Journal articles: 'Optimum tank size'

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Abdi, Behzad, Hamid Mozafari, Ayob Amran, and Roya Kohandel. "Optimum Size of a Ground-Based Cylindrical Liquid Storage Tank under Stability and Strength Constraints Using Imperialist Competitive Algorithm." Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (October 2011): 3415–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.3415.

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Steel cylindrical tank is one of the most common forms of liquid storage vessels. In this study the Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA) is used to find the optimum size of a ground based cylindrical liquid storage tank that is supported at both ends and the design considerations are stability and strength constraints. In this study total internal pressure and total special pressure are assumed as two types of load. The optimization procedure is formulated with the objective to minimize the mass of the tank due to the allowable capacity of cylindrical tank.

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Bian, Bing Chuan, Ai Mei Zhang, and Zhen Long Shang. "Finite Element Analysis and Optimum Design of Octagon Horizontal Type Vacuum Tank." Advanced Materials Research 472-475 (February 2012): 575–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.472-475.575.

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Finite element model for octagon horizontal type vacuum tank was constructed based on the CAD/CAE software SolidWorks. The strength and stiffness of vacuum tank were analyzed. In order to optimize the size of vacuum tank stiffeners by the FEM and optimal design module, the optimization models were constructed, which have the minimized mass as the objective function subjected to the stress and displacement constraints. The results of optimal design were applied to actual production.

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Seechurn, Yashwantraj, and Ritish Boodhun. "Optimum Redesign of an Agricultural Water Bowser." Designs 2, no. 4 (November 5, 2018): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/designs2040045.

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There are many types of agricultural water bowsers on the market, which vary in geometry and size. However, in all such bowsers there are “unused spaces” between the bottom of the tank and the axle. The objective of this research was to design an agricultural water bowser with improved capacity by exploiting the “unused spaces”. This would allow a sufficient amount of water to be supplied to wide areas in a short time. Each concept of agricultural water bowser was generated as an integrated chassis water tank to be hitched to a tractor, and the best concept was chosen using a multi-criteria decision-making methodology (house of quality matrix and Pugh selection matrix). The selected design consisted of an U-shaped angle bent bottom sheet welded to a top circular sheet. The Agreement Dangerous Road (ADR) European standard was used for the sizing of the bowser and the selected material was S275 steel. The resultant forces on the shell of the bowser were calculated using analytical methods. A 3-D model of the bowser was developed in SolidWorks 2015, and the static structural analysis tool was used to examine stresses on the body for various types of loading, roads, and driving maneuvers. The shape and size of the bottom part of the proposed bowser increased the capacity of the tank by 20.3%.

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Çetin, Muzaffer, and Kemal Yaman. "Location Size and Orientation Effect of Semi elliptical Surface Crack on the Fracture of a Type 3 Composite Pressure Vessel using J integral Method." Defence Science Journal 70, no. 1 (February 10, 2020): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.70.14578.

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In this study, structural design and analysis of a type-3 composite over wrapped pressure vessel used in a military satellite propulsion system is presented. The aim is to design a composite tank lighter than all metal fuel tanks having the same volume. Moreover, necessary design stages have been revealed for similar composite over wrapped pressure vessels. ANSYS® is used to perform the stress-strain analysis of both metal and composite parts, to determine the optimum winding angle, tank Autofrettage and fracture characteristic for the metal liner considering the crack morphology. Tsai-Hill, Tsai-Wu and Hashin theories have been implemented to investigate the various failure modes of the composite vessel. Location, size and orientation angle of semi-elliptical surface crack has a pronounced effect on fracture characteristic of the liner. In fracture investigation J-integral method is used. It is foreseen that even in the most critical crack, the crack will not propagate and there will be no burst in the tank for proposed loading conditions. Numerical results are good agreement with the experimental results.

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Ruso, Mustafa, Bertuğ Akıntuğ, and Elçin Kentel. "Optimum tank size for a rainwater harvesting system: Case study for Northern Cyprus." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 297 (September 2, 2019): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/297/1/012026.

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Khan, Sadia Tamanna, Ashef Ainan Baksh, Md Tarikul Islam Papon, and Muhammad Ashraf Ali. "Rainwater Harvesting System: An Approach for Optimum Tank Size Design and Assessment of Efficiency." International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 8, no. 1 (2017): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2017.8.1.917.

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Rodríguez-Hidalgo, M. C., P. A. Rodríguez-Aumente, A. Lecuona, M. Legrand, and R. Ventas. "Domestic hot water consumption vs. solar thermal energy storage: The optimum size of the storage tank." Applied Energy 97 (September 2012): 897–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.12.088.

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Saul, A. J., and D. R. Ellis. "Sediment Deposition in Storage Tanks." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 8 (April 1, 1992): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0193.

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The use of storage tanks in sewerage systems has increased in recent years. The primary functions of such tanks are to attenuate flow and to retain pollutants within the sewer system. The size of the required storage volume is dependent on the purpose for which the tank is to be used but the end product of any design analysis is the definition of fixed volume of storage which has to be included as part of the sewerage system. The main problem is to provide storage and effective separation of gross and suspended solids without incurring poor self cleansing and associated high maintenance costs. The work outlined in this paper involved the development of a laboratory computer controlled monitoring system for the purpose of flow visualisation and for the comparative assessment of the sediment deposition and removal performance of different geometric configurations of storage tank. These systems used sophisticated control procedures and the latter had the facility to generate a flow hydrograph of any shape and duration and to superimpose on this hydrograph a pollutograph of synthetic sediment, in this case crushed olive stone wood flour. Particular attention was focused on the optimum length to breadth ratio for a given storage volume, the configuration of the chamber floor - number, shape and gradient of dry weather flow channels and benching (gradient; the type of roof support and the effect of multiple storms on the redistribution of deposited sediment. The results of the work illustrated that very complex flow patterns were established within the storage tanks as the flow hydrograph was discharged through the system and that these flow patterns governed the sediment settlement, re-entrainment and transport processes in the tank. The velocity distribution within each chamber was a function of tank geometry, the shape, volume, and duration of the inflow hydrograph and the throughflow setting. The paper is concluded by a series of recommendations to aid the design of storage tanks.

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Tanavade, Satish S., and K. Suresh Manic. "Design Optimisation for Modified Series-Parallel Resonant Converter." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 1710–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.8429.

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Optimum design with systematic design procedure for a resonant converter is presented in this paper. For the converter design with high efficiency constraint of minimum power losses loss and cost are considered. For reducing the size of the converter, an integrated structure of high frequency transformer-inductor is proposed. A step-by-step systematic procedure for designing the converter is presented that results in high input line power factor and reduction of the stresses on the components of resonant tank circuit of the converter is given. Simulation and experimental results on a prototype of modified series-parallel resonant converter (MSPRC) are presented to validate the optimum design procedure.

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Abu Reesh, Ibrahim M. "Optimum Design of N Continuous Stirred-Tank Bioreactors in Series for Fermentation Processes Based on Simultaneous Substrate and Product Inhibition." Processes 9, no. 8 (August 16, 2021): 1419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9081419.

