Academic literature on the topic 'Optimum Lime Content (OLC)'

The study involved the utilization of an industrial waste product, Phosphogypsum (PG) as an additive to lime for the stabilization of soil. Three lime dosages, viz. initial consumption of lime (ICL), optimum lime content (OLC) and less than ICL (LICL) were adopted for stabilizing the soil. The study investigated the stress-strain characteristics of soil composites stabilized with these three lime contents modified with optimum dosages of PG. Mineralogical studies were performed on the spent samples used for a series of determinations of unconfined compression strength tests with various combinations of lime and optimum PG content. The addition of an optimum dosage of PG resulted in an early strength gain of 8.8%, 14.1% and 13.9% and a delayed strength gain of 9.9%, 19% and 19.7% for 3%, 5.5% and 7% for the lime-stabilized soil, respectively. It was found that the addition of PG to the lime resulted in enhanced stiffness, residual strength and reduced brittleness due to the PG amendment of the stabilization reactions. However, in terms of the overall improvement of soil properties, the most favorable benefit was obtained by optimal PG modification of ICL rather than OLC. Microanalysis of the X-ray diffraction scatter also supported the results revealed through stress-strain characteristics. ICL with its optimal PG dosage showed a better progression of pozzolanic reactions when compared to the other two in terms of reduction of peaks of soil minerals and increase in peaks of CSH.

This study involves the clay sample which is taken from Kampung Kedaik Asal, Rompin site and evaluation of its properties in natural state and after stabilization. The main objectives of this paper is to estimate the optimum lime content (OLC) needed to stabilize the soil by using Eades-Grim pH Test, to determine the optimum moisture content (OMC) and maximum dry density (MDD) of the treated soil by Standard Proctor Test and also the strength value of the soil specimens with different percentages of lime content corresponding with different curing period by Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) Test. From this study, the optimum amount to stabilize the clay soil and minimum amount of lime required to stabilize the soil pH level to 12 is 5%. The results showed that addition of lime decreased the maximum dry density (MDD) and increased the optimum moisture content (OMC). Unconfined compressive test on 48 sets of samples has been carried out for 7, 14 and 28 days of curing with different lime contents such as 5%, 7% and 9%. The highest unconfined compressive strength (UCS) achieved is 321 kN/m2 for clay stabilized with 9% lime content cured at 28 days. From the test results, it was found that the longer the immersion of curing period with higher lime content, the greater the compressive strength of the specimen.

This BC Soil are expansive in nature and are problematic because of low shear strength and high compressibility. Review of literatures have proven that addition of lime imparts high strength with a corresponding reduction in swell of BC soils. In addition, Bio-enzymes have also been found to play a key role as activators in improving the characteristics of clayey soils such as BC soil. Development and use of non-traditional ground improvement techniques such as bio-enzymes in combination with lime for soil stabilization helps to reduce the cost and the detrimental effects on the soil environment. In the present study lime and bio-enzymes were used as soil stabilizing agents. Compaction test results on BC soil admixed with different percent of lime indicated that 3% addition lime gives higher maximum dry density of 17kN/m3 with OMC of 21% compare to other addition of lime percentages. Keeping 3% of lime as optimum lime content(OLC), BC Soil was admixed with different dosages of Bio-enzymes 25ml/m3, 50ml/m3, 100 ml/m3,150ml/m3, and 200ml/m3 along with OLC was tested for compaction and unconfined compressive strength(UCC). Further UCC test was carried out for different curing period of 0, 7, 15, 30, and 60 Days to analyse the long term effect of BC soil admixed with bio-enzymes with and without lime content. Morphological and chemical analysis was done by using XRD and SEM analysis, from all the test results it was found that 3%OLC + 75ml/m3 of bio-enzymes for 7 day of curing gives higher UCC of 450 kPa. From the SEM it was found that better bond between particles found to develop in bio-enzyme+ lime admixed BC soil in comparison with lime alone admixed BC soil. XRD studies indicated morphological changes in crystallinity and structure of stabilized BC soil in comparison to BC soil alone.

This investigation involved the examination of pozzolanic benefits that resulted from the amendment of lime stabilization of a soil by using a combination of two industrial wastes viz. Fly ash (FA) and Steel Slag (SS). Two lime contents (6% and 8%), which represented the control specimens, were selected for stabilizing the soil, one above the Initial Consumption of Lime (ICL) and the other above the Optimum Lime Content (OLC), respectively. The lime to total solid waste ratio was maintained as 1:1, and the FA/SS ratio varied within the total solid waste content adopted for amending lime stabilization. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the stabilized samples were determined by casting UCS specimens of 38 x 76 mm and cured for 2 hours, 7, 14 and 28 days. After curing, the specimens were strained until failure, to study the pozzolanic benefits of adding FA-SS. The results revealed that the addition of FA and SS improved the pozzolanic strength, ranging from 3.5% to 15%. The optimal dosage of FA and SS also varied with the lime content adopted. For the 6% lime content, a FA/SS ratio of 1:1 was found to be optimal, whereas for the 8% lime content, a FA/SS ratio of 3:1 was found to develop the maximum strength. The amendment of lime stabilization with FA/SS clearly brought about the difference in lime stabilization stages, unseen when only lime was adopted as stabilizer.

AbstractThe experimental investigation involved stabilizing an expansive soil using lime, amending the stabilization process with varying doses of coconut shell powder (CSP), and studying the effects of the amendment on the strength, index properties, mineralogy, and microstructure of the stabilized soil. The optimum lime content (OLC) for the maximum strength gain of the stabilized soil was determined by performing unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests. The stabilization process was amended with four different proportions of CSP, and the UCSs of the amended specimens were evaluated and compared. The spent UCS samples were crushed and pulverized to perform index property tests as well as mineralogical (XRD) and micro-structural (SEM) tests. The results of the investigation revealed that amending the lime stabilization process with CSP yielded positive results only at a low dosage of 0.25%. It is concluded that materials of an organic origin such as CSP need to be adopted in low dosages to reap beneficial effects in the stabilization process.

