Relevant bibliographies by topics / Or traditional medicinal knowledge

Academic literature on the topic 'Or traditional medicinal knowledge'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Or traditional medicinal knowledge"

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Gehl Sampath, Padmashree. "Intellectual Property Rights on Traditional Medicinal Knowledge." Journal of World Intellectual Property 7, no. 5 (November 1, 2005): 711–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1796.2004.tb00226.x.

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Madaleno, Isabel Maria. "Traditional Medicinal Knowledge in India and Malaysia." Pharmacognosy Communications 5, no. 2 (March 18, 2015): 116–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5530/pc.2015.2.3.

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Anchundia, Valeria Briggete Baque, Víctor Manuel Anchundia Mendoza, María Andreina Cevallos Piloso, and Milton Manuel Vega Játiva. "Traditional knowledge using medicinal plants in Portoviejo Canton." International journal of life sciences 4, no. 1 (February 13, 2020): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.29332/ijls.v4n1.394.

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The problem centers on the loss of empirical knowledge of the use of medicinal plants as a source of alternative medicine. The objective of the work is to carry out a study aimed at establishing the current state of local knowledge about the use of medicinal plants in rural parishes and 1 urban one of the Portoviejo canton. The method was based on the literature review on the subject and as techniques, the population survey was used on the knowledge and importance of medicinal plants. The main results of the research included the recovery of the use of medicinal plants as an alternative medicine use. As a result, it was obtained that the inhabitants of these parishes of average age between 35-59 years, had a high impact on the applied surveys of 39.1% of the use of medicinal plants and that the lowest ignorance of the use of medicinal plants as an alternative in medicine it was obtained by people of average age between 60 and over, but this is due to memory loss. It is concluded that knowledge about medicinal plants is regular since their inhabitants do not maintain continuity in their use.
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Junsongduang, Auemporn, Wanpen Kasemwan, Sukanya Lumjoomjung, Wichuda Sabprachai, Wattana Tanming, and Henrik Balslev. "Ethnomedicinal Knowledge of Traditional Healers in Roi Et, Thailand." Plants 9, no. 9 (September 10, 2020): 1177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9091177.

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Traditional healers in Thailand are a primary source of health care for the Thai people. Highly experienced traditional healers are generally older people and they continue to pass away without recording or passing on their knowledge. Consequently, the cumulative knowledge held by traditional healers regarding the use of medicinal plants is being eroded and could be lost. In this study, we aimed to identify and document the medicinal plants and associated ethnobotanical knowledge held by traditional healers in Roi Et in northeastern Thailand. Data and plant specimens were collected from four traditional healers of the Phu Tai people. They were selected by purposive sampling and questioned using a semi-structured interview. The interviews covered their training, the ailments treated, treatment techniques, method of preparation and in addition, several healing sessions were observed. During field walks, we searched for the medicinal plants with the healers to review and document the availability of medicinal plants at each locality and in different habitats around the villages. Use values (UV) were calculated to estimate the importance of each medicinal plant and informant agreement ratios (IAR) were calculated to understand how widely known the uses were. The four Phu Tai traditional healers knew 162 medicinal plant species in 141 genera and 63 families. The family with the most medicinal plants was Leguminosae with 15 species. The plant part that they used most commonly was the stem, which was used for 82 species (49%). The most common preparation method was decoction, which was done for 124 species (75%). The most important and widely used medicinal plants were Rothmannia wittii, which had the highest use value (UV = 1.7). Most medicinal plants were used for treating tonic (34 species (21%)). Jaundice had the highest informant agreement ratio (IAR = 0.5). The most common life form among the medicinal plants was trees (56 species (34%)). The medicinal plants were mostly collected in community forests (81 species (49%)). Considering the richness of the healer’s pharmacopeia, and the fact that their profession is not being perpetuated, this study points to the urgent need to document the traditional knowledge from the old herbalists before it disappears with the last practitioners from rural communities in Thailand.
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Kurniati, Salma Indah, Yulianty Yulianty, Tundjung Tripeni Handayani, and Martha L. Lande. "Local Knowledge of Traditional Physician of Medicinal Plants." Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi Eksperimen dan Keanekaragaman Hayati 6, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jbekh.v6i2.30.

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Traditional medicine in modern era has not been completely abandoned. Now, Traditional medicine is being used again as a substitute for the use of chemical drugs. West Baturaja, Ogan Komering Ulu, located in South Sumatra is an area in Indonesia that still uses traditional medicine. This research is conducted to study the knowledge of Traditional Physician in using medicinal plants for treatment in West Baturaja, Ogan Komering Ulu, South Sumatra. This research was conducted in 5 villages in West Baturaja. We interviewed 8 Traditional Physician from 5 villages, i.e. Talang Jawa Village (4 people), Air Gading (1 people), Saung Naga (1 people), Batu Putih (1 people), and Pusar village (1 people). The Result obtained that there are 140 types of medicinal plants from 60 families. The most widely used is the Zingiberaceae. The most widely used plant habitus is a bush. The most widely used part is the leaves. The way of processing is boiled then taken by the patient. The most commonly treated disease is diabetes.
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Li, Xuan, and Weiwei Li. "Inadequacy of Patent Regime on Traditional Medicinal Knowledge?A Diagnosis of 13-Year Traditional Medicinal Knowledge Patent Experience in China." Journal of World Intellectual Property 10, no. 2 (March 2007): 125–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1796.2007.00317.x.

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Costa, Cilmara Talyne de Araújo, Joelma de Melo Barroso, Olienaide Ribeiro de Oliveira Pinto, and Maria Ivanilda de Aguiar. "Ethnobotany: Ressignifying traditional knowledge for high school students." International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science 9, no. 12 (2022): 316–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.912.34.

