Journal articles: 'Oral acquisition'

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Pierce, Preston E. "Oral History Acquisition:." Behavioral & Social Sciences Librarian 5, no. 2 (July 30, 1986): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j103v05n02_06.

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Ricketts, Jessie, Dorothy V. M. Bishop, and Kate Nation. "Orthographic Facilitation in Oral Vocabulary Acquisition." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 62, no. 10 (October 2009): 1948–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470210802696104.

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de la Fuente, María José. "NEGOTIATION AND ORAL ACQUISITION OF L2 VOCABULARY." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 24, no. 1 (March 2002): 81–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263102001043.

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This experimental study investigates the differential effects of three conditions (nonnegotiated premodified input, negotiation without “pushed output” [Swain, 1985], and negotiation plus pushed output) on L2 learners' vocabulary comprehension and acquisition (receptive and productive). Analyses of variance performed on the data indicated that: (a) negotiated interaction had a positive effect on the comprehension of L2 words; (b) only negotiated interaction that incorporated pushed output appeared to have promoted both receptive and productive acquisition of words as well as an increase in productive word retention; and (c) negotiated interaction plus output did not promote receptive acquisition more than negotiation without output, but it was more effective in promoting productive acquisition. The findings of this study provide empirical evidence for the important role of negotiation in facilitating the comprehension and acquisition of L2 vocabulary, which suggests that output plays a key role within the negotiation process for productive lexical acquisition.

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Kaan, A. M. (Marije), Dono Kahharova, and Egija Zaura. "Acquisition and establishment of the oral microbiota." Periodontology 2000 86, no. 1 (March 10, 2021): 123–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/prd.12366.

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Gong, Zhiqi. "Topic prominence in L2 acquisition." Journal of Second Language Studies 2, no. 1 (April 18, 2019): 140–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jsls.17016.gon.

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Abstract This study investigated the topic-prominent characteristics of the interlanguage development of native speakers of Chinese learning English as a foreign language (EFL). Two groups of Chinese EFL learners – an intermediate group and an advanced group – were recruited to complete two production tasks: a written Chinese-to-English translation task and an oral story-retelling task. The findings showed that Chinese EFL learners at each proficiency level transferred Chinese topic-prominent structures to their target language production at a varying degree. The topic-prominent constructions in the learners’ production, based on a hierarchy of difficulty, were placed on two slightly different Gradation Zones, one for written production and the other for oral production. Gradation Zones were a generalized reflection of how discourse and pragmatic relations in topic-prominent Chinese were gradually reanalyzed as syntactic relations with the development of learners’ English proficiency level. There was a tendency for topic-prominent features to decrease and subject-prominent features to increase as EFL learners’ proficiency level progressed. It was also argued that sources of these topic-prominent properties in interlanguage were an interaction of factors, including degree of markedness, perceptual saliency, second language (L2) input, and language production task type.

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Brown, Cheryl, Sherri L. Sagers, and Carrie LaPorte. "INCIDENTAL VOCABULARY ACQUISITION FROM ORAL AND WRITTEN DIALOGUE JOURNALS." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 21, no. 2 (June 1999): 259–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263199002065.

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This paper is in answer to Ellis's (1994) call for more research about vocabulary acquisition from oral input in four areas. It is a hypothesis-generating study of nine advanced university EFL learners' incidental vocabulary acquisition from oral and written dialogue journals over a semester's time. All teacher and student entries in the two types of journals were transcribed and analyzed using WordCruncher (1993). The analyses compare the characteristics of the input to the learners in the two modes as well as quantitative and qualitative evidence of vocabulary acquisition by the learners from the two modes. Findings of this study indicate several specific places (14 statements) where further research could be undertaken. These fit in three of the areas Ellis named for exploration: (a) “the nature of the input,” (b) “the role of interaction,” and (c) “individual learner factors” (p. 1). The findings suggest measures that can be used for quantitative and qualitative evidence of vocabulary acquisition from natural sources

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Samifanni, Faramarz. "The Fluency Way: A Functional Method for Oral Communication." English Language Teaching 13, no. 3 (February 29, 2020): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v13n3p100.

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This study delves into the analysis of theories of language acquisition and teaching methods. A qualitative approach was used to analyze three language acquisition theories and five teaching methods to help and provide teachers with methods that are relevant and applicable in developing and enhancing the speaking skills of the students. Findings revealed that grammatical skill is not the focus of Second Language Acquisition. It is concluded that language learning and acquisition are dynamic activities requiring social, cultural, and cognitive competencies on the part of the teacher. The teaching of language is most effective and productive when the learners are actively engaged in authentic tasks that are conducted in a natural and spontaneous manner to enable learners to gain a total psycho-socio-cultural-linguistic experience. Learner-centeredness is a universal theme and the teacher-learner relationship is a cooperative and collaborative partnership for relevant and functional language competence. Suggestions and recommendations for future studies were proposed.

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Liu, Youyi, Meiling Hao, Hua Shu, Li Hai Tan, and Brendan Stuart Weekes. "Age-of-acquisition effects on oral reading in Chinese." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 15, no. 2 (April 2008): 344–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/pbr.15.2.344.

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Niccolai, Jennifer L., Danielle L. Roman, Justin M. Julius, and Rachelle W. Nadour. "Potential Obstacles in the Acquisition of Oral Anticancer Medications." Journal of Oncology Practice 13, no. 1 (January 2017): e29-e36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jop.2016.012302.

