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Journal articles on the topic 'Optimization of scrap'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Li, Yifeng, Xunpeng Qin, Zhenyuan Zhang, and Huanyu Dong. "A robust identification method for nonferrous metal scraps based on deep learning and superpixel optimization." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 39, no. 4 (January 26, 2021): 573–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x20987884.

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End-of-life vehicles (ELVs) provide a particularly potent source of supply for metals. Hence, the recycling and sorting techniques for ferrous and nonferrous metal scraps from ELVs significantly increase metal resource utilization. However, different kinds of nonferrous metal scraps, such as aluminium (Al) and copper (Cu), are not further automatically classified due to the lack of proper techniques. The purpose of this study is to propose an identification method for different nonferrous metal scraps, facilitate the further separation of nonferrous metal scraps, achieve better management of recycled metal resources and increase sustainability. A convolutional neural network (CNN) and SEEDS (superpixels extracted via energy-driven sampling) were adopted in this study. To build the classifier, 80 training images of randomly chosen Al and Cu scraps were taken, and some practical methods were proposed, including training patch generation with SEEDS, image data augmentation and automatic labelling methods for enormous training data. To obtain more accurate results, SEEDS was also used to optimize the coarse results obtained from the pretrained CNN model. Five indicators were adopted to evaluate the final identification results. Furthermore, 15 test samples concerning different classification environments were tested through the proposed model, and it performed well under all of the employed evaluation indexes, with an average precision of 0.98. The results demonstrate that the proposed model is robust for metal scrap identification, which can be expanded to a complex industrial environment, and it presents new possibilities for highly accurate automatic nonferrous metal scrap classification.

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2

Govindarajalu, V., and V. S. Senthil Kumar. "Web Based Dss for Inventory and Scrap Optimization in a Printing & Packaging Industry." Advanced Materials Research 335-336 (September 2011): 599–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.335-336.599.

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This paper proposes a genetic algorithm based optimization of the product and scrap inventory levels in a printing and packaging industry so as to minimize total supply chain cost. The scrap optimization procedures are in the primitive level of implementation in the industries. Determining optimal levels of scrap inventory enables the industries to attack the problem of high scrap and high inventory, thus enables the industries to make quick and sound decisions regarding the production of paper boards in a printing and packaging industry.

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3

Chen, Xian Xian, and Xin Zhong Lu. "The TSP Method in the Application of the Scraps of Paper Splicing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 513-517 (February 2014): 2668–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.2668.

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This paper discusses the regular longitudinalcutting torn scraps of paper splicing. The degree of similarity of two scraps is acquired according to their pixel characteristics. Then this splicing problem can be converted into TSP problem and the Optimization Model can be established. After the leftist torn scrap of paper been found, the remaining paper can be attached one by one according to the pixel characteristics. Finally, the best algorithm of single page Stitching recovery is given by this paper.

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4

Bonnin, Marie, Catherine Azzaro-Pantel, Serge Domenech, and Jacques Villeneuve. "Multicriteria optimization of copper scrap management strategy." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 99 (June 2015): 48–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.03.013.

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5

Miletic, I., R. Garbaty, S. Waterfall, and M. Mathewson. "MODEL-BASED OPTIMIZATION OF SCRAP STEEL PURCHASING." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 40, no. 11 (2007): 263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20070821-3-ca-2919.00039.

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6

Jain, P., P. Fenyes, and R. Richter. "Optimal Blank Nesting Using Simulated Annealing." Journal of Mechanical Design 114, no. 1 (March 1, 1992): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2916910.

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By reducing scrap, high volume stamped parts can be produced more economically. Scrap rate is heavily influenced by the nesting, or positioning, of the blanks onto the stock. Blank nesting is often done manually, resulting in inefficient nestings with high scrap rates. We have developed an automated nesting system which minimizes the scrap for continuous strip stamping processes. Using an integer grid technique, we compute the overlap between blanks and then apply simulated annealing, a probabilistic global optimization technique, to determine a new nesting with zero overlap and minimal scrap. We present several examples to illustrate the method.

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7

Taszner, Z., Alfred Ender, and Oszkár Grega. "Development of Scrap Evaluation Algorithm to Optimize the Converter Charge Composition." Materials Science Forum 537-538 (February 2007): 701–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.537-538.701.

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Analysing the function of steel scrap and understanding its influence on development, are the main problems which interests the steel producers of the world. To create such an essay, the analysis of the actual developments of the quantities, the qualities and compositions of the used scrap types should be continuously monitored in the world’s steel industry. Series of local experiments and evaluating statistics focusing on process optimization by scrap have been done at ThyssenKrupp Steel. This includes the current study based on the records of scrap charges. In the following paper the development of an indirect scrap evaluation algorithm will be discussed, compared with results of the common ways.