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Ethnobotany seeks to understand the relationship between man and plants, a relationship that spans generations and places itself in lines of discussion where the interaction between subjects and the fronts gains new boundary from personal experiences. In highschools, so more people seek to unite traditional knowledge and scientific principles with a view to producing an engaged education. In the present work, we sought to evaluate the level of knowledge of students from a highschool in the municipality of Guaiúba-CE, about the use of medicinal plants and through this, to understand their perception of the field of ethnobotany. For that, a semi-structured questionnaire was applied, with objective and subjective questions, in an audience of 30 students aged between 15 and 18 years. The collected data gave rise to graphs and tables that support the discussion. The results showed that the students acquired part of their knowledge about medicinal plants through the family, demonstrating the ethnic/generational character of knowledge. Students demonstrated knowledge of the use of medicinal plants to cure diseases, treat wounds and relieve symptoms. The most cited plant was boldo, with use aimed at the treatment and/or relief of poor digestion, stomachache and nausea. From the results, it is noted that the students have knowledge about the use of medicinal plants, although we do not have the perception that such knowledge is part of a broader sense of knowledge, its named Ethnobotany.
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Weckmüller, Holger, Carles Barriocanal, Roser Maneja, and Martí Boada. "Factors Affecting Traditional Medicinal Plant Knowledge of the Waorani, Ecuador." Sustainability 11, no. 16 (August 17, 2019): 4460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11164460.

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This paper explores how medicinal plant knowledge of the Waorani (Ecuador) varies with socio-economic and demographic factors. Medicinal plant knowledge was compared at individual and community levels. Semi-structured interviews were performed with 56 informants (men N= 29, women N= 27) between 15 and 70 years old in five Waorani communities located within the Yasuní National Park and Waorani Ethnic Reserve. We found a positive correlation between an informant’s medicinal plant knowledge and age, and a negative correlation between informant’s medicinal plant knowledge and the years of schooling. Reasons behind these findings are thought to be in the rapid socio-cultural changes of the Waorani due to globalization processes. Increased accessibility to health centers and improved transportation infrastructure result in a loss of ethnobotanical knowledge.
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Efferth, Thomas, Gladys Alexie, Kai Andersch, and Mita Banerjee. "First Nations Healing: From Traditional Medicine to Experimental Ethnopharmacology." Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik 68, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 159–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zaa-2020-0017.

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AbstractFocusing on First Nations traditional medicine, we investigated whether traditional knowledge of medicinal plants can be validated by modern scientific methods of molecular and cellular pharmacology and whether this information is of value for improving current therapy options. Based on two projects on medicinal plants of the Gwich’in – a First Nations group on the Canadian North West Coast – we found that extracts from several plants traditionally used medically were able to kill tumor cells, including otherwise multidrug-resistant cells. Investigating medicinal plants from Indigenous communities raises questions about ownership, appropriation, and commercial use. At the same time, because of the intricacies of patent law, publishing scientific investigations on medicinal herbs represents an effective way to prevent biopiracy. Therefore, research cooperation between industrialized and developing countries, and between Western and non-Western knowledge systems will facilitate ethically sound ethnopharmacological research and merge a diversity of competencies and knowledges.
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Fantini Malavazi Camargo, Giulia, Patricia De Aguiar Amaral, Angela Erna Rossato, and Vanilde Citadini-Zanette. "Plantas Medicinais e Alimentícias para Tratamento de Doenças Gastrointestinais: Estudo de Caso." Ensaios e Ciência C Biológicas Agrárias e da Saúde 26, no. 3 (November 11, 2022): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/1415-6938.2022v26n3p261-269.

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O conhecimento popular sobre os vegetais para uso medicinal e alimentício cresce exponencialmente, sendo repassado principalmente através de gerações. Este estudo objetivou relatar o saber popular sobre espécies medicinais utilizadas contra doenças do trato gastrointestinal (TGI) e seus potenciais alimentícios. Realizou-se um estudo minucioso com uma conhecedora de plantas medicinais, reconhecida por seus saberes por moradores do município de Cocal do Sul, SC. Foi aplicado a ela um formulário sobre as plantas indicadas para o tratamento de doenças no TGI (parte usada, formas de preparo e aplicação medicinal/alimentícia). Foram registradas 17 espécies pertencentes a 17 gêneros e a 12 famílias botânicas. Todas as 17 espécies são para uso medicinal e, dessas, 15 também são alimentícias. As folhas das espécies foram as mais utilizadas para fins medicinais, na forma de chá ou infusão e, de acordo com a preparação, deu-se destaque às saladas e sucos na forma de alimento. Das espécies indicadas como medicinais nove são validadas pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA), sendo duas nativas do Brasil, remetendo à necessidade de mais estudos científicos sobre o potencial medicinal de espécies nacionais. Do total, cinco das espécies foram categorizadas como plantas alimentícias não convencionais (PANC). O presente estudo confirma o saber popular/tradicional sobre as plantas medicinais e alimentícias, contribuindo de forma concisa sobre informações dessas espécies no TGI. Palavras-chave: Fitoterapia. Plantas Alimentícias. Conhecimento Popular e Tradicional. Sistema TGI. Abstract Folk knowledge about plants for medicinal and food use grows exponentially, being reposted mainly through generations. This study aims to highlight the ethno-medicinal information regarding medicinal plants, their nutritional properties and how they are used for treating various Gastrointestinal diseases (GI diseases). A detailed study was carried out with an expert on medicinal plants, recognized locally by people of the municipality of Cocal do Sul (Santa Catarina) for her herbal knowledge. Data regarding the treatment of GI diseases with wild vegetables were collected using a questionnaire (i.e., which plant resources are use and how are they prepared). Seventeen species belonging to seventeen genera and twelve botanical families were mentioned. All plants mentioned are medicinal and fifteen out of them are edible. The leaves are mostly used medicinally, in the form of tea or infusion and, according to their food preparation culture, it is necessary to use them mostly on salads and juices. The Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA) approves only nine of the species indicated as medicinal, two of which are native to Brazil. Five of these species have been qualified in Non-Conventional Food Plants (PANC). These numbers show that further documentation of traditional knowledge of native medicinal flora is needed. The present study confirms the popular/traditional knowledge about medicinal and edible plants, contributing in a concise way to information about these species in the TGI. Keywords: Phytotherapy. Edible Plants. Folk and Traditional Knowledge. GI Diseases System.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Or traditional medicinal knowledge"

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Frommer, Chloe Giselle. "The cultural right to practice traditional medicinal knowledge in Zimbabwe /." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=79766.