The study dealt with the effect of addition of sugarcane bagasse ash (BA) on the strength development of a lime stabilized expansive soil. Unlike previous investigations with combinations of lime and BA, this study compares the effect of lime contents determined by scientifically established procedures and the effect of BA on the stabilization of lime at different proportions with additional microstructural investigations. The minimum lime content required for stabilization known as initial consumption of lime (ICL) was determined using the Eades and Grim pH test as 5.5%. The optimum lime content (OLC) was determined using unconfined compression strength (UCS) tests as 7%. Another lime content less than ICL was randomly adopted as 3%. The three lime contents were mixed with 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2% BA. UCS samples of dimension 38 mm × 76 mm were prepared at a fixed dry density and moisture content and cured for periods of 2 hours (0 days), 3, 7, 14, and 28 days to study the development of strength and effect of BA. Mineralogical and microstructural analyses were performed on the pulverized UCS samples after failure. The results revealed that the addition of BA increased the immediate, early, and delayed strength of lime stabilized soil further, even when the lime content was lower than ICL. Addition of BA produced maximum immediate, early, and delayed strength gains of 58.3%, 20.7%, and 32.7%, respectively. Higher proportion of BA was required when lime content was above ICL, for maximum strength. Addition of BA resulted in better utilization of quartz in lime-soil reactions leading to formation of CSH and CAH minerals. A dense compact matrix was seen on analyzing the microstructure of the stabilized soil composite.

The study involved utilization of an industrial waste, Phosphogypsum (PG), as an additive to lime stabilization of an expansive soil. Three lime dosages, namely, initial consumption of lime (ICL), optimum lime content (OLC), and less than ICL (LICL), were identified for the soil under study for stabilizing the soil. Along with lime, varying doses of PG were added to the soil for stabilization. The effect of stabilization was studied by performing index tests, namely, liquid limit, plastic limit, shrinkage limit, and free swell test, on pulverized remains of failed unconfined compression test specimens. The samples were also subjected to a microstructural study by means of scanning electron microscope. Addition of PG to lime resulted in improvement in the plasticity and swell-shrink characteristics. The microstructural study revealed the formation of a dense compact mass of stabilized soil.

This research was carried out to investigate potential reuses of white cement bypass dust (WCBPD) in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. For this purpose, five different asphalt concrete mixtures were prepared using lime mineral filler (control), 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% WCBPD substitution for lime mineral filler (LMF). The mixtures were subjected to Marshall testing. Results indicated that the substitution of 2% WCBPD for LMF essentially produced almost the same optimum bitumen content (OBC) as the control mixtures (5.5% by weight of aggregate). The substitution of 4% WCBPD slightly increased the OBC to 5.7% by weight of aggregate without any significant negative effect on asphalt concrete properties (stability, flow, voids in mineral aggregates (VMA), and percent of air voids (Pav)). However, further increase in the substitution ratios (6% and 8%) WCBPD was associated with an increase in the OBC to 6.1% and 6.2%, respectively, which makes them uneconomical mixtures. Thus, 4% WCBPD substitution for LMF would be the optimum used in asphalt paving mixtures.

This research is conducted to evaluate the influence of mineral filler on the volumetric properties, mechanical and field performance of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA). Two mineral filler types, namely, Hydrated Lime (HL) and Dust Plant (DPt) were used. Three filler proportions were utilized greater than 1% which represents the most applicable percentage, especially for HL, used by the Ministry of Transportation Ontario (MTO). The effect of filler on various volumetric properties including Voids In Mineral Aggregates (VMA), Voids Filled With Asphalt (VFA), dust to binder ratio (Dp) is examined. Mechanical and predicted field performance of HMA to the best filler proportion that meets all the MTO limitations is also investigated. The obtained results indicated that the Optimum Asphalt Content (OAC), VMA, and VFA decrease as the filler content is increased. HMA mixtures that includes DPt filler had the higher values of VMA, VFA, and OAC compared to the hydrated lime. The addition of filler with 2.5% percentage is very successful for both filler types due to satisfying all MTO requirements for volumetric properties of HMA. Based on MTO specifications, the addition of 2.0% filler seems to be unsuccessful for both filler types due to lowering the Dp ratio. Mix design with 3.0% filler was also unsuccessful because of the lower value of OAC meaning that the mix is dry and there is insufficient asphalt binder to coat the aggregate particles. Besides, filler type has a significant effect on the mechanical properties of the HMA mixtures. As a filler in HMA mixtures, the utilization of HL as a portion of 2.5 % leads to a significant improvement in mixture resistance to water and freezing and thawing. The mixtures that included HL have a higher cracking resistance, greater stiffness, and a higher fracture stress than the mixtures that included DPt. Furthermore, predicted field performance indicated better outcomes for mixes with HL compared to DPt mixes. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2020-03091619 Full Text: PDF

One in every three people in the world still lacks access to clean drinking water. Aside from microbiological pollution, high fluoride content in drinking water is one of the most serious problems in African countries. This study aimed to contribute to the availability of clean water by developing a point-of-use drinking water purifier using an aluminum oxide-based flocculent-disinfectant composite. Batch experiments were conducted to determine factors affecting fluoride removal efficiency (FRE) and E. coli log reduction efficiency. AO of 75 mg/L, 800 mg/L alum, lime (35% alum dose), and 1.5 mg/L Ca(OCl)₂ doses achieved 95% FRE and 5 log10 reductions of E. coli using 15 mg/L as initial fluoride concentration ([F−]0), and 105 CFU/100 mL E. coli concentration. [F−]0 affected FRE but showed no effect on E. coli log reduction. The optimum pH of the solution for both FRE and E. coli log reduction was found to be in the range of 4–8. Three prototypes in powder form were developed. The prototypes were tested on real water samples from the Ethiopian Rift Valley, and the results were found to be within the drinking water standards, thus indicating the capability of the developed products to purify contaminated water for human consumption.

