Journal articles on the topic 'Optimization of biomass formation'
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Radhakumari, M., Andy Ball, Suresh K. Bhargava, and B. Satyavathi. "Optimization of glucose formation in karanja biomass hydrolysis using Taguchi robust method." Bioresource Technology 166 (August 2014): 534–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.05.065.
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Safavi, Aysan, Christiaan Richter, and Runar Unnthorsson. "Dioxin Formation in Biomass Gasification: A Review." Energies 15, no. 3 (January 19, 2022): 700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15030700.
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The amount of PCDD/F emissions produced by gasification operations is often within standard limits set by national and international laws (<0.1 ng TEQ/Nm3). However, a recent assessment of the literature indicates that gasification cannot always reduce PCDD/Fs emissions to acceptable levels, and thus a common belief on the replacement of incineration with gasification in order to reduce PCDD/Fs emissions seems overly simplistic. A review that summarizes the evidence on when gasification would likely result in environmentally benign emissions with PCDD/F below legal limits, and when not, would be of scientific and practical interest. Moreover, there are no reviews on dioxin formation in gasification. This review discusses the available data on the levels of dioxins formed by gasifying different waste streams, such as municipal solid wastes, plastics, wood waste, animal manure, and sewage sludge, from the existing experimental work. The PCDD/Fs formation in gasification and the operational parameters that can be controlled during the process to minimize PCDD/Fs formation are reviewed.
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Sátiro, Josivaldo, André Cunha, Ana P. Gomes, Rogério Simões, and Antonio Albuquerque. "Optimization of Microalgae–Bacteria Consortium in the Treatment of Paper Pulp Wastewater." Applied Sciences 12, no. 12 (June 7, 2022): 5799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12125799.
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The microalgae–bacteria consortium is a promising and sustainable alternative for industrial wastewater treatment, since it may allow good removal of organic matter and nutrients, as well as the possibility of producing products with added value from the algae biomass. This research investigated the best bacterial and microalgae inoculation ratio for system start-up and evaluation of removing organic matter (as chemical oxygen demand (COD)), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH4+–N), nitrite nitrogen (NO2−–N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3−–N), phosphate phosphorus (PO43−–P) and biomass formation parameters in six photobioreactors with a total volume of 1000 mL. Reactors were operated for 14 days with the following ratios of pulp mill biomass aerobic (BA) and Scenedesmus sp. microalgae (MA): 0:1 (PBR1), 1:0 (PBR2), 1:1 (PBR3), 3:1 (PBR4), 5:1 (PBR5), and 1:3 (PBR6). Results show that COD removal was observed in just two days of operation in PBR4, PBR5, and PBR6, whereas for the other reactors (with a lower rate of initial inoculation) it took five days. The PBR5 and PBR6 performed better in terms of NH4+–N removal, with 86.81% and 77.11%, respectively, which can be attributed to assimilation by microalgae and nitrification by bacteria. PBR6, with the highest concentration of microalgae, had the higher PO43−–P removal (86%), showing the advantage of algae in consortium with bacteria for phosphorus uptake. PBR4 and PBR5, with the highest BA, led to a better biomass production and sedimentability on the second day of operation, with flocculation efficiencies values over 90%. Regarding the formation of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), protein production was substantially higher in PBR4 and PBR5, with more BA, with average concentrations of 49.90 mg/L and 49.05 mg/L, respectively. The presence of cyanobacteria and Chlorophyceae was identified in all reactors except PBR1 (only MA), which may indicate a good formation and structuring of the microalgae–bacteria consortium. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that filamentous microalgae were employed as a foundation for the fixation of bacteria and other algae colonies.
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Braunegg, G., G. Lefebvre, G. Renner, A. Zeiser, G. Haage, and K. Loidl-Lanthaler. "Kinetics as a tool for polyhydroxyalkanoate production optimization." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 41, no. 13 (December 15, 1995): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m95-192.
