Books on the topic 'Oral consumption'

The focus of this article is public oral history. Public history is a “slippery concept.” Perhaps the simplest definition of public history is that it describes a set of procedures undertaken by historians who are not employed in academic institutions. Within this definition, at least for some, funding is an important element that distinguishes public from academic history. Public history, Valerie Yow has argued, is “commissioned research in special communities,” so that “the targeted audience is the commissioner or the commissioner's chosen readers—not necessarily other scholars.” Public history might therefore describe the production of historical interpretations that are intended for consumption by particular audiences. It has been argued that this is an important difference: while academic historians write for one another, public historians are interpreting the past for a wider audience. Across the globe there are differences in the ways that public history is understood as unfolded in this article.

Cancers of the oral cavity, oropharynx, lip, and salivary glands are malignancies of the head and neck. Some of these cancer sites share risk factors, although each has distinctive anatomic, epidemiologic, and clinical features. Oral cavity cancers arise on the inner lip and buccal mucosa, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, gum, hard palate, and floor of mouth. These cancers are strongly associated with the use of smoked and smokeless tobacco products, heavy alcohol consumption, and chewing of betel quid or pan, but only minimally associated with prior infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). In contrast, oropharyngeal cancers affect the posterior one-third (base) of the tongue, tonsils, soft palate, and other oropharyngeal tissues and are strongly associated with HPV-16 infection as well as with the use of tobacco, alcohol, and betel quid. In principle, tumors of the oral cavity, oropharynx, and lip are among the most preventable forms of cancer.

In 2010, alcoholic beverage consumption caused an estimated 3.3 million deaths worldwide, and contributed to injuries, violence, liver cirrhosis, social disruption and at least seven different types of cancer. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies exposure to both ethanol in alcoholic beverages and acetaldehyde, the primary metabolite of ethanol, as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) based on “sufficient” evidence that alcoholic beverage consumption is causally related to cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, liver, colorectum and female breast. The biologic mechanisms by which alcohol and its primary metabolite acetaldehyde affect cancer risk appear to vary across anatomic sites. Broadly, these mechanisms involve DNA and protein damage from acetaldehyde and oxidative stress, nutritional malabsorption and metabolic effects, and for breast cancer, increased estrogen levels. The World Health Organization has increased global surveillance of alcohol consumption and encourages national efforts to apply evidence-based policies to reduce consumption.

The oral consumption of nutrition/dietary supplements is widespread in the general population and among sports people, both children and adults. Despite this, there is very little research on any aspect of dietary supplement consumption in child/youth athletes and translation of information from adult populations should be undertaken with great caution. Ethical considerations around the use of dietary supplements by child athletes are the same as those for the adult population, with the additional aspect of consideration of effects on growth and development. In spite of their popularity, it is likely that only a very small number of dietary supplements will have a beneficial effect on performance for child athletes who have no underlying nutritional deficiencies. Against this must be weighed the potential negative effects on health and performance and the possibility of inadvertent ingestion of a doping agent.

Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency in the world, affecting around 5 billion people mostly in developing countries. Risk factors in infants include low birthweight, high cow milk consumption, low intake of iron containing complementary foods, low socioeconomic status, and immigrant status. Developmental delay and poor educational achievement are among the long-term complications. Preventative strategies include promotion of breastfeeding, use of iron-fortified formula if breast milk not available, encouraging intake of iron-rich foods, vitamin C-rich drinks with meals to promote iron absorption, and avoiding whole cow’s milk in the first year of life. Poor response to oral iron treatment is most likely due to poor compliance (iron ingestion may cause abdominal pain diarrhoea or constipation) but should also raise the possibility of underlying disease causing inflammation, malabsorption, or blood loss.

This chapter by Nadeem Farooq Paracha brings oral history and memoir to the fore. Paracha interweaves national, social and personal histories in an extraordinary analysis of how alcohol, its sale and consumption, became intrinsic to Karachi’s leftist political culture in the euphoria of the post-Zia years; how political rebellion involving alcohol fueled violence on Karachi’s student campuses; and shaped Paracha’s personal nemesis and life trajectory into journalism rather than militancy. The adage that the ‘personal is political’ acquires enriched meaning in these unfoldings of a simultaneously painful, exhilarating, and destructive era that shaped one radical element of the city’s political commentariat. The politics surrounding alcohol from 1970-90 offer a perfect lens, Paracha shows us, onto transformations of religion, morality, and revolution within student support for the Pakistan People’s Party in a saturnalian urban setting.