Stabilization of expansive soils with various calcium–based stabilizers (lime and cement) directly or in combinations with other solid waste materials such as fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) etc. is common approach by many foundation engineers to improve the properties, and conquer the distress caused by undesirable swell–shrink in the soil. Several researches have also been dedicated to understanding the complex ionic reactions and their products, and the mechanisms by which they affect the behaviour of expansive soils. Also, protocol for the lime stabilization of soil is established for the determination of optimum lime content (OLC) based essentially on the compressive strength test. The mechanism of lime treatment works mainly through cementation of flocculated matrix caused by the reduction in repulsion between soil particles with pozzolanic reaction compounds. However, no detailed studies have been carried out to establish the relation between change in fabric and its influence on the properties of expansive soil. It is also not clear whether the optimum lime content will be the same to improve different properties viz., strength and volume change. Hence, the research is directed to address these issues by performing elaborate experimental investigations on geotechnical properties and understanding the mechanism in improvement through fundamental physico–chemical and micro–analytical studies. There are several cases documented in literatures where recent heaving and premature failures of structures constructed on lime and cement–treated soils containing sulfates exhibits, leading to question the validity of calcium-based stabilization. The failures in sulfate bearing soils are attributed to the formation and growth of ettringite/thaumasite minerals in certain environmental regime. It is Stabilization of expansive soils with various calcium–based stabilizers (lime and cement) directly or in combinations with other solid waste materials such as fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) etc. is common approach by many foundation engineers to improve the properties, and conquer the distress caused by undesirable swell–shrink in the soil. Several researches have also been dedicated to understand the complex ionic reactions and their products, and the mechanisms by which they affect the behaviour of expansive soils. Also, protocol for the lime stabilization of soil is established for the determination of optimum lime content (OLC) based essentially on the compressive strength test. The mechanism of lime treatment works mainly through cementation of flocculated matrix caused by the reduction in repulsion between soil particles with pozzolanic reaction compounds. However, no detailed studies have been carried out to establish the relation between change in fabric and its influence on the properties of expansive soil. It is also not clear whether the optimum lime content will be the same to improve different properties viz., strength and volume change. Hence, the research is directed to address these issues by performing elaborate experimental investigations on geotechnical properties and understanding the mechanism in improvement through fundamental physico–chemical and micro–analytical studies. There are several cases documented in literatures where recent heaving and premature failures of structures constructed on lime and cement–treated soils containing sulfates exhibits, leading to question the validity of calcium-based stabilization. The failures in sulfate bearing soils are attributed to the formation and growth of ettringite/thaumasite minerals in certain environmental regime. It is reported that this swell is either by crystal growth or, expansion by hydration of the new minerals formed. Research findings contradict the swell mechanism caused by ettringite and it is still a matter of active current research. Further, the mechanism related to strength behaviour of lime treated sulfate containing soil is not well understood. Among several factors influencing ettringite formation, sources and form of sulfate and availability of water play a key role to induce the expansion in lime treated soil which is often termed as “Sulfate Induced Heave” and soil as “Manmade Expansive Soil”. Gypsum is the main source of sulfate in the soil and soil containing gypsum is termed as gypseous soil. Gypsum is an unpredictable material due to its property of changing the chemical structure under certain temperature–pressure and situations where water exists, and hence gypseous soils are not preferred as construction material. Therefore, prior to investigation of sulfate induced heave in lime treated soil, the role of gypsum in the geotechnical behaviour of soil needs to be investigated to make clear the inconsistencies and contradictions in the research findings of different investigations. Hence, the study has been taken up to investigate the impact of varying gypsum content on behaviour of lime treated expansive soil after curing for different period. The mechanism of changes in strength and volume change behaviour of lime treated soil in the presence of gypsum has been elucidated through detailed micro–mechanistic analytical study. Several remedial measures are adopted to control the sulfate induced heave in lime treated soil. Fly ash is often used to suppress this undesirable heave. Utilization of fly ash supplies additional pozzolans (silica and aluminium) with collection of adequate divalent and trivalent cations (Ca2+, Al3+, Fe3+, etc.). However, the effect of additional aluminium supplied by the fly ash on ionic reactions, particularly with ettringite formation in lime treated gypseous soil is not well understood. It is interesting to know that gypsum is frequently used as an accelerating agent to improve properties of fly ash with lime. Hence, an attempt has been made to understand the role of fly ash on the properties of expansive soil treated with varying lime content and the same combination by using diminutive amount of gypsum with a view to find a solution to overcome the adverse effect of sulfate, particularly in the form of gypsum. Mechanism of the strength and volume change behaviour of soil treated with varying lime content in the presence of diminutive gypsum content are investigated and explained. Though, fly ash has been recommended to control the sulfate induced heave in lime treated soil, no particular attention is given to quantify the amount of fly ash to suppress the heave. Also, the effect of intrusion of additional ions (silica and alumina), which are known to affect mineralogy and microstructure, altering the particle size by fly ash to soil is not understood. Hence, work is extended to compare and explore the effect of varying fly ash content on the behaviour of soil, lime treated soil and lime treated gypseous soil and deduce the mechanism through physico–chemical and micro–analyses studies.

‘To a rational being there can be but one rule of conduct, justice, and one mode of ascertaining that rule, the exercise of his understanding.’ Godwin’s Political Justice is the founding text of philosophical anarchism. Written in the immediate aftermath of the French Revolution, it exemplifies the political optimism felt by many writers and intellectuals. Godwin drew on enlightenment ideas and his background in religious dissent for the principles of justice, utility, and the sanctity of individual judgement that drove his powerful critique of all forms of secular and religious authority. He predicts the triumph of justice and equality over injustice, and of mind over matter, and the eventual vanquishing of human frailty and mortality. He also foresees the gradual elimination of practices governing property, punishment, law, and marriage and the displacement of politics by an expanded personal morality resulting from reasoned argument and candid discussion. Political Justice raises deep philosophical questions about the nature of our duty to others that remain central to modern debates on ethics and politics. This edition reprints the first-edition text of 1793, and examines Godwin’s evolving philosophy in the context of his life and work.

