Academic literature on the topic 'Optimum Fly Ash Content (OFC)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Optimum Fly Ash Content (OFC)"
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Atif, Muhammad, and Arshad Hussain. "Laboratory Investigation of Microwave Healing Characteristic of Hot Mix Asphalt Incorporating Steel Slag and Fly Ash." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 1467–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40779.
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Abstract: This research aims to analyze the usage of fly ash (FA) as filler and Steel slag as coarse aggregate in hot mix asphalt concrete to monitor its healing characteristic under microwave heat. Both fly ash and steel slag are the industrial by-products. Using Marshall, Hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures were prepared for control and three different modified specimens having 10%, 20% and 30% steel slag as coarse aggregate, and 75% optimum fly ash content (OFC) as filler. Then thermal distribution and optimum healing time of test specimens were recorded using infrared thermometer. A three-point bending (TPB) tests were applied to the samples before and after the microwave healing procedures. Test results demonstrated that adding steel slag and fly ash in asphalt concrete mixtures increases the heating rates and improve the healing performance of hot mix asphalt using microwave heat. The replacement of natural coarse aggregate by 30% steel aggregate is extremely promising since it has not only improved healing results but also enhance the load-displacement relationship of the HMA mixtures with more ductile behavior. Overall, the use of steel slag and fly ash in hot mix asphalt is a significant option that helps to the sustainable pavement construction as it improves healing and cracking resistance. Keywords: Fly ash, Steel slag, Hot mix asphalt, Microwave heating, Three-point Bending
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Malik, Prateek, and Sudipta K. Mishra. "Geosynthetics Stabilizers and Fly Ash for Soil Subgrade Improvement – A State of the Art Review." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 10, no. 2 (January 10, 2021): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.c8393.0110321.
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Soft soil having a low bearing capacity is found in many parts of the world and construction on soft soil is a challenge. To overcome the situation, the soil needs to be stabilized with some external material like geosynthetic, fly ash and rice husk. Geosynthetics materials are tremendous materials used to solve many civil engineering problems. Fly ash is a byproduct produced by burning of coal and is available in various thermal power plant as a waste material. Disposal of fly ash is also a problem but in one area where it can be used is soil stabilization. A comprehensive review of published literature on the use of geosynthetic and fly ash to stabilize and enhance the strength of soil was carried out. The effect of using geosynthetic material and fly ash was investigated on the properties of soil like Optimum Moisture Content, Maximum Dry Density, California bearing ratio, unconfined compressive strength and compaction behavior of the soft soil.
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Sudjianto, Agus Tugas, Abdul Halim, Oktiono Gembiranto, and Sugeng Hadi Susilo. "Comparison of fly ash with Lapindo mud as a land stabilizer for landfill in Pasuruan–Indonesia." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 3, no. 10(111) (June 30, 2021): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.234518.
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The paper discusses the comparison of fly ash with Lapindo mud as a land stabilizer for a landfill in Pasuruan, Indonesia. Land for landfills has a low level of stability due to the condition of garbage that has accumulated and undergoes a process of decay. This land condition is less favorable to support the construction of the building above it if one day the location is used for construction. Therefore, it is necessary to stabilize the soil first. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of adding a mixture of TPA soil with fly ash and Lapindo mud. The method used by sieve testing and compaction of the specimens for each treatment consisted of a mixture of TPA soil with fly ash and TPA soil with Lapindo mud, while the percentages of fly ash and Lapindo mud to the dry weight of the original soil were respectively 0 %, 10 %, 15 %, and 20 %. The results showed that stabilization of the landfill with fly ash reduced the silt content while stabilization with Lapindo mud increased the levels of silt in the landfill so that fly ash was better than Lapindo mud for stabilization of the landfill. The specific gravity values for both stabilization mixtures increased equally. Based on the results of the standard compaction test for the addition of a mixture of fly ash, the OMC value decreases and the greater the value of dmaxs indicates that fly ash is good for landfill stabilization, while the addition of a mixture of Lapindo mud increases the OMC the smaller the value of dmaxs. For the direct shear test of the two mixed soils, the value of the internal friction angle (Æ) increased. The percentage value of the optimum mixture of mixed soil+fly ash is 14 % with an internal shear angle (Æ) of 38°, while the stabilization of landfill with Lapindo mud obtained the optimum mixture percentage value of 11 % with an internal shear angle (Æ) of 31°
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Pradoto, Rani, Eliza Puri, Tri Hadinata, Qinthara D. Rahman, and Ryan Muhammad Az-zuchruf. "Improving Strength of Porous Asphalt: A Nano Material Experimental Approach." Jurnal Rekayasa Sipil (JRS-Unand) 15, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jrs.15.2.75-89.2019.