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8

Панов, Євген Миколайович, М. Ф. Боженко, С. В. ДАНИЛЕНКО, and В. П. БОЯНІВСЬКИЙ. "OPTIMIZATION OF FURNACES DESIGN FOR MELTING ALUMINIUM SCRAP." Proceedings of the NTUU “Igor Sikorsky KPI”. Series: Chemical engineering, ecology and resource saving, no. 1 (May 13, 2017): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2306-1626.1.2017.119465.

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9

Huang, Jiu, Chaorong Xu, Zhuangzhuang Zhu, and Longfei Xing. "Visual-Acoustic Sensor-Aided Sorting Efficiency Optimization of Automotive Shredder Polymer Residues Using Circularity Determination." Sensors 19, no. 2 (January 12, 2019): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19020284.

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To reduce the emissions and weight of vehicles, manufacturers are incorporating polymer materials into vehicles, and this has increased the difficulty in recycling End-of-Life vehicles (ELVs). About 25–30% (mass) of an ELV crushed mixture is the unrecyclable material known as automotive shredder residues (ASRs), and most of the vehicle polymers are concentrated in this fraction. Thus, these vehicle polymers are conventionally disposed of in landfills at a high risk to the environment. The only way to solve this problem is through the development of a novel separation and recycling mechanism for ASRs. Our previous research reported a novel sensor-aided single-scrap-oriented sorting method that uses laser-triangulation imaging combined with impact acoustic frequency recognition for sorting crushed ASR plastics, and we proved its feasibility. However, the sorting efficiencies were still limited, since, in previous studies, the method used for scrap size determination was mechanical sieving, resulting in many deviations. In this paper, a new method based on three-dimensional (3D) imaging and circularity analysis is proposed to determine the equivalent particle size with much greater accuracy by avoiding the issues that are presented by the irregularity of crushed scraps. In this research, two kinds of commonly used vehicle plastics, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and polypropylene (PP), and their corresponding composite materials, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene/polycarbonate (ABS/PC) and polypropylene/ethylene-propylene-diene-monomer (PP/EPDM), were studied. When compared with our previous study, with this new method, the sorting efficiency increased, with PP and PP/EPDM and ABS and ABS/PC achieving about 15% and 20% and 70% and 90%, respectively. The sorting efficiency of ASR polymer scraps can be optimized significantly by using sensor-aided 3D image measurement and circularity analysis.

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10

Lv, Shengping, Binbin Zheng, Hoyeol Kim, and Qiangsheng Yue. "Data Mining for Material Feeding Optimization of Printed Circuit Board Template Production." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1852938.

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Improving the accuracy of material feeding for printed circuit board (PCB) template orders can reduce the overall cost for factories. In this paper, a data mining approach based on multivariate boxplot, multiple structural change model (MSCM), neighborhood component feature selection (NCFS), and artificial neural networks (ANN) was developed for the prediction of scrap rate and material feeding optimization. Scrap rate related variables were specified and 30,117 samples of the orders were exported from a PCB template production company. Multivariate boxplot was developed for outlier detection. MSCM was employed to explore the structural change of the samples that were finally partitioned into six groups. NCFS and ANN were utilized to select scrap rate related features and construct prediction models for each group of the samples, respectively. Performances of the proposed model were compared to manual feeding, ANN, and the results indicate that the approach exhibits obvious superiority to the other two methods by reducing surplus rate and supplemental feeding rate simultaneously and thereby reduces the comprehensive cost of raw material, production, logistics, inventory, disposal, and delivery tardiness compensation.

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11

Li, Ying Dao, Wei Hong Zhong, Hong Wei Guan, and Xiu Shui Ma. "Control and Optimization of Negative Pressure in Scrap Copper Smelting." Applied Mechanics and Materials 103 (September 2011): 399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.103.399.

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Negative pressure is the main control variable in scrap copper smelting process, the control of negative pressure is not only closely related with producing safely, but also produces a direct impact on the quality of the anode plate, it is also a key breakthrough in energy saving. This paper first analyses the characteristics of negative pressure control in scrap copper smelting process, aims to larger overshoot and longer regulation under conventional PID control method, and then utilizes fuzzy control to correct the PID parameters online, to achieve the optimization control of negative pressure. Simulation result shows that the adjustment process of optimized control of negative pressure is steady and rapid, usually no or slightly overshoot, and the settling time is also reduced significantly.

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12

Rahman, M. A., and M. A. Aziz. "Solar pyrolysis of scrap tire: optimization of operating parameters." Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 20, no. 2 (November 29, 2017): 1207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10163-017-0686-1.