Risk factors in young-onset stroke include both traditional and unconventional as well as both chronic and temporal ones. In young patients, unconventional risk factors such as oral contraceptive use, antiphospholipid antibodies, genetic thrombophilia, acute infections, illicit drug use, and migraine may play a greater role than in elderly patients. However, recent large studies have challenged this traditional view suggesting that young adult stroke would occur mostly due to such unconventional risk factors. These studies have shown a high prevalence of in particular modifiable behavioural risk factors, including physical inactivity, high-risk alcohol consumption, and smoking. Since consequences of a young-onset stroke are greater regarding quality-adjusted life and economic impact, detection and treatment of especially modifiable risk factors are of paramount importance. This chapter reviews the burden of both traditional and less well-documented risk factors in young ischaemic stroke patients and discusses their strength of evidence and mechanisms of association.

For many Muslims throughout the world, oral preaching provides the most accessible and enjoyable medium for learning about Islam and its meanings for everyday life. This is true in Indonesia’s West Java province, where almost 98% of the population of around forty-three million practices Islam. Despite its popularity, Indonesia’s Islamic elites are concerned about the value of preaching. They see that Islam provides directives and motivations towards progress in areas of social and political concern, but argue that this progress will not be achieved if Muslims are satisfied with the pleasing artifice of clever preachers. Millie spent fourteen months in the company of some of West Java’s most successful Islamic preachers, but also spent time with critics of listening. He described and explores a dichotomy between Islamic speech which succeeds because it is shaped to suit listeners’ social realities, and discourses about Muslim subjectivity that connect media consumption with aspirations for social and political progress, and which portray listening as anachronistic and inefficacious. This detailed analysis sheds light on a question that is increasingly important in efforts to understand contemporary Muslim societies: What is the place of pious listening in the complex societies of today?

The problem of antimicrobial-resistant organisms and untreatable infections is of global concern. The concept of antimicrobial stewardship has been developing over the last 10 years. The aim of antimicrobial stewardship is to control antimicrobial use in order to reduce the development of resistance, avoid the side effects associated with antimicrobial use, and optimize clinical outcomes. This book provides a very practical approach to antimicrobial stewardship. It’s very much a ‘how to’ guide supported by a review of the available evidence. Section 1 sets the scene and covers the problem of antimicrobial resistance; the problems in the antimicrobial supply line and initiatives to improve the situation; the principles and goals of antimicrobial stewardship; the psychological, social, cultural, and organizational factors in antimicrobial use and prescribing; and how to establish an antimicrobial stewardship programme. Section 2 reviews the components of antimicrobial stewardship: audit and feedback; antimicrobial policies and formularies; antimicrobial restriction; intravenous to oral switch; measuring antimicrobial consumption; measuring and feeding back stewardship; and the use of information technology in antimicrobial stewardship. Section 3 explores special areas in antimicrobial stewardship: antimicrobial pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics; intensive care units; paediatrics; surgical prophylaxis; near-patient testing and infection biomarkers; antimicrobial stewardship in the community and long-term care facilities; and finally antimicrobial stewardship in resource-poor communities.

Caesarean delivery (CD) is one of the most common operations in the world and providing effective pain relief is important not only for humanitarian reasons but also to speed up recovery and reduce postoperative complications. An understanding of the anatomy and physiology of pain transmission after CD has led to a multimodal approach to analgesia. This involves combining analgesics which work by different mechanisms resulting in an additive effect whilst at the same time reducing side effects. In contemporary practice, most CDs are carried out under neuraxial anaesthesia and neuraxial techniques using either intrathecal or epidural opioids have become central to the provision of effective postoperative analgesia. They reduce the need for systemic opioid analgesia and have few side effects, respiratory depression being the most significant but extremely uncommon. In circumstances where it is not possible to use neuraxial analgesia, for example, after general anaesthesia, other techniques such as intravenous patient-controlled analgesia using opioids and the transversus abdominis plane block have been shown to be effective. As part of the multimodal analgesic approach, many patients will require systemic analgesics to further improve pain relief and to limit side effects. Paracetamol and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are now widely established in the management of postoperative CD pain where they have been shown to potentiate opioid effects, decrease opioid consumption, reduce side effects, and complement the somatic pain relief provided by opioids. As part of a step-down approach after primary management with neuraxial or intravenous opioids, oral opioids are often required as part of a multimodal regimen.