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The increasing commercial importance of polyhydroxyalkanoates calls for the development of new, more efficient production processes. This can only be achieved by considering the kinetics of polyhydroxyalkanoate accumulation in fermentors, but efforts in this area have been few. In a 10-L fed-batch fermentor, Alcaligenes eutrophus G+3was used to produce poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) (P(3HB-co-4HB)) from glucose and γ-butyrolactone, and a strain of Alcaligenes latus was used to produce poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) from glucose and propionate. After 83 h of fermentation, 9.26 g∙L−1of A. eutrophus contained 77.8% in mass of a copolymer with 7.9 mol% 4HB. The observed maximum specific growth rate (μmax) was 0.19 h−1for the residual biomass. Alcaligenes latus grew at an observed residual-biomass μmaxof 0.41 h−1and after 33.75 h had produced 6.6 g∙L−1of dry biomass with 72% of a copolymer with 28 mol% 3-hydroxyvalerate. Yields and specific substrate consumption and product formation rates were calculated. Examination of these results and of data found in the literature led to the proposition that for certain polyhydroxyalkanoate production processes, a multi-stage system consisting of a continuous stirred-tank fermentor in series with a plug-flow tubular reactor would be the most productive solution.Key words: polyhydroxyalkanoate, Alcaligenes latus, Alcaligenes eutrophus, kinetics, optimization.
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Sajid, Muhammad, Apu Chowdhury, Ghulam Bary, Yin Guoliang, Riaz Ahmad, Ilyas Khan, Waqar Ahmed, Muhammad Farooq Saleem Khan, Aisha M. Alqahtani, and Md Nur Alam. "Conversion of Fructose to 5-Hydroxymethyl Furfural: Mathematical Solution with Experimental Validation." Journal of Mathematics 2022 (April 29, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6989612.
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Conversion of fructose to furan aldehydes is a rapidly developing concept considering the emergent scenario of the replacement of fossil-derived components to biomass-derived green precursors. 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) and levulinic acid (LA) are the two most important bio-precursors with expanded downstream utilization in modern industries. Their production from biomass-derived sugars is a complex reaction due to competitive side reactions with a variety of byproducts. Therefore, their simulated optimization is an important tool that can help for process optimization in an economical way. In this article, we have developed a mathematical solution for fructose conversion, HMF production, and levulinic acid (LA) formation in a reactive environment. The accuracy of the developed model is further verified through experiments and found satisfactory with high accuracy. Therefore, the developed model can be used to simulate the reaction environment and product optimization under a given set of conditions.
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Gundupalli Paulraj, Marttin, Malinee Sriariyanun, and Debraj Bhattacharyya. "Dilute inorganic acid pretreatment of mixed residues of Cocos nucifera (coconut) for recovery of reducing sugar: optimization studies." E3S Web of Conferences 355 (2022): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235501004.
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Inorganic acids, such as sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and nitric acid are widely used for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for bioenergy production. In this study, the effect of different acids on the recovery of reducing sugar from coconut residues (coir and pith) mixed in different ratios was studied. The pretreatment conditions for different acids were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The independent variables, such as biomass ratio, time and acid concentration were considered for the optimization studies with reducing sugar as the dependent variable. The maximum recovery of reducing sugar (45%) from mixed biomass was observed during nitric acid (NA) pretreatment. The recovery of reducing sugar was lower for hydrochloric acid (HA) and sulphuric acid (SA). The lower yield was attributed to the possible formation of sugar degradation compounds during acid pretreatment. Therefore, NA pretreatment was found suitable for mixed biomass compared to other acids. Further studies are required to understand the effect of NA pretreatment through a detailed study of liquid hydrolysate and the introduction of the saccharification process. Mixed biomass benefits the biorefinery industries for sustainable bioenergy production.
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Ng, Wenfa. "High Cell Density Cultivation of Escherichia coli DH5α in Shake Flasks with a New Formulated Medium." Biotechnology and Bioprocessing 2, no. 10 (November 25, 2021): 01–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2766-2314/065.
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High cell density cultivation necessitates cell division and biomass formation, the mechanisms of which remain poorly understood, especially from the cellular energetics perspective. Specifically, the sensing of energy abundance and the channelling of nutritional energy into biomass formation and cell maintenance remains enigmatic at the sensory, effector and decision levels. Thus, optimization of cell growth remains an iterative trial and error process where the principal parameters are growth medium composition and incubation temperature. In this study, a new semidefined formulated medium was shown to be useful for high cell density cultivation of Escherichia coli DH5α (ATCC 53868). Comprising K2HPO4, 12.54; KH2PO4, 2.31; D-Glucose, 4.0; NH4Cl, 1.0; Yeast extract, 12.0; NaCl, 5.0; MgSO4, 0.24; the medium possessed a high capacity phosphate buffer able to moderate pH fluctuations during cell growth known to be detrimental to biomass formation. With glucose and NH4Cl providing the nutrients for initial growth, followed by a lag phase of 3 hours, a maximal optical density of 12.0 was obtained after 27 hours of cultivation at 37 oC and 230 rpm. Yeast extract provides a secondary source of carbon and nitrogen. Maximal optical density obtained in formulated medium was higher than the 10.1, 4.2, and 3.4 obtained in Tryptic Soy Broth, M9 with 1 g/L of yeast extract, and LB Lennox, respectively. Cultivation of E. coli DH5α in formulated medium with 6 g/L of glucose resulted in a longer lag phase of 8 hours and a longer time (68 hours) to attainment of maximal optical density, which marked the upper limit of glucose concentration beyond which biomass formation would be reduced. Specifically, glucose concentration above 6 g/L markedly reduced biomass formation possibly due to the environmental stress arising from low pH in the culture broth. Glucose concentration below 4 g/L, on the other hand, reduced biomass formation through a smaller pool of nutrients serving as biomass building blocks. Deviation from 1:1 molar ratio between glucose and NH4Cl was not detrimental to biomass formation and growth rates. Collectively, a semi-defined formulated medium could increase optical density of E. coli DH5α beyond that of LB Lennox and Tryptic Soy Broth, and may find use in cultivation of cells for applied microbiology research.