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13

Penz, Florian, Johannes Schenk, Rainer Ammer, Gerald Klösch, and Krzysztof Pastucha. "Dissolution of Scrap in Hot Metal under Linz–Donawitz (LD) Steelmaking Conditions." Metals 8, no. 12 (December 19, 2018): 1078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8121078.

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One of the main charging materials of the Linz–Donawitz oxygen steelmaking process (LD) is scrap. Scrap acts as a coolant for the exothermic reactions inside the LD vessel and as an iron source in addition to hot metal. The optimization of the LD process is focused, amongst other factors, on thermodynamic and kinetic modelling. The results of simulations have to be validated in close to reality laboratory-scale experiments. A study was made on the dissolution behavior of common steel scrap in carbon-saturated hot metal which is charged into LD converters. In order to examine the effect of several parameters on diffusive scrap melting, the difference between stagnant and dynamic dissolution as well as the influence of the hot metal temperature were investigated. Using a literature-based equation the mass transfer coefficient of carbon between the solid scrap and the liquid hot metal was evaluated. The ranges of values of the ablation rate and the mass transfer coefficient for the appropriate systems are pointed out, resulting in a significant dependence of the investigated parameters.

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14

Machado, Ageu Araujo, João Carlos Zayatz, Marcos Meurer Da Silva, Guilherme Melluzzi Neto, Gislaine Camila Lapasini Leal, and Rafael Henrique Palma Lima. "Aluminum bar cutting optimization for door and window manufacturing." DYNA 87, no. 212 (January 1, 2020): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v87n212.82636.

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This study aims to optimize the one-dimensional cutting process of aluminum bars for the production of aluminum doors. Reducing the use of bars and the amount of material that becomes scrap is a key factor in process efficiency, reducing the need for raw material procurement. The mathematical model used considers the size of the bar, the number and size of cuts, the size of the leftovers that can be used and the size of the leftovers that are considered scrap. Based on real data from a company in the aluminum frame segment, the mathematical model was used to simulate three different scenarios. Three different objective functions were used in the simulations, and the results obtained in each scenario were described in order to indicate the advantages and disadvantages of using each objective function. For the instance sizes studied, the model is able to obtain optimal solutions with little computational time.

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15

Zhang, Shunli, and Eric Forssberg. "Optimization of electrodynamic separation for metals recovery from electronic scrap." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 22, no. 3-4 (June 1998): 143–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-3449(98)00004-4.

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16

Barbooti, Mahmood M., Thamer J. Mohamed, Alaa A. Hussain, and Falak O. Abas. "Optimization of pyrolysis conditions of scrap tires under inert gas atmosphere." Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 72, no. 1 (August 2004): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2004.05.001.

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17

Banožić, Marija, Ines Banjari, Ivana Flanjak, Mate Paštar, Jelena Vladić, and Stela Jokić. "Optimization of MAE for the Separation of Nicotine and Phenolics from Tobacco Waste by Using the Response Surface Methodology Approach." Molecules 26, no. 14 (July 19, 2021): 4363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144363.

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This study intends to valorize by-products of the industrial processing of tobacco to obtain nicotine and phenolics as value-added compounds. Three influential parameters of the microwave-assisted extraction-MAE (temperature, treatment time, and solvent/solid ratio) were studied for the optimization of the extraction protocol for tobacco leaves and three types of waste—scrap, dust, and midrib, respectively. Nicotine was the dominant bioactive compound in all extracts, ranging from 1.512 to 5.480% in leaves, 1.886 to 3.709% in scrap, 2.628 to 4.840% dust, and 0.867 to 1.783% in midrib extracts. Five phenolic compounds were identified and quantified, predominated by chlorogenic acid and rutin. Additionally, total phenol content and antioxidant activity were determined using spectrophotometric assays. Optimization was performed in two aspects: to obtain a maximum extraction yield with minimum nicotine content and to obtain a maximum extraction yield with maximum nicotine content. These findings demonstrate that tobacco waste is a valuable source of bioactive compounds and MAE can be a promising alternative technique to obtain extracts rich in targeted bioactive compounds, especially nicotine.

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18

Wang, Wei Lin, and Xian Jie Shi. "Disassembly Sequence Planning Based on Poisoning Ant Colony Algorithm." Key Engineering Materials 572 (September 2013): 340–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.572.340.

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Disassembly of scrap product is a necessary procedure of products recycling and reusing, which is an important part of whole life cycle of the products. Scrap product disassembly process planning can reduce the cost of disassembly operation. It can also improve operation efficiency and the enterprise competitiveness. A new improved algorithm is developed based on the basic ant colony algorithm, which is poisoning ant colony algorithm. Poisoning ant colony algorithm is applied to realize the search and optimization for feasible disassembly sequence solution set with disassembly root diagram. Finally, the optimal sequence is obtained based on evaluation objective function. Toxic environment and life value are also introduced to this algorithm. The characteristics of the algorithm are preferable search and convergence property.