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Purpose: To determine the amount of time elapsed between prescriber order and patient receiving oral anticancer medication. Patients and Methods: Adult patients with a diagnosis of cancer were prospectively identified in three outpatient oncology clinics when oral anticancer agents were prescribed during a 4-month observation period. For each patient, time to obtain medication was analyzed by the following time points: date of prescription, date of submission to insurance, date prior authorization was obtained, date financial assistance was received, date prescription was processed by pharmacy, and date patient received medication. Out-of-pocket cost and time spent by clinic staff to facilitate the medication acquisition process were recorded. Results: Thirty-four patients were prescribed oral anticancer medication during the data collection period. For the 27 patients who were eligible for the primary end point, medication acquisition required a median of 10 days (range, 3 to 28 days). Overall, the rate-limiting step for medication acquisition was processing by the pharmacy, with a median of 6 days (range, 1 to 27 days). Most patients’ prescription insurance plan covered a portion of medication cost, and the majority of patients considered their out-of-pocket expense to be affordable. Clinic staff spent a median of 2 hours per prescription to facilitate medication acquisition. Conclusion: Patients may encounter process barriers in acquiring oral therapy, particularly because of pharmacy processing time, as well as high copays. Time to treatment initiation may have implications for patients’ clinical outcomes. Adequate staff with dedicated time to facilitate this process should be used in the ambulatory oncology practice setting.

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ELLIS, R. "Modified Oral Input and the Acquisition of Word Meanings." Applied Linguistics 16, no. 4 (December 1, 1995): 409–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/applin/16.4.409.

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Myles, Florence. "Interlanguage corpora and second language acquisition research." Second Language Research 21, no. 4 (October 2005): 373–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0267658305sr252oa.

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This article presents a selective review of the work carried out recently in second language acquisition (SLA) research which makes use of oral learner corpora and computer technologies. In the first part, the reasons why the field of SLA needs corpora for addressing current theoretical issues are briefly reviewed. In the second part, recent literature on corpora and SLA is presented, as well as corpora currently available. The final part of the article demonstrates the way in which computerized methodologies can be used, by presenting a case study of a project whose aim was to construct a database of French Learner Oral Corpora, and by illustrating how the CHILDES tools have assisted in addressing a specific research agenda.

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Liu, Pearl Pei, Weiye Wen, Ka Fung Yu, Xiaoli Gao, and May Chun Mei Wong. "Dental Care-Seeking and Information Acquisition During Pregnancy: A Qualitative Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 14 (July 23, 2019): 2621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142621.

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Background: Pregnant women are at risk of oral health problems. This qualitative study aims to understand dental care-seeking behaviours of pregnant women and their oral health-related information acquisition, to identify barriers to and motivators for, dental visits, and further explore their expectations and possible strategies to improve oral health care during pregnancy. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 30 pregnant women (after 32 gestational weeks) enrolled in the antenatal care programme in a public hospital in Hong Kong. Two main areas of interest were probed: Dental care-seeking behaviour and oral health information acquisition. Their expectations and suggestions on oral health care service for pregnant women were also explored. An inductive thematic approach was adopted to analyse the data. Results: Pregnant women’s dental care-seeking behaviour was deterred by some internal factors, such as misunderstandings on oral health, and priority on other issues over oral health. External factors such as inconvenient access to dental service during pregnancy also affected their care-seeking behaviours. Oral health information was passively absorbed by pregnant women through mass media and the social environment, which sometimes led to confusion. Oral health information acquisition from antenatal institutions and care providers was rare. Greater attention was paid to dental visit when they obtained proper information from previous dental visit experience or family members. A potential strategy to improve oral health care suggested by the interviewees is to develop a health care system strengthened by inter-professional (antenatal-dental) collaboration. Efficient oral health information delivery, convenient access to dental service, and improved ‘quality’ of dental care targeting the needs of pregnant women were identified as possible approaches to improve dental care for this population. Conclusion: Dental care-seeking behaviour during pregnancy was altered by various internal and external factors. A lack of, or conflict between, information sources result in confusion that can restrict utilisation of dental service. Integrating dental care into antenatal service would be a viable way to improve dental service utilisation.

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Windsor, Jennifer, Shirley S. Doyle, and Gerald M. Siegel. "Language Acquisition After Mutism." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 37, no. 1 (February 1994): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3701.96.

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This longitudinal case study challenges the assumption that individuals with autism who have severely restricted speech and language skills have a poor prognosis for further development of expressive oral language. The study follows the development of a woman with autism from mutism at age 10 to acquisition of a range of spoken and written language skills at age 26. The intervention in which the woman participated and her skills pre- and post-intervention and at two follow-up assessments are documented. The results support the hypotheses that speech and language development may proceed after mutism associated with limited verbal imitation and phoneme production skills, that some skills may plateau or decline, and that both spoken and written language may become viable forms of communication.

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Fontoura, Cláudia Monserrat Rosa de Oliveira, Maria do Socorro Fortes De Oliveira, and Maria Vitoria Campos Mamede Maia. "Language acquisition and educational inclusion." South Florida Journal of Development 2, no. 2 (May 17, 2021): 1454–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.46932/sfjdv2n2-026.

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This research deals with the language acquisition and the educational inclusion of multiple disabled blind people. The aim was to analyze how three instruments, created so that early childhood educators of the Benjamin Constant Institute could help oral communication and inclusion of blind students with multiple disabilities. The qualitative research, of the ethnographic type, had as subjects two adolescents. The analysis of the results used the bardinian method and pointed out the development of language and interaction between the pairs, allowing the inclusion in a regular classroom.

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Atsuzawa-Windley, Sonomi, and Sachiko Noguchi. "Effects of in-country experience on the acquisition of oral communication skills in Japanese." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics. Series S 12 (January 1, 1995): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aralss.12.06ats.

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Abstract This study aims to investigate the effects of in-country experience on oral communication skills in Japanese. Do students who have had in-country experience in Japan have a higher level of proficiency in any area of oral communication skills than those who have not? To what extent do students with in-country experience differ from those without in their acquisition of various areas of oral communication skills? The performance of subjects in the mid-year oral examination were used as data for this study and comparisons were made between those with and without in-country experience. We believe that linguistic competence alone is not sufficient for successful communication. The results of this study provide tentative evidence that in-country experience did have positive effects on the acquisition of oral communication skills. However, the relationship between the acquisition of more than one speech style and sociolinguistic competence also emerged as a complex issue.