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Optimization of the continuous fermentation process is important for increasing efficiency and decreasing cost, especially for complicated biochemical processes described by substrate and product inhibition. The optimum design (minimum volume) of CSTRs in series assuming substrate and product inhibition was determined in this study. The effect of operating parameters on the optimum design was investigated. The optimum substrate concentration in the feed to the first reactor was determined for N reactors in series. The nonlinear, constrained optimization problem was solved using the MATLAB function “fmincon”. It was found that the optimum design is more beneficial at high substrate conversion and at a medium level of feed substrate concentration. The best number of reactors is two to three for optimum arrangements and two for equal-size arrangements. The presence of biomass in the feed to the first reactor reduces the reactor volume, while the presence of product in the feed slightly increases the required total volume. The percentage reduction in the total volume using the optimum design compared to equal-volume design (R%) was determined as a function of substrate conversion and substrate concentration in the feed to the first reactor. The obtained R% values agree with experimental data available in the literature for ethanol fermentation.

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Ouyang, C. F., and C. M. Liaw. "The optimum medium of the suspended bio-medium aeration contactor process." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 10-11 (October 1, 1994): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0760.

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The purpose of this study is to modify the Fluidized Bed Process. Placing various particle diameters of granular activated carbon, (#20∼#30, #30∼#40, #40∼#50) as a medium in an aeration tank, in which microorganisms can attach and grow, improves the biomass concentration, volumetric loadings and removal efficiency. The continuous supply of substrates allows the thickness of bio-film on the medium to be shifted to a proper state. This is due to a friction force effect between the media and the shear force of the agitated flow. After studying the comparisons, it is concluded that the middle particle size (#30∼#40) is the best of the three particle diameters as a medium, in that it achieves a high biomass concentration, stable treatment and higher efficiency.

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Moraes, Jesaelen G., Thomas R. Butts, Vitor M. Anunciato, Joe D. Luck, Wesley C. Hoffmann, Ulisses R. Antuniassi, and Greg R. Kruger. "Nozzle Selection and Adjuvant Impact on the Efficacy of Glyphosate and PPO-Inhibiting Herbicide Tank-Mixtures." Agronomy 11, no. 4 (April 13, 2021): 754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040754.

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PPO-inhibiting herbicides in combination with glyphosate for postemergence applications is a common approach to manage glyphosate- and ALS-inhibitor-resistant weeds. PPO-inhibitors can reduce glyphosate translocation when applied in tank-mixtures, but adjuvants may be used to overcome this effect. Additionally, optimal droplet size may be affected by tank-mixtures of different herbicides and it can be crucial to herbicide efficacy. Field and greenhouse studies were conducted to investigate the impact of nozzle selection and adjuvants on weed control and interactions when applying PPO-inhibitors (fomesafen or lactofen) alone or in tank-mixture with glyphosate to five weed species using six nozzle types. Ultra-coarse droplets were just as effective as medium droplets regardless of the spray solution, but have a lower likelihood of off-target movement. Tank-mixtures applied were consistently antagonistic to common lambsquarters, horseweed, and Palmer amaranth. Only fomesafen was antagonistic to kochia whereas synergistic interactions were observed when glyphosate plus lactofen were applied in combination with COC, DRA + COC, or NIS. Separate applications are advisable with herbicide- and weed-specific situations to avoid antagonism, which is necessary to achieve optimum weed control and maintain the effectiveness of PPO-inhibitors. Future research should continue to look at these important interactions across a wide range of weed species.

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Roy, Subha M., Mohammad Tanveer, C. K. Mukherjee, and B. C. Mal. "Design characteristics of perforated tray aerator." Water Supply 20, no. 5 (April 20, 2020): 1643–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.069.

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Abstract The performance of the perforated tray aerator (PTA) was evaluated by conducting experiments in a tank of size 4 m × 4 m × 1.5 m. Based on the dimensional analysis, non-dimensional numbers related to geometric variables, viz. numbers of trays (n), ratio of consecutive width of tray to total height of aerator , ratio of perforation diameter to total height of aerator and ratio of the volume of water in the tank to total height of aerator were developed. Experiments were conducted with different numbers of trays (n): 1, 2, 3 and 4, keeping = 0.33, = 2.5 × 10−4, = 2,500 and pump flow rate (Q) = 0.010 m3/s as constants. The optimum number of perforated trays was found to be 3. Response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite rotatable design (CCRD) were used to further optimize the geometric variables with combinations of non-dimensional geometric variables , and . The flow rate (Q) of 0.013 m3/s and number of trays (n) as 3 were kept as constants. The optimum performance of PTA was obtained at = 0.665, = 1.85 × 10−4 and = 312.50 with the maximum non-dimensional standard aeration efficiency (NDSAE) and standard aeration efficiency (SAE) of 35.58 × 10−3 and 1.45 kgO2/kWh.

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Chang, D. J., S. H. Chen, C. Y. Chang, S. S. Lin, and J. S. Chang. "A new design of microfiltration system and application to wastewater treatment." Water Science and Technology 41, no. 10-11 (May 1, 2000): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0638.

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A new microfiltration system with two sets of dead-end membrane cells and driven by a piston force system was designed in this study. In this system, suction of the filtrate was through the membrane in the reverse direction with a piston to backwash and reduce membrane fouling. In addition, after a few forward-reverse filtration cycles, the concentrated suspension of particles or solute on the retentate side was discharged into the stock tank under the cross flow condition. For maximizing the filtrate volume, it was found that the optimum times for forward and reverse filtration were 90 s and 3 s respectively, and the discharge frequency of retentate was 1 time per cycle. Moreover, it was also found that the filtrate volume increased with an increase in particle size and membrane pore size but decreased with an increase in feed concentration. Furthermore, an optimal filtrate volume existed on effecting the pressure drop. Finally, it could be used efficiently to treat and recycle the backwash wastewater from a rapid sand filter by a membrane with pore size of 0.1 and 0.22 μm.

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Lee, Kwan Yong, Won Suk Choi, Yong Jae Lee, Won Suk Koo, and Chang Soo Song. "Study on the determination of optimum size of storage tank and intercepting capacity for CSOs reduction in urban area." Journal of The Korean Society of Water and Wastewater 26, no. 6 (December 15, 2012): 735–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.11001/jksww.2012.26.6.735.

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Krasue, Ethan, Benny J. Conn, Stanley F. Kelley, Marcy M. Beverly, and Mark Anderson. "119 Palatability of Olive Pomace in Mozambique Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_2 (November 1, 2020): 13–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz397.029.