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19

Machulec, Bolesław, and Andrzej Kuźnik. "The Use of Trapezoidal Fuzzy Numbers in the Model to Optimize the Batch of Electric Arc Furnace." Solid State Phenomena 226 (January 2015): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.226.199.

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The classical models to optimize the batch of electric arc furnace require precise and predetermined numerical values. In order to determine the scrap steel properties (eg. chemical composition), we are not able to define these values precisely and accurately. This situation is due to the heterogeneity and specificity of this material, which is related to its origin and way of obtaining. Therefore the usefulness of classical models to optimize the batch of electric arc furnace is limited. The fuzzy numbers with trapezoidal membership function were applied as a model in order to describe the technological process of steelmaking, which is neither accurate nor of ambiguous nature of the parameters. The advantage of trapezoidal numbers is a simple algorithm of arithmetic operations as well as easy and intuitive interpretation. The structure of optimization model with fuzzy parameters is similar to the classical linear optimization model of the mixtures composition. The optimization model, that is formulated on the fuzzy ranges arithmetic principles, allows to ensure that the quality parameters of the batch mix for the electric arc furnace are as precise as the ones described by electro-steel works, even though the quality parameters of scrap steel as well as some of the parameters of steel melting technological process are described ambiguously.

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20

Mostafavi, Melika, Fereshteh Rashchi, Saman Beikzadeh Noei, and Navid Mostoufi. "Optimization of Ni, Cu and Zn Recovery in Bioleaching of Electronic Scrap." Solid State Phenomena 262 (August 2017): 692–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.262.692.

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Bioleaching was applied to mobilize metals from printed wire boards (PWBs). PWBs have a rich metal content and are produced in high volume. Operating conditions of bioleaching of PWBs using an adapted mixed culture of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (A. ferrooxidans) and A. thiooxidans to recover Cu, Zn and Ni were optimized in this study. The adaptation phase began at 1 g/L PWBs powder with 10% inoculation and the final pulp density was 20 g/L after about 40 days. Optimization was performed using central composite design method to optimize four effective factors, including initial pH (1.5 to 2), pulp density (15 to 25 g/L), initial sulfur (3 to 7 g/L) and initial FeSO4 (15 to 25g/L), to achieve maximum recoveries of Cu, Zn and Ni. Also, the present study evaluated the effect of the independent variables initial pH, pulp density, initial Fe3+ concentration and initial sulfur content on extraction of metals from PWBs. Results showed that with an initial pH of 1.5, 25g/L pulp density, 25 g/L of FeSO4·7H2O and 7 g/L of S0, copper, zinc and nickel recoveries reached 92%, 96% and 94%, respectively, after 25 days.

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21

Taszner, Z., O. Grega, and A. Ender. "Optimization of scrap charge in terms of impurity requirements of produced steel." Revue de Métallurgie 105, no. 11 (November 2008): 551–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal:2008071.

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22

Lao, Weng Chon, Renata Alves de Toledo, and Hojae Shim. "Optimization of major environmental parameters to degrade scrap tyres by Bacillus sp." Energy Procedia 153 (October 2018): 226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.10.005.

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23

Valuev, N. P., O. V. Lysova, and N. V. Nikonenkov. "Optimization of a system for the radiation monitoring of incoming scrap metal." Metallurgist 55, no. 5-6 (September 2011): 328–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-011-9431-5.

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24

Xin, Tao, Zong Chang Xu, and Yuan Yuan Han. "Study on the Disposal for Retired or Scrap Weaponry and Equipment." Advanced Materials Research 1010-1012 (August 2014): 984–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1010-1012.984.

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The US Army’s disposal situations about the retired or scrap equipment are discussed. Primary methods are as follow, establishing the Defense Reutilization and Marketing Service (DRMS), setting up Aeronautical Maintenance and Recycle Center, founding a “Shadow Fleet” by retired fleet and ships, carrying on equipment remanufacture program, implementing contractor support. And then, the essay analyzes its characteristics such as paying close attention, perfecting mechanism, integrated management, disposing in time, classifying, using modern techniques, civil-military integration, etc. Finally, its enlightenments are mainly discussed, in current circumstance, paying more attention to dispose the retired or scrap equipment, whole-system whole-life and whole-goal optimization design especially considering the disposal at the designing phase, developing and innovating the technologies of reutilization, taking the development path of civil-military integration type are the inevitable trends.

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25

Van Ende, Marie-Aline, In-Ho Jung, Yong-Hwan Kim, and Taek-Soo Kim. "Thermodynamic optimization of the Dy–Nd–Fe–B system and application in the recovery and recycling of rare earth metals from NdFeB magnet." Green Chemistry 17, no. 4 (2015): 2246–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4gc02232g.