This collective monograph is a comprehensive study of the causes, evolution and outcomes of complex processes in the contemporary history of the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe, and aims in particular to identify common and special characteristics in their socio-economic and political development. The authors base their work on documentary evidence; both published and unpublished archival materials reveal the specifics of the development of the political landscapes in these countries. They highlight models combining both European and nationally oriented (and even nationalist) components of the political spheres of particular countries; identify markers which allow the stage of completion (or incompletion) of the establishment of a new political system to be estimated; and present analyses of the processes of internal political struggle, which has often taken on ruthless forms. The analysis of regional and country-specific documentary materials illustrates that the gap in the development of the region with “old Europe” in general has not yet been overcome: in the post-Socialist period, the situation of the region being “ownerless” and “abandoned”, characteristic of the period between the two world wars, is reoccurring. The authors conclude that during the period from the late twentieth to the early twenty-first centuries, the region was quite clearly divided into two parts: Central (the Visegrad Four) and South-Eastern (the Balkans) Europe. The authors explore the prevailing trends in the political development of Hungary and Poland related to the leadership of nationally and religiously oriented parties; in the Czech Republic and Slovakia the pendulum-like change in power of the left and right-wing parties; and in Bulgaria and Romania the domestic political processes permanently in crisis. The authors pay special attention to the contradictory nature of the political evolution of the states that emerged in the space of the former Yugoslavia. For the first time, Greece and Turkey are included in the context of a regional-wide study. The contributors present optimal or resembling transformational models, which can serve as a prototype for shaping the political landscape of other countries in the world. The monograph substantiates the urgency of the new approach needed to study the history and current state of the region and its countries, taking into account the challenges of the time, which require strengthening national and state identity. The research also offered prognostic characteristics of transformational changes in the region, the Visegrad Four, and the Balkans.

