration of the WHO formula, anti-tetanus and anti-diphtheria antibodies were significantly higher. No difference was found between groups regarding oral poliovirus vaccine
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12

O'Brien, Timothy J. "Pediatric Immunizations: A Review." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 2, no. 1 (February 1989): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089719008900200104.

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Since Edward Jenner discovered that injecting cowpox virus into humans could prevent smallpox, the science of immunology has produced many vaccines that have virtually eradicated some of the worst childhood diseases known to mankind. Along with this great benefit, some vaccines carry with them potentially serious side effects. This review considers the mechanisms of immunology and how these are taken advantage of in vaccine production. The pharmacist is then acquainted with each of the vaccines used in childhood: measles, mumps, rubella (MMR); diphtheria, tetanus toxoids, and pertussis (DTP); oral polio vaccine (OPV); inactivated polio vaccine (IPV); and Hemophilus influenza type b vaccine (HIB). A review of each respective disease entity is considered along with each vaccines's method of production, immunization schedule, and adverse reactions. Some of the more controversial issues of vaccination are considered such as the use of live attenuated vaccines in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive children and the inadvertent use of rubella vaccine in pregnant women. This report capitalizes on the most recent recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee in order to provide the pharmacist with the most current information in the field of vaccine immunology today.
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13

Rezaei, Marzieh, Mohammad Rabbani Khorasgani, and Mohammad Reza Aliramaei. "Recombinant Lactococcus, a New Approach to Oral Vaccines." Journal of Arak University Medical Sciences 23, no. 6 (February 1, 2021): 786–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jams.23.6.5030.3.

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Background and Aim: The genus of Lactococcus lactis belonging to the Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) group, is a gram-positive, faculative anaerobic, non-spore-forming, and non-motile bacterium. The present study aimed to introduce LAB, especially non-pathogenic, non-invasive, and safe Lactococcus lactis. Accordingly, we examined the previous studies concerning the advantages, limitations, promotion methods, and future prospects of oral vaccines based on this bacterium. This is because it is a potentially promising strategy for the vaccine production and prevention of some infectious diseases. Methods & Materials: In this review article, 62 studies related to Lactococcus lactis and its application in producing oral vaccines were collected through searching databases, such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus published from 1981 to 2020. Ethical Considerations This article was approved by the Ethical Research Committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences with the number 1396/99. Results: Lactococcus lactis, as a safe microorganism, is widely used in the food industry. Live recombinant Lactococcus lactis as a "biologic drug" is orally administered as one of the live vaccines expressing viral and bacterial antigens. Conclusion: Recombinant Lactococcus-based vector can be suitable substitutes for live attenuated vaccines. Moreover, it can be a safe and food-grade host for manufacturing the desired products of human consumption over other systems. It also presents a high potential for vaccine delivery, especially through mucosal methods to prevent or treat certain diseases.
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14

Czerkinsky, Cecil, and Jan Holmgren. "Vaccines against enteric infections for the developing world." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1671 (June 19, 2015): 20150142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0142.

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Since the first licensure of the Sabin oral polio vaccine more than 50 years ago, only eight enteric vaccines have been licensed for four disease indications, and all are given orally. While mucosal vaccines offer programmatically attractive tools for facilitating vaccine deployment, their development remains hampered by several factors: — limited knowledge regarding the properties of the gut immune system during early life; — lack of mucosal adjuvants, limiting mucosal vaccine development to live-attenuated or killed whole virus and bacterial vaccines; — lack of correlates/surrogates of mucosal immune protection; and — limited knowledge of the factors contributing to oral vaccine underperformance in children from developing countries. There are now reasons to believe that the development of safe and effective mucosal adjuvants and of programmatically sound intervention strategies could enhance the efficacy of current and next-generation enteric vaccines, especially in lesser developed countries which are often co-endemic for enteric infections and malnutrition. These vaccines must be safe and affordable for the world's poorest, confer long-term protection and herd immunity, and must be able to contain epidemics.
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15

OʼHagan, Derek T. "Oral Delivery of Vaccines." Clinical Pharmacokinetics 22, no. 1 (January 1992): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003088-199222010-00001.

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16

Smith, Adrian. "Oral vaccines from plants." Pharmaceutical Science & Technology Today 1, no. 2 (May 1998): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1461-5347(98)00021-2.

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17

Shin, S., S. N. Desai, B. K. Sah, and J. D. Clemens. "Oral Vaccines Against Cholera." Clinical Infectious Diseases 52, no. 11 (April 14, 2011): 1343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir141.

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18

Hensley, Casey, Peng Zhou, Sofia Schnur, Hassan M. Mahsoub, Yu Liang, Min-Xuan Wang, Caroline Page, Lijuan Yuan, and Victor Bronshtein. "Thermostable, Dissolvable Buccal Film Rotavirus Vaccine Is Highly Effective in Neonatal Gnotobiotic Pig Challenge Model." Vaccines 9, no. 5 (April 30, 2021): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9050437.

