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Journal articles on the topic 'Optomechanical sensing'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 18 May 2024

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1

Li, Bei-Bei, Lingfeng Ou, Yuechen Lei, and Yong-Chun Liu. "Cavity optomechanical sensing." Nanophotonics 10, no. 11 (August 24, 2021): 2799–832. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2021-0256.

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Abstract Cavity optomechanical systems enable interactions between light and mechanical resonators, providing a platform both for fundamental physics of macroscopic quantum systems and for practical applications of precision sensing. The resonant enhancement of both mechanical and optical response in the cavity optomechanical systems has enabled precision sensing of multiple physical quantities, including displacements, masses, forces, accelerations, magnetic fields, and ultrasounds. In this article, we review the progress of precision sensing applications using cavity optomechanical systems. The review is organized in the following way: first we will introduce the physical principles of optomechanical sensing, including a discussion of the noises and sensitivity of the systems, and then review the progress in displacement sensing, mass sensing, force sensing, atomic force microscope (AFM) and magnetic resonance force microscope (MRFM), accelerometry, magnetometry, and ultrasound sensing, and introduce the progress of using quantum techniques especially squeezed light to enhance the performance of the optomechanical sensors. Finally, we give a summary and outlook.

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2

Huang, Wenyi, Senyu Zhang, Jamal N. A. Hassan, Xing Yan, Dingwei Chen, Guangjun Wen, Kai Chen, Guangwei Deng, and Yongjun Huang. "High-precision angular rate detection based on an optomechanical micro hemispherical shell resonator gyroscope." Optics Express 31, no. 8 (March 30, 2023): 12433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.482859.

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Cavity optomechanics with picometer displacement measurement resolution has shown vital applications in high-precision sensing areas. In this paper, an optomechanical micro hemispherical shell resonator gyroscope (MHSRG) is proposed, for the first time. The MHSRG is driven by the strong opto-mechanical coupling effect based on the established whispering gallery mode (WGM). And the angular rate is characterized by measuring the transmission amplitude changing of laser coupled in and out from the optomechanical MHSRG based on the dispersive resonance wavelength shift and/or dissipative losses varying. The detailed operating principle of high-precision angular rate detection is theoretically explored and the fully characteristic parameters are numerically investigated. Simulation results show that the optomechanical MHSRG can achieve scale factor of 414.8 mV/ (°/ s) and angular random walk of 0.0555 °/ h1/2 when the input laser power is 3 mW and resonator mass is just 98 ng. Such proposed optomechanical MHSRG can be widely used for chip-scale inertial navigation, attitude measurement, and stabilization.

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Zhang, Jian-Qi, Jing-Xin Liu, Hui-Lai Zhang, Zhi-Rui Gong, Shuo Zhang, Lei-Lei Yan, Shi-Lei Su, Hui Jing, and Mang Feng. "Topological optomechanical amplifier in synthetic PT $\mathcal{PT}$ -symmetry." Nanophotonics 11, no. 6 (February 2, 2022): 1149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2021-0721.

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Abstract We propose how to achieve synthetic PT $\mathcal{PT}$ symmetry in optomechanics without using any active medium. We find that harnessing the Stokes process in such a system can lead to the emergence of exceptional point (EP), i.e., the coalescing of both the eigenvalues and the eigenvectors of the system. By encircling the EP, both nonreciprocal optical amplification and chiral mode switching can be achieved. As a result, our synthetic PT $\mathcal{PT}$ -symmetric optomechanics works as a topological optomechanical amplifier. This provides a surprisingly simplified route to realize PT $\mathcal{PT}$ -symmetric optomechanics, indicating that a wide range of EP devices can be created and utilized for various applications such as topological optical engineering and nanomechanical processing or sensing.

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4

Piergentili, Paolo, Riccardo Natali, David Vitali, and Giovanni Di Giuseppe. "Two-Membrane Cavity Optomechanics: Linear and Non-Linear Dynamics." Photonics 9, no. 2 (February 8, 2022): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9020099.