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Cultural resources like traditional medicinal knowledge need to be recognized in their role tied to important regional practices in Zimbabwe. This is especially as a nexus of legal definitions for biological, intellectual and cultural resources will inform a National Sui Generis Legislation for the protection of these resources. Even further, because foreign pharmaceutical companies seeking plant genetic resources, called 'green-gold', benefit from derivatives of traditional medicinal knowledge it is important to protect these practices as part of an entire social and symbolic system. This system can be conceived as traditional medicinal knowledge is accessed, kept, shared, used and valued as a spiritual gift that links individuals, families and community in relationships. Change to this arrangement occurs when the derivatives of it are appropriated for local non-customary use in Zimbabwe's street markets, in a trade union of traditional-healers, as well as for research and development schemes. Acknowledging the spectrum of divergent interests and practices surrounding traditional medicinal knowledge is a prerequisite to creating a system of protections for it as a cultural resource. A National Sui Generis Legislation framework that clearly supports and protects the cultural right of local individuals and communities will thereby need to identify the important customary and non-customary regional practices around traditional medicinal knowledge and create entitlements to them accordingly.
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Lassonde, Marie-Claire. "The protection of indigenous medicinal knowledge in international intellectual property law /." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=78220.

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For 20 years, and more intensively during the last decade, indigenous knowledge has challenged the regime of intellectual property. If this field of law has been, in the past, challenged by new technology, it is now, with the problematic of indigenous medicinal knowledge, put to the test by "old invention". The present thesis examines the status of indigenous medicinal knowledge in international intellectual property law. Thus, we will proceed to the study of the main international conventions and the common regime of intellectual property law in order to determine the treatment accorded to medicinal indigenous knowledge within the actual system. The role that intellectual property could play in the future will also be examined.
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Lehman, Ashley Davis. "Assessing ethnobotanical knowledge and resources to develop a sustainable management plan for the Lokaro Reserve in southeast, Madagascar." Diss., [Missoula, Mont.] : The University of Montana, 2009. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-12162009-151255.

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Heisler, Elisa Vanessa. "SABERES E PRATICAS POPULARES NO CULTIVO DE HORTO MEDICINAL." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2015. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/7435.

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Health care practices are as old as the emergence of the human species, because since the beginning of civilization are part of the family and community care activities. Among the various practices used and disseminated by popular culture, medicinal plants occupy a prominent place. Although they have been devalued by scientific knowledge, remained to the public health system margin, and are now being valued by national and international public policies that value and encourage the rescue of this millennial know. Considering the importance of the recovery of conventional wisdom for health care, this study aims to answer the research question: what are the knowledge and popular practices associated with the cultivation of medicinal plant garden in a city of Northwest Rio Grande do Sul region? To answer this question has as main objective: to know the knowledge and popular practices on the cultivation of the garden of medicinal plants in a city of Northwest Rio Grande do Sul region. And the following objectives: describe the origin of knowledge and popular practices in the medicinal garden growing in a city of Rio Grande do Sul Northwest region (RS); describe the medicinal plants grown in nurseries medicinal in a city of Northwest Rio Grande do Sul region. This is an exploratory study, structured through a qualitative research. The study subjects were 22 users of the Unified Health System (SUS) participating in the cultivation of three medicinal plant nurseries in the area of coverage of the Family Health Strategy (FHS), located in a city of Rio Grande do Sul the Northwest region. Data collection took place between April and May 2014, using a semi-structured interview, photos and observations recorded in a diary. The analysis and interpretation of data occurred through the operative protocol. The study followed the ethical precepts of the Resolution 466/12 of the National Health Council and was approved by the Research Ethics Committee with the Presentation Certificate Assessment Ethics 26605014.4.0000.5346 number. The results are presented in the scientific article format: Article 1: Cultivation of medicinal garden: knowledge and popular practices; Article 2: Plants grown in medicinal plant nurseries in a city of Northwest Rio Grande do Sul region. It was possible to identify the medicinal plant nurseries originated from initiative and incentive from the EMATER. The knowledge and practices for cultivation and management of the plants come from the knowledge and popular culture, highlighting the figure of the woman as the main knowledgeable and transmitting this knowledge. The nurseries are composed of 12 plants, which were indicated by EMATER and come from the yards of the cultivators. Finally there is the importance of nurses' approach to the cultivation of medicinal plant nurseries, in that these constitute itself as an important strategy for the development of promotion and health education focused on the theme medicinal plants.
As práticas de cuidado a saúde são tão antigas quanto o surgimento da espécie humana, pois desde o início da civilização fazem parte das atividades de cuidado familiar e comunitário. Dentre as diversas práticas utilizadas e difundidas pela cultura popular, as plantas medicinais ocupam lugar de destaque. Apesar de terem sido desvalorizadas pelo saber científico, permaneceram à margem do sistema oficial de saúde, e hoje estão sendo valorizadas por políticas públicas nacionais e internacionais que valorizam e incentivam o resgate deste saber milenar. Por considerar a importância do resgate da sabedoria popular para o cuidado em saúde, este estudo buscou responder à questão de pesquisa: quais os saberes e práticas populares associados ao cultivo de horto de plantas medicinais em um município da região Noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul? Para responder a esta questão teve-se como objetivo geral: conhecer os saberes e práticas populares sobre o cultivo de horto de plantas medicinais em um município da região Noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul. E como objetivos específicos: Descrever a origem dos saberes e práticas populares no cultivo de horto medicinal em um município da região Noroeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS); descrever as plantas medicinais cultivadas em hortos medicinais em um município da região Noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, estruturado por meio de uma pesquisa qualitativa. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram 22 usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) que participavam do cultivo de três hortos medicinais na área de abrangência de uma Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF), localizada em um município da região Noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul. A coleta de dados aconteceu no período entre abril e maio de 2014, por meio de um roteiro de entrevista semi-estruturada, fotografias e observações registradas em um diário de campo. A análise e interpretação dos dados ocorreram por meio da proposta operativa. A pesquisa seguiu os preceitos éticos da resolução 466/12 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde e obteve aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa com o Certificado de Apresentação para Apreciação Ética número 26605014.4.0000.5346. Os resultados são apresentados no formato de artigo científico: Artigo 1: Cultivo de horto medicinal: saberes e práticas populares; Artigo 2: Plantas cultivadas em hortos medicinais em um município da região Noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul. Foi possível identificar que os hortos medicinais tiveram origem a partir de iniciativa e incentivo por parte da EMATER. Os saberes e as práticas para o cultivo e manejo das plantas são provenientes do saber e da cultura popular, destacando-se a figura da mulher como principal conhecedora e transmissora desse saber. Os hortos são compostos por 12 plantas, as quais foram indicadas pela EMATER e são provenientes dos quintais das cultivadoras. Por fim destaca-se a importância da aproximação do enfermeiro com o cultivo dos hortos medicinais, na medida em que estes configuram-se como uma importante estratégia para o desenvolvimento de ações de promoção e educação em saúde voltadas para o tema plantas medicinais.
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Ogbonna, Nkechinyere. "What role should customary law play in the protection of traditional medicinal knowledge in Nigeria?" Thesis, University of Leeds, 2013. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.718851.