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Banihashemi, Bahman, Robert Delatolla, Susan Springthorpe, Erin Gorman, Andy Campbell, Onita D. Basu, and Ian P. Douglas. "Biofiltration optimization: phosphorus supplementation effects on disinfection byproduct formation potential." Water Quality Research Journal 52, no. 4 (September 22, 2017): 270–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2017.012.
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Abstract This study investigates the effects of phosphorus supplementation on the formation potential of total trihalomethanes (TTHMfp) and five species of haloacetic acids (HAA5fp) during exposure to clearwell disinfection contact times. In addition, the study investigates the effects of phosphorus supplementation on the dissolved oxygen, organic carbon and nitrogen removal along with biofilm coverage of the filter media and biomass viability of the attached biofilm. The uptake of total phosphorus in the P enhanced filter did not correspond to the consumption of readily assimilated nitrogen or the consumption of soluble carbon. As such, the dissolved organic carbon reduction in the biologically active filters was shown to not be phosphorus nutrient limited. The clearwell TTHMfp was shown to be reduced in all filters across all measured biological filtration times in the control and P enhanced filters. The HAA5fp increased with phosphorus-supplemented operation at specific filtration cycle times as compared to non-phosphorus-supplemented operation, indicating the potential for production of HAA5 with phosphorus supplementation. Enhanced biofilm coverage of the anthracite and sand media was observed during phosphorus supplementation. In addition, increased viability of the cells embedded in the biofilm was observed in the sand media at depth during phosphorus-supplemented operation.
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Wu, Duoli, Ziyi Yuan, Su Liu, Jiayin Zheng, Xinlong Wei, and Chao Zhang. "Recent Development of Corrosion Factors and Coating Applications in Biomass Firing Plants." Coatings 10, no. 10 (October 19, 2020): 1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10101001.
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Due to global warming, biomass fuels are gradually being used to replace fossil fuels. However, high-temperature biomass corrosion is a crucial issue affecting its future application. In this article, different factors affecting boiler performance are summarized from various studies to guide the optimization of boiler parameters in practical applications, such as corrosive components and boiler temperatures. Meanwhile, different coating formation methods and materials are summarized to provide better protection strategies. The potential coating materials for future research are also discussed. The addition of other elements, such as Ti, Mo, and W, has the potential to accelerate the formation of oxide layers during high-temperature corrosion and directly slow down the corrosion rate. Future studies should focus on these elements containing materials.
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Wang, Heng, Shukun Cao, Xiangwen Song, Hao Shen, Yi Cui, Zijian Cao, and shuqiang Xu. "Study on optimization experiment and characteristic test of biomass granule forming machine." MATEC Web of Conferences 175 (2018): 02025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817502025.
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According to the biomass pellet fuel forming machine, problems such as high energy consumption, easy clogging, and low efficiency exist in the granulation process. In this paper, corn and wheat stalks are used as raw materials to study the effects of the size of the raw materials and the moisture content on the formation rate, particle average length, particle density, mechanical durability, and heating value of the particulate fuel. The influence of parameters such as spindle speed and die diameter on the productivity, molding rate, mechanical durability, and particle density of the molding machine was investigated. Compressor and ANSYS were used to study the compression characteristics and flow characteristics of corn stalk, and the characteristics of the pellets were determined. The results showed that the corn stalk with a grain size of 4 mm with a moisture content of 14% and wheat straw with a grain size of 4 mm with a moisture content of 15% had high molding rate, good particle density, and good mechanical durability.