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In this paper, we review the linear and non-linear dynamics of an optomechanical system made of a two-membrane etalon in a high-finesse Fabry–Pérot cavity. This two-membrane setup has the capacity to modify on demand the single-photon optomechanical coupling, and in the linearized interaction regime to cool simultaneously two mechanical oscillators. It is a promising platform for realizing cavity optomechanics with multiple resonators. In the non-linear regime, an analytical approach based on slowly varying amplitude equations allows us to derive a consistent and full characterization of the non-linear displacement detection, enabling a truthful detection of membrane displacements much above the usual linear sensing limited by the cavity linewidth. Such a high quality system also shows a pre-synchronization regime.

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Xia, Ji, Fuyin Wang, Chunyan Cao, Zhengliang Hu, Heng Yang, and Shuidong Xiong. "A Nanoscale Photonic Crystal Cavity Optomechanical System for Ultrasensitive Motion Sensing." Crystals 11, no. 5 (April 21, 2021): 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11050462.

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Optomechanical nanocavities open a new hybrid platform such that the interaction between an optical cavity and mechanical oscillator can be achieved on a nanophotonic scale. Owing to attractive advantages such as ultrasmall mass, high optical quality, small mode volume and flexible mechanics, a pair of coupled photonic crystal nanobeam (PCN) cavities are utilized in this paper to establish an optomechanical nanosystem, thus enabling strong optomechanical coupling effects. In coupled PCN cavities, one nanobeam with a mass meff~3 pg works as an in-plane movable mechanical oscillator at a fundamental frequency of πΩm/2π=4.148 MHz. The other nanobeam couples light to excite optical fundamental supermodes at 1542.858 and 1554.464 nm with a Qo larger than 4 × 104. Because of the optomechanical backaction arising from an optical force, abundant optomechanical phenomena in the unresolved sideband are observed in the movable nanobeam. Moreover, benefiting from the in-plane movement of the flexible nanobeam, we achieved a maximum displacement of the movable nanobeam as 1468 fm/Hz1/2. These characteristics indicate that this optomechanical nanocavity is capable of ultrasensitive motion measurements.

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6

Maksymowych, M. P., J. N. Westwood-Bachman, A. Venkatasubramanian, and W. K. Hiebert. "Optomechanical spring enhanced mass sensing." Applied Physics Letters 115, no. 10 (September 2, 2019): 101103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5117159.

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7

Wisniewski, Hayden, Logan Richardson, Adam Hines, Alexandre Laurain, and Felipe Guzmán. "Optomechanical lasers for inertial sensing." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 37, no. 9 (August 12, 2020): B87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.396774.

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8

Liu, Fenfei, and Mani Hossein-Zadeh. "Mass Sensing With Optomechanical Oscillation." IEEE Sensors Journal 13, no. 1 (January 2013): 146–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2012.2217956.

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9

Richardson, Logan, Adam Hines, Andrew Schaffer, Brian P. Anderson, and Felipe Guzman. "Quantum hybrid optomechanical inertial sensing." Applied Optics 59, no. 22 (June 30, 2020): G160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.393060.

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10

Deng, Yang, Fenfei Liu, Zayd C. Leseman, and Mani Hossein-Zadeh. "Thermo-optomechanical oscillator for sensing applications." Optics Express 21, no. 4 (February 15, 2013): 4653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.21.004653.

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11

Hu, Yi-Wen, Yun-Feng Xiao, Yong-Chun Liu, and Qihuang Gong. "Optomechanical sensing with on-chip microcavities." Frontiers of Physics 8, no. 5 (October 2013): 475–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11467-013-0384-y.

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12

Robb, Gordon R. M., Josh G. Walker, Gian-Luca Oppo, and Thorsten Ackemann. "Continuous Acceleration Sensing Using Optomechanical Droplets." Atoms 12, no. 3 (March 6, 2024): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atoms12030015.

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We show that a Bose–Einstein Condensate illuminated by a far off-resonant optical pump field and its retroreflection from a feedback mirror can produce stable, localised structures known as optomechanical droplets. We show that these droplets could be used to measure the acceleration of a BEC via continuous monitoring of the position of the droplet via the optical intensity distribution.

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13

McGovern, Faolan Radford, Aleksandra Hernik, Catherine Grogan, George Amarandei, and Izabela Naydenova. "The Development of Optomechanical Sensors—Integrating Diffractive Optical Structures for Enhanced Sensitivity." Sensors 23, no. 12 (June 19, 2023): 5711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23125711.