Bones are multifunctional passive organs of movement that supports soft tissue and directly attached muscles. They also protect internal organs and are a reserve of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. Each bone is covered with periosteum, and the adjacent bone surfaces are covered by articular cartilage. Histologically, the bone is an organ composed of many different tissues. The main component is bone tissue (cortical and spongy) composed of a set of bone cells and intercellular substance (mineral and organic), it also contains fat, hematopoietic (bone marrow) and cartilaginous tissue. Bones are a tissue that even in adult life retains the ability to change shape and structure depending on changes in their mechanical and hormonal environment, as well as self-renewal and repair capabilities. This process is called bone turnover. The basic processes of bone turnover are: • bone modeling (incessantly changes in bone shape during individual growth) following resorption and tissue formation at various locations (e.g. bone marrow formation) to increase mass and skeletal morphology. This process occurs in the bones of growing individuals and stops after reaching puberty • bone remodeling (processes involve in maintaining bone tissue by resorbing and replacing old bone tissue with new tissue in the same place, e.g. repairing micro fractures). It is a process involving the removal and internal remodeling of existing bone and is responsible for maintaining tissue mass and architecture of mature bones. Bone turnover is regulated by two types of transformation: • osteoclastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone resorption • osteoblastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone formation (bone matrix synthesis and mineralization) Bone maturity can be defined as the completion of basic structural development and mineralization leading to maximum mass and optimal mechanical strength. The highest rate of increase in pig bone mass is observed in the first twelve weeks after birth. This period of growth is considered crucial for optimizing the growth of the skeleton of pigs, because the degree of bone mineralization in later life stages (adulthood) depends largely on the amount of bone minerals accumulated in the early stages of their growth. The development of the technique allows to determine the condition of the skeletal system (or individual bones) in living animals by methods used in human medicine, or after their slaughter. For in vivo determination of bone properties, Abstract 10 double energy X-ray absorptiometry or computed tomography scanning techniques are used. Both methods allow the quantification of mineral content and bone mineral density. The most important property from a practical point of view is the bone’s bending strength, which is directly determined by the maximum bending force. The most important factors affecting bone strength are: • age (growth period), • gender and the associated hormonal balance, • genotype and modification of genes responsible for bone growth • chemical composition of the body (protein and fat content, and the proportion between these components), • physical activity and related bone load, • nutritional factors: – protein intake influencing synthesis of organic matrix of bone, – content of minerals in the feed (CA, P, Zn, Ca/P, Mg, Mn, Na, Cl, K, Cu ratio) influencing synthesis of the inorganic matrix of bone, – mineral/protein ratio in the diet (Ca/protein, P/protein, Zn/protein) – feed energy concentration, – energy source (content of saturated fatty acids - SFA, content of polyun saturated fatty acids - PUFA, in particular ALA, EPA, DPA, DHA), – feed additives, in particular: enzymes (e.g. phytase releasing of minerals bounded in phytin complexes), probiotics and prebiotics (e.g. inulin improving the function of the digestive tract by increasing absorption of nutrients), – vitamin content that regulate metabolism and biochemical changes occurring in bone tissue (e.g. vitamin D3, B6, C and K). This study was based on the results of research experiments from available literature, and studies on growing pigs carried out at the Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences. The tests were performed in total on 300 pigs of Duroc, Pietrain, Puławska breeds, line 990 and hybrids (Great White × Duroc, Great White × Landrace), PIC pigs, slaughtered at different body weight during the growth period from 15 to 130 kg. Bones for biomechanical tests were collected after slaughter from each pig. Their length, mass and volume were determined. Based on these measurements, the specific weight (density, g/cm3) was calculated. Then each bone was cut in the middle of the shaft and the outer and inner diameters were measured both horizontally and vertically. Based on these measurements, the following indicators were calculated: • cortical thickness, • cortical surface, • cortical index. Abstract 11 Bone strength was tested by a three-point bending test. The obtained data enabled the determination of: • bending force (the magnitude of the maximum force at which disintegration and disruption of bone structure occurs), • strength (the amount of maximum force needed to break/crack of bone), • stiffness (quotient of the force acting on the bone and the amount of displacement occurring under the influence of this force). Investigation of changes in physical and biomechanical features of bones during growth was performed on pigs of the synthetic 990 line growing from 15 to 130 kg body weight. The animals were slaughtered successively at a body weight of 15, 30, 40, 50, 70, 90, 110 and 130 kg. After slaughter, the following bones were separated from the right half-carcass: humerus, 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone, femur, tibia and fibula as well as 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone. The features of bones were determined using methods described in the methodology. Describing bone growth with the Gompertz equation, it was found that the earliest slowdown of bone growth curve was observed for metacarpal and metatarsal bones. This means that these bones matured the most quickly. The established data also indicate that the rib is the slowest maturing bone. The femur, humerus, tibia and fibula were between the values of these features for the metatarsal, metacarpal and rib bones. The rate of increase in bone mass and length differed significantly between the examined bones, but in all cases it was lower (coefficient b <1) than the growth rate of the whole body of the animal. The fastest growth rate was estimated for the rib mass (coefficient b = 0.93). Among the long bones, the humerus (coefficient b = 0.81) was characterized by the fastest rate of weight gain, however femur the smallest (coefficient b = 0.71). The lowest rate of bone mass increase was observed in the foot bones, with the metacarpal bones having a slightly higher value of coefficient b than the metatarsal bones (0.67 vs 0.62). The third bone had a lower growth rate than the fourth bone, regardless of whether they were metatarsal or metacarpal. The value of the bending force increased as the animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. The rate of change in the value of this indicator increased at a similar rate as the body weight changes of the animals in the case of the fibula and the fourth metacarpal bone (b value = 0.98), and more slowly in the case of the metatarsal bone, the third metacarpal bone, and the tibia bone (values of the b ratio 0.81–0.85), and the slowest femur, humerus and rib (value of b = 0.60–0.66). Bone stiffness increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. Abstract 12 The rate of change in the value of this indicator changed at a faster rate than the increase in weight of pigs in the case of metacarpal and metatarsal bones (coefficient b = 1.01–1.22), slightly slower in the case of fibula (coefficient b = 0.92), definitely slower in the case of the tibia (b = 0.73), ribs (b = 0.66), femur (b = 0.59) and humerus (b = 0.50). Bone strength increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, bone strength was as follows femur > tibia > humerus > 4 metacarpal> 3 metacarpal> 3 metatarsal > 4 metatarsal > rib> fibula. The rate of increase in strength of all examined bones was greater than the rate of weight gain of pigs (value of the coefficient b = 2.04–3.26). As the animals grew, the bone density increased. However, the growth rate of this indicator for the majority of bones was slower than the rate of weight gain (the value of the coefficient b ranged from 0.37 – humerus to 0.84 – fibula). The exception was the rib, whose density increased at a similar pace increasing the body weight of animals (value of the coefficient b = 0.97). The study on the influence of the breed and the feeding intensity on bone characteristics (physical and biomechanical) was performed on pigs of the breeds Duroc, Pietrain, and synthetic 990 during a growth period of 15 to 70 kg body weight. Animals were fed ad libitum or dosed system. After slaughter at a body weight of 70 kg, three bones were taken from the right half-carcass: femur, three metatarsal, and three metacarpal and subjected to the determinations described in the methodology. The weight of bones of animals fed aa libitum was significantly lower than in pigs fed restrictively All bones of Duroc breed were significantly heavier and longer than Pietrain and 990 pig bones. The average values of bending force for the examined bones took the following order: III metatarsal bone (63.5 kg) <III metacarpal bone (77.9 kg) <femur (271.5 kg). The feeding system and breed of pigs had no significant effect on the value of this indicator. The average values of the bones strength took the following order: III metatarsal bone (92.6 kg) <III metacarpal (107.2 kg) <femur (353.1 kg). Feeding intensity and breed of animals had no significant effect on the value of this feature of the bones tested. The average bone density took the following order: femur (1.23 g/cm3) <III metatarsal bone (1.26 g/cm3) <III metacarpal bone (1.34 g / cm3). The density of bones of animals fed aa libitum was higher (P<0.01) than in animals fed with a dosing system. The density of examined bones within the breeds took the following order: Pietrain race> line 990> Duroc race. The differences between the “extreme” breeds were: 7.2% (III metatarsal bone), 8.3% (III metacarpal bone), 8.4% (femur). Abstract 13 The average bone stiffness took the following order: III metatarsal bone (35.1 kg/mm) <III metacarpus (41.5 kg/mm) <femur (60.5 kg/mm). This indicator did not differ between the groups of pigs fed at different intensity, except for the metacarpal bone, which was more stiffer in pigs fed aa libitum (P<0.05). The femur of animals fed ad libitum showed a tendency (P<0.09) to be more stiffer and a force of 4.5 kg required for its displacement by 1 mm. Breed differences in stiffness were found for the femur (P <0.05) and III metacarpal bone (P <0.05). For femur, the highest value of this indicator was found in Pietrain pigs (64.5 kg/mm), lower in pigs of 990 line (61.6 kg/mm) and the lowest in Duroc pigs (55.3 kg/mm). In turn, the 3rd metacarpal bone of Duroc and Pietrain pigs had similar stiffness (39.0 and 40.0 kg/mm respectively) and was smaller than that of line 990 pigs (45.4 kg/mm). The thickness of the cortical bone layer took the following order: III metatarsal bone (2.25 mm) <III metacarpal bone (2.41 mm) <femur (5.12 mm). The feeding system did not affect this indicator. Breed differences (P <0.05) for this trait were found only for the femur bone: Duroc (5.42 mm)> line 990 (5.13 mm)> Pietrain (4.81 mm). The cross sectional area of the examined bones was arranged in the following order: III metatarsal bone (84 mm2) <III metacarpal bone (90 mm2) <femur (286 mm2). The feeding system had no effect on the value of this bone trait, with the exception of the femur, which in animals fed the dosing system was 4.7% higher (P<0.05) than in pigs fed ad libitum. Breed differences (P<0.01) in the coross sectional area were found only in femur and III metatarsal bone. The value of this indicator was the highest in Duroc pigs, lower in 990 animals and the lowest in Pietrain pigs. The cortical index of individual bones was in the following order: III metatarsal bone (31.86) <III metacarpal bone (33.86) <femur (44.75). However, its value did not significantly depend on the intensity of feeding or the breed of pigs.