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Shao, Jing. ""Hospitalizing" traditional Chinese medicine : identity, knowledge and reification /." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium access full-text, 1999. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:9951836.

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Goldberg, Karen. "Investigating the sustainability of medicinal plants and the loss of traditional knowledge in a rural community in Namaqualand." Bachelor's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25601.

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Up until the early 1990s conservation practices in South Africa were culturally biased, focusing largely on the value systems of the affluent. However, with the release in 1997 of the White Paper on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of South Africa's Biological diversity, the role that biological resources play in providing for the needs of all South Africans, is now emphasized. According to this policy, human needs must be considered if conservation is to be successfully implemented. Using this document as the framework for this study I chose to investigate various aspects of medicinal plant use in a rural community in Paulshoek, Namaqualand. The main aims were as follows: to evaluate the local knowledge regarding medicinal plants; to document the plants used and collected in Paulshoek; and to determine potential threats to the biological resource. This was achieved by employing a variety of social and ecological methods. It became apparent from the interactions and interviews with the residents that medicinal plants are an important resource to the Paulshoek community since more than 70% of the population regularly use herbal remedies. While there is some evidence to suggest that the local knowledge of medicinal plants is dying out, I would speculate that most of the knowledge has already been lost. Of the 15 plants used and collected in Paulshoek, most appear to be highly sustainable in the landscape. This conclusion was based on people's perceptions regarding the change in abundance of each of these species over time and by further comparing plant size between Paulshoek and adjacent commercial farms. As most medicinal species seem unaffected by either: harvesting or land use practices this indicates that it is possible to achieve a sustainable harvest. Certain species do, however, show evidence of decline. Fuelwood harvesting most probably accounts for the change in abundance of Rhus burchelli over time, while Mentha longifolia may be facing some reduction in plant fitness due to harvesting for medicinal purposes. Sceletium emarcidum is on the verge of local extinction due to a combination of intensive harvesting and high grazing pressures. In contrast, high stocking densities appear to account for the increased abundance in both Galenia africana and Ballota africana. These findings clearly show that while the resource as a whole may be fairly resilient to harvesting and land use practices, certain species are in need of urgent conservation. This study further highlights the need to look beyond the direct impacts of harvesting and consider all possible threats, if the resource is to be sustainably managed. While this case study is atypical of the state of the medicinal plant resource in most of South Africa, this survey serves as a novel protocol for evaluating the sustainability of any resource which is regularly utilized.
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Anne, Ouma. "From Rural Gift to Urban Commodity : Traditional Medicinal Knowledge and Socio-spatial Transformation in the Eastern Lake Victoria Region." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kulturgeografi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-81049.

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As we celebrate all the dynamic and dramatic improvements in human health care in the 21st century, life in much of Africa begins with and is sustained with the support of traditional medicinal knowledge. Research on traditional medicinal knowledge (TMK) is extensive, but rather few studies have been written about Traditional Healers' (THs') own perceptions about TMK and practices in relation to changing societal dynamics. The aim of this thesis is to examine how THs perceive on going socio-spatial transformation, including contemporary processes of urbanization, migration, commercialization and commodification of TMK, as well as changing dynamics of learning and knowledge systems between generations and genders and how these affect their medicinal healing practices in time and space. The thesis consists of four main empirical chapters, which derive from different data sources including literature, documentation review and qualitative interview material. The findings in this thesis can be summarised as follows: First that TMK today exists side by side with modern health systems, in what are seen as complex patterns of medical pluralism that provide evidence of an evolving role the TH plays in primary health care, in the rural and urban space. Youthful migrating population dynamics that are linked to historical processes, have effectively carved an emerging cross-sectoral role of the TH in the formal space. Secondly the developing legislation on IPR and ABS in parallel with the representation of an earlier official formal governance around TMK in Tanzania; and the difference in the sectors where TMK is anchored in the two contexts, could have paved way to some earlier collaborative mechanisms, that today provide space to enable a more natural engagement between formal and informal organizations involved in the governance of TMK in Tanzania. Thirdly, the practical ways in which TMK learning processes, which are characterized by learning systems in place, being sent and visiting sacred places that are lived by an apprentice over a number of years, have increasingly come under pressure. Fourthly the thesis shows approaches by THs, encouraging the youth to access conventional medicinal education followed by, or in parallel with TMK learned through traditional pedagogies employed by the THs themselves. The youth’s keen interest in learning TMK is seen to increase when they view improved livelihood possibilities due to the commercialization of medicinal plants. The future of TMK learning processes may be limited unless incentives are put in place for the youth regarding their future livelihoods. Fifth, gendered and generational dimensions suggest that older and some younger female THs reemphasize the values of the gift and TMK in a climate of increased commodification and commercialization of TMK, where TMK increasingly meets neoliberal processes, engaging an alternative paradigm than the gift economy, where a predominance of male TH’s in the urban space and places, increasingly define the diversification of the TMK livelihoods. The gift provided by a higher power and which is embedded in a particular cosmological view, to be used as a social service to help the community, is increasingly evolving as an emerging tested force in a changing ideological climate, with an increasing awareness of commodification, commercialization, IPR and ABS issues surrounding TMK. It implies awareness in relation to the increased benefits of commoditized and commercialized medicinal plant knowledge (which THs hold) for other individuals and institutions. The TH profession and TMK is seen as entering a contested IPR/ABS arena at a time when increasingly socio-spatial transformations are modifying its role from that of a gift to an owned commodity. However while the practice of TMK has changed over time and space, presenting new challenges as well as opportunities, it is also seen as a threat that anyone today can sell and market TMK products.
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Monakisi, Charlotte M. "Knowledge and use of traditional medicinal plants by the Setswana-speaking community of Kimberley, Northern Cape of South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18589.