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Difficulties related to storage and transport of currently available live oral rotavirus vaccines can have detrimental consequences on the efficacy of the vaccines. Thus, there is a great need for thermostable vaccines that can eliminate the necessity for cold chain storage or reconstitution before administration. In this study, we developed a dissolvable oral polymeric film comprised of a live attenuated thermostable tetravalent rhesus-human reassortant rotavirus vaccine (RRV-TV) powder and antacid (CaCO3). Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the vaccine after buccal delivery was evaluated in the gnotobiotic pig model of human rotavirus (HRV) infection and diarrhea. Two doses of the vaccine were highly immunogenic and conferred strong protection against virus shedding and diarrhea upon challenge with a high dose of a virulent G1 HRV in gnotobiotic pigs. Those pigs vaccinated with the preserved film vaccine had significantly delayed onset of diarrhea; reduced duration and area under the curve of diarrhea; delayed onset of fecal virus shedding; and reduced duration and peak of fecal virus shedding titers compared to pigs in both the placebo and the reconstituted liquid oral RRV-TV vaccine groups. Associated with the strong protection, high titers of serum virus neutralization antibodies against each of the four RRV-TV mono-reassortants and G1 HRV-specific serum IgA and IgG antibodies, as well as intestinal IgA antibodies, were induced by the preserved film vaccine. These results demonstrated the effectiveness of our thermostable buccal film rotavirus vaccine and warrant further investigation into the promise of the novel technology in addressing drawbacks of the current live oral HRV vaccines.
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Tacket, Carol O., Marcelo B. Sztein, Steven S. Wasserman, Genevieve Losonsky, Karen L. Kotloff, Timothy L. Wyant, James P. Nataro, et al. "Phase 2 Clinical Trial of AttenuatedSalmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Oral Live Vector Vaccine CVD 908-htrA in U.S. Volunteers." Infection and Immunity 68, no. 3 (March 1, 2000): 1196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.3.1196-1201.2000.

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ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strain CVD 908-htrA is a live attenuated strain which may be useful as an improved oral typhoid vaccine and as a vector for cloned genes of other pathogens. We conducted a phase 2 trial in which 80 healthy adults received one of two dosage levels of CVD 908-htrA in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. There were no differences in the rates of side effects among volunteers who received high-dose vaccine (4.5 × 108 CFU), lower-dose vaccine (5 × 107 CFU), or placebo in the 21 days after vaccination, although recipients of high-dose vaccine (8%) had more frequent diarrhea than placebo recipients (0%) in the first 7 days. Seventy-seven percent and 46% of recipients of high- and lower-dose vaccines, respectively, briefly excreted vaccine organisms in their stools. All blood cultures were negative. Antibody-secreting cells producing antilipopolysaccharide (LPS) immunoglobulin A (IgA) were detected in 100 and 92% of recipients of high- and lower-dose vaccines, respectively. Almost half the volunteers developed serum anti-LPS IgG. Lymphocyte proliferation and gamma interferon production against serovar Typhi antigens occurred in a significant proportion of vaccinees. This phase 2 study supports the further development of CVD 908-htrA as a single-dose vaccine against typhoid fever and as a possible live vector for oral delivery of other vaccine antigens.
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20

Stahl-Hennig, Christiane, Seraphin Kuate, Monika Franz, You S. Suh, Heribert Stoiber, Ulrike Sauermann, Klara Tenner-Racz, et al. "Atraumatic Oral Spray Immunization with Replication-Deficient Viral Vector Vaccines." Journal of Virology 81, no. 23 (September 26, 2007): 13180–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01400-07.

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ABSTRACT The development of needle-free vaccines is one of the recently defined “grand challenges in global health” (H. Varmus, R. Klausner, R. Klausner, R. Zerhouni, T. Acharya, A. S. Daar, and P. A. Singer, Science 302:398-399, 2003). To explore whether a natural pathway to the inductive site of the mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue could be exploited for atraumatic immunization purposes, replication-deficient viral vector vaccines were sprayed directly onto the tonsils of rhesus macaques. Tonsillar immunization with viral vector vaccines encoding simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) antigens induced cellular and humoral immune responses. Viral RNA levels after a stringent SIV challenge were reduced, providing a level of protection similar to that observed after systemic immunization with the same vaccines. Thus, atraumatic oral spray immunization with replication-deficient vectors can overcome the epithelial barrier, deliver the vaccine antigen to the mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue, and avoid induction of tolerance, providing a novel approach to circumvent acceptability problems of syringe and needle vaccines for children and in developing countries.
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Turlewicz-Podbielska, Hanna, Anna Kuriga, Rafał Niemyjski, Grzegorz Tarasiuk, and Małgorzata Pomorska-Mól. "African Swine Fever Virus as a Difficult Opponent in the Fight for a Vaccine—Current Data." Viruses 13, no. 7 (June 23, 2021): 1212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13071212.