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The term optomechanical sensors describes devices based on coupling the optical and mechanical sensing principles. The presence of a target analyte leads to a mechanical change, which, in turn, determines an alteration in the light propagation. Having higher sensitivity in comparison with the individual technologies upon which they are based, the optomechanical devices are used in biosensing, humidity, temperature, and gases detection. This perspective focuses on a particular class, namely on devices based on diffractive optical structures (DOS). Many configurations have been developed, including cantilever- and MEMS-type devices, fiber Bragg grating sensors, and cavity optomechanical sensing devices. These state-of-the-art sensors operate on the principle of a mechanical transducer coupled with a diffractive element resulting in a variation in the intensity or wavelength of the diffracted light in the presence of the target analyte. Therefore, as DOS can further enhance the sensitivity and selectivity, we present the individual mechanical and optical transducing methods and demonstrate how the DOS introduction can lead to an enhanced sensitivity and selectivity. Their (low-) cost manufacturing and their integration in new sensing platforms with great adaptability across many sensing areas are discussed, being foreseen that their implementation on wider application areas will further increase.

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14

Lamberti, Fabrice-Roland, Ujwol Palanchoke, Thijs Peter Joseph Geurts, Marc Gely, Sébastien Regord, Louise Banniard, Marc Sansa, Ivan Favero, Guillaume Jourdan, and Sébastien Hentz. "Real-Time Sensing with Multiplexed Optomechanical Resonators." Nano Letters 22, no. 5 (February 16, 2022): 1866–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04017.

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15

Miao, Houxun, Kartik Srinivasan, and Vladimir Aksyuk. "A microelectromechanically controlled cavity optomechanical sensing system." New Journal of Physics 14, no. 7 (July 19, 2012): 075015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/14/7/075015.

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16

Llobera, A., V. J. Cadarso, K. Zinoviev, C. Dominguez, S. Buttgenbach, J. Vila, J. A. Plaza, and S. Biittgenbach. "Poly(Dimethylsiloxane) Waveguide Cantilevers for Optomechanical Sensing." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 21, no. 2 (January 2009): 79–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2008.2008659.

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17

Pruessner, Marcel W., Doewon Park, Todd H. Stievater, Dmitry A. Kozak, and William S. Rabinovich. "Optomechanical Cavities for All-Optical Photothermal Sensing." ACS Photonics 5, no. 8 (June 26, 2018): 3214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.8b00452.

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18

Pan, Fei, Kaiyu Cui, Guoren Bai, Xue Feng, Fang Liu, Wei Zhang, and Yidong Huang. "Radiation-Pressure-Antidamping Enhanced Optomechanical Spring Sensing." ACS Photonics 5, no. 10 (September 6, 2018): 4164–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.8b00968.

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19

Allain, Pierre Etienne, Lucien Schwab, Colin Mismer, Marc Gely, Estelle Mairiaux, Maxime Hermouet, Benjamin Walter, et al. "Optomechanical resonating probe for very high frequency sensing of atomic forces." Nanoscale 12, no. 5 (2020): 2939–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nr09690f.

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20

Kononchuk, Rodion, Joshua Feinberg, Joseph Knee, and Tsampikos Kottos. "Enhanced avionic sensing based on Wigner’s cusp anomalies." Science Advances 7, no. 23 (June 2021): eabg8118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg8118.

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Typical sensors detect small perturbations by measuring their effects on a physical observable, using a linear response principle (LRP). It turns out that once LRP is abandoned, new opportunities emerge. A prominent example is resonant systems operating near Nth-order exceptional point degeneracies (EPDs) where a small perturbation ε ≪ 1 activates an inherent sublinear response ∼εN≫ε in resonant splitting. Here, we propose an alternative sublinear optomechanical sensing scheme that is rooted in Wigner’s cusp anomalies (WCAs), first discussed in the framework of nuclear reactions: a frequency-dependent square-root singularity of the differential scattering cross section around the energy threshold of a newly opened channel, which we use to amplify small perturbations. WCA hypersensitivity can be applied in a variety of sensing applications, besides optomechanical accelerometry discussed in this paper. Our WCA platforms are compact, do not require a judicious arrangement of active elements (unlike EPD platforms), and, if chosen, can be cavity free.