This chapter discusses the various shortcomings of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol. As a ‘framework convention’, the UNFCCC itself does not regulate climate change but only creates a basis for negotiating multilateral solutions. The Convention’s most evident weakness, as demonstrated during the Marrakesh Accords and the Copenhagen negotiations, is the dependence on the ability of the parties to reach the necessary agreement within a timescale. Complementary to the Convention, the Kyoto Protocol establishes quantitative emission restrictions to advanced industrial states, or Annex I parties. However, the Protocol only focuses on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions rather than on consumption, a reason which led to Canada’s withdrawal. According to international governance scholar Oran Young, these problems emerge as a result of the climate change regime not being based on ‘principles of fairness’ that are broadly acceptable major players.

An analysis of the existing literature on the issue of damage to regeneration caused by timber harvesting, revealed that a great majority of results reported in those publications was obtained through laborious and time-consuming field research conducted in two stages. Field research methods for gathering data, employed by various authors, differed in terms of the manner of establishing trial plots, the accuracy of counting and evaluating the number of saplings growing on the investigated sites, classification systems used for distinguishing particular groups of regeneration based on quantitative (diameter at breast height, tree height) and qualitative features (biosocial position within the certain layer and the entire stand), classification systems used for identifying types of damage caused by cutting and felling, as well as transporting operations, and finally the duration of observation intervals and time spent on gathering data on the response of damaged saplings from both, the individual and collective perspectives. Obviously, the most reliable manner of gathering such data would be to count all damaged elements of the environment being a subject of interest of particular investigators at the certain point of time. However, due to time and work consumption of this approach, which is besides very costly, any research should be designed in such a manner as to reduce the above-mentioned factors. This paper aimed to (1) analyse the probability of occurrence of damage to regeneration depending on the form of timber assortments dragged from the felling site to the skidding routes, and timber harvesting technology employed in logging works, and (2) identify a method ensuring that gathered data is sufficient for performing reliable evaluation of share of damage to regeneration at acceptable accuracy level, without necessity to establish trial plots before commencing harvesting works. The scope of these studies enclosed a comparison between two motor-manual methods of timber harvesting in thinned stands, with dragging of timber in the first stage of skidding from the stand to landings. According to one of these methods, a classical one, operations of felling and delimbing of trees were carried out by sawmen at the felling site. Timber obtained using different methods was skidded by carters and horses, and operators of a light-duty cable winch, driven by the chainsaw’s engine, as well as operators of cable winches combined with farm tractors. In the latter, alternative method, sawmen performed only cutting and felling of trees. Delimbing and cross-cutting of trunks, dragged from the felling sites, was carried out by operators of processors combined with farm tractors, worked on skidding routes. The research was conducted in the years 2002–2010 in stands within the age classes II–IV mostly, located in the territories of Regional Directorates of State Forests in Krakow and Katowice, and in the Forest Experimental Unit in Krynica-Zdrój. In the course of a preliminary stage of investigations 102 trial plots were established in stands within early and late tinning treatments. As a result of the field research carried out in two stages, more than 3.25 thsd. circular sites were established and marked, on the surface of which over 25 thsd. saplings constituting the regeneration layer were inventoried. Based on the results of investigations and analyses it was revealed that regardless of the category of thinning treatment, the highest probability of occurrence of destroying P(ZN) to regeneration (0.24–0.44) should be expected when the first stage of timber skidding is performed using cable winches. Slightly lower values of probability (0.17–0.33) should be expected in stands where timber is skidded by horses, while in respect to processor-based skidding technology the probability of destroying occurrence oscillates between 0.12 and 0.27, depending on the particular layer of regeneration. P(ZN) values, very close to those of skidding technology engaging processors, were recorded for skidding performed using the light-duty cable winch driven by the chainsaw’s engine (0.16–0.27). The highest probability of damage P(USZK) to regeneration (0.16–0.31) can be expected when processors are used in the first stage of timber skidding. Slightly