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The developed thermodynamic database for the Dy–Nd–Fe–B–Mg system enables the calculation of complex phase diagrams for the selective recovery of Nd and Dy from NdFeB magnet scrap using the liquid metal extraction process.

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26

Penz, Schenk, Ammer, Klösch, Pastucha, and Reischl. "Diffusive steel scrap melting in carbon-saturated hot metal—phenomenological investigation at the solid–liquid interface." Materials 12, no. 8 (April 25, 2019): 1358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12081358.

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The oxygen steelmaking process in a Linz-Donawitz (LD) converter is responsible for more than 70% of annual crude steel production. Optimization of the process control and numerical simulation of the LD converter are some of the current challenges in ferrous metallurgical research. Because of the process conditions and oxidation of impurities of the hot metal, a lot of chemical heat is generated. Therefore, steel scrap is charged as a coolant with the economical side aspect of its recycling. One of the more complex aspects is, among others, the dissolution and melting behaviour of the scrap in carbon-saturated hot metal. Heat and mass transfer act simultaneously, which has already been investigated by several researchers using different experimental approaches. The appearances at the interface between solid steel and liquid hot metal during diffusive scrap melting have been described theoretically but never investigated in detail. After an experimental investigation under natural and forced convective conditions, the samples were further investigated with optical microscopy and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). A steep carbon concentration gradient in the liquid appeared, which started at an interface carbon concentration equal to the concentration on the solid side of the interface. Moreover, the boundary layer thickness moved towards zero, which symbolized that the boundary layer theory based on thermodynamic equilibrium was not valid. This fact was concluded through the prevailing dynamic conditions formed by natural and forced convection.

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27

Muhammad, Riaz, Yousaf Ali, Younes Messaddeq, Haroon ur Rashid, Marco Antonio Utrera Martines, Muhammad Naveed Umar, Sher Wali Khan, and Ali Riaz. "Conditions Optimization and Physiochemical Analysis of Oil Obtained by Catalytic Pyrolysis of Scrap Tube Rubber Using MgO as Catalyst." Catalysts 11, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11030357.

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Motor vehicles scrap tires and tube rubbers generate a large amount of waste with different characteristics and compositions, contaminating the environment when not properly disposed. Waste inner tube rubber (isobutylene isoprene) representing a threat to the environment can be used as valuable source of energy. Waste inner tube rubber was pyrolyzed thermally under atmospheric pressure both with and without catalyst. Parameters of temperature, time, and catalyst weight were optimized for catalytic and thermal pyrolysis of isobutylene-isoprene rubber into liquid fuel, using MgO as catalyst. It was found that one-hour heating time at 350 °C using 2 g catalyst (MgO) constitutes a suitable parameter for the maximum conversion of scrap inner tube rubber into oil. The oil obtained was characterized by physical and chemical tests. Among the physical tests, Density, specific gravity, viscosity, kinematic viscosity, analine point and flash point were determined according to IP and ASTM standard valves. The physical tests indicate the presence of aromatic and olefinic hydrocarbons. Among the chemical tests, the phenol test, bromine number, bromine water test, and KMnO4 tests were conducted. The chemical tests are also the support of physical tests conducted. The physical and chemical tests indicate that the oil obtained is a mixture of kerosene, diesel, and light oil and could be used for fuel purposes.

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28

Hallmann, Martin, Benjamin Schleich, Björn Heling, Alexander Aschenbrenner, and Sandro Wartzack. "Comparison of different methods for scrap rate estimation in sampling-based tolerance-cost-optimization." Procedia CIRP 75 (2018): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2018.01.005.

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29

Wang, Guoqiang, Kaijun Zhao, Xuefei Li, Li Li, and Jixin Wang. "Arrangement optimization of hammers and fenders on Scrap Metal Shredder using ant colony algorithms." Journal of Vibration and Control 18, no. 5 (August 3, 2011): 659–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546311405560.

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30

Peter Chiu, Yuan-Shyi, Kuang-Ku Chen, Feng-Tsung Cheng, and Mei-Fang Wu. "Optimization of the finite production rate model with scrap, rework and stochastic machine breakdown." Computers & Mathematics with Applications 59, no. 2 (January 2010): 919–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.camwa.2009.10.001.

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31

Tolypina, N., and D. A. Tolypin. "THE EFFECT OF POLYDISPERSE CONCRETE SCRAP OF 3D PRINTING ON THE STRUCTURE FORMATION OF CONCRETE." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 6, no. 7 (July 10, 2021): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2071-7318-2021-6-7-17-23.