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Porous asphalt (PA) has potential to be utilized in many urban area in Indonesia which often faced high street runoff during rainy season. PA can be a solution for storm water management. A typical porous pavement has an open-graded surface over an underlying stone recharge bed. The water drains through the porous asphalt and into the stone bed, then, slowly, infiltrates into the soil. However, despite of the benefit of porous asphalt, there is still weaknesses, such as less of service life than dense-graded asphalt due to its lower durability and strength. In order to improve durability and strength of PA, this study investigates the effect of utilizing fly ash (FA) class F in porous asphalt (PA) mixture as replacement in aggregate gradation and perform as filler. Mechanical activation (grinding) of fly ash was performed resulting in reduction of particle size. This material gives more strength since the more of surface area that can bind in finer particle size. Utilizing fly ash into nanomaterial is one of the methods for this study. Material approaches for nanomaterial were proposed by breaking up larger particles with physical processes such as grinding or milling. This is called mechanical activation. Since asphalt pen 60/70 is mainly binder material in Indonesia, it is used as the default for all samples in this experiment. The optimum bitumen content (OBC) was determined for all the mix by Marshall mix design. In view of the nanomaterial approach, samples were then prepared for the same optimum bitumen content (5.85%) by using Bina-Marga’s PA standard in control mix as well as natural FA and modified FA as alternative filler in modified mixes. modified FA itself has been milled using transversal ball mill machine for 3 to 6 hours. This experimental study indicated higher stability value and reduction of permeability with the same OBC for the mixture having modified FA as filler content in comparison with standard mix and natural FA mix. All sample conformed with Indonesian asphalt porous Specification. This trends will become as a starting point for improvement in the future research. For further research, binder modification with added material such as rubber or nanoparticles are highly recommended to improve strength and durability of asphalt porous. However, another method need to be proposed for reduction of particle size in fly ash into nanomaterial range.
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Khalil, Shahad Mahmood, and Saad I. Sarsam. "Influence of fly ash on the volumetric and physical properties of Stone Matrix Asphalt Concrete." Journal of Engineering 26, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 128–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2020.05.09.
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Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) is a gap-graded asphalt concrete hot blend combining high-quality coarse aggregate with a rich asphalt cement content. This blend generates a stable paving combination with a powerful stone-on-stone skeleton that offers excellent durability and routing strength. The objectives of this work are: Studying the durability performance of stone matrix asphalt (SMA) mixture in terms of moisture damage and temperature susceptibility and Discovering the effect of stabilized additive (Fly Ash ) on the performance of stone matrix asphalt (SMA) mixture. In this investigation, the durability of stone matrix asphalt concrete was assessed in terms of temperature susceptibility, resistance to moisture damage, and sensitivity to the variation in asphalt content. Specimens of 63.5 mm height and 102 mm diameter were compacted using the Marshall method at 150 °C. The optimum asphalt content was determined. Additional specimens were prepared with (0.5) percent below and above the OAC requirement. Specimens were subjected to indirect tensile strength (ITS) determination at (25 and 40) °C, and double punch shear strength determination. Another group of specimens was subjected to Marshall properties determination and to moisture damage. It was observed that stone matrix asphalt exhibit lower sensitivity to the change in asphalt content from the resistance to moisture damage and temperature susceptibility points of view. However, the tensile and shear properties exhibit significant sensitivity to the variation in asphalt content.
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Ab Manaf, Mohd Badrul Hisyam, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Rafiza Abdul Razak, Muhammad Munsif Ahmad, Mustaqqim Abdul Rahim, and Sharifah Nurfarhana Tuan Muda. "Substitution of Fly Ash as Mineral Filler in Wearing Course of Hot Mix Asphalt." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2129, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2129/1/012039.
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Abstract Fly Ash (FA) is one of the sustainable materials to substitute Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) was found commercialized in construction field but the usage in HMA pavement is limited. Thus, this study is important to promote FA as a sustainable filler instead of using OPC to reduce greenhouse gases. The primary aim is to investigate the Marshall Stability of HMA that incorporating of OPC and FA as filler. In addition, Optimum Bitumen Content (OBC) determination also conducted in this study. Marshall Stability test was conducted based on ASTM 2006 for both mixtures. The parameters gained from the test are the stability, flow, air void in mix (VIM), void filled bitumen (VFB) and stiffness being used to OBC. The OBC for HMA with OPC filler obtained is 5.06% meanwhile for HMA with FA is 4.79%. All Marshall Parameters was complied with of Malaysia Public Work Department (PWD) Standard for both mixtures. The HMA with FA filler give better results for all parameters. Based on OBC percentage, usage of asphalt binder was reduced at 0.29%. Thus, it was more economical if using FA compared with OPC as a filler. Furthermore, HMA with FA filler have better stability and strength as well as lesser deformation with HMA with OPC filler. For the overall, FA have huge potential in substituting other mineral filler to produce better quality of asphalt pavement.
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Ondriani, Ondriani, Sofyan M. Saleh, and Muhammad Isya. "UJI DURABILITAS CAMPURAN AC-WC MENGGUNAKAN KOMBINASI LIMBAH PLASTIK DAN ABU SERABUT KELAPA SEBAGAI FILLER." Jurnal Teknik Sipil 1, no. 3 (January 15, 2018): 679–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jts.v1i3.10027.