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21

Briant, Tristan, Stephan Krenek, Andrea Cupertino, Ferhat Loubar, Rémy Braive, Lukas Weituschat, Daniel Ramos, et al. "Photonic and Optomechanical Thermometry." Optics 3, no. 2 (April 29, 2022): 159–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/opt3020017.

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Temperature is one of the most relevant physical quantities that affects almost all processes in nature. However, the realization of accurate temperature standards using current temperature references, like the triple point of water, is difficult due to the requirements on material purity and stability of the environment. In addition, in harsh environments, current temperature sensors with electrical readout, like platinum resistors, are difficult to implement, urging the development of optical temperature sensors. In 2018, the European consortium Photoquant, consisting of metrological institutes and academic partners, started investigating new temperature standards for self-calibrated, embedded optomechanical sensor applications, as well as optimised high resolution and high reliability photonic sensors, to measure temperature at the nano and meso-scales and as a possible replacement for the standard platinum resistant thermometers. This article presents an overview of the results obtained with sensor prototypes that exploit photonic and optomechanical techniques for sensing temperatures over a large temperature range (5 K to 300 K). Different concepts are demonstrated, including ring resonators, ladder-like resonators and suspended membrane optomechanical thermometers, highlighting initial performance and challenges, like self-heating that need to be overcome to realize photonic and optomechanical thermometry applications.

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22

Zhou, Feng, Yiliang Bao, Ramgopal Madugani, David A. Long, Jason J. Gorman, and Thomas W. LeBrun. "Broadband thermomechanically limited sensing with an optomechanical accelerometer." Optica 8, no. 3 (March 9, 2021): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/optica.413117.

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23

Zaslawski, Simon, Zhisheng Yang, and Luc Thévenaz. "Distributed optomechanical fiber sensing based on serrodyne analysis." Optica 8, no. 3 (March 12, 2021): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/optica.414457.

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24

Javid, Usman A., Steven D. Rogers, Austin Graf, and Qiang Lin. "Cavity Optomechanical Sensing in the Nonlinear Saturation Limit." Laser & Photonics Reviews 15, no. 9 (July 16, 2021): 2100166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lpor.202100166.

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25

Hiebert, Wayne K., Matthew P. Maksymowych, Anandram Venkatasubramanian, Swapan K. Roy, Nadia Elhamel, Jocelyn N. Westwood-Bachman, and Tayyaba Firdous. "Nano-Optomechanical Systems (NOMS) for Gas Chromatography Sensing." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2020-01, no. 31 (May 1, 2020): 2324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2020-01312324mtgabs.

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26

Doolin, C., P. H. Kim, B. D. Hauer, A. J. R. MacDonald, and J. P. Davis. "Multidimensional optomechanical cantilevers for high-frequency force sensing." New Journal of Physics 16, no. 3 (March 3, 2014): 035001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/16/3/035001.

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27

Huang, J. G., H. Cai, Y. D. Gu, L. K. Chin, J. H. Wu, T. N. Chen, Z. C. Yang, Y. L. Hao, and A. Q. Liu. "Torsional frequency mixing and sensing in optomechanical resonators." Applied Physics Letters 111, no. 11 (September 11, 2017): 111102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4986811.

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28

Qiao, Qifeng, Ji Xia, Chengkuo Lee, and Guangya Zhou. "Applications of Photonic Crystal Nanobeam Cavities for Sensing." Micromachines 9, no. 11 (October 23, 2018): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi9110541.

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In recent years, there has been growing interest in optical sensors based on microcavities due to their advantages of size reduction and enhanced sensing capability. In this paper, we aim to give a comprehensive review of the field of photonic crystal nanobeam cavity-based sensors. The sensing principles and development of applications, such as refractive index sensing, nanoparticle sensing, optomechanical sensing, and temperature sensing, are summarized and highlighted. From the studies reported, it is demonstrated that photonic crystal nanobeam cavities, which provide excellent light confinement capability, ultra-small size, flexible on-chip design, and easy integration, offer promising platforms for a range of sensing applications.