AbstractBoth poultry meat and eggs provide high-quality animal protein [containing sufficient amounts and proper ratios of amino acids (AAs)] for human consumption and, therefore, play an important role in the growth, development, and health of all individuals. Because there are growing concerns about the suboptimal efficiencies of poultry production and its impact on environmental sustainability, much attention has been paid to the formulation of low-protein diets and precision nutrition through the addition of low-cost crystalline AAs or alternative sources of animal-protein feedstuffs. This necessitates a better understanding of AA nutrition and metabolism in chickens. Although historic nutrition research has focused on nutritionally essential amino acids (EAAs) that are not synthesized or are inadequately synthesized in the body, increasing evidence shows that the traditionally classified nutritionally nonessential amino acids (NEAAs), such as glutamine and glutamate, have physiological and regulatory roles other than protein synthesis in chicken growth and egg production. In addition, like other avian species, chickens do not synthesize adequately glycine or proline (the most abundant AAs in the body but present in plant-source feedstuffs at low content) relative to their nutritional and physiological needs. Therefore, these two AAs must be sufficient in poultry diets. Animal proteins (including ruminant meat & bone meal and hydrolyzed feather meal) are abundant sources of both glycine and proline in chicken nutrition. Clearly, chickens (including broilers and laying hens) have dietary requirements for all proteinogenic AAs to achieve their maximum productivity and maintain optimum health particularly under adverse conditions such as heat stress and disease. This is a paradigm shift in poultry nutrition from the 70-year-old “ideal protein” concept that concerned only about EAAs to the focus of functional AAs that include both EAAs and NEAAs.

The discussion in the Chapters 3 and 4 centred around static optimization problems.The static general equilibrium model of Chapter 3 features an exogenous capital stock and Chapter 4 discusses investment decisions with risky assets, but in a static context. In this chapter we take a first step towards the analysis of dynamic problems. We introduce the life-cycle model and analyse the intertemporal choice of consumption and individual savings. We start with discussing the most basic version of this model and then introduce labour-income uncertainty to explain different motives for saving. In later sections, we extended the model by considering alternative savings vehicles and explain portfolio choice and annuity demand. Throughout this chapter we follow a partial equilibrium approach, so that factor prices for capital and labour are specified exogenously and not determined endogenously as in Chapter 3. This section assumes that households can only save in one asset. Since we abstract from bequest motives in this chapter, households do save because they need resources to consume in old age or because they want to provide a buffer stock in case of uncertain future outcomes.The first motive is the so-called old-age savings motive while the second is the precautionary savings motive. In order to derive savings decisions it is assumed in the following that a household lives for three periods. In the first two periods the agent works and receives labour income w while in the last period the agent lives from his accumulated previous savings. In order to derive the optimal asset structure a2 and a3 (i.e. the optimal savings), the agent maximizes the utility function . . . U(c1, c2, c3) = u(c1) + βu(c2) + β2u(c3) . . . where β denotes a time discount factor and u(c) = c1−1/γ /1−1/γ describes the preference function with γ ≥ 0 measuring the intertemporal elasticity of substitution.

The article examines a fragment of the great acafist in the foreword of Small Solbinsky Synodik. Gymnographic texts, along with texts of other genres, have traditionally been part of synodic books with literary prefaces. In the Small Synodic of Solba Nikolayev hermitage, there is a fragment, the genre of which was previously determined incorrectly. This is a fragment of the 9th ikos of Akathist of the Most Holy Theotokos. The study made it possible to put forward a hypothesis about the origin of passage as part of synodic book: it was due to the unsuitability of sheet for the akathist list due to a mistake made by the scribe. The inclusion of the fragment does not contradict the genre peculiarities of synodiс and akathist. The passage naturally fit into the group of synodic texts and became an allusion to traditional theological parallels in the spirit of “eschatological optimism:” death is the mysterious birth into eternal life, virginity after Christmas is life after death, Incarnation is the beginning of abolition of death, the salvation of man. The fragment of Akathist is considered in the context of other synodic prefaces and hymnographic texts.

The growing population over 65 years old and the process of urbanization are two of the major challenges that the contemporary city has to address urgently. These issues require a rethinking of public spaces to ensure health and well-being and stimulate active ageing. The theme of age-friendly cities emerges in this context; it’s about inclusive cities harmonised with the Agenda 2030 goals and the Universal Design principles since they support people’s lives regardless of age, gender, and abilities. In particular, the neighbourhood scale represents the optimal one able to implement experimentations for the sustainable development of the city. Furthermore, the neighbourhood is generally the place of the elderly’s everyday life where they are encouraged to go out and maintain their daily habits thanks to the existence of a safe and good public realm. Starting from the case study of the Santa Marta neighbourhood in Venice, the author has conducted a multi-phase analysis to investigate the quality of outdoor public spaces and which activities are played in these spaces to understand how the urban experience and the quality of life of the elderlies can be improved. At the same time, both the good practices listed by the WHO for the achievement of age-friendly environments and some of the major neighbourhood sustainability assessment tools were studied, paying attention to the social dimension of sustainability, seen as an “accelerator” of urban well-being and inclusiveness. This paper aims to present the first results of an ongoing research, whose purpose is to draft a new tool able to measure the age-friendliness – called SMARTAGING protocol – of a selected neighbourhood. Specifically, the methodological framework will be better described. In this regard, the new protocol shall support administrations in the understanding of the phenomena related to ageing by directing active policies and design choices with an increasing focus on citizens and local and social issues acting complying with the principles of Universal Design.