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Abstract: The cause of damage and strength reductionon highway flexible pavement isthe low strength and durability on the wear layer. To cope withthis problem, it is necessary to add some particular additivethat can increase the asphalt concrete performance. One of the additional material that can be used are plastic. Stone ash, cement and fly ash has been commonly used as a filler in asphalt mixture. But these kind of filler was hard to get and the price were relatively expensive. The coconut fiber ash wich has a specific grafity greater than asphalt is expected to be one alternative. This research aims to determine the influence of plastic wastecombination substitution into the asphalt pen. 60/70 and the use of coconut fiber ash as filler on AC-WC mixture performance. The plastic used in this research is polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene and polystyrene. The early stages of this research is to find the optimum asphalt content (OAC). After OAC obtained, then the specimens were mixed without and with the combination substitution of plastic waste as much as 2.7%; 4.7%; 6.7% against the weight of asphalt on OAC + 0.5% with and without the coconut fiber ash as a filler. The study results showed the use of plastic waste combination and the coconut fiber ash can not improve the durability value. The highest value of durability obtained at 4.7% combination substitution of plastic waste, it was 77.53%, While the lowest was in substitution of 6.7% plastic waste combination with 38.27% coconut fiber ash as a filler. The duration value of AC-WC mixture with plastic waste combination substitution and the use of coconut fiber ash filler did not meet the requirement that is 90%.Abstrak: Penyebab kerusakan dan penurunan kekuatan perkerasan lentur jalan raya adalah rendahnya kekuatan dan keawetan di dalam lapisan aus. Untuk menanggulangi hal ini dibutuhkan suatu bahan tambah yang dapat meningkatkan lapis aspal beton. Salah satu bahan tambah yang dapat di gunakan adalah plastik. Abu batu, semen dan fly ash sudah biasa digunakan sebagai filler dalam campuran aspal. Tetapi, jenis filler tersebut susah didapatkan dan harganya relatif mahal. Abu serabut kelapa yang memiliki berat jenis lebih besar dari aspal, diharapkan dapat menjadi alternatifnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui nilai durabilitas campuran AC-WC menggunakan kombinasi limbah plastik dan abu serabut kelapa. Plastik yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah Polyethylene Terephthalate, Polypropylenedan Polystyrene. Tahap awal penelitian ini adalah mencari kadar aspal optimum (KAO). Setelah KAO didapat kemudian dilakukan pembuatan benda uji tanpa dan dengan substitusi kombinasi limbah plastik sebesar 2,7%; 4,7%; 6;7% terhadap berat aspal pada KAO + 0,5% tanpa dan dengan abu serabut kelapa sebagai filler. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penggunaan kombinasi limbah plastik tidak dapat meningkatkan nilai durabilitas. Nilai durabilitas tertinggi didapat pada substitusi kombinasi limbah plastik 4,7% yaitu 77,53% sedangkan yang terendah terdapat pada subtitusi kombinasi limbah plastik 6,7% dengan filler abu serabut kelapa yaitu 38,27%. Nilai Durabilitas campuran AC-WC dengan substitusi kombinasi limbah plastik dan penggunaan abu serabut kelapa sebagai filler tidak memenuhi syarat yaitu 90%.
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Agusmaniza, Roni, Sofyan M. Saleh, and Renni Anggraini. "UJI DURABILITAS CAMPURAN AC-WC MENGGUNAKAN KOMBINASI LIMBAH PLASTIK DAN ABU CANGKANG KELAPA SAWIT." Jurnal Teknik Sipil 1, no. 3 (January 15, 2018): 725–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jts.v1i3.10032.
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Abstract: The cause of damage and strength reduction on highway flexible pavement is the low strength and durability on the wear layer. To cope with this problem, it is necessary to add some particular additive that can increase the asphalt concrete performance. One of the additional material that can be used are plastic. Stone ash, cement and fly ash has been commonly used as a filler in asphalt mixture. But these kind of filler was hard to get and the price were relatively expensive. The palm oil shell ash wich has a specific grafity greater than asphalt is expected to be one alternative. This research aims to determine the influence of plastic waste combination substitution into the asphalt pen. 60/70 and the use of palm oil shell ash as filler on AC-WC mixture performance. The plastic used in this research is polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene and polystyrene. The early stages of this research is to find the optimum asphalt content (OAC). After OAC obtained, then the specimens were mixed without and with the combination substitution of plastic waste as much as 2.7%; 4.7%; 6.7% against the weight of asphalt on OAC + 0.5% with and without the palm oil shell ash as a filler. The study results showed the use of plastic waste combination and the palm oil shell ash can improve the durability value. The highest value of durability obtained at 6.7% combination substitution of plastic waste, it was 111.36%, while the lowest value which found on the use of palm oil shells ash filler was 83.61%. The durability value of AC-WC mixture with and without plastic waste combination substitution had met the requirement, those were 90%, while the use of palm oil shells ash as filler does not meet the requirements.Abstrak: Penyebab kerusakan dan penurunan kekuatan perkerasan lentur jalan raya adalah rendahnya kekuatan dan keawetan di dalam lapisan aus. Untuk menanggulangi hal ini dibutuhkan suatu bahan tambah yang dapat meningkatkan lapis aspal beton. Salah satu bahan tambah yang dapat di gunakan adalah plastik. Abu batu, semen dan fly ash sudah biasa digunakan sebagai filler dalam campuran aspal. Tetapi, jenis filler tersebut susah didapatkan dan harganya relatif mahal. Abu cangkang kelapa sawit yang memiliki berat jenis lebih besar dari aspal, diharapkan dapat menjadi alternatifnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui nilai durabilitas campuran AC-WC menggunakan kombinasi limbah plastik dan abu cangkang kelapa sawit. Plastik yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah Polyethylene Terephthalate, Polypropylene dan Polystyrene. Tahap awal penelitian ini adalah mencari kadar aspal optimum (KAO). Setelah KAO didapat kemudian dilakukan pembuatan benda uji tanpa dan dengan substitusi kombinasi limbah plastik sebesar 2,7%; 4,7%; 6;7% terhadap berat aspal pada KAO + 0,5% tanpa dan dengan abu cangkang kelapa sawit sebagai filler. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penggunaan kombinasi limbah plastik dapat meningkatkan nilai durabilitas. Nilai durabilitas tertinggi didapat pada substitusi kombinasi limbah plastik 6,7% yaitu 111,36% sedangkan yang terendah terdapat pada penggunaan filler abu cangkang kelapa sawit yaitu 83.61%. Nilai Durabilitas campuran AC-WC tanpa dan dengan substitusi kombinasi limbah plastik memenuhi syarat yaitu 90%, sedangkan penggunaan abu cangkang kelapa sawit sebagai filler tidak memenuhi persyaratan.