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Prevention and control of African swine fever virus (ASFV) in Europe, Asia, and Africa seem to be extremely difficult in view of the ease with which it spreads, its high resistance to environmental conditions, and the many obstacles related to the introduction of effective specific immunoprophylaxis. Biological properties of ASFV indicate that the African swine fever (ASF) pandemic will continue to develop and that only the implementation of an effective and safe vaccine will ensure a reduction in the spread of ASFV. At present, vaccines against ASF are not available. The latest approaches to the ASFV vaccine’s design concentrate on the development of either modified live vaccines by targeted gene deletion from different isolates or subunit vaccines. The construction of an effective vaccine is hindered by the complex structure of the virus, the lack of an effective continuous cell line for the isolation and propagation of ASFV, unpredictable and stain-specific phenotypes after the genetic modification of ASFV, a risk of reversion to virulence, and our current inability to differentiate infected animals from vaccinated ones. Moreover, the design of vaccines intended for wild boars and oral administration is desirable. Despite several obstacles, the design of a safe and effective vaccine against ASFV seems to be achievable.
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Ashraf, Muhammad Umer, Yeji Kim, Sunil Kumar, Dongyeob Seo, Maryam Ashraf, and Yong-Soo Bae. "COVID-19 Vaccines (Revisited) and Oral-Mucosal Vector System as a Potential Vaccine Platform." Vaccines 9, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9020171.

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There are several emerging strategies for the vaccination of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) however, only a few have yet shown promising effects. Thus, choosing the right pathway and the best prophylactic options in preventing COVID-19 is still challenging at best. Approximately, more than two-hundred vaccines are being tested in different countries, and more than fifty clinical trials are currently undergoing. In this review, we have summarized the immune-based strategies for the development of COVID-19 vaccines and the different vaccine candidate platforms that are in clinical stages of evaluation, and up to the recently licensed mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines of Pfizer-BioNtech and Moderna’s. Lastly, we have briefly included the potentials of using the ‘RPS-CTP vector system’ for the development of a safe and effective oral mucosal COVID-19 vaccine as another vaccine platform.
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Cárdenas, L., and J. D. Clements. "Oral immunization using live attenuated Salmonella spp. as carriers of foreign antigens." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 5, no. 3 (July 1992): 328–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.5.3.328.

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A variety of techniques, including the use of live oral vaccines, have been used to deliver antigens to the gut-associated lymphoid tissues in an attempt to initiate production of specific secretory immunoglobulin A for protection against pathogens that colonize or cross mucosal surfaces to initiate infection. A number of attenuated Salmonella mutants are able to interact with the lymphoid tissues in the Peyer's patches but are not able to cause systemic disease. Some of these mutants are effective as live vaccines (i.e., able to protect against infection with the virulent Salmonella parent) and are candidates for use as carriers for virulence determinants of other mucosal pathogens. This has been shown to be an effective means of stimulating significant levels of specific mucosal secretory immunoglobulin A directed against the carrier strains and against a variety of heterologous antigens and has been shown to stimulate production of serum antibodies and cell-mediated responses as well. This review examines the history of this mechanism of vaccine delivery and summarizes the most recent applications of this evolving technology. This is a technique for vaccine delivery with significant potential for influencing the management of infectious diseases on a large scale. It can be used not only for vaccines against enteric bacterial pathogens but also for vaccines against a variety of other bacteria, viruses, and parasites. The results obtained to date are encouraging, and there is great potential for development of safe, effective, affordable vaccines.
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Karpova, E. V., К. А. Sarkisyan, A. A. Movsesyants, and V. A. Merkulov. "Preventive Vaccination against Poliomyelitis: Modern View." BIOpreparations. Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment 18, no. 4 (December 20, 2018): 236–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30895/2221-996x-2018-18-4-236-242.

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Poliomyelitis is a typical anthroponosis, in natural conditions it infects only humans. The only effective strategy for combating the infection is preventive vaccination. The polio vaccine induces long-lasting humoral and local immunity. The article presents a brief history of polio vaccine development, and compares live and inactivated vaccines currently licensed and used in Russia. It also dwells upon the benefits and shortcomings of each of these vaccines. The results of analysis demonstrated that all foreign-made and domestically-produced polio vaccines currently used in Russia meet international requirements in terms of main quality characteristics and comply with the WHO recommendations. The article looks into some issues arising from the use of live polio vaccine, in particular the development of vaccine-associated paralytic polio, and the appearance of vaccine-derived polioviruses. It reviews the main approaches of the current WHO polio eradication initiative, and summarises the outcomes of the 30-year period since the adoption of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. The article describes the transition from live attenuated oral polio vaccine (types 1, 2 and 3) to bivalent vaccine (live attenuated oral polio vaccine, types 1 and 3). It discusses the necessity of using polio vaccines (both live and inactivated) at the final stage of polio eradication. The article presents the new National Immunisation Schedule.
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Sit, Brandon, Bolutife Fakoya, Ting Zhang, Gabriel Billings, and Matthew K. Waldor. "Dissecting serotype-specific contributions to live oral cholera vaccine efficacy." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 7 (February 8, 2021): e2018032118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2018032118.