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Farooq, Omer, Victoria A. Thorley-Dickinson, Peter Dieckmann, Eirini V. Kasfiki, Rasha M. I. A. Omer, and Makani Purva. "Comparison of oral and video debriefing and its effect on knowledge acquisition following simulation-based learning." BMJ Simulation and Technology Enhanced Learning 3, no. 2 (January 5, 2017): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjstel-2015-000070.

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IntroductionLearning from simulation takes place to a large extent in debriefing; however, there is still sparse knowledge about the advantages and disadvantages of debriefing methods. 2 common forms are video-assisted and oral only debriefing. We set out to determine if there is increased knowledge acquisition for candidates undergoing video, rather than oral debriefing.MethodsSecond year doctors were randomised to a training day with oral or video feedback. Candidates underwent an emergency clinical scenario followed by feedback. The candidates completed 30 multiple choice questions related to managing common clinical emergencies presimulation and postsimulation training.ResultsThere was no significant difference in the postscore mean for the oral debriefing (128.3, SD 5.16) and video-assisted debriefing group (127.1, SD=5.96). There was significant interaction between precourse and postcourse scores with superior knowledge acquisition for candidates with lower precourse scores (p=0.008). The candidates with lowest precourse score showed significant improvement in the orally debriefed group in comparison to video debriefed group.DiscussionOur results showed that video debriefing has equivocal effect to oral debriefing. Oral debriefing provides superior knowledge acquisition to learners with lower precourse test scores.

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Mbibeh, Louis. "On Context and Second Language Acquisition: The Rural Urban Dichotomy in Cameroon." Advances in Language and Literary Studies 12, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.12n.1.p.68.

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The complexity of the linguistic environment in Cameroon raises the question of context and its role in the acquisition of another language. This paper draws a dichotomy between learners in such contexts considered rural and those regarded as urban or cosmopolitan2. Using the irregular verb as a yardstick, an evaluation of the acquisition of irregular verb patterns by 80 final year primary school learners from 2contexts in the Northwest Region of Cameroon was done. Oral and written tests were administered to check learners’ acquisition of verb inflectional categories, verb tenses and general written and oral productions. The findings reveal similar trends in the acquisition of inflectional categories and verb tenses by learners in both contexts and divergent trends in general oral and written productions. For instance, learners in both contexts had similar challenges using the Vs, Ved and Ven inflections with a very low average frequency of 26% and with a high frequency of 67.2 % for the Ving and Vo inflections. Though learners in the urban centres had higher degrees of efficiency in oral productions, their counterparts in the rural areas had more challenges in verbal as against written productions. The paper concludes that second language acquisition is not a consequence of a unilateral context but a result of a plethora of other factors both within and without the learning environment with evident pedagogic implications for stakeholders in the second language acquisition industry.

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Tarone, Elaine, and Martha Bigelow. "IMPACT OF LITERACY ON ORAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING: IMPLICATIONS FOR SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION RESEARCH." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 25 (March 2005): 77–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190505000048.

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In this chapter we describe a body of research on oral language processing that we believe has important implications for applied linguistics. This research documents the effects of literacy on human oral language processing. Studies in this area show that illiterate adults significantly differ from literate adults in their performance of oral processing tasks that require an awareness of linguistic segments. These studies provide evidence that the acquisition of the ability to decode an alphabetic script changes the way in which the individual processes oral language in certain kinds of cognitive tasks. At the same time, based on research establishing a clear reciprocal relationship between oral language processing skills and literacy, researchers on first language acquisition are extending the scope of their study to explore the way in which an individual's language competence is altered and extended by literacy itself. In this discussion, we describe the broad outlines of this new body of research and scholarship, and explore the implications for our understanding of second-language acquisition, and particularly for theories and research that explore the impact of “noticing” on SLA. We conclude by stressing the social and theoretical importance of including clearly-identified illiterate adults in our growing database on second language acquisition research.

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Ebersole, J. L., S. C. Holt, and J. E. Delaney. "Acquisition of Oral Microbes and Associated Systemic Responses of Newborn Nonhuman Primates." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 21, no. 1 (October 30, 2013): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00291-13.

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ABSTRACTThe acquisition and development of the complex oral microbiome remain ill defined. While selected species of oral bacteria have been examined in relation to their initial colonization in neonates, a more detailed understanding of the dynamics of the microbiome has been developed only in adults. The current investigation used a nonhuman primate model to document the kinetics of colonization of the oral cavities of newborns and infants by a range of oral commensals and pathogens. Differences in colonization were evaluated in newborns from mothers who were maintained on an oral hygiene regimen pre- and postparturition with those displaying naturally acquired gingivitis/periodontitis. The results demonstrate distinct profiles of acquisition of selected oral bacteria, with the transmission of targeted pathogens,Porphyromonas gingivalisandAggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, being passed on primarily from mothers with gingivitis/periodontitis. This colonization resulted in defined patterns of systemic antibody responses in the infants. The significant relative risk measures for infection with the pathogens, as well as the relationship of oral infection and blood serum antibody levels, were consistent with those of the newborns from mothers with gingivitis/periodontitis. These findings indicate that the early acquisition of potentially pathogenic oral bacterial species might impact the development of mucosal responses in the gingiva and may provide an enhanced risk for the development of periodontitis later in life.

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Solnick, J. V., J. Fong, L. M. Hansen, K. Chang, D. R. Canfield, and J. Parsonnet. "Acquisition of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Rhesus Macaques Is Most Consistent with Oral-Oral Transmission." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 44, no. 10 (October 1, 2006): 3799–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.01482-06.

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Andrienko, Tetiana, Nataliia Chumak, and Vlad Genin. "EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND ACQUISITION OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE ORAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS." Advanced Education 7, no. 15 (July 19, 2020): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2410-8286.201013.

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Kumar, Purnima S., Chad R. Matthews, Vinayak Joshi, Marko de Jager, and Marcelo Aspiras. "Tobacco Smoking Affects Bacterial Acquisition and Colonization in Oral Biofilms." Infection and Immunity 79, no. 11 (August 22, 2011): 4730–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.05371-11.