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Isnanda, Isnanda, Sofyan M. Saleh, and Muhammad Isya. "PENGARUH SUBSTITUSI POLYSTYRENE (PS) DAN ABU ARANG TEMPURUNG KELAPA SEBAGAI FILLER TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK CAMPURAN AC-WC." Jurnal Teknik Sipil 1, no. 3 (January 15, 2018): 637–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jts.v1i3.10002.
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Abstract: Asphalt concrete strength is influenced by the material properties of the mixture. Asphalt mixture can be modified by adding several kinds of additives, ranging from chemical additives, natural materials, and the rest of the waste. One of the waste materials that were encountered and also difficult to disentangle by nature is plastic waste. One way to use it with the use as an additive in asphalt mixture. This mixture is also called polymer modified asphalt. In this study, the polymer material of the type used plastic Polystyrene (PS) and the use of coconut charcoal powder as filler in a mixture of AC-WC. Stone dust, cement, and fly ash hard to come by and relatively expensive. Coconut charcoal powder has the elements in the asphalt that is non-Polar Carbon by 91% is expected to be one alternative. This study aims to determine the effect of substitution of plastic using the dry process and the use of a filler combination of coconut charcoal powder and portland cement mixture on the characteristics Marshall of the AC-WC. Early stages of this research is to find the optimum asphalt content (OAC). After OAC obtained and then do the test object without substitution manufacture plastics and plastic waste substitution percentage variation PS 7%, 9%, 11% to the weight of the asphalt is substituted into the aggregate. The results showed substitution PS plastic on asphalt mix, the value of stability increased compared with no substitution of plastic. Value of stability without the plastic substitution of 1270.24 kg while the value of stability effective of PS substitution percentage of 11% with asphlat content of 4.70% which amounted to 1497.85 kg. the value of durability of a AC-WC mixture with and without substitution PS plastic by dry process not meeting the requirements of 90%.Abstrak: Kekuatan beton aspal dipengaruhi oleh sifat-sifat dari material campuran. Campuran aspal dapat dimodifikasi dengan menambah beberapa macam zat tambahan, mulai dari aditif bahan kimia, bahan alam, dan sisa limbah. Salah satu bahan limbah yang banyak ditemui dan juga sulit untuk diurai oleh alam adalah limbah plastik. Salah satu cara untuk memanfaatkannya dengan menggunakan sebagai bahan tambahan pada campuran beraspal. Campuran ini disebut juga dengan aspal modifikasi polimer. Pada penelitian ini bahan polimer yang digunakan dari jenis plastik Polystyrene (PS) serta penggunaan abu arang tempurung kelapa sebagai filler pada campuran AC-WC. Abu batu, semen dan fly ash susah didapatkan dan harganya relatif mahal. Abu arang tempurung kelapa memiliki unsur-unsur pada aspal yaitu Carbon non Polar sebesar 91% diharapkan dapat menjadi salah satu alternatifnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh substitusi plastik dengan cara kering serta penggunaan filler kombinasi abu arang tempurung kelapa dan semen portland terhadap karakteristik Marshall campuran AC-WC. Tahapan awal penelitian ini adalah mencari kadar aspal optimum (KAO). Setelah KAO didapat kemudian dilakukan pembuatan benda uji tanpa substitusi plastik dan dengan substitusi variasi persentase limbah plastik PS 7%, 9%, 11% terhadap berat aspal yang disubstitusikan ke dalam agregat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan substitusi plastik PS pada campuran aspal, nilai stabilitas campuran meningkat dibandingkan dengan tanpa substitusi plastik. Nilai stabilitas tanpa substitusi plastik sebesar 1270,24 kg sedangkan nilai stabilitas dari persentase substitusi terbaik jenis PS 11% pada kadar aspal 4,70% yaitu sebesar 1497,85 kg. Untuk nilai durabilitas campuran AC-WC dengan dan tanpa substitusi plastik PS tidak memenuhi persyaratan yaitu 90%.
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Nanjegowda, Vinay Hosahally, M. N. Rathankumar, and N. Anirudh. "Fillers Influence on Hot-Mix Asphalt Mixture Design and Performance Assessment." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1149, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1149/1/012013.