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Al-limoun, Muhamad, Haitham N. Qaralleh, Khaled M. Khleifat, Mohammed Al-Anber, Amjad Al-Tarawneh, Khalid Al-sharafa, Mohammed H. Kailani, Mohammed A. Zaitoun, Suzan A. Matar, and Toqa Al-soub. "Culture Media Composition and Reduction Potential Optimization of Mycelia-free Filtrate for the Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using the Fungus Tritirachium oryzae W5H." Current Nanoscience 16, no. 5 (October 5, 2020): 757–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573413715666190725111956.
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Background: A major focus of nanotechnology concerns is the expansion of the optimization of nanomaterials in purity, size and dispersity. Methods: In the current work, a two-step AgNP synthesis process was optimized at the mycelia-DI water suspension and AgNP formation reaction levels. Results: Biomass filtrate from the fungal strain Tritirachium oryzae W5H was able to reduce silver nitrate into AgNPs after a 72 h reaction, as indicated by the development of intense brown color and by UV-vis spectra. The biosynthesis ability of AgNPs was markedly better in the presence of a single carbon and nitrogen source in the culture medium compared to multiple sources of carbon and nitrogen. The optimization results of AgNP formation were indifferent between the two steps and were 20 g biomass, 40°C, pH 7.0, 96 h and 1.0 mM AgNO3. The TEM images of the prepared AgNPs illustrated the presence of 7-75 nm, monodispersed and spherical- to ovular-shaped Ag nanoparticles. Conclusion: The present work highlights the importance of investigating the process parameters by which the reductant mycelia-free filtrate was prepared. In addition, we explored the promising antibacterial action of the prepared AgNPs against bacterial infections.
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Eswari, Jujjavarapu Satya. "Therapeutic and Biodegradable Green Surfactant Kinetic Studies and Parameter Estimation with Multiple Substrates." Anti-Infective Agents 16, no. 2 (August 3, 2018): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2211352516666180528081950.
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Introduction: When environment polluted by complex petrochemical contaminants then prospective for biological treatment is needed. Methods: Biosurfactants exhibit biodegradability and anti-microbial properties hence efficacy of production and kinetics of in situ rhamnolipid production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and lipopeptide production by Bacillus subtilis was carried out in a batch process. The need of the specific growth rate on carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous substrates was expected to monitor using Logistic, Monod, Moser and Contois type kinetic equation models. Impact of several bioprocess factors and optimization of control factors were studied. Results and Discussion: The simulation results show, Contois type model was better model than monod equation. Contois growth model says that bio mass rate depends upon the concentrations of substrate and biomass being inhibited at high concentrations of the biomass predicts, bio surfactant formation lowered with the high biomass concentration. Conclusion: The Luedeking Piret constants were calculated for rahamnolipid and lipopeptide production bearing in mind the cell survival maintenance from carbon, nitrogenand phosphorous substrates consumption. Assessed factors of this model specify that the formation of Rhamnolipid and lipopeptide was typically growth-associated.
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Vélez-Mercado, Martha Inés, Alicia Guadalupe Talavera-Caro, Karla María Escobedo-Uribe, Salvador Sánchez-Muñoz, Miriam Paulina Luévanos-Escareño, Fernando Hernández-Terán, Alejandra Alvarado, and Nagamani Balagurusamy. "Bioconversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass into Value Added Products under Anaerobic Conditions: Insight into Proteomic Studies." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 22 (November 12, 2021): 12249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212249.
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Production of biofuels and other value-added products from lignocellulose breakdown requires the coordinated metabolic activity of varied microorganisms. The increasing global demand for biofuels encourages the development and optimization of production strategies. Optimization in turn requires a thorough understanding of the microbial mechanisms and metabolic pathways behind the formation of each product of interest. Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass is a bottleneck in its industrial use and often affects yield efficiency. The accessibility of the biomass to the microorganisms is the key to the release of sugars that are then taken up as substrates and subsequently transformed into the desired products. While the effects of different metabolic intermediates in the overall production of biofuel and other relevant products have been studied, the role of proteins and their activity under anaerobic conditions has not been widely explored. Shifts in enzyme production may inform the state of the microorganisms involved; thus, acquiring insights into the protein production and enzyme activity could be an effective resource to optimize production strategies. The application of proteomic analysis is currently a promising strategy in this area. This review deals on the aspects of enzymes and proteomics of bioprocesses of biofuels production using lignocellulosic biomass as substrate.
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Stelte, Wolfgang, Anand R. Sanadi, Lei Shang, Jens K. Holm, Jesper Ahrenfeldt, and Ulrik B. Henriksen. "Recent developments in biomass pelletization – A review." BioResources 7, no. 3 (July 30, 2012): 4451–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.7.3.4451-4490.