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ABSTRACTRecent evidence suggests that smoking affects the composition of the disease-associated subgingival biofilm, yet little is known about its effects during the formation of this biofilm. The present investigation was undertaken to examine the contributions of smoking to the composition and proinflammatory characteristics of the biofilm duringde novoplaque formation. Marginal and subgingival plaque and gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected from 15 current smokers and from 15 individuals who had never smoked (nonsmokers) following 1, 2, 4, and 7 days of undisturbed plaque formation. 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing were used for bacterial identification, and multiplex bead-based flow cytometry was used to quantify the levels of 27 immune mediators. Smokers demonstrated a highly diverse, relatively unstable initial colonization of both marginal and subgingival biofilms, with lower niche saturation than that seen in nonsmokers. Periodontal pathogens belonging to the generaFusobacterium,Cardiobacterium,Synergistes, andSelenomonas, as well as respiratory pathogens belonging to the generaHaemophilusandPseudomonas, colonized the early biofilms of smokers and continued to persist over the observation period, suggesting that smoking favors early acquisition and colonization of pathogens in oral biofilms. Smokers also demonstrated an early proinflammatory response to this colonization, which persisted over 7 days. Further, a positive correlation between proinflammatory cytokine levels and commensal bacteria was observed in smokers but not in nonsmokers. Taken together, the data suggest that smoking influences both the composition of the nascent biofilm and the host response to this colonization.

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Gupta, Aditya K., Charles W. Lynde, and Kirk Barber. "Pharmacoeconomic Assessment of Ciclopirox Topical Solution, 8%, Oral Terbinafine, and Oral Itraconazole for Onychomycosis." Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 10, no. 6_suppl (November 2006): S54—S62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/7750.2006.00057.

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Most pharmacoeconomic data available for antifungal agents are based on US or European cost parameters. Similar data have not been reported in a Canadian health care system. A pharmacoeconomic analysis was performed considering the costs of drug acquisition and medical management, which were representative of the Canadian health care system, for each of the therapies approved for use in toenail onychomycosis in Canada: continuous oral terbinafine, oral pulse itraconazole, and topical ciclopirox 8% nail lacquer. A survey of provincial fee schedules was conducted to determine the representative costs of parameters relating to onychomycosis treatment, such as consultation visit cost, return visit cost, mycology testing, liver function testing, and complete blood count analysis. Manufacturers' costs were used to calculate representative drug acquisition costs. Meta-analysis was used to determine the average mycologic cure rates of each therapy, and the medical literature was consulted to determine the relapse rates for each therapy. Ciclopirox nail lacquer had the lowest drug acquisition costs compared with continuous terbinafine and pulse itraconazole ($197.89 vs $311.39 and $323.40, respectively). Using the pharmacoeconomic model with three 1-year treatment phases, in which failures or relapses were re-treated with the primary drug, the expected cost per patient was $601.52 with ciclopirox nail lacquer, $746.72 with oral terbinafine, and $938.42 with itraconazole. The main analysis assumed that two bottles of ciclopirox nail lacquer were required per treatment. The cost for the ciclopirox lacquer exceeded continuous terbinafine but remained lower than pulse itraconazole when three bottles of ciclopirox nail lacquer were considered in the calculation of cost per mycological cure. A variety of relapse rates were tested, and ciclopirox using two or fewer bottles remained cost-effective compared with continuous terbinafine or pulse itraconazole, regardless of the relapse rate. Where three bottles are required, the cost-effectiveness of ciclopirox nail lacquer is less than that of continuous terbinafine but more cost-effective than that of pulse itraconazole.

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Isabelli-García, Christina L. "Development of Oral Communication Skills Abroad." Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad 9, no. 1 (August 15, 2003): 149–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v9i1.119.

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This study examines the impact of a semester study abroad experience in Argentina on the second language acquisition of three American university Spanish learners. The goal is to measure development of two aspects of oral communication skills: fluency and performance in the oral functions of narration, and description and supporting an opinion.

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Wu, Yan. "Review of Chinese English Learners’ Prosodic Acquisition." English Language Teaching 12, no. 8 (July 18, 2019): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v12n8p89.

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The traditional focus of English phonetic teaching in China has consistently been on the segmental acquisition, which is mainly highlighting the pronunciation of vowels and consonants, while its suprasegmental knowledge in speech naturalness, coherence and understanding is relatively insufficient. In addition, Chinese students have a serious problem in the rhythm of English language, which is mainly influenced by the characteristics of the syllable-timed in their mother tongue rather than in a stress-timed way. This study reviews the academic works of the nearly 15 years in the development of Chinese prosodic features of English language, giving a better and deeper analysis and appreciation of the suprasegmental phoneme levels of different aspects, such as the fundamental components of English prosody such as stress, rhythm and intonation. This study is hoped to shed light on the prosodic analysis of Chinese English learners’ oral proficiency in pronunciation, finding out the insufficiency in prosody of China English, and more importantly to provide effective learning strategy for Chinese English learners and teachers in prosody acquisition, therefore, it might pave the way to the reform of oral English teaching in China.

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Mitchell, Rosamond, Laura Domínguez, María J. Arche, Florence Myles, and Emma Marsden. "SPLLOC: A new database for Spanish second language acquisition research." EUROSLA Yearbook 8 (August 7, 2008): 287–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eurosla.8.15smit.

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The contribution of Spanish to the field of SLA continues to grow (Lafford & Salaberry 2003; Montrul 2004), and the need for good L2 Spanish datasets is becoming increasingly evident. In this paper we introduce a newly created database titled Spanish Learner Language Oral Corpus (SPLLOC), describing the rationale underlying the database design and methodology used for its construction. This project applying CHILDES tools to L2 Spanish follows successful creation of a collection of French L2 oral corpora (Rule et al. 2003), already available at www.flloc.soton.ac.uk. Creating a successful oral corpus is costly and available corpora are often built somewhat opportunistically from available material rather than designed in a balanced way to facilitate SLA research. The SPLLOC database has been designed to fill the existing gap in Spanish L2 resources and also to support a focused research agenda investigating learner development with respect to the verb phrase, clitic pronouns, and word order, from an interface perspective.