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Abstract Filler’s presence in hot-mix asphalt (HMA) is even though minimal but they do affect its durability characteristics. Many natural and waste materials in the form of fillers have been studied for their effectiveness on HMA mix design and performance characteristics. However, in practice, stone dust (SD) is the preferred filler due to its abundance, ease of availability, and cost-effectiveness. Thus, the major objective of this study was to investigate the effect of locally available materials: stone dust (SD)- natural, hydrated lime (HL) – processed, rice-husk ash (RHA) and fly-ash (FHA)-waste materials on HMA properties based on the factors such as availability, field utilization, cost, and sustainability, while at the same time identify the anomalies of those selected fillers on HMA mix if any. A viscosity grade (VG-30) binder was selected and checked for its fundamental consistency characteristics set forth in Indian standards. In this study, aggregate gradation structure specified as bituminous concrete grading 1 (BC1) in India was designed for the preparation and evaluation of four HMA mixes: (a) BC1 with SD (BC1-SD), (b) BC1 with RHA (BC1-RHA), (c) BC1 with FA (BC1-FA), and d) BC1 with HL (BC1-HL). Fillers: RHA, FA, and HL were studied for their physico-chemical properties. The most recommended filler dosage of 4% by weight of mix was selected and kept uniform for the various BC1 mixes. Marshall method of mix design was performed to identify the optimum asphalt content (OAC) of four different BC1 mixes. The test results of methylene blue value (MBV), german filler value (GFV), and fineness modulus (FM) indicated that RHA includes more micron-to-nano sized particles than the other two fillers (HL and FA). The scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive X-ray results showed that the RHA and FA exhibited similar chemical composition, while HL was identified to be a calcium-based compound. The BC1-RHA mix resulted in non-cohesive mix for the binder content ranging from 4.5 to 6.5%. Additionally, for the binder contents in the range of 7 to 9% the BC1-RHA compacted samples failed to yield air voids of 4% required to arrive at the OAC. The BC1- FA mix showed the highest Marshall stability (26.97 KN) followed by BC1-HL (23.97 kN), and BC1-SD (17.9 kN). Also, retained stability test results of all the three different mixes were in close proximity to each other indicative of the affinity of the fillers to asphalt. The resistance to moisture susceptibility results indicated that HL is the better anti-stripping element followed by FA, and SD. Among the three different filler-based BC1 mixes, BC1-HL mix was adjudged as an effective moisture resistant mix followed by BC1-FA, and BC1-SD. However, a single filler that not only tends to improve the various performance parameters of the mix but be available in abundance and cost-effective is yet to be explored.
Book chapters on the topic "Optimum Fly Ash Content (OFC)"
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Law, D. W., C. Gunasekara, and S. Setunge. "Use of Brown Coal Ash as a Replacement of Cement in Concrete Masonry Bricks." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 23–25. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3330-3_4.
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AbstractPortland cement production is not regarded as environmentally friendly, because of its associated high carbon emissions, which are responsible for 5% of global emissions. An alternative is to substitute fly ash for Portland cement. Australia has an abundance of brown coal fly ash, as it is the main source of primary energy in the State of Victoria. Currently, the majority of this material is stored in landfills and currently there is no commercial use for it in the cement industry because brown coal fly ash cannot be used as a direct replacement material for Portland cement due to the high sulfur and calcium content and low aluminosilicate content. However, the potential exists to use brown coal fly ash as a geopolymeric material, but there remains a significant amount of research needed to be conducted. One possible application is the production of geopolymer concrete bricks. A research project was undertaken to investigate the use of brown coal fly ash from Latrobe Valley power stations in the manufacture of geopolymer masonry bricks. The research developed a detailed understanding of the fundamental chemistry behind the activation of the brown coal fly ash and the reaction mechanisms involved to enable the development of brown coal fly ash geopolymer concrete bricks. The research identified suitable manufacturing techniques to investigate relationships between compressive strength and processing parameters and to understand the reaction kinetics and microstructural developments. The first phase of the research determined the physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties of the Loy Yang and Yallourn fly ash samples to produce a 100% fly ash-based geopolymer mortar. Optimization of the Loy Yang and Yallourn geopolymer mortars was conducted to identify the chemical properties that were influential in the production of satisfactory geopolymer strength. The Loy Yang mortars were able to produce characteristic compressive strengths acceptable in load-bearing bricks (15 MPa), whereas the Yallourn mortars produced characteristic compressive strengths only acceptable as non-load-bearing bricks (5 MPa). The second phase of the research transposed the optimal geopolymer mortar mix designs into optimal geopolymer concrete mix designs while merging the mix design with the optimal Adbri Masonry (commercial partner) concrete brick mix design. The reference mix designs allowed for optimization of both the Loy Yang and Yallourn geopolymer concrete mix designs, with the Loy Yang mix requiring increased water content because the original mix design was deemed to be too dry. The key factors that influenced the compressive strength of the geopolymer mortars and concrete were identified. The amorphous content was considered a vital aspect during the initial reaction process of the fly ash geopolymers. The amount of unburnt carbon content contained in the fly ash can hinder the reactive process, and ultimately, the compressive strength because unburnt carbon can absorb the activating solution, thus reducing the particle to liquid interaction ratio in conjunction with lowering workability. Also, fly ash with a higher surface area showed lower flowability than fly ash with a smaller surface area. It was identified that higher quantity of fly ash particles <45 microns increased reactivity whereas primarily angular-shaped fly ash suffered from reduced workability. The optimal range of workability lay between the 110–150 mm slump, which corresponded with higher strength displayed for each respective precursor fly ash. Higher quantities of aluminum incorporated into the silicate matrix during the reaction process led to improved compressive strengths, illustrated by the formation of reactive aluminosilicate bonds in the range of 800–1000 cm–1 after geopolymerization, which is evidence of a high degree of reaction. In addition, a more negative fly ash zeta potential of the ash was identified as improving the initial deprotonation and overall reactivity of the geopolymer, whereas a less negative zeta potential of the mortar led to increased agglomeration and improved gel development. Following geopolymerization, increases in the quantity of quartz and decreases in moganite correlated with improved compressive strength of the geopolymers. Overall, Loy Yang geopolymers performed better, primarily due to the higher aluminosilicate content than its Yallourn counterpart. The final step was to transition the optimal geopolymer concrete mix designs to producing commercially acceptable bricks. The results showed that the structural integrity of the specimens was reduced in larger batches, indicating that reactivity was reduced, as was compressive strength. It was identified that there was a relationship between heat transfer, curing regimen and structural integrity in a large-volume geopolymer brick application. Geopolymer bricks were successfully produced from the Loy Yang fly ash, which achieved 15 MPa, suitable for application as a structural brick. Further research is required to understand the relationship between the properties of the fly ash, mixing parameters, curing procedures and the overall process of brown coal geopolymer concrete brick application. In particular, optimizing the production process with regard to reducing the curing temperature to ≤80 °C from the current 120 °C and the use of a one-part solid activator to replace the current liquid activator combination of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate.