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The O1 serogroup of Vibrio cholerae causes pandemic cholera and is divided into the Ogawa and Inaba serotypes. The O-antigen is V. cholerae’s immunodominant antigen, and the two serotypes, which differ by the presence or absence of a terminally methylated O-antigen, likely influence development of immunity to cholera and oral cholera vaccines (OCVs). However, there is no consensus regarding the relative immunological potency of each serotype, in part because previous studies relied on genetically heterogeneous strains. Here, we engineered matched serotype variants of a live OCV candidate, HaitiV, and used a germfree mouse model to evaluate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of each vaccine serotype. By combining vibriocidal antibody quantification with single- and mixed-strain infection assays, we found that all three HaitiV variants—InabaV, OgawaV, and HikoV (bivalent Inaba/Ogawa)—were immunogenic and protective. None of the vaccine serotypes were superior across both of these vaccine metrics, suggesting that the impact of O1-serotype variation in OCV design, although detectable, is subtle. However, all three live vaccines significantly outperformed formalin-killed HikoV, supporting the idea that live OCV usage will bolster current cholera control practices. The potency of OCVs was found to be challenge strain-dependent, emphasizing the importance of appropriate strain selection for cholera challenge studies. Our findings and experimental approaches will be valuable for guiding the development of live OCVs and oral vaccines for additional pathogens.
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Ryan, Edward T., Stephen B. Calderwood, and Firdausi Qadri. "Live attenuated oral cholera vaccines." Expert Review of Vaccines 5, no. 4 (August 2006): 483–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14760584.5.4.483.

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Lugade, Amit A., Suresh Kalathil, Jonathan L. Heald, and Yasmin Thanavala. "Transgenic Plant-Based Oral Vaccines." Immunological Investigations 39, no. 4-5 (January 1, 2010): 468–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08820131003622643.

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&NA;. "Progress with oral enteric vaccines." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 815 (November 1991): 2–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199108150-00006.

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New, R. R. C. "Formulation technologies for oral vaccines." Clinical & Experimental Immunology 198, no. 2 (August 8, 2019): 153–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cei.13352.

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Gilligan, C. A., and A. Li Wan Po. "ORAL ENTERIC VACCINES—CLINICAL TRIALS." Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 16, no. 5 (October 1991): 309–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2710.1991.tb00321.x.

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Curtiss, Roy, Sandra M. Kelly, and J. Olu Hassan. "Live oral avirulent Salmonella vaccines." Veterinary Microbiology 37, no. 3-4 (November 1993): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1135(93)90038-9.

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Ferguson, Anne, and Jamal Sallam. "Mucosal immunity to oral vaccines." Lancet 339, no. 8786 (January 1992): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(92)90242-u.

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Gilligan, C. A., and A. Li Wan Po. "Oral vaccines: Design and delivery." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 75, no. 1 (August 1991): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5173(91)90246-k.

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34

Chen, Shing C., David H. Jones, Ellen F. Fynan, Graham H. Farrar, J. Christopher S. Clegg, Harry B. Greenberg, and John E. Herrmann. "Protective Immunity Induced by Oral Immunization with a Rotavirus DNA Vaccine Encapsulated in Microparticles." Journal of Virology 72, no. 7 (1998): 5757–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.72.7.5757-5761.1998.

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DNA vaccines are usually given by intramuscular injection or by gene gun delivery of DNA-coated particles into the epidermis. Induction of mucosal immunity by targeting DNA vaccines to mucosal surfaces may offer advantages, and an oral vaccine could be effective for controlling infections of the gut mucosa. In a murine model, we obtained protective immune responses after oral immunization with a rotavirus VP6 DNA vaccine encapsulated in poly(lactide-coglycolide) (PLG) microparticles. One dose of vaccine given to BALB/c mice elicited both rotavirus-specific serum antibodies and intestinal immunoglobulin A (IgA). After challenge at 12 weeks postimmunization with homologous rotavirus, fecal rotavirus antigen was significantly reduced compared with controls. Earlier and higher fecal rotavirus-specific IgA responses were noted during the peak period of viral shedding, suggesting that protection was due to specific mucosal immune responses. The results that we obtained with PLG-encapsulated rotavirus VP6 DNA are the first to demonstrate protection against an infectious agent elicited after oral administration of a DNA vaccine.
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Harrell, Jaikin E., Jonathan R. Kurtz, David L. Bauer, J. Timothy Prior, Patrick S. Gellings, Lisa A. Morici, and James B. McLachlan. "An Outer Membrane Vesicle-Adjuvanted Oral Vaccine Protects Against Lethal, Oral Salmonella Infection." Pathogens 10, no. 5 (May 18, 2021): 616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10050616.