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Abstract By-products, such as distillers’ and brewers’ dried grains, are used in livestock rations as a source of important nutrients, cheapen feed costs, and reduce the cost of production. Olive pomace is the by-product from the production and milling of olive oil, and is a possible source of protein and energy for livestock. The objective of this study was to determine if Mozambique tilapia would consume olive pomace when mixed with commercial feed. Sixty tilapia of similar size were divided into two separate tanks, each with its own aquaponic filtration system. Ammonia, pH, nitrates, nitrites, and chlorine levels were monitored to ensure optimum water environment. Olive pomace, from a two-phase mill, has a slurry-like constancy containing approximately 50% moisture. Due to its high moisture content, the pomace was offered to the fish in a dried state and mixed with a commercial feed at a 1:1 ratio. The dried pomace immediately sank to the bottom of the tank while the commercial feed remained on the water surface and consumed by the fish. The rate of consumption of the dried pomace could not be separated from the tank sediment, and therefore was not measurable. To deter the pomace from sinking, wet pomace was mixed at a 1:1 ratio with the floating commercial feed. The wet pomace, mixed well with the commercial feed and yielded a consistent blend of pomace and feed. The moist pomace:feed blend was molded by hand into 2 ½ centimeter spheres, each weighing approximately 9.1 grams. Four spheres were dropped into each tank allowing multiple fish to feed at once. Although, the wet blended feed mixture did not float, the fish ate the feed spheres as they sank. This preliminary research illustrates the willingness of tilapia to consume olive pomace and its potential use as a feed.

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Krasue, Ethan, Benny J. Conn, Stanley F. Kelley, Marcy M. Beverly, and Mark Anderson. "118 Palatability of Olive Pomace in Mozambique Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_2 (November 1, 2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz397.052.

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Abstract By-products, such as distillers’ and brewers’ dried grains, are used in livestock rations as a source of important nutrients, cheapen feed costs, and reduce the cost of production. Olive pomace is the by-product from the production and milling of olive oil, and is a possible source of protein and energy for livestock. The objective of this study was to determine if Mozambique tilapia would consume olive pomace when mixed with commercial feed. Sixty tilapia, of similar size were divided into two separate tanks, each with its own aquaponic filtration system. Ammonia, pH, nitrates, nitrites, and chlorine levels were monitored to ensure optimum water environment. Olive pomace, from a two-phase mill, has a slurry-like constancy containing approximately 50% moisture. Due to its high moisture content, the pomace was offered to the fish in a dried state and mixed with a commercial feed at a 1:1 ratio. The dried pomace immediately sank to the bottom of the tank while the commercial feed remained on the water surface and consumed by the fish. The rate of consumption of the dried pomace could not be separated from the tank sediment, and therefore was not measurable. To deter the pomace from sinking, wet pomace was mixed at a 1:1 ratio with the floating commercial feed. The wet pomace, mixed well with the commercial feed and yielded a consistent blend of pomace and feed. The moist pomace:feed blend was molded by hand into 2 ½ centimeter spheres, each weighing approximately 9.1 grams. Four spheres were dropped into each tank allowing multiple fish to feed at once. Although, the wet blended feed mixture did not float, the fish ate the feed spheres as they sank. This preliminary research illustrates the willingness of tilapia to consume olive pomace and its potential use as a feed.

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Al-Khomairi, Abdulrahman, BongSeog Jung, and Ibrahim Elsebaie. "Lifecycle cost optimization of pipeline projects." Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 69, no. 7 (October 5, 2020): 656–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2020.147.

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Abstract Lifecycle cost optimization for a pipeline network with medium-sized pipes is performed considering steady and unsteady flow conditions. Genetic algorithms are used to generate a wide range of hydraulically acceptable solutions and search for the most economical solutions. The impact of each cost component on the total cost is determined in this study. The decision variables include the pipe diameter, pipe material, pipe pressure rating, surge tank size and operational and maintenance costs over the project service life. A real-case project is presented to crosscheck the suggested procedure. Significant cost variations are observed, even between equally acceptable designs. Furthermore, the operational cost has a deterministic effect on the parameters of the optimum solution. Compared to conventional design wisdom that focuses on reducing the pipe diameter as much as possible to reduce the project cost, this approach demonstrates that significant savings in pipeline project costs can be achieved by carefully investigating all possible design alternatives under steady and unsteady flow conditions.

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Kondo, M., S. Hozo, and Y. Inamori. "Simultaneous Removal of BOD and Nitrogen with Anoxic/Oxic Porous Biomass Support Systems." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 9-11 (November 1, 1992): 2003–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0647.

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To protect the public water, there is a growing demand to treat domestic gray water as well as night soil using onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTS) in Japan. Therefore, to meet this demand, we seek the potential of the technology of the system with porous biomass support particles (BSP) using large number of small, open-cell foam pads to support high concentration of biomass in an aeration tank. From aneconomic point of view, durability of pads is an important factor of this process. Polyurethane foam with certain physical characteristics was chosen for pads. To attain simultaneous removal of BOD and nitrogen in an aeration tank, optimum pore size and pads dimensions were chosen in terms of diffusion. To aim for steady and further removal of nitrogen with biomass both on BSP and in suspension, we applied intermittent anoxic/oxic porous biomass support systems process to a full-scale field test, operated in the manner of 1.5 hours aeration and subsequent 0.5 hours agitation. For 330 days of the experiment, less than 20 mg/L and 15 mg/L of effluent BOD and nitrogen are achieved regardless of water temperature between 13 and 31 degrees centigrade.

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Mancuso, Francesco, Jiahui Shi, and Danish Malik. "High Throughput Manufacturing of Bacteriophages Using Continuous Stirred Tank Bioreactors Connected in Series to Ensure Optimum Host Bacteria Physiology for Phage Production." Viruses 10, no. 10 (October 1, 2018): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v10100537.

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Future industrial demand for large quantities of bacteriophages e.g., for phage therapy, necessitates the development of scalable Good Manufacturing Practice compliant (cGMP) production platforms. The continuous production of high titres of E coli T3 phages (1011 PFU mL−1) was achieved using two continuous stirred tank bioreactors connected in series, and a third bioreactor was used as a final holding tank operated in semi-batch mode to finish the infection process. The first bioreactor allowed the steady-state propagation of host bacteria using a fully synthetic medium with glucose as the limiting substrate. Host bacterial growth was decoupled from the phage production reactor downstream of it to suppress the production of phage-resistant mutants, thereby allowing stable operation over a period of several days. The novelty of this process is that the manipulation of the host reactor dilution rates (range 0.1–0.6 hr−1) allows control over the physiological state of the bacterial population. This results in bacteria with considerably higher intracellular phage production capability whilst operating at high dilution rates yielding significantly higher overall phage process productivity. Using a pilot-scale chemostat system allowed optimisation of the upstream phage amplification conditions conducive for high intracellular phage production in the host bacteria. The effect of the host reactor dilution rates on the phage burst size, lag time, and adsorption rate were evaluated. The host bacterium physiology was found to influence phage burst size, thereby affecting the productivity of the overall process. Mathematical modelling of the dynamics of the process allowed parameter sensitivity evaluation and provided valuable insights into the factors affecting the phage production process. The approach presented here may be used at an industrial scale to significantly improve process control, increase productivity via process intensification, and reduce process manufacturing costs through process footprint reduction.

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Bracino, Amir A., Jason L. Española, Argel A. Bandala, Elmer P. Dadios, Edwin Sybingco, and Ryan Rhay P. Vicerra. "Optimization of Biofilter Size for Aquaponics Using Genetic Algorithm." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 25, no. 5 (September 20, 2021): 632–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2021.p0632.