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The article considers the influence of polydisperse concrete scrap of 3D printing on the structure formation of concrete during its repeated application. It is established that the favorable effect on the strength is due to the presence of thin layers on the surface of the secondary fine aggregate in the form of hydrate phases that enhance adhesion to the forming cement matrix. At the same time, an important multifunctional role is played by a fine fraction consisting of a cement matrix with a small amount of pulverized clinker and quartz. It increases the volume of the binder part; performs the function of the centers of crystallization of hydrate phases; promotes the formation of a compact and homogeneous structure by filling the pores; increases the strength due to the hydration of the minerals alite and belite. It is shown that the minimization of the voidness of the fine-grained part of the concrete scrap is largely due to the polymodal grain composition, which contributes to the optimization of the structure of fine-grained concrete and increases the strength. The features of the microstructure of fine-grained concrete samples are established. Artificial conglomerate based on concrete scrap is characterized by a compact structure, due to the high adhesion of the fine aggregate to the cement matrix of concrete, filling the pores with hydrate phases and fine particles, in contrast to the samples of fine-grained concrete of the control composition, which structure is characterized by a weak contact zone between the aggregate and the cement matrix.

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32

Teng, Hong Chun, Bing Yan Teng, and Xian Bing Chen. "Research of Cold Extrusion Process for the 2A12 Duralumin Pistons." Advanced Materials Research 1120-1121 (July 2015): 1264–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1120-1121.1264.

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The existing process of 2A12 aluminium alloy piston is cutting completed by hot- drawing pole , as a material utilization rate less than 40%. In order to improve material utilization, cold-extrusion process is the reasonable choice, but only if solve the annealing before cold-extrusion, surface lubricated, the Parameter optimization of cold-extrusion and quenching process after extrusion. This research uses the DEFORM finite element analysis and a good effect in practical application is obtained to enhance the rate of more than 80% material utilization, scrap rate is less than 0.5%.

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33

Lee, Yong Woon, Jinje Park, Changkook Ryu, Taeyeong Chae, Won Yang, and Hyunjoo Park. "Optimization of Heat Transfer Characteristics in a Scrap Tire Pyrolysis Reactor using Computational Fluid Dynamics." Journal of Korea Society of Waste Management 33, no. 2 (March 30, 2016): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.9786/kswm.2016.33.2.171.

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34

Somasundaram, M., R. Saravanathamizhan, C. Ahmed Basha, V. Nandakumar, S. Nathira Begum, and T. Kannadasan. "Recovery of copper from scrap printed circuit board: modelling and optimization using response surface methodology." Powder Technology 266 (November 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2014.06.006.

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Chiu, Yuan-Shyi Peter, Hong-Dar Lin, Ming-Hon Hwang, and Nong Pan. "Computational Optimization of Manufacturing Batch Size and Shipment for an Integrated EPQ Model with Scrap." American Journal of Computational Mathematics 01, no. 03 (2011): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajcm.2011.13023.

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Abnisa, Faisal, and Wan Mohd Ashri Wan Daud. "Optimization of fuel recovery through the stepwise co-pyrolysis of palm shell and scrap tire." Energy Conversion and Management 99 (July 2015): 334–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.04.030.

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Yuan-Shyi, Chiu, Han-Ying Chen, Wang Chiu, and Victoria Chiu. "Optimization of an economic production quantity-based system with random scrap and adjustable production rate." Istrazivanja i projektovanja za privredu 16, no. 1 (2018): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jaes16-15458.

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Saber, Ali, Hasti Hasheminejad, Amir Taebi, and Ghasem Ghaffari. "Optimization of Fenton-based treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater with scrap iron using response surface methodology." Applied Water Science 4, no. 3 (December 13, 2013): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13201-013-0144-8.

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Loloie, Zakaria, Mehrdad Mozaffarian, Mansooreh Soleimani, and Neda Asassian. "Carbonization and CO2 activation of scrap tires: Optimization of specific surface area by the Taguchi method." Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 34, no. 2 (November 17, 2016): 366–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11814-016-0266-4.

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Aghazadeh, M., A. Zakeri, and M. Sh Bafghi. "Modeling and optimization of surface quality of copper deposits recovered from brass scrap by direct electrowinning." Hydrometallurgy 111-112 (January 2012): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2011.11.001.

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Anastasiou, K. S. "Optimization of the aluminium die casting process based on the Taguchi method." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 216, no. 7 (July 1, 2002): 969–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544050260174175.

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Porosity in the die casting process causes costly scrap loss and limits the use of die-cast parts in critical high-strength applications. The amount of porosity is closely related to the die casting process parameters. Consequently, the mechanisms of porosity formation in relation to die casting parameters have to be studied in detail. A considerable reduction in porosity formation can be obtained by Taguchi technique implementation in the die casting process. Through simple multifactorial experiments in the foundry, controllable factors can be isolated to provide centring and variance control for a process variable. The primary objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of process parameters on porosity formation in the pressure die casting process to improve casting quality. Examples of the off-line technique used in a Greek aluminium die casting company are given for the purpose of illustrating the practicality and ease of use by industry engineers and managers.