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Non-typhoidal salmonellosis, caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a common fecal-oral disease characterized by mild gastrointestinal distress resulting in diarrhea, chills, fever, abdominal cramps, head and body aches, nausea, and vomiting. Increasing incidences of antibiotic resistant invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella infections makes this a global threat requiring novel treatment strategies including next-generation vaccines. The goal of the current study was to formulate a novel vaccine platform against Salmonella infection that could be delivered orally. To accomplish this, we created a Salmonella-specific vaccine adjuvanted with Burkholderia pseudomallei outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). We show that adding OMVs to a heat-killed oral Salmonella vaccine (HKST + OMVs) protects against a lethal, oral challenge with Salmonella. Further, we show that opsonizing anti-Salmonella antibodies are induced in response to immunization and that CD4 T cells and B cells can be induced when OMVs are used as the oral adjuvant. This study represents a novel oral vaccine approach to combatting the increasing problem of invasive Salmonella infections.
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36

Hooper, Edward. "Experimental oral polio vaccines and acquired immune deficiency syndrome." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 356, no. 1410 (June 29, 2001): 803–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2001.0860.

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The simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) of the common chimpanzee is widely acknowledged as the direct ancestor of HIV–1. There is increasing historical evidence that during the late 1950s, kidneys were routinely excised from central African chimpanzees by scientists who were collaborating with the polio vaccine research of Dr Hilary Koprowski, and sent – inter alia – to vaccine–making laboratories in the USA and Africa, and to unspecified destinations in Belgium. While there is no direct evidence that cells from these kidneys were used as a substrate for growing Dr Koprowski's oral polio vaccines, there is a startling coincidence between places in Africa where his CHAT vaccine was fed, and the first appearances in the world of HIV–1 group M and group–M–related AIDS. Because of the enormous implications of the hypothesis that AIDS may be an unintended iatrogenic (physician–caused) disease, it is almost inevitable that this theory will engender heated opposition from many of those in the scientific establishment, and those with vested interests.
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Dennehy, Penelope H. "Rotavirus Vaccines: an Overview." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 21, no. 1 (January 2008): 198–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00029-07.

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SUMMARY Rotavirus infection is the most common cause of severe diarrhea disease in infants and young children worldwide and continues to have a major global impact on childhood morbidity and mortality. Vaccination is the only control measure likely to have a significant impact on the incidence of severe dehydrating rotavirus disease. In 1999, a highly efficacious rotavirus vaccine licensed in the United States, RotaShield, was withdrawn from the market after 14 months because of its association with intussusception. Two new live, oral, attenuated rotavirus vaccines were licensed in 2006: the pentavalent bovine-human reassortant vaccine (RotaTeq) and the monovalent human rotavirus vaccine (Rotarix). Both vaccines have demonstrated very good safety and efficacy profiles in large clinical trials in western industrialized countries and in Latin America. Careful surveillance has not revealed any increased risk of intussusception in the vaccinated groups with either vaccine. The new rotavirus vaccines are now introduced for routine use in a number of industrialized and developing countries. These new safe and effective rotavirus vaccines offer the best hope of reducing the toll of acute rotavirus gastroenteritis in both developed and developing countries.
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Gregory, James A., Aaron B. Topol, David Z. Doerner, and Stephen Mayfield. "Alga-Produced Cholera Toxin-Pfs25 Fusion Proteins as Oral Vaccines." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no. 13 (April 19, 2013): 3917–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00714-13.

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ABSTRACTInfectious diseases disproportionately affect indigent regions and are the greatest cause of childhood mortality in developing countries. Practical, low-cost vaccines for use in these countries are paramount to reducing disease burdens and concomitant poverty. Algae are a promising low-cost system for producing vaccines that can be orally delivered, thereby avoiding expensive purification and injectable delivery. We engineered the chloroplast of the eukaryotic algaChlamydomonas reinhardtiito produce a chimeric protein consisting of the 25-kDaPlasmodium falciparumsurface protein (Pfs25) fused to the β subunit of the cholera toxin (CtxB) to investigate an alga-based whole-cell oral vaccine. Pfs25 is a promising malaria transmission-blocking vaccine candidate that has been difficult to produce in traditional recombinant systems due to its structurally complex tandem repeats of epidermal growth factor-like domains. The noncatalytic CtxB domain of the cholera holotoxin assembles into a pentameric structure and acts as a mucosal adjuvant by binding GM1 ganglioside receptors on gut epithelial cells. We demonstrate that CtxB-Pfs25 accumulates as a soluble, properly folded and functional protein within algal chloroplasts, and it is stable in freeze-dried alga cells at ambient temperatures. In mice, oral vaccination using freeze-dried algae that produce CtxB-Pfs25 elicited CtxB-specific serum IgG antibodies and both CtxB- and Pfs25-specific secretory IgA antibodies. These data suggest that algae are a promising system for production and oral delivery of vaccine antigens, but as an orally delivered adjuvant, CtxB is best suited for eliciting secretory IgA antibodies for vaccine antigens against pathogens that invade mucosal surfaces using this strategy.
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39

Lashkevich, V. A., and G. G. Karganova. "ON MODERN APPROACHES TO CREATION OF A SINGLE-CYCLE VACCINE AGAINST TICK-BORNE ENCEPHALITIS." Problems of Virology, Russian journal 63, no. 3 (June 20, 2018): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0507-4088-2018-63-3-101-105.