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Verona, A., A. P. Azhim, H. P. Liliek, D. U. Wahyu, and M. Ibrahim. "Utilization of Fly Ash and Bottom Ash as a Filler in the NPK Plant at Petrokima Gresik Ltd." In Proceedings of the 19th International Symposium on Management (INSYMA 2022), 1112–16. Dordrecht: Atlantis Press International BV, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-008-4_137.
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AbstractCoal is a rock composed of organic compounds (C, H, and O), inorganic or mineral impurities, and ash content. Burning coal produces waste in fly ash and bottom ash (FABA). FABA that accumulates for a long time can cause environmental problems, such as pollution. Petrokimia Gresik Ltd. Produces FABA in large quantities, so it must be managed by external parties who have a permit to manage it. With the regulatory changes, FABA can be utilized for various products. This study aims to utilize FABA as a filler substitute for raw materials for NPK fertilizer and find the right proportion so that utilization can be carried out optimally. This study applied the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDAC) method to achieve continuous improvement. The results show that the most optimal FABA ratio is 3:1 with the addition of ZA raw materials with a specific ratio. After analyzing the test product on NPK 15-10-12 plus fertilizer, it is found that the NPK 15-10-12 plus fertilizer using FABA as a filler complies with SNI 2083:2012 about NPK fertilizer. The effectiveness test results on paddy plants at the Experimental Garden of Petrokimia Gresik Ltd. Show that FABA as a fertilizer filler does not affect the effectiveness of NPK fertilizer. This study shows that FABA can be used as a filler substitute for raw materials for NPK fertilizer.
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Zatar, Wael, and Hai Nguyen. "Towards Innovative and Sustainable Construction of Architectural Structures by Employing Self-Consolidating Concrete Reinforced with Polypropylene Fibers." In Architectural Design – Progress Towards Sustainable Construction [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95091.
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Self-consolidating concrete (SCC) has been successfully employed to reduce construction time and enhance the quality, performance, and esthetic appearance of concrete structures. This research aimed at developing environmentally friendly fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) consisting of SCC and recycled polypropylene (PP) fibers for sustainable construction of city buildings and transportation infrastructure. The addition of the PP fibers to SCC helps reducing shrinkage cracks and providing enhanced mechanical properties, durability, and ductility of the concrete materials. Several mix designs of self-consolidating fiber-reinforced concrete (SCFRC) were experimentally examined. Material and esthetic properties of the SCFRC mixtures that include micro silica, fly ash, and PP fibers were evaluated. Trial-and-adjustment method was employed to obtain practically optimum SCFRC mixtures, mixtures that are affordable and easy to make possessing enhanced compressive strength and esthetic properties. Slump flow and air content testing methods were used to determine the fresh properties of the SCFRC mixtures, and the esthetic properties of the mixtures were also evaluated. The hardened properties of the SCFRC mixtures were examined using three- and seven-day compression tests. The amount of fine/coarse aggregate, water, and other admixtures were varied while the Portland cement content in all mixtures was maintained unchanged. The maximum three-day compressive strength was 43.17 MPa and the largest slump flow was 736.6 mm. Test results showed enhanced material properties such as slump flow, air content and compressive strength values of the SCFRC mixtures and their excellent esthetic appearance. The favorable seven-day compressive strength of the SCFRC mixture, with 4.8 percent air content and 660.4 mm slump flow, is 39.26 MPa. The mixtures’ in this study are proven to be advantageous for potential SCFRC applications in architectural structures including building façades and esthetically-pleasing bridges.
Conference papers on the topic "Optimum Fly Ash Content (OFC)"
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"Effect of particle size of fly ash and solid to liquid ratio on microstructure and mechanical properties of geopolymer." In Sustainable Processes and Clean Energy Transition. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644902516-19.