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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The majority of South Africans still depend on the use of traditional remedies, as these are sometimes the only types of health care systems available, especially within rural communities. South Africa comprises approximately 400 000 traditional healers and an estimated 60 to 80% of individuals consulting such traditional healers. As a result, the over-harvesting of many traditional medicinal plants has become a threat to the country’s species diversity and has resulted in the scarcity of certain medicinal plant species. The non-sustainable use of traditional medicinal plants stems from their intense harvesting from the wild to supply the high demands from urban and rural markets. As a result of the escalating population growth rate; high rural unemployment; and fundamental value attached to traditional medicinal plants (socio-economic factors), the national and regional trade of traditional medicines is currently higher than it has ever been. Another reason for the increased threat to traditional medicinal plants is the degradation and weakening of customary laws that have previously regulated such resources. This study focuses on the use of traditional medicinal plants by the Setswana-speaking community for self-medication and as a form of primary health care. Research was conducted in Kimberley, Northern Cape of South Africa and focuses on the issue of the sustainability of medicinal plant use in the area, specifically on use and users as well as the acquisition of material sold by a single trader and harvesting techniques. This is to determine whether harvesting of medicinal plants is a potential threat to plant communities in the area. To address the shortcomings of medicinal anthropology the study also investigates the impacts of relocation and resettlement of various communities in the area, on plant use, methods of collection, the sustainability of the natural resource, as well as the transmission of Setswana indigenous knowledge inter-generationally. most abundant under high disturbances. Certain species reacted positively to disturbance and were most abundant in disturbed habitats. These included Elephantorrhiza elephantina and a Helichrysum sp. To minimise destructive harvesting in the Kimberley area and to ensure the sustainable harvesting of plant material, it is important that local harvesters are educated on proper harvesting techniques and that local gatherers are educated on sustainability issues as well as other ecologically fundamental issues.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die meeste Suid-Afrikaners is steeds afhanklik van tradisionele geneesmiddels aangesien dit soms, veral in landelike gemeenskappe, die enigste beskikbare gesondheidsorg is. Suid-Afrika het sowat 400 000 tradisionele geneeshere wat deur ’n geraamde 60% tot 80% van individue geraadpleeg word. As gevolg hiervan hou die oorontginning van talle tradisionele medisinale-planthulpbronne ’n bedreiging vir die land se spesiediversiteit in en het dit reeds tot ’n skaarste aan sekere medisinale plante gelei. Tradisionele medisinale plante word tans nievolhoubaar aangewend aangesien dit op groot skaal in die veld geoes word om in die groot vraag van stedelike en landelike markte te voorsien. As gevolg van die stygende bevolkingsgroeikoers, hoë landelike werkloosheidsyfer en die grondliggende waarde wat aan tradisionele medisinale plante geheg word (sosio-ekonomiese faktore), is die nasionale en streekhandel in tradisionele geneesmiddels tans groter as ooit tevore. Nog ’n rede vir die toenemende bedreiging van tradisionele medisinale plante is die verslapping en versagting van gewoonteregwetgewing wat voorheen sodanige hulpbronne gereguleer het. Hierdie studie fokus op die gebruik van tradisionele medisinale plante deur die Setswanagemeenskap vir selfbehandeling en as ’n vorm van primêre gesondheidsorg. Die navorsing vir die studie is in Kimberley in die Noord-Kaapprovinsie van Suid-Afrika gedoen en fokus op die kwessie van volhoubare medisinale-plantgebruik in die gebied, met bepaalde klem op gebruik en gebruikers, die verkryging van middels wat deur ’n enkele handelaar verkoop word, en oestegnieke. Die doel van die navorsing was om te bepaal of die oes van medisinale plante ’n moontlike bedreiging vir plantgemeenskappe in die gebied inhou. Om die tekortkominge van medisinale antropologie aan te pak, ondersoek die studie ook die uitwerking van die verskuiwing en hervestiging van verskeie gemeenskappe in die gebied op plantgebruik, oesmetodes, die volhoubaarheid van die natuurlike hulpbronne, asook die oordrag van inheemse Setswana-kennis oor geslagte heen. Selfbehandeling en die gebruik van tradisionele medisinale plante speel steeds ’n groot rol in Kimberley, aangesien die meeste van die individue wat aan die navorsing deelgeneem het steeds tradisionele geneesmiddels as deel van hulle kultuur en tradisie gebruik. Daar word in ’n uiteenlopende verskeidenheid plantmateriaal handel gedryf. Hoewel sommige van die middels plaaslik ingesamel word, word die meeste van ander dele van die land, en in party gevalle van buurlande soos Lesotho en Swaziland, ingevoer. Hoewel die meeste van die materiaal dus nie plaaslik ingesamel word en dus nie bepaald op hierdie studie betrekking het nie, is dit steeds aanduidend van oes- en volhoubaarheidskwessies in ander dele van die land. Die kruiekenner dryf in sewentig tradisionele medisinale-plantsoorte handel, waarvan party beskermd en erg bedreig is, waaronder Prunus africana en Warburgia salutaris wat slegs in beskermde gebiede in die land voorkom. Prunus africana is ’n gelyste spesie in CITES, aanhangsel 2. Ander bedreigde spesies sluit Ocotea bullata, Bersama lucens, Curtisia dentata en ’n Eugenia-spesie in. Die meeste van die plante wat (in Kimberley) geoes word, is in die vorm van ondergrondse bergingsorgane (uitlopers en bolle). Hoewel hierdie plante van stingelskade en die skade aan ondergrondse bergingsorgane kan herstel, vat hulle swak pos indien hulle oorgebruik en oorontgin word, en kan hulle dus mettertyd al hoe minder voorkom. In hierdie studie word die mettertydse afname in plantbevolkings deur die toename in reisafstande na insamelingspunte aangetoon. Hierdie tendens is egter nie in die handelsprys en -materiaalhoeveelhede oor die afgelope eeu weerspieël nie. Die meeste van die studiedeelnemers het bevestig dat die prys en hoeveelheid van die handelsmateriaal deurentyd betreklik stabiel gebly het. Van die teikenspesies wat vir kwesbaarheid of sensitiwiteit vir ontwrigting ondersoek is, het Withania somnifera, Boophane disticha, Dicoma anomala en Bulbine natalensis die laagste oorlewingspotensiaal en die hoogste ontwrigtingsensitiwiteit getoon. Die meeste van hierdie spesies het in baie klein hoeveelhede op die gekose terreine voorgekom. In die geval van Withania somnifera kon die negatiewe resultate egter met die laereënvalseisoen gedurende daardie betrokke jaar in verband gebring word. Hierdie spesie word oor die algemeen as ’n onkruid in ontwrigte gebiede geklassifiseer en kom meestal onder erg ontwrigte toestande voor. Sekere spesies, soos Elephantorrhiza elephantina en ’n Helichrysum-spesie, het positief op ontwrigting gereageer en het volop in ontwrigte habitatte voorgekom. Om vernietigende oestery in die Kimberley-omgewing te minimaliseer en die volhoubare ontginning van planthulpbronne te verseker, is dit belangrik dat plaaslike plukkers in gepaste oestegnieke, en plaaslike insamelaars oor volhoubaarheidskwessies en ander ekologies belangrike sake opgelei word.
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Jordaan, Beatrice. "The protection of indigenous medical knowledge a critical analysis /." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd/etd-07132006-120602/.