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Unlike a media-filled aquaponic system, the nutrient film technique (NFT) and deep water culture (DWC) require the installation of an external biofilter to provide sufficient area for nitrifying bacteria colonization, which is essential for the conversion of toxic ammonia from fish waste into nitrate that is easily assimilated by plants. Given the importance of biofilters, it is imperative to properly design this tank to effectively support the nitrification process. Several factors need to be considered for the biofilter design. Thus, an optimization algorithm can be used to obtain combinations of the design parameters. The genetic algorithm (GA) is a heuristic solution search or optimization technique based on the Darwinian principle of genetic selection. The main goal of this study was to obtain the optimal biofilter size for a given fishpond volume and the amount of ammonia to be treated. The conversion coefficient in the Michaelis–Menten equation was used as the fitness function in this study. The parameters optimized using GA include the hydraulic loading rate, height of the biofilter, and predicted ammonia concentration. For the given assumption of a 60 kg feed introduced to the system and a 1500 L fishpond, the hydraulic loading rate, biofilter height, and final concentration of ammonia were 0.17437 m, 0.58585 m, and 0.01026 ppm, respectively. Using the values obtained from running the GA, the optimum biofilter volume for the system was 0.4608 m3, whereas the water flow rate was 0.03 L/min. For recommendations, multiple objective GAs can be used to add cost-related variables in the optimization because they have not yet been considered in the computation.

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Cheng, Guan Wen, Xu Shan, Zhi Chao Wu, Xiang Feng Huang, and Fei Juan Zhang. "A Study on the Characteristics of Zeolite-Enhanced Activated Sludge in the A/O Biological Nitrogen Removal Process." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 2872–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.2872.

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This paper mainly studies the use of the activated sludge process with zeolite to upgrade the traditional secondary water treatment plants. With the addition of an appropriate amount of zeolite, the living environment of several micro-organisms in the activated sludge can be improved, thus raising the activity and number of micro-organisms and increasing the level of nitrification. Simultaneously, it also can improve size distribution and structure of sludge particles, the settling property, thus reducing the specific resistance of sludge. However, excess doses of zeolite will increase the viscosity of the sludge, which will reduce the compression performance in sludge thickening. This is not favorable to the operation of the secondary sedimentation tank and the pipeline transport of sludge. Therefore, we suggest the further study of the lower doses of zeolite, to find the optimum effect and eliminate the negative ones.

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Abas, Pg Emeroylariffion, and TMI Mahlia. "Techno-Economic and Sensitivity Analysis of Rainwater Harvesting System as Alternative Water Source." Sustainability 11, no. 8 (April 20, 2019): 2365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082365.

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This paper formulates a rainwater harvesting model, with system and economic measures to determine the feasibility of a rainwater harvesting system, which uses water from the mains to complement the system. Although local meteorological and market data were used to demonstrate the model, it can also be easily adapted for analysis of other localities. Analysis has shown that an optimum tank size exists, which minimizes the cost per unit volume of water. Economic performance measures have indicated that rainwater harvesting system is currently infeasible to be implemented in Brunei; with capital cost and water price being shown to be among the prohibiting factors. To improve feasibility, a combination of rebate scheme on capital cost and raising the current water price has been proposed. It has also been shown that the system is more viable for households with high water demand.

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Wu, H. F., J. P. Wang, E. G. Duan, Y. F. Feng, Z. Y. Wan, Y. X. Wu, and Y. Q. Lu. "Study on the preparation of granular alum sludge adsorbent for phosphorus removal." Water Science and Technology 79, no. 12 (June 15, 2019): 2378–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.241.

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Abstract Alum sludge is the sludge discharged from a sedimentation tank in a drinking water treatment plant when polymerized with poly-aluminum chloride (PAC). In this paper, granular alum sludge adsorbent (GASA) was manufactured using powdery alum sludge (PAS) as the raw material and methods such as gluing and pore-forming. The effects of different binders, pore-forming agents, roasting temperatures, and roasting times on the formation of GASA and its dephosphorization performance were investigated. Results showed that the optimum binder was AlCl3 at a mass ratio of 8%, and the best pore-forming agent was starch at a 4% dosage ratio. Meanwhile, the optimum roasting temperature and time were 500 °C and 2 hours, respectively. The specific surface area of GASA was 23.124 m2/g. Scanning electron microscopy suggested that GASA's surface became rough, particles became tight, and average pore size increased, with additional pore channels. P adsorption by GASA reached 0.90 mg/g. The effluent phosphorus concentration of actual tail water decreased to 0.49 mg/L and the removal rate reached 73.5% when the GASA dosage was 20 g/L. The findings of this study are important for the further development of a low-cost adsorbent material for P removal in the future.

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Alit, Anak Agung, Ketut Maha Setiawati, and Tony Setiadharma. "OPTIMIZATION OF THE FORMULATED FEEDING IN JUVENILE CORAL TROUT, Plectropomus leopardus IN CONTROLLED TANK." Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis 8, no. 2 (April 6, 2017): 585–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jitkt.v8i2.15823.

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A coral trout grouper is the fishery commodities to generate foreign exchange through exports, to date cultivation continued. The purpose is to obtain data and information on the dose of the right artificial feeding and can increase the survival rate of the optimum seed nursery in the juvenile coral trout in controlled tank. Research has been conducted at the hatchery and the Institute for Mariculture Reasearch and Development Gondol, Bali. Containers experiment is used is a fiber with a size of 1 m³ up to 12 containers. test animals used were seeds of coral trout, Plectropomus leopardus with initial body length on average 3 cm with each treatment density of 100 fish/m³. Coral trout, Plectropomus leopardus seed kept in fibers. This type of feed given in the form of commercial pellet feed with a protein content of 48%, and additional food such as shrimp Mysid (jembret) for 10 days. The frequency of feeding 3 times a day (morning 8:00. local time, lunch 13:00 local time, and afternoon 17:00 local time). Treatment feeding attempted is the treatment of A = 5% dose of artificial feeding, B = 10% dose of artificial feeding, C = 15% dose of artificial feeding, and D = 20% dose of artificial feeding. The study used a completely randomized design with 4 treatments, each treatment was repeated 3 times. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance. If the variance is different then conducted a further test using the smallest real difference test (BNT). The results showed that significantly different (P <0.05) on survival, feed conversion, weight gain and body length of coral trout. The highest survival rate in treatment C = 15% dose artificial feeding is. = 90.83 ± 1.80%, followed by treatment D, B, and A.

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Wu, Zhi, Yuxuan Zhuang, Suyang Zhou, Shuning Xu, Peng Yu, Jinqiao Du, Xiner Luo, and Ghulam Abbas. "Bi-Level Planning of Multi-Functional Vehicle Charging Stations Considering Land Use Types." Energies 13, no. 5 (March 10, 2020): 1283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051283.