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Abstract. This paper describes the effect of particle size of fly ash and solid to liquid ratio on the microstructure and flexural strength of fly ash geopolymer for coating applications. Sodium hydroxide concentration of 12 M was used for the preparation of geopolymers. The mechanically activated fly ash was divided into two parts based on the particle size (MFA A (11.81 µm) & MFA B (8.59 µm)). The decrease of particle size of fly ash and increase of S:L ratio produced dense and compact geopolymer which is due to the increase of reactivity of fly ash with the decrease of particle size and increase of water content. The decrease of particle size increased the flexural strength of geopolymer from 13.39 MPa (OFA 1) to 23.84 MPa (MFA B-III). The decrease of S:L ratio showed irregular trend with optimum flexural strengths of 13.39 MPa, 16.74 MPa, and 23.84 MPa obtained for OFA 1, MFA A-II, and MFA B-III respectively. The optimum flexural strength of 23.84 MPa was obtained. The mechanical activation is a useful technique to increase the reactivity of fly ash and produce dense and compact geopolymer with higher flexural strength.
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"Optimum Fly Ash Content for lower Cost and Superior Durability." In "SP-199: Seventh CANMET/ACI International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete". American Concrete Institute, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/10494.
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Pilien, Vincent P., Jason Maximino C. Ongpeng, Andres Winston C. Oreta, Lessandro Estelito O. Garciano, Michael Angelo B. Promentilla, Ernesto J. Guades, and Julius L. Leaño Jr. "Fly ash Based Banana Fiber-reinforced Geopolymer Mortar." In IABSE Symposium, Prague 2022: Challenges for Existing and Oncoming Structures. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/prague.2022.1212.
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<p>Banana fiber-reinforced geopolymer (BFRG) mortar is an engineered cementitious composite (ECC) that can be used in masonry units and repair system of different concrete elements. During geopolymerization, only small amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) is generated and reinforcing it with banana fibers (BFs) made the matrix compact and more earth-friendly. BFs treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) enhanced its surface roughness and significantly increased its tensile properties. Design of experiment (DOE) with 13 design mixtures are aimed to obtain the highest value of compressive strength. Factors considered in the DOE are the silica fume (SF) and BF content, ratios of the activator to precursor, water to solids, NaOH to water glass (WG) and fly ash (FA) to sand. The experiment revealed the optimum BFRG mortar and the compatibility of BF to the geopolymer which gained great values for workability, split tensile strength and compressive strength.</p>
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Malikzada, Abdulmuner, Hasan Fırat Pulat, and İnci Develioğlu. "Effect of Fly Ash on Compaction Behavior of Alluvial Soil." In International Students Science Congress. Izmir International Guest Student Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2021.016.
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Low plasticity, high bearing capacity, low settlement, etc. are the preferred properties for most engineering projects. Alluvial soils are problematic soils because of low bearing capacity, high organic matter content, and high void ratio so they do not meet the preferred condition for engineering projects. It has been necessary to improve unsuitable materials to make them acceptable for construction. Fly ash (FA) has earlier been used for stabilizing roads due to its high content of calcium and silicate oxides which give puzzolanic properties and thus high compression strength. In this research, fundamental engineering properties, compaction behaviors of three types of (fine, medium, and coarse) alluvial deposits, and the effect of fly ash on compaction behavior of these alluvial soils are presented. Alluvial soil is taken from Çiğli, Balatçık (Izmir, Turkey). To determine geotechnical index properties; wet sieve analysis, plastic limit, liquid limit, specific gravity, standard compaction tests were conducted. In order to determine the effect of fly ash on compaction behavior of alluvial deposits, three different samples (fine < 0.425mm, medium < 2mm, and coarse < 4.75 mm) are prepared and 10%, 15%, 20% fly ash by dry weight of soil is mixed and standard proctor test is performed. As a result of laboratory tests, the liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index values obtained as 38.3%, 25.7%, and 12.6%, respectively. The specific gravities for fine, medium, and coarse samples are 2.68, 2.67, and 2.66, respectively. According to the results of wet sieve analysis and consistency limit tests, it was stated that the soil contains large amounts of sand and clay. The washed sieve analysis and consistency limit tests results were evaluated according to USCS. The conducted test results have shown that maximum dry unit weight for fine, medium, and coarse soils are 16.9, 19.35, and 19.55 (kN/m3), and optimum moisture content for fine, medium, and coarse samples are 17, 11, 10.5% respectively. Generally, by increasing the content of FA, maximum dry unit weight decreased and optimum moisture content increased for all three types of alluvial soil. By increasing FA to 20%, maximum dry unit weight of medium and coarse soils decreases 1.5% and 2%, respectively.
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Kurniawan, Agus, and Nasir Shafiq. "Optimizing napthalene based superplasticizer content for optimum rheology and strength of self compacting concrete containing fly ash and MIRHA." In 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications (ISBEIA). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isbeia.2012.6423011.
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Gomaa, Eslam, Simon Sargon, Cedric Kashosi, Ahmed Gheni, and Mohamed ElGawady. "Influence of water, alkali activators, and curing regime on the workability and compressive strength of the alkali activated mortar." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.2760.