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Books on the topic "Or traditional medicinal knowledge"

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Ethnomedicinal plants: Revitalization of traditional knowledge of herbs. Enfield, NH: Science Publishers, 2011.

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Bhutani, K. K. Herbal wealth of "Greater Bihar": Ancient knowledge & database appraisal. Mohali: Dept. of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 2009.

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Indigenous knowledge in traditional folk panorama: Genesis, development & applications. New Delhi: Serials Publications, 2011.

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Indigenous medicine and knowledge in African society. New York: Routledge, 2007.

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India, Anthropological Survey of, ed. Traditional knowledge in Indian society. Kolkata: Anthropological Survey of India, 2012.

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Saha, Ratan Kumar, Dilip Nath, and Himadri Saha. Ancestral knowledge in agri-allied science. New Delhi: New India Publishing Agency, 2014.

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Hehmeyer, Ingrid, and Anne Regourd. Herbal medicine in Yemen: Traditional knowledge and practice, and their value for today's world. Leiden: Brill, 2012.

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Hannelore, Schönig, ed. Herbal medicine in Yemen: Traditional knowledge and practice, and their value for today's world. Leiden: Brill, 2012.

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1948-, Wu Xiaolong, ed. The basic knowledge of traditional Chinese medicine. Hong Kong: Hai Feng Pub. Co., 1991.

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Kumar, Pushpam. Does indigenous knowledge contribute towards the benefits of bioprospecting? Delhi: Institute of Economic Growth, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Or traditional medicinal knowledge"

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Bodeker, Gerard, Emma Weisbord, Drissa Diallo, Robert Byamukama, Yahaya Sekagya, and Charlotte I. E. A. van't Klooster. "African Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medical Knowledge." In African Indigenous Medical Knowledge and Human Health, 65–86. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2018. | “A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.”: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b22167-3.

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Mukherjee, Tapan. "Documentation and Protection of Traditional Knowledge." In Medicinal Plants: Biodiversity, Sustainable Utilization and Conservation, 135–42. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1636-8_8.

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Busia, Kofi. "African Traditional Medicine." In African Indigenous Medical Knowledge and Human Health, 193–211. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2018. | “A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.”: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b22167-10.

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Emeagwali, Gloria. "African Traditional Medicine Revisited." In African Indigenous Knowledge and the Sciences, 161–70. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-515-9_13.

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Bakar, Nurzahidah, F. Merlin Franco, and Noor Hasharina Hassan. "The Intersection of Kedayan Folk Medicine and Traditional Ecological Calendar." In Case Studies in Biocultural Diversity from Southeast Asia, 105–24. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6719-0_5.

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AbstractA noteworthy feature of folk and codified traditional medicines is their ability to combine drug-based therapies with spiritual therapies. This unique combination differentiates them from the drug-based approach employed by modern biomedicine and renders them highly relevant to contemporary healthcare. Like folk medicine, traditional ecological calendars also embody the traditional knowledge held by local communities. However, the influence of ecological calendars on folk medicine has been largely underexplored; studies have mostly considered ecological calendars and folk medicine independent of each other. In this chapter, we provide an understanding of the traditional knowledge of the Kedayan community of Brunei Darussalam with specific reference to their folk medicine and their traditional ecological calendar. Data was collected through in-depth interviews that the first author held with sixteen knowledgeable elders from the Kedayan community of Brunei Darussalam between January 2018 and June 2018. The Kedayan classify causes of ailments broadly into two: ailments caused by factors of the unseen realm and factors of the seen realm. The former are treated by spiritual therapies and the latter using practices rooted in the humoral concept of well-being. The Kedayan traditional ecological calendar stipulates the right time for harvesting medicinal herbs and administering them. It links the potency of medicinal herbs to tidal cycles and also provides information on the seasonal occurrence of ailments. By focussing on the interface between the Kedayan folk medicine and the ecological calendar, the chapter draws attention to a hitherto underexplored area in folk medicine.
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Menković, Nebojša, Katarina Šavikin, Gordana Zdunić, Slobodan Milosavljević, and Jelena Živković. "Medicinal Plants in Northern Montenegro: Traditional Knowledge, Quality, and Resources." In Ethnobotany and Biocultural Diversities in the Balkans, 197–228. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1492-0_11.

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Nimoh, Sarfo K. "Indigenous Traditional Medicine in Ghana." In African Indigenous Knowledge and the Disciplines, 83–93. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-770-4_8.

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Kasilo, Ossy MJ, Jean-Baptiste Nikiema, Abayneh Desta, and André Lona. "Traditional Medicine Situation in Africa." In African Indigenous Medical Knowledge and Human Health, 1–50. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2018. | “A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.”: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b22167-1.