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29

Zhang Haoming, 张皓铭, 熊威 Xiong Wei, 韩翔 Han Xiang, 陈鑫麟 Chen Xinlin, 邝腾芳 Kuang Tengfang, 彭妙 Peng Miao, 袁杰 Yuan Jie, 谭中奇 Tan Zhongqi, 肖光宗 Xiao Guangzong, and 罗晖 Luo Hui. "悬浮光力传感技术研究进展（特邀）." Infrared and Laser Engineering 52, no. 6 (2023): 20230193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/irla20230193.

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30

Yang, Jianfan, Tian Qin, Fangxing Zhang, Xianfeng Chen, Xiaoshun Jiang, and Wenjie Wan. "Multiphysical sensing of light, sound and microwave in a microcavity Brillouin laser." Nanophotonics 9, no. 9 (June 24, 2020): 2915–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0176.

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AbstractLight, sound, and microwave are important tools for many interdisciplinary applications in a multi-physical environment, and they usually are inefficient to be detected simultaneously in the same physical platform. However, at the microscopic scale, these waves can unexpectedly interact with the same microstructure through resonant enhancement, making it a unique hybrid micro-system for new applications across multiple physical channels. Here we experimentally demonstrate an optomechanical microdevice based on Brillouin lasing operation in an optical microcavity as a sensitive unit to sense external light, sound, and microwave signals in the same platform. These waves can induce modulations to the microcavity Brillouin laser (MBL) in a resonance-enhanced manner through either the pressure forces including radiation pressure force or thermal absorption, allowing several novel applications such as broadband non-photovoltaic detection of light, sound-light wave mixing, and deep-subwavelength microwave imaging. These results pave the way towards on-chip integrable optomechanical solutions for sensing, free-space secure communication, and microwave imaging.

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31

Gong, Beili, Daoyi Dong, and Wei Cui. "Weak-force sensing in optomechanical systems with Kalman filtering." Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical 54, no. 16 (March 26, 2021): 165301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/abe888.

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32

Suchoi, Oren, and Eyal Buks. "Sensing dispersive and dissipative forces by an optomechanical cavity." EPL (Europhysics Letters) 115, no. 1 (July 1, 2016): 14001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/115/14001.

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33

Pruessner, Marcel W., Doewon Park, Todd H. Stievater, Dmitry A. Kozak, and William S. Rabinovich. "An Optomechanical Transducer Platform for Evanescent Field Displacement Sensing." IEEE Sensors Journal 14, no. 10 (October 2014): 3473–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2014.2345560.

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34

Zhao, Daiyue, Shaopeng Liu, Junfeng Wang, Yaya Mao, Ying Li, and Bo Liu. "Simultaneous measurement for amplitude and frequency of time-harmonic force based on optomechanically induced nonlinearity." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 10 (March 14, 2022): 104401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0085477.

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An accurate readout of the mechanical motion using optomechanical coupling is highly desired for on-chip sensing applications but it remains challenging due to the uncertainty caused by time-dependent parameters and noisy fluctuations. Here, we propose an efficient scheme to realize simultaneous measurement for both amplitude and frequency of the time-harmonic force (THF) in a hybrid optomechanical system via a nonlinear sum sideband effect. In this optomechanical system assisted by a degenerate parametric amplifier (DPA), the nonlinear optomechanical interaction between the external THF, optical, and mechanical modes is used to construct the frequency component of optical sum sidebands. Using experimentally achievable parameters, we find that the conversion efficiency of the sum sidebands has a significant enhancement when the nonlinear gain coefficient of DPA increases. In the scheme of the dual-parameter measurement, we also report that the amplitude of THF could be independently detected by observing the intensity variation of the lower sum sideband, while the frequency of THF could be separately read by monitoring the frequency of the prominent peak in this nonlinear spectrum. Benefitting from the optical cooling of a mechanical element, the theoretical results show that the minimum resolutions for detecting the amplitude and the frequency of THF are approximately [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively.

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35

Hessler, Steffen, Patrick Bott, Stefan Kefer, Bernhard Schmauss, and Ralf Hellmann. "Multipurpose Polymer Bragg Grating-Based Optomechanical Sensor Pad." Sensors 19, no. 19 (September 23, 2019): 4101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19194101.