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<p>The effect of the water to fly ash (W/FA), alkali activators to fly ash (Alk/FA), and curing regimes on the workability and compressive strength of the alkali-activated mortar (AAM) was studied. Three high calcium fly ashes (FAs) having different chemical compositions were used. Sodium hydroxide (SH) and sodium silicate (SS) were used as the alkali activators. The two alkali activators were mixed together at ratio of 1.0. Two curing regimes, elevated heat curing in an electric oven at 70°C for 24 hr and ambient curing at 23 ± 2°C, were applied. The water to fly ash (W/FA) ratios were 0.350, 0.375, and 0.400. However, the alkali activators to fly ash (Alk/FA) ratios were 0.250, 0.275 and 0.300. The results revealed that the workability and the compressive strength of the oven cured specimens were decreased with increasing the calcium content of FA in the mixture. However, the compressive strength of the specimens that cured under the ambient temperature increased with increasing the calcium content. The workability increased with increasing the W/FA and decreasing the Alk/FA. The compressive strength based on both curing regimes decreased with increasing the W/FA. The optimum Alk/FA was 0.275 with W/FA of 0.400.</p>
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Wasil, Mariola. "Prediction of Hydraulic Conductivity of Fly Ash Built-in Mineral Sealing Layers." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.062.
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Mineral barrier protects the groundwater and soil from contamination by insulating the leakage of harmful substances from landfill. One of the most important parameters, which decides about usefulness of material to built-in sealing layers, is hydraulic conductivity. Researchers have conducted investigations with the possibility of utilising fly ash as a mineral sealing layer material, which is justified by its low permeability and other properties. It is known that laboratory tests of hydraulic conductivity are often long-term and require expensive equipment. Therefore, to avoid this, researchers trying to assess permeability of tested material with empirical or semi empirical formulas. The aim of the paper is to compare the results of hydraulic conductivity of fly ash obtained from the laboratory tests and from estimation using different empirical formulas. Fly ash was compacted by the Standard Proctor compaction method at the optimum moisture content. The results obtained from empirical equations were variable. It was observed that the Kozeny-Carman formula and other, based on a few physical parameters of the soil, gave better results in prediction of hydraulic conductivity of fly ash than equations based on only one parameter.
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Kurup, G. Surya Narayana, Sona P. S., Luthfa U, Varsha Manu, and Amal Azad Sahib. "Undrained Strength Characteristics of Fibre Reinforced Expansive Soils." In International Web Conference in Civil Engineering for a Sustainable Planet. AIJR Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.112.19.
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Expansive soils are those whose volume changes take place while it comes in contact with water. It expands during rainy season due to intake of water and shrinks during summer season. Expansive soils owe their characteristics due to the presence of swelling clay minerals. Expansive soils cover nearly 20% of landmass in India and include almost the entire Deccan plateau, western Madhya Pradesh, parts of Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra. The properties that describe the expansive behaviour of soils are free swell index, swell potential and swell pressure. This behaviour has an impounding effect on the bearing capacity and strength of foundation lying on such a soil. Some of the stabilization techniques which are currently being used are physical alternations, sand cushioning, belled piers, under reamed piers, granular pile anchors, chemical stabilization, and fibre reinforcement techniques. This paper focuses on improvement in the strength characteristics of stabilized Chittur soil. The commonly used stabilizer for expansive soils is lime. This paper looks upon alternative materials such as fly ash and polypropylene fibres in order to reduce the lime content. It was concluded from the trials that an optimum combination of 1.5% lime, 10% fly ash and 0.2% polypropylene fibres contribut
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Mohan, Regi P., and Adarsh P. "Strength Characterisation of Nanochemical Stabilized Kuttanad Clay for Pavement Construction." In International Web Conference in Civil Engineering for a Sustainable Planet. AIJR Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.112.17.
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Kuttanad clays are low strength, soft, organic clay deposits found in the Kuttanad areas of the Alappuzha district, Kerala. Lots of failures have been reported to the structures built over it due to its swelling - shrinking characteristics. To enhance the load-bearing capacity and decrease the settlement characteristics, the addition of appropriate stabilizing agents is considered the most efficient technique in soil stabilization applications. Soil stabilization techniques using traditional stabilizers in mass projects have become costly due to the increase in the cost of materials like cement, lime, fly ash, etc. Moreover, cement production also accounts for global warming due to the emission of carbon gas. Hence studies are going on regarding the effectiveness of using non-traditional materials that can react faster as stabilizing agents and thus reducing the cost of construction. This paper focuses on studying the suitability of a non-traditional nanotechnology-based organo-silane compound in the treatment of Kuttanad clay soils. Observations were made for the variation in the strength characteristics of the soil such as maximum dry density, optimum moisture content, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), California Bearing Ratio (CBR) strength of samples stabilized with varying dosages of nanochemical for curing periods up to 28days.
Reports on the topic "Optimum Fly Ash Content (OFC)"
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Thembeka Ncube, Ayanda, and Antonio Bobet. Use of Recycled Asphalt. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317316.
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The term Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) is used to designate a material obtained from the removal of pavement materials. RAP is used across the US in multiple applications, largely on asphalt pavement layers. RAP can be described as a uniform granular non-plastic material, with a very low percentage of fines. It is formed by aggregate coated with a thin layer of asphalt. It is often used mixed with other granular materials. The addition of RAP to aggregates decreases the maximum dry unit weight of the mixture and decreases the optimum water content. It also increases the Resilient Modulus of the blend but decreases permeability. RAP can be used safely, as it does not pose any environmental concerns. The most important disadvantage of RAP is that it displays significant creep. It seems that this is caused by the presence of the asphaltic layer coating the aggregate. Creep increases with pressure and with temperature and decreases with the degree of compaction. Creep can be mitigated by either blending RAP with aggregate or by stabilization with chemical compounds. Fly ash and cement have shown to decrease, albeit not eliminate, the amount of creep. Mechanical stabilizing agents such as geotextiles may also be used.