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The depletion of fossil fuels and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions has resulted in a strong growth of biomass utilization for heat and power production. Attempts to overcome the poor handling properties of biomass, i.e. its low bulk density and inhomogeneous structure, have resulted in an increasing interest in biomass densification technologies, such as pelletization and briquetting. The global pellet market has developed quickly, and strong growth is expected for the coming years. Due to an increase in demand for biomass, the traditionally used wood residues from sawmills and pulp and paper industry are not sufficient to meet future needs. An extended raw material base consisting of a broad variety of fibrous residues from agriculture and food industries, as well as thermal pre-treatment processes, provides new challenges for the pellet industry. Pellet production has been an established process for several decades, but only in the past five years has there been significant progress made to understand the key factors affecting pelletizing processes. A good understanding about the pelletizing process, especially the processing parameters and their effect on pellet formation and bonding are important for process and product optimization. The present review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest insights into the biomass pelletization processes, such as the forces involved in the pelletizing processes, modeling, bonding, and adhesive mechanisms. Furthermore, thermal pretreatment of the biomass, i.e. torrefaction and other thermal treatment to enhance the fuel properties of biomass pellets are discussed.
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Stelte, Wolfgang, Anand R. Sanadi, Lei Shang, Jens K. Holm, Jesper Ahrenfeldt, and Ulrik B. Henriksen. "Recent developments in biomass pelletization – A review." BioResources 7, no. 3 (July 30, 2012): 4451–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.7.3.stelte.
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The depletion of fossil fuels and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions has resulted in a strong growth of biomass utilization for heat and power production. Attempts to overcome the poor handling properties of biomass, i.e. its low bulk density and inhomogeneous structure, have resulted in an increasing interest in biomass densification technologies, such as pelletization and briquetting. The global pellet market has developed quickly, and strong growth is expected for the coming years. Due to an increase in demand for biomass, the traditionally used wood residues from sawmills and pulp and paper industry are not sufficient to meet future needs. An extended raw material base consisting of a broad variety of fibrous residues from agriculture and food industries, as well as thermal pre-treatment processes, provides new challenges for the pellet industry. Pellet production has been an established process for several decades, but only in the past five years has there been significant progress made to understand the key factors affecting pelletizing processes. A good understanding about the pelletizing process, especially the processing parameters and their effect on pellet formation and bonding are important for process and product optimization. The present review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest insights into the biomass pelletization processes, such as the forces involved in the pelletizing processes, modeling, bonding, and adhesive mechanisms. Furthermore, thermal pretreatment of the biomass, i.e. torrefaction and other thermal treatment to enhance the fuel properties of biomass pellets are discussed.
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Md Zain, Wan Salwanis, Nor Insyirah Hairul Salleh, and A. Abdullah. "Natural Biocides for Mitigation of Sulphate Reducing Bacteria." International Journal of Corrosion 2018 (June 5, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3567569.
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This study addresses the potential usage of various herbaceous plants extract including betel leave extract (BLE), green tea (GTE), turmeric (TE), belalai gajah (BGE), garlic extracts (GE), and manjakani extracts (ME) as future biocides of SRB that are natural and nontoxic. Study revealed that retardation of growth was obtained after addition of 5mL of natural biocides to 100 mL of the culture. Reduced biomass growth was observed with most of the tested biocides, dictated by lower biomass contents accepts for ginger and garlic. The planktonic growth was successively suppressed with addition of GTE, TE, and BGE, where the biomass production was decreased by more than 80.0% compared to the control experiments. GRE increased the growth of planktonic bacteria while the GE induced the formation of biofilms, showed by increase in biomass productions with over 23.4% and 77.46% enhancements, respectively. These results suggest that turmeric, green tea, and belalai gajah plants extracts are highly potential biocidal agents for mitigating SRB, thus controlling the effect of MIC on metal surfaces. However, the chemical stability, potential toxicity, and consistent performance of the extracts need further investigation for optimization of its use on a real field scale.
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Jerome Undiandeye, Joseph Nwabanne, Silas Kiman, and Haruna Mavakumba Kefas. "OPTIMIZATION AND KINETIC STUDY OF THE HYDROTHERMAL PRETREATMENT OF COCOA POD HUSKS AND UNRIPE PLANTAIN PEELS." JOURNAL OF THE NIGERIAN SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS 37, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.51975/22370304.som.