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Locating and planning charging stations for Low-Emission Vehicles (LEVs) such as Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV), Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Vehicle (HFCV), and Natural Gas Vehicle (NGV) are becoming increasingly important for LEV users, government, and the automobile industry. Conventional planning approach of charging station usually plans single functional charging station that can only serve one kind of LEVs, and other factors such as fuel type, driving range, initial fuel tank level, and refueling time of the LEV are less considered in the planning stage. In this article, we propose a bi-level planning model to locate and size Multi-Functional Charging Station (MFCS) which can recharge BEV, HFCV, and NGV at the same time in a medium-sized city with different functional areas (e.g., residential area, industrial area, CBD area). We also established a method for generating a daily route considering vehicle attributes and user habits, and we loaded these traveling data into the upper model to select a set of optimal combinations of refueling station locations with a relatively high success ratio. In the lower model, we introduced the mathematical relationship between number of chargers and average user waiting time, and set the total social cost factor, including investment cost and waiting time cost, to evaluate each optimal combination, and then identified the optimum locational result and defined the size of each station. In the case study, we verify the proposed model in several scenarios and conclude that multifunctional refueling station performs better in terms of investment cost and users’ satisfaction level.

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Alit, Anak Agung, Ketut Maha Setiawati, and Tony Setiadharma. "OPTIMIZATION OF THE FORMULATED FEEDING IN JUVENILE CORAL TROUT, Plectropomus leopardus IN CONTROLLED TANK." Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis 8, no. 2 (April 6, 2017): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.28930/jitkt.v8i2.15823.

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A coral trout grouper is the fishery commodities to generate foreign exchange through exports, to date cultivation continued. The purpose is to obtain data and information on the dose of the right artificial feeding and can increase the survival rate of the optimum seed nursery in the juvenile coral trout in controlled tank. Research has been conducted at the hatchery and the Institute for Mariculture Reasearch and Development Gondol, Bali. Containers experiment is used is a fiber with a size of 1 m³ up to 12 containers. test animals used were seeds of coral trout, Plectropomus leopardus with initial body length on average 3 cm with each treatment density of 100 fish/m³. Coral trout, Plectropomus leopardus seed kept in fibers. This type of feed given in the form of commercial pellet feed with a protein content of 48%, and additional food such as shrimp Mysid (jembret) for 10 days. The frequency of feeding 3 times a day (morning 8:00. local time, lunch 13:00 local time, and afternoon 17:00 local time). Treatment feeding attempted is the treatment of A = 5% dose of artificial feeding, B = 10% dose of artificial feeding, C = 15% dose of artificial feeding, and D = 20% dose of artificial feeding. The study used a completely randomized design with 4 treatments, each treatment was repeated 3 times. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance. If the variance is different then conducted a further test using the smallest real difference test (BNT). The results showed that significantly different (P <0.05) on survival, feed conversion, weight gain and body length of coral trout. The highest survival rate in treatment C = 15% dose artificial feeding is. = 90.83 ± 1.80%, followed by treatment D, B, and A.

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P. C., Wilfred–Ekprikpo. "Evaluation of Mustard Seed (Brassica Nigra) Powder as Anaesthetic Agents in Different Life Stages of Black Jaw Tilapia (Sarotherodon Melanotheron)." Sumerianz Journal of Biotechnology, no. 42 (April 29, 2021): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.47752/sjb.42.57.62.

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This study assessed the anesthetic effects of mustard seed (Brassica nigra) powder in different life stages of Black Jaw Tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheron). A total of 540 fish comprising of 180 each of: fingerlings (mean length 5.54cm ± 1.08SD and mean weight 12.04g ± 2.09SD); juveniles (mean length 10.02cm ± 3.91SD and mean weight 30.91g ± 4.02SD) and adult (mean length 13.01cm ± 2.66SD and mean weight 70.82g ± 7.01SD) of S. melanotheron were used for the study. They were exposed to aqueous extracts of mustard seed (Brassica nigra) powder at different concentrations: 0.00-control; 10.00; 20.00; 30.00; 40.00 and 50.00 mg/L at the rate of 10 fish per tank in triplicates. The results obtained indicated a size related response of the fish to mustard seed extracts. The induction time decreased significantly (P < 0.05) as the concentrations of the mustard seed extracts increased. The recovery time in the three sizes of exposed fish, generally increased as the concentrations of the anaesthetics increased. The survival rate was 100.00% in adult sizes of the exposed fish in all concentrations. While in fingerlings and juveniles, 90-95% survival rates were recorded at higher concentrations of the anaesthetics. This study therefore revealed that mustard seed can effectively be used as anaesthetics agent in S. melanotheron at optimum dose of 30mg/L.

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ARSOY, Hatice Dilek. "The effect of year, month, region, and herd size on bulk tank somatic cell and standard plate count, and the determination of optimum herd size in the intensive Holstein Friesian dairy farms in the Turkish Republic of Cyprus." TURKISH JOURNAL OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES 44, no. 6 (December 18, 2020): 1232–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/vet-2005-124.

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Narueworanon, Patthranit, Lakkana Laopaiboon, and Pattana Laopaiboon. "Capability of Immobilized Clostridium beijerinckii TISTR 1461 on Lotus Stalk Pieces to Produce Butanol from Sugarcane Molasses." Processes 9, no. 4 (March 25, 2021): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9040573.

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Immobilized Clostridium beijerinckii TISTR 1461 was used to enhance the butanol production efficiency from sugarcane molasses. Lotus stalk (LS) pieces were used as carriers for cell immobilization. Sugarcane molasses containing 50 g/L of sugar supplemented with 1 g/L of yeast extract was found to be an appropriate medium for bacterial cell immobilization on the LS pieces. Carrier size (4, 12 and 20 mm in length) and carrier loading (1:15, 1:30 and 1:45, w/v) were optimized for high levels of butanol production using response surface methodology (RSM). The batch fermentation was carried out under anaerobic conditions in 1 L screw-capped bottles at 37 °C and an agitation rate of 150 rpm. It was found that the optimum conditions for the butanol production were the carrier size of 4 mm and carrier loading of 1:31 (w/v). Under these conditions, the butanol concentration (PB) was 12.89 g/L, corresponding to the butanol productivity (QB) of 0.36 g/L∙h and butanol yield (YB/S) of 0.36 g/g. These values were higher than those using free cells (PB, 10.20 g/L, QB, 0.28 g/L∙h and YB/S, 0.32 g/g). In addition, it was found that a 24 h incubation time for cell immobilization was appropriate for the immobilization process, which was confirmed by the results of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images and specific surface area measurement. When the fermentation using the immobilized cells was carried out in a stirred-tank reactor (STR), column reactor (CR) and CR coupled with STR, the results showed that all reactors could be used to produce butanol production from the immobilized cells on LS pieces. However, the PB using CR and CR coupled with STR were only 75% and 45% of those using the screw-capped bottle and STR.

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Notaro, Vincenza, Lorena Liuzzo, and Gabriele Freni. "Evaluation of the optimal size of a rainwater harvesting system in Sicily." Journal of Hydroinformatics 19, no. 6 (October 11, 2017): 853–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2017.150.

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Abstract In the Mediterranean area, water scarcity represents a critical issue due to the increasing water demand related to the population growth and the expansion of urban and industrialized areas. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) may be an effective alternative water supply solution to deal with water scarcity in order to reduce non-potable water needs. The reliability of RWH systems is greatly affected by the intensity and the temporal distribution of rainfall events. The purpose of the present study was to identify the optimal tank capacity, in terms of water saving efficiency, of a RWH system installed to supply water for toilet flushing, garden irrigation and both uses with reference to a single-family house in a residential area of Sicily (southern Italy). A water balance simulation of the rainwater storage tank was performed to define the tank release rule. The optimal capacity of the RWH tank was evaluated considering three different catchment surfaces, namely 100, 200 and 300 m2. Results showed that, in some areas of the region, the system could be able to provide significant water savings, even with the installation of collecting tanks of less than 10 m3, thus ensuring important environmental and economic benefits to the householders.