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Tarone, Elaine. "Second language acquisition by low-literate learners: An under-studied population." Language Teaching 43, no. 1 (March 24, 2009): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261444809005734.

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Many adolescent and adult L2 learners in language classrooms, both in the US and other countries, have little or no alphabetic print literacy. Language teachers may turn to SLA research for assistance, yet almost all research on oral SLA has focused on educated, highly-literate learners (Bigelow & Tarone 2004; Tarone, Bigelow & Hansen 2009). The assumption seems to have been that the findings of this research hold for ALL learners, including learners with little to no literacy. However, research in cognitive and experimental psychology shows that the acquisition of grapheme–phoneme correspondence – the ability to associate a phoneme and a visual symbol – changes the way oral language is processed. The present paper shows the relevance of these findings for SLA. It summarizes a three-part study on oral L2 processing, a partial replication of previous SLA research, carried out in a population of low-literate adolescent Somali learners of L2 English. The findings confirm that alphabetic print literacy level had a significant impact on oral L2 processing. The paper concludes with a call to replicate current SLA studies and findings with populations of learners who have little or no alphabetic literacy.

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Lazzaro, Carlo. "Analisi di minimizzazione dei costi del trattamento della leucemia cronica con fludarabina fosfato (Fludara®) e.v. e p.o.: metodologia e risultati di un’indagine empirica." Farmeconomia. Health economics and therapeutic pathways 5, no. 4 (December 15, 2004): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7175/fe.v5i4.810.

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The aim of the paper is to compare healthcare-related costs of a 5-day course with fludarabine phosphate i.v. vs a 5-day course with oral fludarabine phosphate in Italian patients with chronic leukemia. A cost-minimization analysis was performed from both Italian National Healthcare Service (INHS) and hospital perspectives. Healthcare-related costs were collected from 2 out of a sample of 28 Ematology wards and included those of drug acquisition, drug preparation, drug administration, reception and discharge of patient before and after drug administration; hospital overheads were calculated as a percentage of the total healthcare-related costs. The reimbursement schemes for acquisition and administration of fludarabine phosphate i.v. were gathered from the whole sample of 28 Ematology wards taken into account. Costs were expressed in euros 2004. When compared to fludarabine phosphate i.v., oral fludarabine phosphate allowed savings ranging from 223,47 euros (hospital perspective) to 477,05 euros (INHS perspective) per patient. As far as hospital perspective was concerned, savings associated with oral fludarabine phosphate were due to hospital overheads (115.1%), drug preparation (19.6%), drug administration (17.3%), reception and discharge of patient before and after drug administration (2.9%), whereas costs for drug acquisition was higher for oral formulation (-54.8%). When INHS perspective was taken into account, 3 out of 28 Ematology wards (11%) were reimbursed on a drug-plus-outpatient-drug-administration-basis, whereas 25 out of 28 Ematology wards (89%) were reimbursed on a day-hospital-stay-basis. Savings associated with oral fludarabine phosphate were due to day-hospital stay (253.4%), outpatient drug administration (1.1%), whereas cost for drug acquisition were higher for oral formulation (-154.5%). Sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of basecase results. Savings associated with oral fludarabine phosphate may be of relevant interest for INHS policies aimed at reducing public expenditure for drugs in Italy.

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LEAHY, CHRISTINE. "Observations in the computer room: L2 output and learner behaviour." ReCALL 16, no. 1 (May 2004): 124–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0958344004001016.

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This article draws on second language theory, particularly output theory as defined by Swain (1995), in order to conceptualise observations made in a computer-assisted language learning setting. It investigates second language output and learner behaviour within an electronic role-play setting, based on a subject-specific problem solving task and the Internet as source of primary information. Students were given a task which includes the collaborative development of a marketing strategy for a chosen product. Data collected consists of the following corpora: emails exchanged between groups, the recorded discussions between each group’s members while engaged in the problem solving activity, oral presentation of the groups’ results as well as the individually written summaries. One area of particular interest is the analysis of the oral L2 output while solving a computer-assisted language learning task. How can the oral interaction be characterised? What kind of conclusions regarding the use of CALL can be drawn from the comparison of the oral interaction and the written output? Another area of interest is the analysis of the written L2 output. Is there evidence of second language acquisition and/or acquisition of content? Can such a CALL setting promote second language acquisition (SLA) and/or acquisition of content? Finally, the study aims to identify whether student-initiated focus on language form can be found. The article answers the questions posed above. Furthermore, the results of this study show that a very high percentage of all communication took place in L2 and occurrences of acquisition of content and language can be demonstrated.

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de Lastours, Victoire, Julien Fonsart, Ruxandra Burlacu, Bernard Gourmel, and Jean-Michel Molina. "Concentrations of Tenofovir and Emtricitabine in Saliva: Implications for Preexposure Prophylaxis of Oral HIV Acquisition." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 55, no. 10 (July 25, 2011): 4905–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00120-11.

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ABSTRACTTo prevent acquisition of HIV through oral sex, drugs used for preexposure prophylaxis (Prep) need to diffuse in saliva. We measured tenofovir (TFV) and emtricitabine (FTC) concentrations simultaneously in the plasma and saliva of 41 HIV-infected patients under stable antiretroviral treatment. Mean ratios of saliva/plasma concentration were 3% (±4%) and 86.9% (±124%) for TFV and FTC, respectively. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) should be used in combination with FTC to prevent oral acquisition of HIV.

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Huter, Kirsten I. "Atarashii no kuruma and other old friends – the acquisition of Japanese syntax." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 19, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 39–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.19.1.03hut.