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In Russia, about 2000 people get tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) every year. Almost none of them are vaccinated. For the prevention of TBE, inactivated vaccines (IVTBE) are used. IVTBE are safe and protect from TBE not less than 95% of vaccinated. The disadvantages of IVTBE are the need for numerous intramuscular injections by medical personnel, the high cost of vaccination and the vaccination refusals. A new vaccine against TBE should not be inferior to IVTBE in its safety and efficacy, should cause long-term immunity after a single application, and, preferably, be effective after oral administration. Currently, genetic engineering methods for producing replication-defective (single-cycle) flaviviruses that can serve as the basis for creating new types of safe vaccines similar in many characteristics to classic live vaccines based on attenuated strains of viruses have been proposed. The possibility of infecting humans with TBE by the use of milk of naturally infected animals, as well as the experience of using experimental live TBE vaccines, are prerequisites for the creation of a safe oral single-dose TBE vaccine.
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Jahan, Archie, Shoyaib, Kabir, and Cheung. "Recent Approaches for Solid Dose Vaccine Delivery." Scientia Pharmaceutica 87, no. 4 (October 14, 2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/scipharm87040027.

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Recent studies on vaccine delivery systems are exploring the possibility of replacing liquid vaccines with solid dose vaccines due to the many advantages that solid dose vaccines can offer. These include the prospect of a needle-free vaccine delivery system leading to better patient compliance, cold chain storage, less-trained vaccinators and fewer chances for needle stick injury hazards. Some studies also indicate that vaccines in a solid dosage form can result in a higher level of immunogenicity compared to the liquid form, thus providing a dose-sparing effect. This review outlines the different approaches in solid vaccine delivery using various routes of administration including, oral, pulmonary, intranasal, buccal, sublingual, and transdermal routes. The various techniques and their current advancements will provide a knowledge base for future work to be carried out in this arena.
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Scott-Garrard, Maya, Xinshuo Wang, Yu-Wei Chiang, and Frederic David. "Thirteen-month duration of immunity of an oral canine vaccine against challenge with Bordetella bronchiseptica." Veterinary Record Open 7, no. 1 (October 2020): e000423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vetreco-2020-000423.

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BackgroundVery few studies have evaluated the duration of immunity of Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccines in dogs, and to date, no studies have been published on the duration of immunity of oral canine Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccines. This study was designed to determine the effectiveness of a single dose of an oral B bronchiseptica vaccine in dogs when challenged 13 months after vaccination.MethodsTwo groups of approximately eight-week-old beagles were vaccinated once with 1 ml of placebo vaccine (oral, n=17) or 1 ml of Recombitek Oral Bordetella (oral, n=17). Thirteen months after vaccination, both groups were challenged with virulent B bronchiseptica via aerosolisation.ResultsThirteen of 17 dogs in the placebo group (76.5 per cent) and no dogs in the Recombitek Oral Bordetella vaccine group (0.0 per cent) developed spontaneous cough of two or more consecutive days (disease case definition). Dogs in the Recombitek Oral Bordetella group had a significantly lower prevalence of disease with prevented fraction of 1 (100 per cent prevention). In addition, the number of days coughing, duration of cough and prevalence of tracheal and nasal shedding were significantly lower for dogs vaccinated with Recombitek Oral Bordetella.ConclusionsThe study demonstrated that vaccination with Recombitek Oral Bordetella is effective in preventing disease and reducing shedding 13 months after vaccination when compared with dogs vaccinated with a placebo.
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42

Vandenberg, Grant W. "Oral vaccines for finfish: academic theory or commercial reality?" Animal Health Research Reviews 5, no. 2 (December 2004): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ahr200488.

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AbstractAquaculture is the fastest growing food-producing sector, providing an acceptable supplement to and substitute for wild fish and plants. Increased production intensification, particularly in high-value species, involves substantial stress, which, as in other captive livestock species, has resulted in outbreaks of major diseases and related mortalities. Widespread use of antibiotics has led to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and the accumulation of antibiotics in the environment and the flesh of fish. Thus, recently effort has been dedicated to vaccine development. Vaccination in fish is complicated by their aquatic environment. Individual injections are labor-intensive and stressful, since fish have to be removed from the water and anaesthetized. Some vaccines offer a limited duration of protection, and thus booster applications are required. In salmonid species, many commercial vaccines use oil-based adjuvants, resulting in a greatly improved duration of protection. However, oil-based adjuvants have been related to significant growth depression, internal adhesions and injection site melanization, resulting in carcass downgrading. Oral administration to aquatic species is by far the most appealing method of vaccine delivery: there is no handling of the fish, which reduces stress; and administration is easy and suitable for mass immunization. However, few oral vaccines have been commercialized, due in part to the increased quantity of antigen required to provoke an immune response, and the lack of an adequate duration of protection. For effective oral delivery, protective antigens must avoid digestive hydrolysis and be taken up in the hindgut in order to induce an effective protective immune response. Antigen encapsulation technologies have been used to protect antigen; however, such strategies can be expensive and are not always effective. Alternative approaches, currently under development, are discussed.
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43

Wintermeyer, Susan M., Milap C. Nahata, and Kay S. Kyllonen. "Whole-Cell and Acellular Pertussis Vaccines." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 28, no. 7-8 (July 1994): 925–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809402800718.