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UTAMI, SRI. "Optimal Design Of Renewable Energy Systemusing Genetic Algorithm Case Study In Parangtritis." ELKOMIKA: Jurnal Teknik Energi Elektrik, Teknik Telekomunikasi, & Teknik Elektronika 4, no. 2 (March 14, 2018): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/elkomika.v4i2.148.

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ABSTRAKAndil pariwisata terhadap perkembangan regional sangat besar begitu juga andilnya terhadap permasalahan lingkungan. Untuk mengurangi aspek negatif terhadap lingkungan serta meningkatkan penghematan, sistem energi terbarukan menempati prioritas penting dalam bidang pariwisata. Konfigurasi optimal sistem energi terbarukan direncanakan menggunakan Algoritma Genetika. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengoptimasi sistem energi terbarukan di Parangtritis, Kretek, Bantul, Jawa Tengah. Sistem yang dirancang terdiri dari sel surya dan turbin angin, sedangkan sistem penyimpanannya menggunakan baterai dan fuel cell. Algoritma ini meminimisasi fungsi objektif biaya total yang terdiri dari biaya investasi, biaya penggantian serta biaya operasi dan perawatan. Kehandalan sistem dievaluasi menggunakan indeks Equivalent Loss Factor (). Indeks ini memberikan informasi jumlah energi yang tidak dapat dipasok oleh sistem energi terbarukan. Hasil simulasi memperlihatkan jumlah optimal sistem energi terbarukan dicapai dengan jumlah sel surya sebanyak 3, baterai 48,turbin angin sebanyak 36, elektroliser sebanyak 3, tangki hidrogen 2 dan fuel cell sebanyak 8. Nilai ELF yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah 0.01.ABSTRACTTourism has a massive contribution to regional development and shares environmental issues. Reducing reliances on fossil fuel, it is not still adequating energy consumption yet to cause development of renewable energy in crucial position for tourism desicition. An optimal configuration of renewable energy system was planned by Genetic Algorithm in this work. This research conducted to optimize renewable energy system in Parangtritis, Kretek, Bantul Central Java. The system consisted of solar cells and wind turbines, and the batteries and fuel cells were as storage system. The algorithm minimize objective function of total cost consisted of investment, replacement as well as operating and maintenance costs. A reability evaluation of the system was given by Equivalent Loss Factor (). This index inform an insufficient energy in the systems. The simulation showed an optimum size of the system, achieved by size of PV, battery, wind turbine, electrolizer, hidrogen tank and fuel cell were 3, 48, 36, 3, 2, 8 respectively. The ELF used in this simulation was 0.01. Keywords: fossil fuel, renewable energy, tourism, Equivalent Lost Factor

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Usman, Usman, Kamaruddin Kamaruddin, and Asda Laining. "PENGARUH KADAR TRIPTOPAN PAKAN TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN SINTASAN KRABLET KEPITING BAKAU, Scylla serrata SELAMA MASA PENDEDERAN." Jurnal Riset Akuakultur 11, no. 3 (January 11, 2017): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jra.11.3.2016.259-269.

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Kepiting bakau bersifat kanibal dan cenderung memiliki laju pertumbuhan yang lambat ketika diberi pakan buatan. Triptopan adalah salah satu asam amino esensial untuk pertumbuhan dan merupakan prekursor pembentukan serotonin yang dapat mengontrol sifat agresif pada beberapa vertebrata. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan dosis optimum triptopan pakan terhadap pertumbuhan dan sintasan krablet selama masa pendederan. Empat dosis penambahan L-triptopan dalam pakan yaitu: 0% (A); 0,25% (B); 0,5% (C); dan 1,0% (D) dengan kadar triptopan dalam pakan berturut-turut 0,41%; 0,52%; 0,67%; dan 0,96%; serta kontrol berupa pakan rebon kering (E) yang mengandung triptopan sebanyak 0,79%. Hewan uji yang digunakan adalah krablet kepiting bakau berumur 3-5 hari sejak memasuki stadia krablet. Krablet dipelihara dalam bak fiber berukuran 1,0 m x 1,0 m x 0,5 m sebanyak 15 unit dengan kepadatan masing-masing 50 ekor/m2. Selama lima minggu pemeliharaan, krablet diberi pakan uji sebanyak 30%-15%/hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa krablet yang diberi pakan mengandung triptopan 0,67% menunjukkan laju pertumbuhan tertinggi dan berbeda nyata (P<0,05) dengan krablet yang diberi pakan mengandung triptopan 0,41%. Rasio efisiensi protein tertinggi juga didapatkan pada krablet yang diberi pakan mengandung triptopan 0,67% dan berbeda nyata (P<0,05) dengan krablet yang diberi pakan rebon. Sintasan, konsumsi pakan harian, rasio konversi pakan, dan komposisi proksimat total tubuh krablet relatif sama di antara perlakuan, meskipun ada kecenderungan terbaik pada krablet yang diberi pakan mengandung 0,67% triptopan.The main constrain in mud crab culture is high cannibalism which are triggered by several factors such as limited space, lack of feed and large size variation. Mud crab also has relative slow growth when fed artificial diet. Tryptophan is an essential amino acid for growth and precursor of serotonin which can control natural aggressiveness in vertebrates. This study was conducted to obtain optimum level of tryptophan in diet for mud crab during nursery. Four test diets were formulated to contain different levels of supplemental L-tryptophan at: 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and as the control diet was dried mysid, so the tryptophan levels of the test diets were 0.41% (A), 0.52% (B), 0.67% (C), 0.96% (D), and 0.79% (mysid, E) respectively. Crablets (3-5 days post-methamorphosis) with average initial weight of 0.039 g were randomly distributed into 15 of 1.0 m x 1.0 m x 0.5 m fibre glass tank with density of 50 ind./tank. The crablets were fed daily the test diets at 30% to15% of biomass. After five weeks feeding trial, crablet fed the diet containing 0.67% of tryptophan had significantly (P<0.05) higher weight gain compared to crablet fed diet containing 0.41% of tryptophan. Highest protein efficiency ratio was also obtained in crablet fed the diet containing 0.67% of tryptophan and significantly different (P<0.05) with crablet fed dried mysid (control). Final carapace width, feed conversion ratio, and survival rate were not significantly different (P>0.05) among the treatments.

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Mehmood, Sajid, Serguey A. Maximov, Hannah Chalmers, and Daniel Friedrich. "Energetic, Economic and Environmental (3E) Assessment and Design of Solar-Powered HVAC Systems in Pakistan." Energies 13, no. 17 (August 21, 2020): 4333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174333.