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The following paper presents the first stages of acquisition in Japanese as a second language (JSL). After an explanation of the notion of stages of acquisition, the first four stages will be introduced. Examples of two typical kinds of learner errors will be explained in the light of these stages. It will be demonstrated that the notion of acquisitional stages contributes to the teaching of JSL, because it can explain the occurance of errors and suggest which grammatical errors are correctable, and which grammmatical structures are teachable, at which point in time. The findings presented here are based on data from a longitudinal study that is now in its third year. In that study, oral data from university students of Japanese are being collected.

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Salins, Andrea, Greg Leigh, Linda Cupples, and Anne Castles. "Orthographic Facilitation of Oral Vocabulary Acquisition in Children With Hearing Loss." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 64, no. 8 (August 9, 2021): 3127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_jslhr-20-00660.

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Purpose Learning spoken words can be challenging for children with hearing loss who communicate orally and who are known to have weaker oral vocabulary skills than age-matched children who hear. Since vocabulary skills play a crucial role in reading and literacy acquisition, and academic success, it is important to identify effective vocabulary acquisition strategies for children with hearing loss. The aim of this study was to examine whether the incidental presence of orthography can facilitate oral vocabulary learning in children with hearing loss and whether the benefits are greater than those found in hearing children. Method We taught novel picture–word pairs with or without spellings to 23 children with hearing loss and 23 age-matched controls, ranging in age from 6 to 12 years. Word learning was assessed using behavioral and eye tracking data from picture naming and picture–word matching tasks. Results and Conclusions Results revealed an orthographic facilitation effect on oral vocabulary learning in children with hearing loss, with benefits being maintained over a week. Importantly, children with hearing loss showed a greater benefit of orthography than age-matched hearing peers on the picture naming tests. The results of this study have important implications for classroom instruction and vocabulary instruction strategies for children with hearing loss.

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Deriaz, M., and M. I. Kos. "E039 Simultaneous acquisition of two different oral languages by implanted children." International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 75 (May 2011): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-5876(11)70347-0.

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Hendricks-Muñoz, Karen, Guillermo Perez-Perez, Jie Xu, Yang Kim, and Moi Louie. "Maternal Antenatal Treatments Influence Initial Oral Microbial Acquisition in Preterm Infants." American Journal of Perinatology 30, no. 01 (July 13, 2012): 047–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1321499.

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Zhang, Xiaorong. "A Corpus-based Study on Chinese EFL Learners' Acquisition of English Existential Construction." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 7, no. 4 (July 1, 2016): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0704.10.

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This corpus-based study examines English existential construction used by intermediate and advanced level Chinese EFL (English as a Foreign Language) learners. The corpora adopted are the sub-corpora of SWECCL2.0—TEM 4 Oral and TEM 8 Oral and a sub-corpora of COCA. The study concludes Chinese EFL learners tend to overuse English existential construction and prefer the basic tenses, simple intransitive verbs and commonly seen expressions, avoid the perfect tenses and the difficult forms. With the level of proficiency in English getting higher, Chinese students try to use fewer English existential sentences. The study also finds errors relevant to the tenses, agreements and misuse of “there + have” pattern made in TEM 4 Oral and more difficult participle errors made in TEM 8 Oral and the main reason of errors made in English existential acquisition is due to L1 transfer/ L1 influence

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CHUNG, EUN SEON. "Second and heritage language acquisition of Korean case drop." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 21, no. 1 (December 20, 2016): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728916001218.

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The primary objective of this paper is to investigate how early and late bilinguals attain implicit knowledge of Korean case drop that necessitates integration of multiple levels of information. An oral picture description task and a written forced-choice elicitation task were developed to investigate how different populations employ the relevant factors in Korean case drop and if certain types of cues are more accessible than others. The results reveal qualitative differences in the underlying linguistic knowledge of early vs. late bilinguals with early bilinguals achieving a higher level of mastery than late bilinguals in both oral and written tasks. The results underline the importance of age, context, and mode of acquisition and suggest that bilingual difficulty in the present phenomenon mainly arises from learners heavily relying on cues that are readily available to them in their respective context of acquisition and failing to effectively coordinate multiple constraints.

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Khasawneh, Mohamad Ahmad Saleem. "The Relationship Between the Acquisition of Language Patterns and Oral Expression Skills Among Students with Learning Difficulties in the English Language During the Covid-19 Pandemic." FONDATIA 5, no. 2 (September 30, 2021): 140–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.36088/fondatia.v5i2.1130.

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This study aimed at identifying the relationship between the acquisition of language patterns and oral expression skills among students with learning difficulties in the English language during the Covid-19 pandemic. The study used the experimental approach and implemented the program on a sample of 84 students divided into an experimental group (n = 42) and a control group ( n = 42). The instruments of the study consisted of the training program, a test of language patterns, and a test for the evaluation of oral expressive performance. The study found the existence of a statistically significant relationship between the acquisition of language patterns and oral expression skills among students with learning difficulties in the English language.

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Quan, Tracy. "Acquisition of formulaic sequences in a study abroad context." Study Abroad Research in Second Language Acquisition and International Education 3, no. 2 (October 12, 2018): 220–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sar.17009.qua.

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Abstract Research (e.g., Wood, 2010a) suggests that study abroad (SA) and the use of formulaic language (FL), or sequences of words that tend to go together, aid L2 oral fluency. Nonetheless, there is conflicting evidence regarding whether quantity of L2 use abroad is a predictor of language outcomes. This article examines the acquisition of FL by US L2 learners of Spanish (n = 11) who studied abroad in Spain. The study measures the temporal fluency variables and the formula/run ratio of narrative retell tasks pre- and post-SA by L2 learners and native Spanish speakers. The findings indicate that regardless of program type and length, learners produce more FL post-SA, but they are still far from target-like usage. Moreover, participants’ mean length of run is directly related to the formula/run ratio. Lastly, an analysis of language use shows no direct relationship between L2 use abroad and oral fluency outcomes.