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Shi, Yong, Lingling Zhang, Yingjie Tian, and Xingsen Li. "Intelligent Knowledge Management in Expert Mining in Traditional Chinese Medicines." In Intelligent Knowledge, 131–39. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46193-8_8.

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Amechi, Emeka Polycarp, and Jane Ezirigwe. "Traditional knowledge on the medicinal uses of plants (TKMUP) in Nigeria." In Nigerian Intellectual Property Law, 72–88. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003250883-7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Or traditional medicinal knowledge"

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Madaleno, I. M. "Traditional medicinal knowledge in Cuba." In ISLANDS 2010. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/islands100091.

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Luo, Yansong, Chunrong Liu, and Kong Fan Qiang. "Extraction of Key Factors to Determining the Acceptability of Diet Therapy Based on Syndrome Differentiation of Traditional Chinese Medicine." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002033.

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Purpose: Extract key factors to determining the acceptability of diet therapy based on syndrome differentiation of Traditional Chinese Medicine for middle-aged and elderly people and propose some suggestions to improve their acceptance of it. Method: Thirteen main influencing factors are selected from literature survey and interviews. Semi-structured interview are conducted with Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory questionnaires to evaluate factors’ interrelationship. Results: The understandability and the memorability of medicinal food’s knowledge, the type of medicinal food and the popularity of medicinal food’s knowledge are key influencing factors. Suggestions: Pre-research of people’s taste preferences is important and necessary; the identity of propagandist and the source of propaganda content should be transparent and the organization of publicity activities should be normalized; concise and multi-sensory propagation mode should be adopted; “Medicinal Virtue Association” can be used to reduce the difficulty of memorizing knowledge.
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Husain, F., B. Wahidah, K. Prasetyo, and M. Massholeh. "Traditional Knowledge of Medicinal Plants among Sellers of Jamu Gendong in Wonolopo, Indonesia." In First International Conference on Advances in Education, Humanities, and Language, ICEL 2019, Malang, Indonesia, 23-24 March 2019. EAI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.23-3-2019.2284999.

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Vallejo, José Ramón, Helena Arco, Sofia Roque, José Antonio González, María Consuelo Carrasco, María Eugenia Gómez-Navarro, and Salvador Postigo-Mota. "INTERNATIONAL PROJECT ABOUT THE INTRODUCTION OF TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE ON MEDICINAL PLANTS AMONG STUDENTS OF HEALTH SCIENCES." In 15th annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation. IATED, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/iceri.2022.0537.

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Gao, Rongxuan, and Chen Li. "Knowledge Question-Answering System Based on Knowledge Graph of Traditional Chinese Medicine." In 2020 IEEE 9th Joint International Information Technology and Artificial Intelligence Conference (ITAIC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itaic49862.2020.9339040.

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Qi, Yu, Li Jinghua, Yu Tong, Gao Hongjie, and Cui Meng. "Research on Ontology-Based Traditional Chinese Medicine Knowledge Model." In 2015 7th International Conference on Information Technology in Medicine and Education (ITME). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itme.2015.75.

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Đelić, Gorica, Aleksandra Mitrović, Duško Brković, Goran Marković, and Milica Pavlović. "ETNOBOTANIČKI PREGLED TRADICIONALNOG KORIŠĆENJA BILJAKA BANATSKOG, ŠUMADIJSKOG I ZLATIBORSKOG OKRUGA." In XXVII savetovanje o biotehnologiji. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt27.285dj.

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An ethnobotanical study was conducted to document the traditional and local use of plants in the prevention and treatment of diseases in the three administrative districts of the Republic of Serbia, Banat, Sumadija and, Zlatibor. The research aims to point out the similarities and differences in the use of medicinal plants in the examined environments and the time contributed to the preservation of knowledge about the traditional use of plants in these parts of Serbia. Data were collected using an ethnomedical survey in which 79 respondents aged 35-75 participated. The families from which most species are used in traditional medicine are Lamiaceae (17.5%), Rosaceae (13%), Asteraceae (11%).. The largest number of respondents collects herbs (47%) and uses it in the form of tea (43%) for the treatment of respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases.
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Cheng, Boya, Yuan Zhang, Dejun Cai, Wan Qiu, and Dongxin Shi. "Construction of traditional Chinese medicine Knowledge Graph using Data Mining and Expert Knowledge." In 2018 International Conference on Network Infrastructure and Digital Content (IC-NIDC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icnidc.2018.8525665.

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Dezheng, Zhang, Gao Lixin, Zhang Huansheng, and Liu Jianming. "Centrality Research on the Traditional Chinese Medicine Network." In First International Workshop on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (WKDD 2008). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wkdd.2008.19.

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Zhou, Xuezhong, Baoyan Liu, Yinghui Wang, Runsun Zhang, Ping Li, Shibo Chen, Yufeng Guo, Zhuye Gao, and Hua Zhang. "Building Clinical Data Warehouse for Traditional Chinese Medicine Knowledge Discovery." In 2008 International Conference on Biomedical Engineering And Informatics (BMEI). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bmei.2008.83.

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Reports on the topic "Or traditional medicinal knowledge"

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Qu, Pengda, Jing Huang, Shiqi Wang, Qian Hu, Size Li, Wei Wang, Jiangyun Peng, and Xiaohu Tang. Efficacy and safety of Chinese medicinal formula containing Cortex Phellodendri for gout: A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.5.0109.

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Review question / Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of Chinese medicinal formula containing Cortex Phellodendri and traditional western medicine in the treatment of gout. Information sources: The following databases will be searched on the same day: Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform (Wanfang), Weipu Chinese Science and Technology Journal Full-text Database (VIP) and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM). The retrieval time is from the inception of the database to May 2022. At the same time, we will retrieve other resources to make up for the shortage of electronic database, mainly searching for the clinical trial registries and grey literature about Chinese herbal decoction containing Cortex Phellodendri for gout on the corresponding website. In addition, the relevant journals, in the reference literature, will be searched and tracked.
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Steinmann, Peter. Do interventions for educating traditional healers about STDs and HIV improve their knowledge and behaviour? SUPPORT, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.30846/170409.