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Rapid urbanization, global warming and enhanced quality of life have significantly increased the demand of indoor thermal comfort and air conditioning systems are not a luxury anymore, but a necessity. In order to fulfil this need, it is imperative to develop affordable and environmentally friendly cooling solutions for buildings. In this work, the 3E performance (energetic, economic and environmental) of electrically driven water-cooled vapour compression systems and thermally (solar) driven vapour absorption cooling systems are evaluated and the parameters affecting the performance of solar-driven vapour absorption systems are investigated. The energy simulation software TRNSYS is used to simulate the performance of both systems in order to fulfil the cooling needs of an industrial manufacturing building for the typical climate conditions for Lahore, Pakistan. Primary energy saving, initial investment, operational cost, and carbon footprint indices are used to analyse the performance of both systems. In addition, a parametric code is written in Python and linked with TRNSYS to perform a parametric study to investigate the effects of various parameters such as solar field size, storage tank volume, optimum annual and monthly collector angles, and flow rate in the solar field on the solar-driven vapour absorption chiller performance. The results reveal that around 5% more energy can be absorbed per collector surface area by changing the solar tilt angle on a monthly basis compared to one fixed angle. The analysis shows that electrically driven vapour compression-based cooling systems have much higher running cost and are potentially hazardous for the environment but have lower capital costs. On the other hand, solar thermal systems have lower running costs and emissions but require further reductions in the capital costs or government subsidies to make them viable.

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Shadeed, Sameer, and Sandy Alawna. "Optimal Sizing of Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting Tanks for Sustainable Domestic Water Use in the West Bank, Palestine." Water 13, no. 4 (February 23, 2021): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13040573.

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In highly water-poor areas, rooftop rainwater harvesting (RRWH) can be used for a self-sustaining and self-reliant domestic water supply. The designing of an optimal RRWH storage tank is a key parameter to implement a reliable RRWH system. In this study, the optimal size of RRWH storage tanks in the different West Bank governorates was estimated based on monthly (all governorates) and daily (i.e., Nablus) inflow (RRWH) and outflow (domestic water demand, DWD) data. In the estimation of RRWH, five rooftop areas varying between 100 m2 and 300 m2 were selected. Moreover, the reliability of the adopting RRWH system in the different West Bank governorates was tested. Two-time series scenarios were assumed: Scenario 1, S1 (12 months, annual) and scenario 2, S2 (8 months, rainy). As a result, reliable curves for preliminary estimation of optimal RRWH storage tanks for the different West Bank governorates were obtained. Results show that the required storage tank for S1 (annual) is more than that of the S2 (rainy) one. The required storage tank to fulfill DWD is based on the average rooftop area of 150 m2, the average family members of 4.8, and the average DWD of 90 L per capita per day (L/c/d) varies between (75 m3 to 136 m3) and (24 m3 to 84 m3) for S2 for the different West Bank governorates. Further, it is found that the optimal RRWH tank size for the 150 m2 rooftop ranges between 20 m3 (in Jericho) to 75 m3 (in Salfit and Nablus) and between 20 m3 (in Jericho) to 51 m3 (in Jerusalem) for S1 and S2 scenarios, respectively. Finally, results show that the implementation of an RRWH system for a rooftop area of 150 m2 and family members of 4.8 is reliable for all of the West Bank governorates except Jericho. Whereas, the reliability doesn’t exceed 19% for the two scenarios. However, the reduction of DWDv is highly affecting the reliability of adopting RRWH systems in Jericho (the least rainfall governorate). For instance, a family DWDv of 3.2 m3/month (25% of the average family DWDv in the West Bank) will increase the reliability at a rooftop area of 150 m2 to 51% and 76% for S1 and S2, respectively.

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Hwang, Ju Ha, Hyung San Kim, Muhammad Azam, and Seung Jin Maeng. "Optimal size estimation of water storage tank for upland crops." DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 200 (2020): 310–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2020.26112.

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Fedorova, T. G. "Calculation and experimental substantiation of optimal sizes of large-size tanks filled with bulk material." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1425 (December 2019): 012179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1425/1/012179.

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Minh Nguyen, Vuong, Yutaka Ichikawa, and Hiroshi Ishidaira. "Exploring optimal tank size for rainwater harvesting systems in Asian tropical climates." Hydrological Research Letters 12, no. 1 (2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3178/hrl.12.1.

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Bikkinin, A. I., and R. G. Rizvanov. "OPTIMAL SAMPLE SHAPE AND SIZE DETERMINATION OF TANK JUNCTIONAL UNIT FOR MECHANICAL ENDURANCE TESTS." Petroleum Engineering 15, no. 4 (December 2017): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.17122/ngdelo-2017-4-137-142.

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Miyamoto, Kouta, Theodore E. Squires, and Hitoshi Araki. "Experimental evaluation of predation of stocked salmon by riparian wildlife: effects of prey size and predator behaviours." Marine and Freshwater Research 69, no. 3 (2018): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf17215.

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Predation after release is one of the major concerns of hatchery fish conservation and propagation. However, the relationships between the size of hatchery fish, the predator species and their behaviours in natural environments are largely unknown. To understand these relationships, we conducted predation experiments in outdoor tanks and a seminatural stream with exposure to local predators. Masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) of two different size classes were used as experimental prey fish in the present study. Camera trap data showed that grey herons (Ardea cinerea) were the primary predator in the experimental system, and that most herons used shallow areas in the morning or evening while feeding. Increasing the density of stocked salmon led to increases in the number of occurrences of grey heron. More importantly, predation by grey herons resulted in a significantly lower survival rate of larger salmon compared with smaller salmon. The results indicate that it is important to understand local predators, adjust the optimum body size of hatchery fish at release and choose the appropriate stocking site and time of day for maximising the effectiveness of fish stocking.

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Magnucki, K., J. Lewiński, and P. Stasiewicz. "Optimal sizes of a ground-based horizontal cylindrical tank under strength and stability constraints." International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 81, no. 12 (December 2004): 913–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2004.06.003.

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Pallavhee, T., S. Sundaramoorthy, and M. A. Sivasankaran. "Optimal Control of Small Size Single Tank Activated Sludge Process with Regulated Aeration and External Carbon Addition." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 57, no. 46 (October 26, 2018): 15811–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.8b04519.

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Batikha, Mustafa, Jian-Fei Chen, and J. Michael Rotter. "Fibre reinforced polymer for strengthening cylindrical metal shells against elephant’s foot buckling: An elasto-plastic analysis." Advances in Structural Engineering 21, no. 16 (December 2018): 2483–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433218817139.

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This article describes the use of fibre reinforced polymer composites to increase the strength of an isotropic metallic cylindrical shell against elephant’s foot buckling. This form of buckling occurs when a cylindrical shell structure is subjected to high internal pressure together with an axial force, such as those that may occur in tanks and silos. It is particularly relevant to tanks under seismic action. Although fibre reinforced polymer composites have been widely applied to different types of structures under several loading conditions, its use to strengthen thin steel cylindrical shells has been very limited. Here, a non-linear elasto-plastic finite element idealisation is used to explore the strengthening effect of a fibre reinforced polymer strip on a thin cylinder. The optimum size and position of the fibre reinforced polymer sheet were obtained and empirically formulated. This study has shown that the strength after repair is sensitive to minor changes in the fibre reinforced polymer parameters so that a close adherence to the optimum parameter values is very desirable.