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ALBIRINI, ABDULKAFI, ELABBAS BENMAMOUN, and BRAHIM CHAKRANI. "Gender and number agreement in the oral production of Arabic Heritage speakers." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 16, no. 1 (May 29, 2012): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728912000132.

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Heritage language acquisition has been characterized by various asymmetries, including the differential acquisition rates of various linguistic areas and the unbalanced acquisition of different categories within a single area. This paper examines Arabic heritage speakers’ knowledge of subject–verb agreement versus noun–adjective agreement with the aim of contrasting their distributions and exploring areas of resilience and vulnerability within Arabic heritage speech and their theoretical implications. Two oral-production experiments were carried out, one involving two picture-description tasks, and another requiring an elicited narrative. The results of the study show that subject–verb agreement morphology is more maintained than noun–adjective morphology. Moreover, the unmarked singular masculine default is more robust than the other categories in both domains and is often over-generalized to other marked categories. The results thus confirm the existence of these asymmetries. We propose that these asymmetries may not be explained by a single factor, but by a complex set of morphological, syntactic, semantic, and frequency-related factors.

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Morov, Arseniy R., Tharcisse Ukizintambara, Rushan M. Sabirov, and Kinya Yasui. "Acquisition of the dorsal structures in chordate amphioxus." Open Biology 6, no. 6 (June 2016): 160062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.160062.

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Acquisition of dorsal structures, such as notochord and hollow nerve cord, is likely to have had a profound influence upon vertebrate evolution. Dorsal formation in chordate development thus has been intensively studied in vertebrates and ascidians. However, the present understanding does not explain how chordates acquired dorsal structures. Here we show that amphioxus retains a key clue to answer this question. In amphioxus embryos, maternal nodal mRNA distributes asymmetrically in accordance with the remodelling of the cortical cytoskeleton in the fertilized egg, and subsequently lefty is first expressed in a patch of blastomeres across the equator where wnt8 is expressed circularly and which will become the margin of the blastopore. The lefty domain co-expresses zygotic nodal by the initial gastrula stage on the one side of the blastopore margin and induces the expression of goosecoid , not-like, chordin and brachyury1 genes in this region, as in the oral ectoderm of sea urchin embryos, which provides a basis for the formation of the dorsal structures. The striking similarity in the gene regulations and their respective expression domains when comparing dorsal formation in amphioxus and the determination of the oral ectoderm in sea urchin embryos suggests that chordates derived from an ambulacrarian-type blastula with dorsoventral inversion.

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Behl, Isha, Genecy Calado, Ola Ibrahim, Alison Malkin, Stephen Flint, Hugh J. Byrne, and Fiona M. Lyng. "Development of methodology for Raman microspectroscopic analysis of oral exfoliated cells." Analytical Methods 9, no. 6 (2017): 937–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ay03360a.

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Brazaitis, Michael P., Stuart E. Mirvis, Jonathon Greenberg, and Robert A. Ord. "Severe retroperitoneal hemorrhage complicating anterior iliac bone graft acquisition." Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 52, no. 3 (March 1994): 314–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-2391(94)90309-3.

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Koch, George K., German O. Gallucci, and Sang J. Lee. "Accuracy in the digital workflow: From data acquisition to the digitally milled cast." Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 115, no. 6 (June 2016): 749–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2015.12.004.

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Guidetti, Michèle, and Aliyah Morgenstern. "The gesture-sign interface in language acquisition." Language, Interaction and Acquisition 8, no. 1 (October 2, 2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lia.8.1.01gui.

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Abstract The aim of this special issue is to present and pursue the challenging discussions about the links between gestures and signs and their theoretical and methodological impact that took place during the GDR ADYLOC workshop (GDR CNRS 3195) on April 4–5 2014 at Sorbonne Nouvelle University in Paris. The ADYLOC research group (led by Maya Hickmann and financed by the CNRS between 2009 and 2015) assembled a large number of French specialists around the topic Languages, Oral Language and Cognition: Acquisition and Dysfunction. This setting favored high quality scientific exchanges that brought about new questions, opened new fields and lead to a number of collective research projects.

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Lu, Hui-Chuan, An Chung Cheng, and Shen Yun Hung. "Corpus-based study of L3 acquisition on Spanish past tense: evidence from learners’ oral production." Revista de Lingüística y Lenguas Aplicadas 14, no. 1 (July 19, 2019): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/rlyla.2019.10744.

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<p>This paper focuses on a corpus-based study on the acquisition of L3 Spanish past tense in oral production through a learners’ corpus. The main findings were: (1) Chinese-speaking learners in Taiwan demonstrated more accurate uses of the Spanish preterit than the imperfect in oral productions, same as the findings in their written productions and those in Englishnative speakers of Spanish; (2) These learners used telic verbs more correctly than those of activity and state in preterit form in both oral and written productions; (3) The developmental pattern of the Spanish past tense in the oral production of Chinesespeakinglearners was similar to that of English-speaking learners of Spanish.</p>

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Leonard, Emily, Rebekah Wrenn, Jennifer Saullo, Richard H. Drew, Richard H. Drew, and Christina Sarubbi. "2795. Clinical and Economic Impact of a Ribavirin Intervention Program in Hematopoietic Cell and Solid-organ Transplant Recipients with Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S987—S988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.2472.