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OBJECTIVE: To provide a review of pertussis vaccines, including information on efficacy, adverse reactions, and antibody production following administration of both whole-cell and acellular pertussis vaccines. DATA SOURCES: A MEDLINE search and extensive review of journals was conducted to identify the information for this review. DATA EXTRACTION: Pertinent studies reporting experience with pertussis vaccinations were reviewed. DATA SYNTHESIS: The differences in efficacy, adverse reactions, and antibody responses between whole-cell and acellular pertussis vaccines are emphasized. The status of acellular pertussis vaccination in the US is defined. CONCLUSIONS: Acellular (chemically detoxified or recombinant) pertussis vaccine formulation appears to cause fewer adverse reactions than whole-cell vaccine in most studies. Clinical efficacy and safety in the very young has not been well established. Thus, acellular pertussis vaccine is reserved for the 4th and 5th doses in the US. Oral or intranasal formulations of the pertussis vaccine are being evaluated.
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44

Appledorn, Daniel M., Yasser A. Aldhamen, Sarah Godbehere, Sergey S. Seregin, and Andrea Amalfitano. "Sublingual Administration of an Adenovirus Serotype 5 (Ad5)-Based Vaccine Confirms Toll-Like Receptor Agonist Activity in the Oral Cavity and Elicits Improved Mucosal and Systemic Cell-Mediated Responses against HIV Antigens despite Preexisting Ad5 Immunity." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 18, no. 1 (November 17, 2010): 150–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00341-10.

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ABSTRACTHIV/AIDS continue to devastate populations worldwide. Recent studies suggest that vaccines that induce beneficial immune responses in the mucosal compartment may improve the efficacy of HIV vaccines. Adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5)-based vectors remain a promising platform for the development of effective vaccines. In an effort to improve the efficacy of Ad5-based vaccines, even in the presence of preexisting Ad5 immunity, we evaluated the potential for an Ad5-based HIV vaccine to induce antigen-specific immune responses following sublingual (s.l.) administration, a route not previously tested in regard to Ad-based vaccines. s.l. vaccination with an Ad5-based HIV-Gag vaccine resulted in a significant induction of Gag-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses in both the systemic and the mucosal compartment. We also show that s.l. immunization not only avoided preexisting Ad5 immunity but also elicited a broad repertoire of antigen-specific CTL clones. Additionally, we confirm for the first time that oral delivery of a vaccine expressing a potent Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist can stimulate innate immune responses through induction of cytokines and chemokines and activation of NK cells, NKT cells, and macrophagesin vivo. These results positively correlated with improved antigen-specific CTL responses. These results could be achieved both in Ad5-naïve mice and in mice with preexisting immunity to Ad5. The simplicity of the s.l. vaccination regimen coupled with augmentation of TLR-dependent pathways active in the oral cavity makes s.l. delivery a promising method for HIV vaccine development specifically, as well as for many other vaccine applications in general.
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Mwanza-Lisulo, Mpala, and Paul Kelly. "Potential for use of retinoic acid as an oral vaccine adjuvant." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1671 (June 19, 2015): 20140145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0145.

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Despite the heavy burden of diarrhoeal disease across much of the tropical world, only two diarrhoea-causing pathogens, cholera and rotavirus, are the target of commercially available vaccines. Oral vaccines are generally less immunogenic than the best parenteral vaccines, but the reasons for this are still debated. Over the past decade, several lines of evidence from work in experimental animals have suggested that all- trans retinoic acid (ATRA), a form of vitamin A which is highly transcriptionally active, can alter the homing receptor expression of T lymphocytes. Increased expression of α4β7 integrin and the chemokine receptor CCR9 following exposure to ATRA can be used to redirect T cells to the gut. Early work in human volunteers suggests that oral ATRA administration 1 h prior to dosing with oral typhoid vaccine can augment secretion of specific IgA against vaccine-derived lipopolysaccharide into gut secretions. In this review, we set out the rationale for using ATRA in this way and assess its likely applicability to vaccination programmes for protection of children in low-income countries from the considerable mortality caused by diarrhoeal disease. Comparison of recent work in experimental animals, non-human primates and men suggests that a more detailed understanding of ATRA dosage and kinetics will be important to taking forward translational work into human vaccinology.
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Majumder, Partha P. "Genomics of immune response to typhoid and cholera vaccines." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1671 (June 19, 2015): 20140142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0142.

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Considerable variation in antibody response (AR) was observed among recipients of an injectable typhoid vaccine and an oral cholera vaccine. We sought to find whether polymorphisms in genes of the immune system, both innate and adaptive, were associated with the observed variation in response. For both vaccines, we were able to discover and validate several polymorphisms that were significantly associated with immune response. For the typhoid vaccines, these polymorphisms were on genes that belonged to pathways of polysaccharide recognition, signal transduction, inhibition of T-cell proliferation, pro-inflammatory signalling and eventual production of antimicrobial peptides. For the cholera vaccine, the pathways included epithelial barrier integrity, intestinal homeostasis and leucocyte recruitment. Even though traditional wisdom indicates that both vaccines should act as T-cell-independent antigens, our findings reveal that the vaccines induce AR using different pathways.
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47

Smith, G., A. Walmsley, and I. Polkinghorne. "Plant-derived immunocontraceptive vaccines." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 9, no. 1 (1997): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/r96051.