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Flexible epoxy waveguide Bragg gratings are fabricated on a low-modulus TPX™ polymethylpentene polyolefin substrate for an easy to manufacture and low-cost optomechanical sensor pad providing exceedingly multipurpose application potentials. Rectangular EpoCore negative resist strip waveguides are formed employing standard UV mask lithography. Highly persistent Bragg gratings are inscribed directly into the channel waveguides by permanently modifying the local refractive indices through a well-defined KrF excimer laser irradiated +1/-1 order phase mask. The reproducible and vastly versatile sensing capabilities of this easy-to-apply optomechanical sensor pad are demonstrated in the form of an optical pickup for acoustic instruments, a broadband optical accelerometer, and a biomedical vital sign sensor monitoring both respiration and pulse at the same time.

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36

Wang, Qiong, and Wen-Juan Li. "Precision Mass Sensing by Tunable Double Optomechanically Induced Transparency with Squeezed Field in a Coupled Optomechanical System." International Journal of Theoretical Physics 56, no. 4 (January 11, 2017): 1346–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10773-017-3276-z.

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37

Liu, Fenfei, Seyedhamidreza Alaie, Zayd C. Leseman, and Mani Hossein-Zadeh. "Sub-pg mass sensing and measurement with an optomechanical oscillator." Optics Express 21, no. 17 (August 13, 2013): 19555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.21.019555.

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38

Wang, Bao, Zeng-Xing Liu, Hao Xiong, and Ying Wu. "Highly Sensitive Mass Sensing by Means of the Optomechanical Nonlinearity." IEEE Photonics Journal 10, no. 6 (December 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphot.2018.2875031.

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39

Kelly, Patrick, Manoranjan Majji, and Felipe Guzmán. "Estimation and Error Analysis for Optomechanical Inertial Sensors." Sensors 21, no. 18 (September 11, 2021): 6101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21186101.

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A sensor model and methodology to estimate the forcing accelerations measured using a novel optomechanical inertial sensor with the inclusion of stochastic bias and measurement noise processes is presented. A Kalman filter for the estimation of instantaneous sensor bias is developed; the outputs from this calibration step are then employed in two different approaches for the estimation of external accelerations applied to the sensor. The performance of the system is demonstrated using simulated measurements and representative values corresponding to a bench-tested 3.76 Hz oscillator. It is shown that the developed methods produce accurate estimates of the bias over a short calibration step. This information enables precise estimates of acceleration over an extended operation period. These results establish the feasibility of reliably precise acceleration estimates using the presented methods in conjunction with state of the art optomechanical sensing technology.

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40

Li, Kaiwen, and Leisheng Jin. "The realization of optomechanical complete synchronization and its application in sensors." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 85, no. 3 (March 2019): 30501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2019180302.

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In this work, we study the realization of stable complete synchronization in two coupled optomechanical systems with a master-slave configuration. By taking the open-plus-close-loop method as coupling scheme, it is revealed that the corresponding mechanical and optical mode from the two considered systems with parameters mismatched can be simultaneously synchronized both in linear and nonlinear regime, and even in chaotic state. Based on the achieved synchronization, the coupled systems are then explored in sensing applications. First, we investigate how the perturbations of laser driving from one of the coupled systems make impact on the established synchronization, during which three forms of perturbations, i.e., constant, linear and periodic are considered, and the results show these types of perturbations can be sensed via detecting the change of synchronizing status. Second, by taking one of the coupled as sensing part we develop the coupled system setting in complete synchronization as a mass sensor. It is found that tiny mass added on the sensing part will lead to desynchronization, and the quantities of added mass can be determined by calculating a designed similarity measure.

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41

La Gala, Giada, John P Mathew, Pascal Neveu, and Ewold Verhagen. "Nanomechanical design strategy for single-mode optomechanical measurement." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 55, no. 22 (March 3, 2022): 225101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac569d.