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Cocoa pod husks and unripe plantain peels are mass flows that are hugely available in Nigeria without any known industrial application. This study involves the kinetic analysis of the decomposition of hemicellulose into xylose and furfural during the hydrothermal pretreatment of cocoa pod husks and unripe plantain peels within a temperature, time, and solid concentration range of 110 - 140 °C, 5 - 10 minutes and 60 – 100 g/dm3 respectively. The experimentally obtained kinetic constants determined the optimal time for the desired product's (xylose) maximum yield. At the process temperature of 110, 125 and 140 °C, the optimal times were 332, 140 and 79 minutes respectively for the cocoa pod husks, and 210, 117 and 29 minutes respectively for unripe plantain peels. The kinetic models developed from the Response Surface Methodology show that the formation of xylose and furfural from cocoa pod husks and unripe plantain peels depends only on the process temperature and time but not on the concentration of biomass in the reactor. Keywords: lignocellulosic biomass; severity factor; response surface methodology
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Shaternikov, A. N., and V. E. Nikitina. "Bacteria of the Azospirillum Genus for the Optimization of the Artificial Culture of Xylotrophic Mushrooms." Biotekhnologiya 36, no. 2 (2020): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21519/0234-2758-2020-36-2-16-25.
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The possibility of submerged со-cultivation of the basidiomycetes Flammulina velutipes, Ganoderma lucidum and Pleurotus ostreatus with the bacteria Azospirillum brasilense was demonstrated, and optimal conditions for the process were selected. The azospirilla strains under study had active mobility and formed clusters near mushroom hyphae in liquid co-cultures optimized both in medium composition and bacterial inoculum concentration. The concentration of bacterial cells, ceteris paribus, had a significant effect on the growth of binary cultures. Co-cultivation of F. velutipes with A. brasilense Sp245 at the optimal bacteria concentration (0.5% v/v) in the inoculum (A600 = 1.0) made it possible to obtain 2.35 times more dry biomass than in the control. The intensive growth of the mixed culture of mushrooms with the studied azospirilla was promoted by the medium based on Glc and Fru (in mass proportion 1:1), and Asn. The characteristics of the development of P. ostreatus fruit bodies and the reduction of contamination in the presence of azospirillum were evaluated. Mixed bacterial-fungal cultures of P. ostreatus with A. brasilense SR80 which were used as seeding material were most efficient in the accumulation of submerged mycelial biomass, the rate of grain substrate colonization and intensity of fruit-body formation. Data obtained allow us to judge the high potential of using binary mushroom-bacterial cultures for the efficient production of mycelial biomass and fruiting of basidiomycetes. Flammulina, Ganoderma, Pleurotus, Azospirillum, co-culture, submerged culture, fruiting The work was funded on the theme АААА-А17-117102740098-8.
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Medina-Ramirez, Carlo Franco, Mariana Teresa Castañeda-Guel, Ma Fernanda Alvarez-Gonzalez, Alejandro Montesinos-Castellanos, Jose Ruben Morones-Ramirez, Enrique A. López-Guajardo, and Alma Gómez-Loredo. "Application of Extractive Fermentation on the Recuperation of Exopolysaccharide from Rhodotorula mucilaginosa UANL-001L." Fermentation 6, no. 4 (November 13, 2020): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation6040108.
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Exopolysaccharides (EPS) are high molecular weight biomaterials of industrial interest due to their variety of applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, environmental, and food industries. EPS produced by Rhodotorula mucilaginosa UANL-001 L has sparked interest due to its bio-adsorbent and wide spectrum antimicrobial properties. However, full exploitation and commercial application of EPS has been restrained due to low yields and high production costs. In the present work, the production and separation of EPS from Rhodotorula mucilaginosa UANL-001L was attempted through extractive fermentation in order to increase EPS production while simplifying the recovery process. Extractive fermentation was implemented with a thermoseparating polymer for phase formation (EOPO 970 and EOPO 12,000); culture viability, biomass generation, EPS production, rheological system properties, and phase formation time and temperature were monitored throughout the process. Extractive fermentation of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa UANL-001L with EOPO 970 resulted in a 42% EPS and 7% biomass recovery on the top phase after 5 to 13-min phase formation time and temperatures between 30 and 40 °C. This is the first report of extractive fermentation application for EPS production by yeast of the genera Rhodotorula, resulting in an interesting strategy for EPS production and recovery, although further optimization is needed.
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Chmielniak, Tomasz, Leszek Stepien, Marek Sciazko, and Wojciech Nowak. "Effect of Pyrolysis Reactions on Coal and Biomass Gasification Process." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 18, 2021): 5091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14165091.