Expansive soils are those whose volume changes take place while it comes in contact with water. It expands during rainy season due to intake of water and shrinks during summer season. Expansive soils owe their characteristics due to the presence of swelling clay minerals. Expansive soils cover nearly 20% of landmass in India and include almost the entire Deccan plateau, western Madhya Pradesh, parts of Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra. The properties that describe the expansive behaviour of soils are free swell index, swell potential and swell pressure. This behaviour has an impounding effect on the bearing capacity and strength of foundation lying on such a soil. Some of the stabilization techniques which are currently being used are physical alternations, sand cushioning, belled piers, under reamed piers, granular pile anchors, chemical stabilization, and fibre reinforcement techniques. This paper focuses on improvement in the strength characteristics of stabilized Chittur soil. The commonly used stabilizer for expansive soils is lime. This paper looks upon alternative materials such as fly ash and polypropylene fibres in order to reduce the lime content. It was concluded from the trials that an optimum combination of 1.5% lime, 10% fly ash and 0.2% polypropylene fibres contribut

Corporate social responsibility is one of the activities that goes beyond philanthropy, based on volunteerism in line with the responsibilities of enterprises towards society. This concept, which offers businesses the opportunity to look after and develop their brand image in the eyes of society, has become a necessity, not a choice, especially in today's world. In order to meet social expectations, the effectiveness of static and dynamic advertising messages implemented in all social benefit-based studies for human development such as environment, health and education is very important in terms of ensuring audience communication. In the second half of 2019, people were confined to homes and life came to a standstill all over the world in order to reduce and prevent the impact of the pandemic within the scope of the “New Type Corona Virus” (COVID-19) measures, which are from the sars-cov-2 coronavirus family, which is spreading rapidly globally starting from Wohan, Hubei Province, China. As a basic protection module for humanity against corona virus, it has incorporated the concept of social distancing into their lives in order to reduce the contact of staying at home and increasing hygiene, except in mandatory situations. During this extraordinary period, many brands on a global scale have included the concept of “social distance” in their advertising messages with the awareness of corporate social responsibility and have started to inform and educate the community about this issue by emphasizing the importance of the process. Within the scope of this research, advertising designs prepared by brands acting with corporate social responsibility awareness through the concept of social distancing during the Pandemic period were discussed and how the meaning structures behind the messages were created and transmitted. The research is limited to 3 (three) advertising designs determined by the 'judicial sampling' method (selective method). In the sample of the study, advertising narratives of brands in different sectors were explained in general framework and similar and different aspects of messages were uncovered by performing comparative analysis between messages in line with the findings obtained from the narratives. In this context, it was determined that the contrasts of “pessimism and optimism, hope and despair, happiness and unhappiness, death and life, strong and powerless, youth and old age, unity/togetherness and separation, struggle and defeat, nature and culture” were constructed as the main discourse.

Kuttanad clays are low strength, soft, organic clay deposits found in the Kuttanad areas of the Alappuzha district, Kerala. Lots of failures have been reported to the structures built over it due to its swelling - shrinking characteristics. To enhance the load-bearing capacity and decrease the settlement characteristics, the addition of appropriate stabilizing agents is considered the most efficient technique in soil stabilization applications. Soil stabilization techniques using traditional stabilizers in mass projects have become costly due to the increase in the cost of materials like cement, lime, fly ash, etc. Moreover, cement production also accounts for global warming due to the emission of carbon gas. Hence studies are going on regarding the effectiveness of using non-traditional materials that can react faster as stabilizing agents and thus reducing the cost of construction. This paper focuses on studying the suitability of a non-traditional nanotechnology-based organo-silane compound in the treatment of Kuttanad clay soils. Observations were made for the variation in the strength characteristics of the soil such as maximum dry density, optimum moisture content, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), California Bearing Ratio (CBR) strength of samples stabilized with varying dosages of nanochemical for curing periods up to 28days.

Reduced greenhouse gas emissions via improved energy efficiency represents the ultimate challenge for the energy economy of the future. In this context, fuel cells for power generation aboard aircrafts have a promising potential to effectively contribute to the greening of air transportation. They can simplify today’s aircraft comprising electric, pneumatic and hydraulic systems towards a more electric airplane. Although they are not considered in the short term as an alternative propulsion system for commercial aviation, many efforts are being devoted to their use as auxiliary power units and even aiming to build a distributed power network that might alleviate duties of the engine driven generators. In addition they allow new functions as zero emission during taxiing on ground and /or increase safety by replacing the emergency ram air turbine (RAT) by a fuel cell based emergency power generator. The present paper focuses on the effort that Compan˜i´a Espan˜ola de Sistemas Aerona´uticos (CESA) is putting into the development of an aeronautical fuel cell system based on a high temperature PEMFC covering all aspects from fundamental research in materials & processes to final integration concepts as a function of different architectures. A great deal of time and effort has been invested to overcome the challenges of PEM fuel cell operation at high temperatures. Among the advantages of these systems are the enhancement of electrochemical kinetics, simplification of water management and cooling, recovery of wasted heat and the possibility of utilizing reformed hydrogen thanks to higher tolerance to impurities. However, new problems arise with the high temperature concept that must be addressed like structural and chemical degradation of materials at elevated temperatures. One of the aeronautical applications where a fuel cell has an important role to play in the short term is the emergency power unit. Weight and mechanical complexity of traditional ram air turbines could be drastically reduced by the introduction of a hydrogen fueled system. In addition, the output of the fuel cell is aircraft’s speed independent. This means additional power supply in case of emergency allowing a safer landing of the aircraft. However, a RAT replacement must overcome the specific difficulties concerning the very short start-up times allowed and the heating/cooling strategies to quickly raise the temperature to elevated levels and accurately maintaining the optimum operating range once in service.