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Rau, Hsin, Kuo Hua Cho, and Yi Hsiang Wang. "Optimal Inspection Allocation for Workstations of Attribute Data with Multi-Characteristics in Multi-Station Systems." Key Engineering Materials 450 (November 2010): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.450.397.

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. The study models multi-characteristics inspection for inspection allocation problems with workstations of attribute data in serial production systems. Either 100% or 0% inspection is performed and Type I and Type II errors are considered. In addition, this study considers three possibilities of treatment of detected nonconforming units, namely, repair, rework and scrap. With the above considerations, a profit model is developed for optimally allocating inspections. Moreover, a genetic algorithm is used to solve the problem and it is proved to have much less computation time, compared with an optimization method based on complete enumeration, especially when number of workstations and characteristics becomes more.

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Lu, Bi Hong, Yu Kai Li, and Bao Zhang Qu. "Optimization Research on Converter Steelmaking Process Parameters Based on DOE." Key Engineering Materials 579-580 (September 2013): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.579-580.128.

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The temperature and carbon content at blow end point should be controlled strictly during the BOF converter steelmaking process. Meanwhile many factors have impact on the temperature and carbon content at blow end point. These factors include initial weight of molten iron, initial weight of scrap steel, oxygen blow duration, the temperature and carbon content when lowering the sublance, as well as the weight of all kinds of addition reagents. In order to determine the optimized process parameters so as to reach the ideal temperature and carbon content at blow end point, this paper built a series of experiment programs based on DOE. According to the experiment programs, authors conducted these experiments with the help of RBF neural network and analyzed each parameters as well as some interactions impact on target. According to the statistical analysis results of experiment data (the SNR), authors extract significant factors and reached an optimized process parameters A3B3C2D1E1F3G2H3J2. According to the RBF neural network, the prediction error of carbon content and temperature is only 0.0063 and 0.0159 respectively. The result proves that DOE is an effective method in optimizing process parameters, and worth promoting and applying in converter steelmaking process.

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LEE, YEONG-HOANG, CHIU-CHI WEI, CHIE-BEIN CHEN, and CHIH-HUNG TSAI. "MINIMIZATION OF SCRAP AND REWORK COSTS BY PROCESS TOLERANCES ALLOCATION." Engineering Optimization 32, no. 5 (January 2000): 619–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03052150008941315.

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Chen, Guangming, Andrew Ezekiel, and Tridip Kumar Bardhan. "Optimization of Factor Settings for Pharmaceutical Filling Process by Factorial Design of Mixed Levels." Industrial and Systems Engineering Review 1, no. 2 (November 1, 2013): 110–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37266/iser.2013v1i2.pp110-122.

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Product and process variations can be costly to manufacturers in terms of high rework expenses, scrap, and inspection. We studied the variability of a generic pharmaceutical filling process (i.e., the fill weight and its related four factors). Firstly, we used mixed level factorial design to carry out the experiments and collect the data. The significance of the process factors and their interactions was determined using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Next, process capability analysis and optimization process were performed. The ultimate goal of the study was to develop the optimal level settings of controllable factors to minimize the quality loss caused by the deviation of process mean from the target value (nominal fill weight). The optimal level settings of the process factors were obtained for high and low viscosity products. As presented in this paper, significant quality improvement in the filling process can be achieved by reduction in fill weight variations. The approach may be generalized to other similar filling processes.

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Peter Chiu, Yuan-Shyi, Tiffany Chiu, Fan-Yun Pai, and Hua Yao Wu. "A producer-retailer incorporated multi-item EPQ problem with delayed differentiation, the expedited rate for common parts, multi-delivery and scrap." International Journal of Industrial Engineering Computations 12, no. 4 (2021): 427–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.ijiec.2021.5.001.