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Abstract The motion of a mechanical resonator is intrinsically decomposed over a collection of normal modes of vibration. When the resonator is used as a sensor, its multimode nature often deteriorates or limits its performance and sensitivity. This challenge is frequently encountered in state-of-the-art optomechanical sensing platforms. We present a mechanical design strategy that ensures that optomechanical measurements can retrieve information on a single mechanical degree of freedom, and implement it in a sliced photonic crystal nanobeam resonator. A spectral design approach is used to make mechanical symmetries robust against practical disorder. The effectiveness of the method is evaluated by deriving a relevant figure of merit for continuous and pulsed measurement application scenarios. The method can be employed in any mechanical design that presents unwanted spurious mechanical modes. In the nanobeam platform, we experimentally show an increase of the signal to noise ratio of the mode of interest over the first spurious mode by four orders of magnitudes.

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42

Wu, M. C., L. Y. Lin, S. S. Lee, and C. R. King. "Free-Space Integrated Optics Realized by Surface-Micromachining." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 08, no. 02 (June 1997): 283–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s012915649700010x.

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A surface-micromachined free-space micro-optical bench (FS-MOB) technology has been proposed to monolithically integrate micro-optical elements, optomechanical structures, micropositioners, and microactuators on the same substrate. Novel three-dimensional micro-optical elements have been fabricated by surface-micromachining techniques. The optical axes of these optical elements are parallel to the substrate, which enables the entire free-space optical system to be integrated on a single substrate. Mocro-scale Fresnel lenses, refractive microlenses, mirrors, beam-splitters, gratings, and precision optical mounts have been successfully fabricated and characterized. Integration of micro-optical elements with translation or rotation stages provides on chip optical alignment or optomechanical switching. This new free-space micro-optical bench technology could significantly reduce the size, weight, an cost of most optical systems, and could have a significant impact on optical switching, optical sensing and optical data storage systems as well as packaging of optoelectronic components.

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Liu, Shen, Hang Xiao, Yanping Chen, Peijing Chen, Wenqi Yan, Qiao Lin, Bonan Liu, et al. "Nano-Optomechanical Resonators Based on Suspended Graphene for Thermal Stress Sensing." Sensors 22, no. 23 (November 23, 2022): 9068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22239068.

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Nanomechanical resonators made from suspended graphene combine the properties of ultracompactness and ultrahigh detection sensitivity, making them interesting devices for sensing applications. However, nanomechanical systems can be affected by membrane stress. The present work developed an optomechanical resonator for thermal stress sensing. The proposed resonator consists of a section of hollow core fiber (HCF) and a trampoline graphene–Au membrane. An all-optical system that integrated optical excitation and optical detection was applied. Then, the resonance frequency of the resonator was obtained through this all-optical system. In addition, this system and the resonator were used to detect the membrane’s built-in stress, which depended on the ambient temperature, by monitoring the resonance frequency shift. The results verified that the temperature-induced thermal effect had a significant impact on membrane stress. Temperature sensitivities of 2.2646 kHz/°C and 2.3212 kHz/°C were obtained when the temperature rose and fell, respectively. As such, we believe that this device will be beneficial for the quality monitoring of graphene mechanical resonators.

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Restall, Brendon S., Brendyn D. Cikaluk, Matthew T. Martell, Nathaniel J. M. Haven, Rohan Mittal, Sveta Silverman, Lashan Peiris, et al. "Fast hybrid optomechanical scanning photoacoustic remote sensing microscopy for virtual histology." Biomedical Optics Express 13, no. 1 (December 2, 2021): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/boe.443751.

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Guo, Pengfei, Zehao Wang, Binglei Shi, Yang Deng, Jinping Zhang, Huan Yuan, and Jiagui Wu. "Compressive Sensing Based on Mesoscopic Chaos of Silicon Optomechanical Photonic Crystal." IEEE Photonics Journal 12, no. 5 (October 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphot.2020.3022801.

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Ren, Lin, Yunpeng Li, Na Li, and Chao Chen. "Trapping and Optomechanical Sensing of Particles with a Nanobeam Photonic Crystal Cavity." Crystals 9, no. 2 (January 22, 2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9020057.