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Traditional healers are important healthcare providers in a number of societies for a variety of healthcare concerns, including sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and HIV. However, some traditional healing practices are risk factors for HIV infection, such as male circumcision using unsterilized equipment. The provision of training for traditional healers about STDs, HIV and evidence based medicine is seen as a way to improve their knowledge, reduce risk behaviours, and improve acceptance of and collaboration with formal health services. Training could also increase referrals to the formal health services.
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Mai, Zhefen, Chunli Lu, Zixun Zhuang, and Hongxia Ma. Effectiveness and safety of Er-xian Decoction (traditional Chinese medicine) for women with Primary ovarian insufficiency. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.11.0107.

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Review question / Objective: To assess the effectiveness and safety of Er-xian Decoction in the treatment of primary ovarian insufficiency. Information sources: We will search the following electronic databases, including 3 English databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library) and 4 Chinese databases (China national knowledge infrastructure database, Wanfang database, Sinomed Database, and VIP database). The filters were English and Chinese language. The following key words in Title/Abstract or MeSH search headings are used: “Er-xian” and “Hormone replacement therapy” or “Femoston” or “Climen” and “Primary ovarian insufficiency” or “Ovarian failure” or “Premature ovarian failure” or “POI” and “random*” or “Randomized controlled trial”. In addition, we also search the grey literature such as conference proceedings and dissertations in CNKI and Wanfang database, and relevant trials will be searched in ClinicalTrial.gov database [20] and Chinese Clinical Trial Registry for unpublished trials and protocols. References of all included studies will be hand searched for additional eligible studies.
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Ștefănescu, Ruxandra, Eszter Laczkó-Zöld, Bianca-Eugenia Ősz, and Camil-Eugen Vari. An updated systematic review of Vaccinium myrtillus leaves: phytochemistry and pharmacology. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.12.0029.

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Review question / Objective: This review aims to present the latest knowledge on the phytochemical profile as well as the therapeutic effects of Vaccinium myrtillus leaves. Background: The leaves are used in traditional medicine of different countries for the management of diabetes. Until date there are no relevant information, only assumptions regarding the compounds that are responsible for this effect Bilberry leaves are used in many countries in traditional medicine for treating a wide variety of diseases. Well documented in the literature, the influence of pedo-climatic conditions is an important factor that is responsible for the noticeable differences among the chemical composition of herbal drugs, and also the accumulation of different metals, having significant effects on the quality of plant products.
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Dutfield, Graham. Protecting traditional Knowledge. Geneva, Switzerland: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.7215/ip_ip_20060601a.

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Rajarajan, Kunasekaran, Alka Bharati, Hirdayesh Anuragi, Arun Kumar Handa, Kishor Gaikwad, Nagendra Kumar Singh, Kamal Prasad Mohapatra, et al. Status of perennial tree germplasm resources in India and their utilization in the context of global genome sequencing efforts. World Agroforestry, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp20050.pdf.

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Tree species are characterized by their perennial growth habit, woody morphology, long juvenile period phase, mostly outcrossing behaviour, highly heterozygosity genetic makeup, and relatively high genetic diversity. The economically important trees have been an integral part of the human life system due to their provision of timber, fruit, fodder, and medicinal and/or health benefits. Despite its widespread application in agriculture, industrial and medicinal values, the molecular aspects of key economic traits of many tree species remain largely unexplored. Over the past two decades, research on forest tree genomics has generally lagged behind that of other agronomic crops. Genomic research on trees is motivated by the need to support genetic improvement programmes mostly for food trees and timber, and develop diagnostic tools to assist in recommendation for optimum conservation, restoration and management of natural populations. Research on long-lived woody perennials is extending our molecular knowledge and understanding of complex life histories and adaptations to the environment, enriching a field that has traditionally drawn its biological inference from a few short-lived herbaceous species. These concerns have fostered research aimed at deciphering the genomic basis of complex traits that are related to the adaptive value of trees. This review summarizes the highlights of tree genomics and offers some priorities for accelerating progress in the next decade.
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Mashelkar, Raghunath. Keeping traditional knowledge free. Edited by Sarah Bailey. Monash University, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54377/4042-c838.

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Dutfield, Graham. Protecting Traditional Knowledge and Folklore. Geneva, Switzerland: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.7215/ip_ip_20030601.

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Borgida, Alex, and Ralf Küsters. What's not in a name? Initial Explorations of a Structural Approach to Integrating Large Concept Knowledge-Bases. Aachen University of Technology, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.101.

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Aus der Einleitung: Given two ontologies/terminologies collections of terms and their 'meanings' as used in some universe of discourse (UofD), our general task is to integrate them into a single ontology, which captures the meanings of the original terms and their inter-relationships. This problem is motivated by several application scenarios: • First, such ontologies have been and are being developed independently by multiple groups for knowledge-based and other applications. Among others, medicine is an area in which such ontologies already abound [RZStGC, CCHJ94, SCC97]. • Second, a traditional step in database design has been so-called 'view integration': taking the descriptions of the database needs of different parts of an organization (called 'external views'), and coming up with a unified central schema (called the 'logical schema') for the database [BLN86]. Although the database views might be expressed in some low-level formalism, such as the relational data model, one can express the semantics (meta-data) in a more expressive notation, which can be thought of as an ontology. Then the integration of the ontologies can guide the integration of the views. • Finally, databases and semistructured data on the internet provide many examples where there are multiple, existing heterogeneous information sources, for which uniform access is desired. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to relate the contents of the various information sources. The approach of choice has been the development of a single, integrated ontology, starting from separate ontologies capturing the semantics of the heterogeneous sources[Kas97, CDGL+98]. Of course, we could just take the union of the two ontologies, and return the result as the integration. However, except for the case when the ontologies had absolutely nothing to do with each other, this seems inappropriate. Therefore part of our task will to be explore what it means to 'integrate' two ontologies. To help in this, we will in fact assume here that the ontologies are describing exactly the same aspects of the universe of discourse (UofD), leaving for a separate paper the issue of dealing with partially overlapping ontologies.
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Okunji, Chris O., Tantalia A. Ware, Rickey P. Hicks, Maurice M. Iwu, and David J. Skanchy. Capillary Electrophoresis Determination of Biflavanones from Garcinia Kola in Three Traditional African Medicinal Formulations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada406859.

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