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Scandura, J. E., and M. D. Sobsey. "Viral and bacterial contamination of groundwater from on-site sewage treatment systems." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 11-12 (June 1, 1997): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0724.

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On-site septic tank-soil absorption systems treating domestic wastewater have contaminated groundwaters with enteric viruses and other pathogens and caused drinking waterborne outbreaks. The factors influencing pathogen transport, survival and fate at on-site wastewater treatment systems remain inadequately characterised. We studied the survival and transport of a model enterovirus (BE-1) and faecal coliform bacteria in four on-site wastewater treatment systems (three conventional and one low pressure, small pipe diameter, pumped system) located in sandy soils typical of the coastal plains. Septic system wastewaters were seeded seasonally with known amounts of BE-1 and the fate of BE-1, faecal coliforms and other wastewater constituents were followed for three months in seeded wastewaters and groundwaters of drainfield monitoring wells. BE-1 levels in seeded wastewaters declined exponentially by kinetics consistent with a 3d hydraulic residence time. BE-1 was detected in ground waters of monitoring wells as early as 1d after seeding and persisted up to two months. Virus detection in ground water was greater in winter than in summer and was positively associated with proximity to septic effluent distribution lines, drainfield soils with the lowest clay content, elevated ground water pH and shallower vadose zones. Viruses were not strongly associated with either distance from septic tank or faecal coliform levels in groundwater. Under optimum conditions, virus reductions were as high as 9 log10, but in systems with the most coarse (sand) soils and highest water tables (most shallow vadose zones), there was extensive ground water contamination by viruses and other wastewater constituents. Under some conditions, septic systems in sandy coastal plains soils can contaminate ground water with viruses and other wastewater constituents.

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Wang, Suo, Enshen Long, Tao Luo, Xi Meng, and Yan Wang. "Optimum Analysis on the Thermal Performance of the Small-sized Biogas Fermentation Tank Based on Annual Energy Consumption Simulation." Procedia Engineering 121 (2015): 309–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.1073.

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Burhan, Muhammad, Muhammad Wakil Shahzad, and Kim Choon Ng. "Sustainable Cooling with Hybrid Concentrated Photovoltaic Thermal (CPVT) System and Hydrogen Energy Storage." International Journal of Computational Physics Series 1, no. 2 (March 5, 2018): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.29167/a1i2p40-51.

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Standalone power systems have vital importance as energy source for remote area. On the other hand, a significant portion of such power production is used for cooling purposes. In this scenario, renewable energy sources provide sustainable solution, especially solar energy due to its global availability. Concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) system provides highest efficiency photovoltaic technology, which can operate at x1000 concentration ratio. However, such high concentration ratio requires heat dissipation from the cell area to maintain optimum temperature. This paper discusses the size optimization algorithm of sustainable cooling system using CPVT. Based upon the CPV which is operating at x1000 concentration with back plate liquid cooling, the CPVT system size is optimized to drive a hybrid mechanical vapor compression (MVC) chiller and adsorption chiller, by utilizing both electricity and heat obtained from the solar system. The electrolysis based hydrogen is used as primary energy storage system along with the hot water storage tanks. The micro genetic algorithm (micro-GA) based optimization algorithm is developed to find the optimum size of each component of CPVT-Cooling system with uninterrupted power supply and minimum cost, according to the developed operational strategy. The hybrid system is operated with solar energy system efficiency of 71%.

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Parsania, Shahrzad. "On Optimal Sizing of a Solar Thermal Building: A Novel Approach." E3S Web of Conferences 57 (2018): 04004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185704004.

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Within the last decade, domestic energy management has gained a lot of attention. As the complexity of the solar thermal system in terms of the number of system components and energy sources increases, understanding how to manage the cooperation of all the components in order to improve the global efficiency measurements is of crucial importance. Here, the question is how to define an optimal size of the main components in a solar thermal system in order to minimize system cost. Unlike the existing approaches, we propose the use of a novel algorithm called Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) to analyze the accurate sizing of energy components, i.e. collector size, tank volume and Auxiliary Power Unit (APU). The objective is to maximize solar fraction, minimize the energy consumption and installation costs subject to constraints. Our proposed GSA model is evaluated and compared with one of the most well-known algorithms, Particle Swarm optimization (PSO) taking into account the fundamental system characteristics. Numerical results show that our proposed methodology significantly improves energy efficiency and reduces operational cost of the solar thermal system in contemporary built environment.

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Al-Hemeary, Nawar, Péter Polcz, and Gábor Szederkényi. "Optimal Solar Panel Area Computation and Temperature Tracking for a CubeSat System using Model Predictive Control." SPIIRAS Proceedings 19, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 564–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15622/sp.2020.19.3.4.

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Recently, there has been a rising interest in small satellites such as CubeSats in the aerospace community due to their small size and cost-effective operation. It is challenging to ensure precision performance for satellites with minimum cost and energy consumption. To support maneuverability, the CubeSat is equipped with a propellant tank, in which the fuel must be maintained in the appropriate temperature range. Simultaneously, the energy production should be maximized, such that the other components of the satellite are not overheated. To meet the technological requirements, we propose a multicriteria optimal control design using a nonlinear dynamical thermal model of the CubeSat system. First, a PID control scheme with an anti-windup compensation is employed to evaluate the minimum heat flux necessary to keep the propellant tank at a given reference temperature. Secondly, a linearization-based controller is designed for temperature control. Thirdly, the optimization of the solar cell area and constrained temperature control is solved as an integrated nonlinear model predictive control problem using the quasilinear parameter varying form of the state equations. Several simulation scenarios for different power limits and solar cell coverage cases are shown to illustrate the trade-offs in control design and to show the applicability of the approach.

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Fonseca, Carlos Roberto, Verónica Hidalgo, Carlos Díaz-Delgado, Aleida Yadira Vilchis-Francés, and Iván Gallego. "Design of optimal tank size for rainwater harvesting systems through use of a web application and geo-referenced rainfall patterns." Journal of Cleaner Production 145 (March 2017): 323–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.057.

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Liu, Bo, Chen Yang Liu, Peng Fei Cheng, Chuan Bo Liu, En Lu Wang, Bo Zhu, Xin Nan Xie, et al. "The Research of Low Voltage Control at Li Tang Trunk Line in Li Jia Transformer Substation." Advanced Materials Research 986-987 (July 2014): 1305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.986-987.1305.

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In this paper, the rural power low-voltage of Li-Tang mains Trunk line raised the issue of secondary boost more than two groups reactive power compensation solutions, focusing on both the load power load variance method to calculate the location and placement of the regulator boost ratio, using precise moment method and reactive secondary terminal voltage rises method calculates the load side of intelligent reactive compensation on the trunk and installation location and capacity, to achieve the optimum design load tap rural power lines and intelligent var compensator configuration. The program changed in Fushun Li-Tang Trunk line in Li-Jia Transformer substation significantly after the implementation of effective, so that the end of the 31km-long line of power quality standards. Economic operation efficiency is improved.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Optimum tank size'

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