lower values of probability (0.14–0.23) were obtained when skidding was performed with the use of cable winches, whereas engaging horses for hauling of trunks results in probability of damage occnrrence oscillating between 0.05–0.20, depending on the particular layer of regeneration. With regard to the probability of occurrence of both, destroying and damage P(ZNUSZK) to regeneration (0.33–0.54), the highest values can be expected when cable winches are engaged in the first stage of skidding. Little lower (0.30–0.43) was the probability of their occurrence if processor-based technology of skidding was employed, while in respect to horse skidding these values oscillated between 0.27–0.41, depending on the layer of regeneration. The lowest values of probability of occurrence of damage P(USZK), and destroying and damage treated collectively P(ZNUSZK), within all layers of regeneration, were recorded in stands where thinning treatments were performed using the light-duty cable winch driven by the chainsaw’s engine. The models evaluated and respective equations, developed based on those models, for evaluating the number of destroyed saplings ZNha (tab. 40, 42, 44, 46, 48) could be used for determining the share of damage expressed as a percentage, upon conducting only one field research at the investigated felling sites, once the timber harvesting and skidding would have been completed. As revealed by the results of analyses, evaluation of statistically significant regression models was possible for all layers of regeneration (tab. 39, 41, 43, 45, 47). Nevertheless, the smallest part of these models that could be considered positively verified, were those for the natural young regeneration, although almost a half of them revealed to be significant. Within the medium-sized regeneration over three-fourths of all models could be considered positively verified, four of which explained more than 50% of variability. Within the high-sized regeneration almost two-thirds of evaluated regression models were statistically significant, five of which were verified positively, moreover, one of them explained more than 50% of variability. The most promising results were those obtained for the advance growth. Nearly 90% of the evaluated models revealed to be statistically significant, ten of which could be considered positively verified. Furthermore, four statistically significant models explained over 50% of general variability. With regard to the entire regeneration more than 80% of evaluated models were statistically significant. However, due to insignificant coefficients of regression, eight of them could be considered positively verified. At this point it should be stressed that in respect to logging technology employing the light-duty cable winch FKS it was impossible to evaluate statistically significant models of regression. Whereas, in the case of processor-based logging technology, firstly regarding the advance growth, and then the entire regeneration, all of the evaluated statistically significant models could be considered positively verified, in terms of both, all of the stands, and particular categories of thinning treatments individually. This latter case also revealed the highest degree of matching of evaluated models (R2 popr 0.73–0.76 for advance growth and 0.78–0.94 for the entire regeneration). A significant impact of the kind of form of hauled timber on the probability of damage occurrence P(USZK), mainly in early thinning treatments, could have been reflected in the results obtained for all stands (early and late thinning treated collectively). Moreover, due to an insignificant impact of the form of hauled timber and logging technology employed, on the probability of occurrence of damage in late thinned stands, and a significant impact of the above-mentioned variables on early thinned stands, it should be assumed that for performing an evaluation of destroying and damage caused by timber harvesting the both thinning treatment categories should be analysed separately. Furthermore, when evaluating the probability of occurrence of destroying and damage caused by timber harvesting, the layers of natural young regeneration and advance growth should be analysed separately. As proved by the results presented in this paper, varying values of probability computed for each of the layers of regeneration seem to indicate that when investigating damage to regeneration caused by timber harvesting, it would be reasonable and recommended to perform a separate analysis of damage to the highest saplings as well, namely individuals with diameter at breast height close to 7 cm. In respect to studies on damage to regeneration caused by logging technologies mentioned above, the evaluation of number of destroyed saplings within the advance growth can be carried out using the proportions of damaged and undamaged saplings per 1 ha of the stand. The numbers evaluated in this manner can be used to calculate the damage share expressed in relative values (percentage of damaged saplings compared with the entire number of saplings before commencing the logging works). However, one should keep in mind that this is true only if the field research have been carried out based on the methodology described in this paper.