Objectives The original project had 2 major objectives: (1) To determine the effects of centrally administered leptin antagonist on appetite and adaptive metabolism in the sheep; (2) To develop and prepare second-generation leptin antagonists combining high binding affinity and prolonged in vivo half-life. Background Periods of suboptimal nutrition or exaggerated metabolic activity demands lead to a state of chronic energy insufficiency. Ruminants remain productive for a surprisingly long period of time under these circumstances by evoking adaptations sparing available energy and nutrients. The mechanism driving these adaptations in ruminant remains unknown, but could involve a reduction in plasma leptin, a hormone acting predominantly in the brain. In laboratory animals, reduced leptin signaling promotes survival during nutritional insufficiency by triggering energy sparing adaptations such as reduced thyroid hormone production and insulin resistance. Our overall hypothesis is that similar adaptations are triggered by reduced leptin signaling in the brain of ruminants. Testing of this hypothesis in ruminants has not been possible due to inability to block the actions of endogenous leptin and access to ruminant models where leptin antagonistic therapy is feasible and effective. Major achievements and conclusions The Israeli team had previously mutated 3 residues in ovine leptin, with no effect on receptor binding. This mutant was renamed ovine leptin antagonist (OLA) because it cannot activate signaling and therefore antagonizes the ability of wild type leptin to activate its receptor. To transform OLA into an effective in vivo antagonist, the Israeli made 2 important technical advances. First, it incorporated an additional mutation into OLA, increasing its binding affinity and thus transforming it into a super ovine leptin antagonist (SOLA). Second, the Israeli team developed a method whereby polyethylene glycol is covalently attached to SOLA (PEG-SOLA) with the goal of extending its half-life in vivo. The US team used OLA and PEG-SOLA in 2 separate animal models. First, OLA was chronically administered directly into the brain of mature sheep via a cannula implanted into the 3rdcerebroventricule. Unexpectedly, OLA had no effect of voluntary feed intake or various indicators of peripheral insulin action but reduced the plasma concentration of thyroid hormones. Second, the US team tested the effect of peripheral PEG-SOLA administration in an energy sensitive, rapidly growing lamb model. PEG-SOLA was administered for 14 consecutive days after birth or for 5 consecutive days before sacrifice on day 40 of life. Plasma PEG-SOLA had a half-life of over 16 h and circulated in 225- to 288-fold excess over endogenous leptin. PEG-SOLA administration reduced plasma thyroid hormones and resulted in a higher fat content in the carcass at slaughter, but had no effects on feed intake, body weight, plasma glucose or insulin. These results show that the team succeeded in developing a leptin antagonist with a long in vivo half-life. Moreover, in vivo results show that reduced leptin signaling promotes energy sparing in ruminants by repressing thyroid hormone production. Scientific and agricultural implications The physiological role of leptin in ruminants has been difficult to resolve because peripheral administration of wild type leptin causes little effects. Our work with leptin antagonists show for the first time in ruminants that reduced leptin signaling induces energy sparing mechanisms involving thyroid hormone production with little effect on peripheral insulin action. Additional work is needed to develop even more potent leptin antagonists, to establish optimal administration protocols and to narrow down phases of the ruminant life cycle when their use will improve productivity.

The Australian Child Maltreatment Study (ACMS) is a landmark study for our nation. The ACMS research team has generated the first nationally representative data on the prevalence of each of the five types of child maltreatment in Australia, and their associated health impacts through life. We also identified information about the context of maltreatment experiences, including how old children are when it occurs, and who inflicts it. This knowledge about which children are most at risk of which types of abuse and neglect, at which ages, and by whom, is needed to develop evidencebased population approaches required to reduce child maltreatment in Australia. The concerning prevalence of maltreatment and its devastating associated outcomes present an urgent imperative for nation-building reform to better protect Australian children and reduce associated costs to individuals, families, communities and broader society. The ACMS collected data from 8500 randomly selected Australians aged 16-65 years and older. We included an oversample of 3500 young people 16-24 years of aged to generate particularly strong data about child maltreatment in contemporary Australian society, to assess its associated impacts in adolescence and early adulthood, and to allow future prevalence studies to detect reductions in prevalence rates over time. Our participants aged 25 and over enabled us to understand prevalence trends at different times in Australian history, and to measure associated health outcomes through life. Participants provided information on childhood experiences of each of the five types of child abuse and neglect, and other childhood adversities, mental health disorders, health risk behaviours, health services utilisation, and more. Our findings provide the first nationally representative data on the prevalence of child maltreatment in Australia. Moreover, the ACMS is the first national study globally to examine maltreatment experiences and associated health and social outcomes of all five forms of child maltreatment. Taken together, our findings provide a deep understanding of the prevalence, context and impact of child abuse and neglect in Australia and make an important contribution to the international field. This brief report presents the main findings from the ACMS for a general public audience. These main findings are further detailed in seven peer-reviewed scholarly articles, published in a special edition of the Medical Journal of Australia, Australia’s leading medical journal. Forthcoming work will examine other important questions about the impacts of specific maltreatment experiences to generate additional evidence to inform governments and stakeholders about optimal prevention policy and practice. There is cause for hope. In recent years, there have been reductions in physical abuse, and in some types of sexual abuse. These reductions are extremely important. They mean that fewer children are suffering, and they indicate that change is possible. Policies and programs to reduce these types of maltreatment are having an effect. Yet, there are other concerning trends, with some types of maltreatment becoming even more common, including emotional abuse, some types of sexual abuse, and exposure to domestic violence. And new types of sexual victimisation are also emerging. As a society, we have much work to do. We know that child maltreatment can be reduced if we work together as governments, service sectors, and communities. We need to invest more, and invest better. It is a moral, social and economic imperative for Australian governments to develop a coordinated long-term plan for generational reform. We have found that: 1. Child maltreatment is widespread. 2. Girls experience particularly high rates of sexual abuse and emotional abuse. 3. Child maltreatment is a major problem affecting today’s Australian children and youth – it is not just something that happened in the past. 4. Child maltreatment is associated with severe mental health problems and behavioural harms, both in childhood and adulthood. 5. Child maltreatment is associated with severe health risk behaviours, both in childhood and adulthood. 6. Emotional abuse is particularly harmful, and is much more damaging than society has understood.