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Thermodynamic analysis of a gasification process was conducted assuming that it is composed of two successive stages, namely: pyrolysis reaction followed by a stage of gasification reaction. This approach allows formulation the models of selected gasification processes dominating in industrial applications namely: Shell (coal), SES (coal), and DFB (dual fluid bed, biomass) gasification. It was shown that the enthalpy of fuel formation is essential for the correctness of computed results. The specific computational formula for a wide range of fuels enthalpy of formation was developed. The following categories were evaluated in terms of energy balance: total reaction enthalpy of gasification process, enthalpy of pyrolysis reaction, enthalpy of gasification reaction, heat demand for pyrolysis reaction, and heat demand for gasification reactions. The discussion of heat demand for particular stages of gasification related to the various processes was performed concluding the importance of the pyrolysis stage.
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Devidas, Patil Chandrashekhar, Borase Hemant Pandit, and Patil Satish Vitthalrao. "Evaluation of Different Culture Media for Improvement in Bioinsecticides Production by IndigenousBacillus thuringiensisand Their Application against Larvae ofAedes aegypti." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/273030.
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Production of indigenous isolateBacillus thuringiensissv2(Btsv2) was checked on conventional and nonconventional carbon and nitrogen sources in shake flasks. The effects on the production of biomass, toxin production, and spore formation capability of mosquito toxic strain were determined. Toxicity differs within the same strain depending on the growth medium.Btsv2produced with pigeon pea and soya bean flour were found highly effective withLC50<4 ppm against larvae ofAedes aegypti. These results were comparable with bacteria produced from Luria broth as a reference medium. Cost-effective analyses have revealed that production of biopesticide from test media is highly economical. The cost of production ofBtsv2with soya bean flour was significantly reduced by 23-fold. The use of nonconventional sources has yielded a new knowledge in this area as the process development aspects of biomass production have been neglected as an area of research. These studies are very important from the point of media optimization for economic production ofBacillus thuringiensisbased insecticides in mosquito control programmes.
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Sheikh Hoseini, Behnaz, Muhammad Akram, Mehrnaz Sheikh Hosseini, Hossein Rashmanlou, and Rajab Ali Borzooei. "Maximal Product of Graphs under Vague Environment." Mathematical and Computational Applications 25, no. 1 (January 23, 2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mca25010010.
Full textAbstract:
Graph models are found everywhere in natural and human made structures, including process dynamics in physical, biological and social systems. The product of graphs are appropriately used in several combinatorial applications and in the formation of different structural models. In this paper, we present a new product of graphs, namely, maximal product of two vague graphs. Then we describe certain concepts, including strongly, completely, regularity and connectedness on a maximal product of vague graphs. Further, we consider some results of edge regular and totally edge regular in a maximal product of vague graphs. Finally, we present an application for optimization of the biomass based on a maximal product of vague graphs.
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Yang, Haibo, Fei Li, Wei Wang, and Kang Yu. "Estimating Above-Ground Biomass of Potato Using Random Forest and Optimized Hyperspectral Indices." Remote Sensing 13, no. 12 (June 15, 2021): 2339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13122339.
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Spectral indices rarely show consistency in estimating crop traits across growth stages; thus, it is critical to simultaneously evaluate a group of spectral variables and select the most informative spectral indices for retrieving crop traits. The objective of this study was to explore the optimal spectral predictors for above-ground biomass (AGB) by applying Random Forest (RF) on three types of spectral predictors: the full spectrum, published spectral indices (Pub-SIs), and optimized spectral indices (Opt-SIs). Canopy hyperspectral reflectance of potato plants, treated with seven nitrogen (N) rates, was obtained during the tuber formation and tuber bulking from 2015 to 2016. Twelve Pub-SIs were selected, and their spectral bands were optimized using band optimization algorithms. Results showed that the Opt-SIs were the best input variables of RF models. Compared to the best empirical model based on Opt-SIs, the Opt-SIs based RF model improved the prediction of AGB, with R2 increased by 6%, 10%, and 16% at the tuber formation, tuber bulking, and for across the two growth stages, respectively. The Opt-SIs can significantly reduce the number of input variables. The optimized Blue nitrogen index (Opt-BNI) and Modified red-edge normalized difference vegetation index (Opt-mND705) combined with an RF model showed the best performance in estimating potato AGB at the tuber formation stage (R2 = 0.88). In the tuber bulking stage, only using optimized Nitrogen planar domain index (Opt-NPDI) as the input variable of the RF model produced satisfactory accuracy in training and testing datasets, with the R2, RMSE, and RE being 0.92, 208.6 kg/ha, and 10.3%, respectively. The Opt-BNI and Double-peak nitrogen index (Opt-NDDA) coupling with an RF model explained 86% of the variations in potato AGB, with the lowest RMSE (262.9 kg/ha) and RE (14.8%) across two growth stages. This study shows that combining the Opt-SIs and RF can greatly enhance the prediction accuracy for crop AGB while significantly reduces collinearity and redundancies of spectral data.