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Particle trapping and sensing serve as important tools for non-invasive studies of individual molecule or cell in bio-photonics. For such applications, it is required that the optical power to trap and detect particles is as low as possible, since large optical power would have side effects on biological particles. In this work, we proposed to deploy a nanobeam photonic crystal cavity for particle trapping and opto-mechanical sensing. For particles captured at 300 K, the input optical power was predicted to be as low as 48.8 μW by calculating the optical force and potential of a polystyrene particle with a radius of 150 nm when the trapping cavity was set in an aqueous environment. Moreover, both the optical and mechanical frequency shifts for particles with different sizes were calculated, which can be detected and distinguished by the optomechanical coupling between the particle and the designed cavity. The relative variation of the mechanical frequency achieved approximately 400%, which indicated better particle sensing compared with the variation of the optical frequency (±0.06%). Therefore, our proposed cavity shows promising potential as functional components in future particle trapping and manipulating applications in lab-on-chip.

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Fang, Han-Hao, Zhi-Jiao Deng, Zhigang Zhu, and Yan-Li Zhou. "Quantum properties near the instability boundary in optomechanical system." Chinese Physics B 31, no. 3 (February 1, 2022): 030308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/ac40f7.

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The properties of the system near the instability boundary are very sensitive to external disturbances, which is important for amplifying some physical effects or improving the sensing accuracy. In this paper, the quantum properties near the instability boundary in a simple optomechanical system have been studied by numerical simulation. Calculations show that the transitional region connecting the Gaussian states and the ring states when crossing the boundary is sometimes different from the region centered on the boundary line, but it is more essential. The change of the mechanical Wigner function in the transitional region directly reflects its bifurcation behavior in classical dynamics. Besides, quantum properties, such as mechanical second-order coherence function and optomechanical entanglement, can be used to judge the corresponding bifurcation types and estimate the parameter width and position of the transitional region. The non-Gaussian transitional states exhibit strong entanglement robustness, and the transitional region as a boundary ribbon can be expected to replace the original classical instability boundary line in future applications.

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Dong, Mark, David Heim, Alex Witte, Genevieve Clark, Andrew J. Leenheer, Daniel Dominguez, Matthew Zimmermann, et al. "Piezo-optomechanical cantilever modulators for VLSI visible photonics." APL Photonics 7, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 051304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0088424.

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Visible-wavelength very large-scale integration photonic circuits have a potential to play important roles in quantum information and sensing technologies. The realization of scalable, high-speed, and low-loss photonic mesh circuits depends on reliable and well-engineered visible photonic components. Here, we report a low-voltage optical phase shifter based on piezo-actuated mechanical cantilevers, fabricated on a CMOS compatible, 200 mm wafer-based visible photonics platform. We show linear phase and amplitude modulation with 6 Vπ cm in differential operation, −1.5 to −2 dB insertion loss, and up to 40 dB contrast in the 700–780 nm range. By adjusting selected cantilever parameters, we demonstrate a low-displacement and a high-displacement device, both exhibiting a nearly flat frequency response from DC to a peak mechanical resonance at 23 and 6.8 MHz respectively, which, through resonant enhancement of Q ∼ 40, further decreases the operating voltage down to 0.15 Vπ cm.

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Wan, Yuhang, Mengxuan Cheng, Zheng Zheng, and Kai Liu. "Polarization-Modulated, Goos–Hanchen Shift Sensing for Common Mode Drift Suppression." Sensors 19, no. 9 (May 5, 2019): 2088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19092088.

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A polarization-modulation-based Goos–Hanchen (GH) sensing scheme leveraging the polarization-dependence of the Bloch surface wave enhanced GH shift is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Based on a simple setup utilizing a liquid crystal modulator to switch the polarization state of the input beam periodically, the alternating positions of the reflected beam for both polarizations are monitored by a lock-in amplifier to handily retrieve the GH shift signal. The conventional direct measurement of the beam position for the target state of polarization is vulnerable to instabilities in the optomechanical setup and alignment. Our proposed scheme provides a sensitive yet robust GH shift-sensing setup where the common mode drift and noise could be suppressed to ensure better system stability.

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Liu, Jian, and KaDi Zhu. "Enhanced sensing of millicharged particles using nonlinear effects in an optomechanical system." Optics Express 26, no. 2 (January 18, 2018): 2054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.26.002054.

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