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Transnational producers facing the present-day competitive global supply-chain environments need to pursue the most appropriate manufacturing scheme, quality screening task, and stock shipping plan to satisfy customer’s timely multi-item requirements under minimum overall product fabrication-delivery expenses. This study develops a producer-retailer incorporated multi-item two-stage economic production quantity- (EPQ-) based system with delayed differentiation, expedited-rate for common parts, multiple deliveries plan, and random scrap. It aims to assist current manufacturing firms in achieving the aforementioned operating goals. Mathematical methods help us build an analytical model to explicitly portray the studied problem’s features and derive its overall system expenses. Hessian matrix equations and optimization approaches help us prove convexity and derive the cost-minimized fabrication- delivery decision. This study gives a simulated example to illustrate the research outcome’s applicability and the proposed model’s capabilities numerically. Consequently, diverse crucial information becomes obtainable to the manufacturers to facilitate various operating decision makings as follows: (i) the cost-minimized fabrication-delivery policy; (ii) the behavior of system’s overall expenses and operating policy regarding mean scrap rate, and different relationships between common part’s values and completion-rate; (iii) the system’s detailed cost components; (iv) the system’s overall expenses, utilization, and common part’s uptime concerning different common part’s expedited rates; and (v) the collective effects of critical system features on the overall expenses, uptime, and optimal cycle length, etc.

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Molnar, Viktor. "Indirect Impacts of Drastic Scrap Rate Reduction on Costs of Production Process in Precision Machining." Solid State Phenomena 261 (August 2017): 487–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.261.487.

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The Lean Six Sigma (LSS) conception and other solutions in modern manufacturing and management systems have rapidly spread in precision machining in the last decades. Cost components related to quality control of precision parts are analyzed in the paper on the basis of the cutting edge LSS approach. An optimization framework intended to increase the efficiency of production process planning is introduced. The model helps in calculating economic profit, which differs from accounting profit with the extent of opportunity costs. It is found that drastic reduction of the scrap rate, though increasing customer satisfaction, is not always a proper solution due to the extent of quality cost. The applicability of the elaborated framework was tested and some promising results gained during managerial interviews are also summarized in the paper.

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Banožić, Marija, Ines Banjari, Martina Jakovljević, Drago Šubarić, Srećko Tomas, Jurislav Babić, and Stela Jokić. "Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Some Bioactive Compounds from Tobacco Waste." Molecules 24, no. 8 (April 24, 2019): 1611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24081611.

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This is the first study on ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive compounds from different types of tobacco industry wastes (scrap, dust, and midrib). The obtained results were compared with starting raw material (tobacco leaves) to see the changes in bioactive compounds during tobacco processing. Results suggested that tobacco waste extracts possess antioxidant activity and considerable amounts of targeted bioactive compounds (phenolics and solanesol). The content of chlorogenic acid varied between 3.64 and 804.2 μg/mL, caffeic acid between 2.34 and 10.8 μg/mL, rutin between 11.56 and 93.7 μg/mL, and solanesol between 294.9 and 598.9 μg/mL for waste and leaf extracts, respectively. There were noticeable differences between bioactive compounds content and antioxidant activity in extracts related to applied UAE conditions and the used type of tobacco waste. Results show that optimal UAE parameters obtained by response surface methodology (RSM) were different for each type of material, so process optimization proved to be necessary. Considering that tobacco waste is mostly discarded or not effectively utilized, the results clearly show that tobacco waste could be used as a potential source of some bioactive compounds.

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Mālers, Laimonis, and Agnija Cirvele. "Influence of Rubber Particle Size on Functional Properties of a Composite Material Based on Scrap Tires and a Polymer Binder." Key Engineering Materials 850 (June 2020): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.850.107.

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Functional properties of composite material based on mechanically grinded scrap tires with different particle size of fractioned crumb and polyurethane type polymer binder were investigated to estimate influence of rubber particles size and content on composite material properties (Shore C hardness, compressive stress at 10 % deformation, tensile strength, elastic modulus and elongation at break, apparent density). Optimization possibilities of composite material consisting of rubber particles with different sizes or fractions were investigated. The obtained results show that variation of composition of the composite material by changing size of rubber granulate have definite influence on selected properties of the material. Purposeful selection and mutual combination of rubber particles size included in material can ensure desirable and predictable mechanical properties of composite material.

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Katoch, Sunain, Vinay Sharma, P. P. Kundu, and M. B. Bera. "Optimization of PET Glycolysis Process by Response Surface Methodological Approach: A Two-Component Modelling Using Glycolysis Time and Temperature." ISRN Polymer Science 2012 (March 21, 2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/630642.

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Response surface methodology (RSM) was used for predicting the optimal condition of glycolysis time and temperature in the recycling of PET scrap. Central composite rotatable design (CCRD) for two variables at four levels was chosen as the experimental design. The data obtained from measurement of properties were fitted as a two variable second-order equation and were plotted as 3D surface plots using programme developed in MATLAB v.5. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate the validity of model. The optimum operating conditions for glycolysis time and temperature were 6.5 h and 180°C, respectively. Under these optimal conditions, the hydroxyl value and glycolysis conversion percentage was 38.14 mgKOH/g and 95%, respectively, at the 0.97 desirability level, whereas the acid value and number average molecular weight () at the same desirability level were 12.2 mgKOH/g and 695 g/mol, respectively.

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