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Abstract Background While data are limited, oral ribavirin (RBV) has been shown to be a cost-effective alternative to aerosolized RBV for the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in immunocompromised patients with significant reductions in acquisition and administration costs. We evaluated the clinical and economic impact of an RBV intervention program at a large, academic medical center. Methods This single-center, retrospective cohort study evaluated hematopoietic cell and solid-organ transplant patients admitted to Duke University Hospital (DUH) with documented or suspected RSV receiving aerosolized and/or oral RBV from July 2013 to April 2018. The ID consult service approval requirement was initiated for aerosolized RBV beginning in October 2015. Education was done at this time to promote oral RBV as the preferred therapy for immunocompromised, RSV-infected adults and children. No restrictions or treatment protocols were in place prior to that time for either formulation. Clinical outcomes, adverse effects, and drug acquisition cost were collected. A cost-avoidance analysis was performed using DUH acquisition cost for actual and alternate RBV therapy. Results A total of 118 treatments (115 unique adult and pediatric patients) were included. Demographics were comparable between groups with and median age was 52 years in the Oral RBV and 61 years in the Aerosol RBV group. The predominant transplant type was lung (62.5% in Oral RBV and 55.6% in Aerosol RBV) followed by hematopoietic (16.7% in Oral RBV and 27% in Aerosol RBV). The median (range) duration of therapy was 4 (1–16) days for oral RBV and 5 (1–23) days for aerosolized RBV. The total cost avoidance was $2,522,915 with oral RBV. Clinical outcomes are summarized in Table 1. Conclusion In our large tertiary care center, the use of oral RBV led to substantial cost avoidance with clinical outcomes comparable to aerosolized RBV in immunocompromised patients. Larger prospective trials evaluating oral RBV for RSV treatment are warranted. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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van Daele, Siska, Alex Housen, Michel Pierrard, and Luc De Bruyn. "The effect of extraversion on oral L2 proficiency." EUROSLA Yearbook 6 (July 20, 2006): 213–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eurosla.6.13dae.

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This study investigates the commonly-held belief in the SLA community that second language acquisition is somehow influenced by the learner’s personality. It builds on previous research on the relation between one personality variable, extraversion, and second language acquisition but is innovative in three ways. First, it examines L2 learners’ speech production in two rather than one L2 and thus puts to the test the hypothesis that the effect of extraversion is stable across different target languages (Dewaele and Furnham 2000). Secondly, whereas most previous studies have investigated the effect of extraversion on fluency (e.g. Rossier 1976, Tapasak, Roodin and Vaught 1978, Busch 1982, Dewaele 1998) this study also looks at the potential effect of this variable on the linguistic accuracy and complexity of learners’ L2 speech production. Thirdly, whereas previous studies were mostly cross-sectional in design, this study adds a longitudinal perspective by considering to what extent the effect of the extraversion–introversion dimension on the fluency, complexity and accuracy of learners’ L2 production remains stable over time. Participants were 25 Dutch-speaking secondary school students learning both English and French as foreign languages in Flanders, Belgium.

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Szabatura, Audrea H., Marina D. Kaymakcalan, Cathy Cao, and Phuong Nguyen. "Pharmacy involvement in an oral anticancer management program: Drug acquisition and safety in an ambulatory comprehensive care center." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 27_suppl (September 20, 2019): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.27_suppl.85.

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85 Background: Oral anticancer agents (OACA) offer benefits of convenience, flexibility and quality of life; however, similar to intravenous therapy, OACA can be prone to medication ordering errors, drug-interactions, and administration errors. Additionally, they carry unique challenges such as treatment delay due to acquisition barriers and errors related to self-administration and monitoring. An oral anticancer management program was implemented to address vulnerable aspects of the outpatient OACA medication use process. Pharmacy benefit specialists (PBS) assist with prior authorizations (PA) and drug acquisitions; while, clinical pharmacists perform medication assessments and patient education. Methods: A retrospective review of patients prescribed OACAs between January 1 - March 31, 2019 was performed. A review of all PAs facilitated by our PBS was conducted and included date of prescription, date of submission to insurance, and date of PA approval. An assessment of pharmacist interventions on the prevention of medication-related errors and toxicity was conducted and was defined by any clarification or recommendation regarding medication dose, administration instructions, drug interactions, symptom management, medication reconciliation, and/or medication monitoring. Results: A total of 567 PAs were processed. Twenty-eight PA requests were denied and 539 were approved. The average time to approval was 1.5 days (range 0-13 days). 299 of the 567 patients were prescribed a new OACA and were enrolled into our education program. Pharmacists educated 191 patients. Pharmacists intervened 175 times for the 191 patients counseled. Interventions included recommendations/clarifications for symptom management (21.5%), medication reconciliation (19.5%), drug administration (16.2%), drug interactions (13.6%), and medication monitoring (7.3%). Conclusions: Pharmacy staff can make a valuable contribution to drug acquisition and overall clinical care of patients receiving OACAs. Our PBS reduced delays in acquisition and clinical pharmacists minimized medication-related errors and toxicity.

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Xiashi, Guo, and Yuewu Lin. "Impact of Language Ego, the Native Language Effect on Oral English Learning of High School Students." International Journal of English and Cultural Studies 3, no. 1 (May 6, 2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijecs.v3i1.4841.

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Language transfer, especially the native language effect on the process of second language acquisition, has always been a hot issue of various linguists. Language transfer is inevitable in the process of second language acquisition, which can be divided into positive transfer and negative transfer. The positive transfer will promote the foreign language learning while negative transfer of mother tongue will hinder the second language learning. In English learning, compared with reading and writing, oral English learning is more important and more complex. Chinese high school students are often disturbed by negative effect of their mother tongue in oral English communication. In China, experts and scholars have done a lot of researches on the negative native language effect in English learning, but most of the researches focus on writing and translation skills, while few of them emphasize on listening and speaking skills.At present, English teaching is undergoing a profound reform, and English teachers and learners are paying an increasing number of attention to the study of spoken English. In order to fill the gap and correctly understand the influences of oral English acquisition of high school students, through the analysis of the principle of native language effect, this paper finds that the vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation and pragmatics of mother tongue all have negative transfer to foreign language learning. What’s more, language ego, as an important part of affective principles, has a profound impact on the process of oral English learning. There is a strong and negative correlation between language ego and oral English learning to some extent. The less students´language ego is, the more oral English output students will produce.

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Vermeulen, A., C. Hoekstra, J. Brokx, and P. van den Broek. "Oral language acquisition in children assessed with the Reynell Developmental Language Scales." International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 47, no. 2 (February 1999): 153–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-5876(98)00134-7.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Oral acquisition'

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