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The use of transgenic or virus-infected plants to produce vitally needed vaccines for developing nations has been made possible by rapid advances in plant molecular biology and biotechnology during the last decade. Plant-based vaccines would be a welcome development for many impoverished countries that lack the capital-intensive infrastructure required to produce much-needed vaccines. The approach would also be ideally suited to the delivery of oral immunocontraceptive vaccines to a wide range of herbivore species. This review looks at the progress made to date in the use of plants for vaccine production, how this technology may be used in the future to deliver immunocontraceptive vaccines to free-ranging wildlife species, and the many problems that will have to be overcome if this promising approach is to ever ‘bear fruit’.
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Wang, Lina, Lukasz Kedzierski, Steven L. Wesselingh, and Ross L. Coppel. "Oral Immunization with a Recombinant Malaria Protein Induces Conformational Antibodies and Protects Mice against Lethal Malaria." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 5 (May 2003): 2356–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.5.2356-2364.2003.

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ABSTRACT The increasing death toll from malaria, due to the decreasing effectiveness of current prophylactic and therapeutic regimens, has sparked a search for alternative methods of control, such as vaccines. Although several single proteins have shown some promise as subunit vaccines against sexual blood stages in experimental systems, it is clear that multicomponent vaccines are required. Many logistic difficulties make such an approach prohibitively expensive. In an effort to try to overcome some of these issues, we examined the possibility of oral immunization as a route for inducing host protective immunity. We report here that oral feeding of a malaria protein induced serum antibody levels similar to those induced by intraperitoneal immunization with Freund's adjuvant. Further, responses to conformational epitopes were induced. In the rodent challenge system, significant levels of protection to lethal challenge with malaria were induced in mice. The protective efficacy was highly correlated with antibody levels, which depended on the antigen dosage and required cholera toxin subunit B as an oral adjuvant. These findings offer new approaches to the development of a malaria vaccine and provide justification for the investigation of transgenic plants as a means of vaccine delivery.
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Nielsen, Kristoffer Juul, Kathrine Kronberg Jakobsen, Jakob Schmidt Jensen, Christian Grønhøj, and Christian Von Buchwald. "The Effect of Prophylactic HPV Vaccines on Oral and Oropharyngeal HPV Infection—A Systematic Review." Viruses 13, no. 7 (July 11, 2021): 1339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13071339.

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Human papillomavirus (HPV) imposes an increased risk of developing cervical, anal and oropharyngeal cancer. In the Western world, HPV infection is currently the major cause of oropharyngeal cancer. The effectiveness of HPV vaccines for oral or oropharyngeal HPV infection is yet to be determined. This study conducted a systematic literature search in Pubmed and Embase. Studies investigating the impact of HPV vaccines on oral or oropharyngeal HPV infection were enrolled. This review reports the relative prevention percentage (RPP), including a risk of bias assessment as well as a quality assessment study. Nine studies were included (48,777 participants): five cross-sectional studies; one randomized community trial study (RCT); one longitudinal cohort study; and two case-control studies. A significant mean RPP of 83.9% (66.6–97.8%) was calculated from the cross-sectional studies, 82.4% in the included RCT and 83% in the longitudinal cohort study. Further, two case-control studies that measured antibody response in participants immunized with HPV vaccines were included. Respectively, 100% and 93.2% of participants developed HPV-16 Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in oral fluids post-vaccination. Analysis of the studies identified a significant decrease in vaccine-type oral or oropharyngeal HPV infections in study participants immunized with HPV vaccines across study designs and heterogenous populations. Further, a significant percentage of participants developed IgG antibodies in oral fluid post-vaccination.
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Hamir, A. N., N. Raju, and C. E. Rupprecht. "Experimental Oral Administration of Canine Adenovirus (Type 2) to Raccoons (Procyon lotor)." Veterinary Pathology 29, no. 6 (November 1992): 509–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098589202900604.

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Canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV2) has been proposed for recombinant vaccines to control rabies in wild animals. To evaluate the suitability of CAV2 as a safe vector for the genetically engineered vaccines, seven wild-caught raccoons (three males and four females) were administered CAV2 per os. Two of the animals were euthanatized on each of post-infection days 3, 6, and 14, and one was euthanatized on day 21. Two other control raccoons (a male and a female) were also euthanatized on day 21. Microscopic pulmonary lesions of multifocal necrotizing bronchiolitis with basophilic intranuclear inclusions were seen in 3/4 raccoons euthanatized on post-infection days 3 and 6. Ultrastructural examination of lungs with pulmonary lesions revealed hexagonal viral particles characteristic of adenoviruses. CAV2 is potentially pathogenic for raccoons, and this susceptibility should be of concern to developers of recombinant vaccines who intend to use CAV2 as a vaccine vector.
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