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Gul, Latife Betul, Osman Gul, and Ahmet Hilmi Con. "Optimization of fermentation conditions for sourdough by three different lactic acid bacteria using response surface methodology." Acta Scientiarum. Technology 44 (January 12, 2022): e57040. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascitechnol.v44i1.57040.
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This study aimed to investigate optimal fermentation conditions for sourdough by freeze-dried Lactobacillus curvatus N19, Weissella cibaria N9 and Lactobacillus brevis ED25 isolated from Turkish sourdough previously. The central composite rotational design was applied to the optimization of fermentation parameters (temperature and time). The fermentation was carried out under a simulated sourdough system and biomass concentration, total acidity, and lactic and acetic acid formation were chosen as response variables. Results showed that the models developed for all variables were significant (p < 0.05) and there was no lack of fit in any of quantifications (p > 0.05), indicating the suitability for representing the relationship between variables and factors. While both of the independent parameters were effect the response, fermentation time was the most significant factor influencing the response. The validation experiments using the optimized condition showed a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values except the lactic and acetic acid formation for W. cibaria N9. In conclusion, freeze-dried L. curvatus N19 can be used as a starter culture to sourdough fermentation for bread industry due to optimum fermentation conditions (29oC temperature and 23h time).
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Kohler, Andrew, Wayne Seames, Ian Foerster, and Clancy Kadrmas. "Catalytic Formation of Lactic and Levulinic Acids from Biomass Derived Monosaccarides through Sn-Beta Formed by Impregnation." Catalysts 10, no. 10 (October 20, 2020): 1219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10101219.
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In the present study, the use of Sn-Beta zeolite to facilitate the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass-derived glucose and xylose into lactic and levulinic acid was explored. The reactions were carried out in a batch reactor using water as the solvent. Water is the preferred solvent over methanol as it reduces downstream product acid recovery and purification complexity. Optimization experiments were performed for reaction temperature and residence time. Under optimized reaction conditions, the Sn-Beta facilitated reaction of a pure sugar solution resulted in lactic acid yields of 13 and 19 wt% of inlet carbon of glucose and xylose, respectively, plus levulinic acid yields of 18 and 0.8 wt%, respectively. When actual biomass-derived sugar solutions were tested, the yields of lactic acid were significantly higher than those from the optimized model solution experiments with lactic acid yields of 34 wt%. These biomass-derived sugar solutions contained residual levels of CaSO4 from the neutralization step of the hydrolysis process. Further experiments were performed to examine the potential effects from CaSO4 contributing to this increase. It was found that the sulfate ions increased the Brønsted basicity and the calcium increased the Lewis acidity of the reaction solution, and that the combination of both effects increased the conversion of the original sugars into lactic acid. These effects were verified by testing other organic bases to isolate the Brønsted acid neutralization effect and the Lewis acid enhancement effect. The addition of CaSO4 resulted in attractive lactic acid yields, 68 wt% and 50 wt% of inlet carbon from pure glucose and xylose solutions, respectively. Increasing the actual corn stover and forage sorghum derived sugars concentration (in water) allowed lactic acids yields of greater than 60 wt% to be achieved. When the optimized Sn-Beta reaction system was applied to corn stover and forage sorghum mixtures, it was found that the ratio of lactic-to-levulinic acid generated was inversely dependent upon the glucose-to-xylose ratio in the recovered sugar mixture.
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Zhu, Xuhai, Bardo Bruijnaers, Tainise V. Lourençon, and Mikhail Balakshin. "Structural Analysis of Lignin-Based Furan Resin." Materials 15, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15010350.
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The global “carbon emission peak” and “carbon neutrality” strategic goals promote us to replace current petroleum-based resin products with biomass-based resins. The use of technical lignins and hemicellulose-derived furfuryl alcohol in the production of biomass-based resins are among the most promising ways. Deep understanding of the resulting resin structure is a prerequisite for the optimization of biomass-based resins. Herein, a semiquantitative 2D HSQC NMR technique supplemented by the quantitative 31P NMR and methoxyl group wet chemistry analysis were employed for the structural elucidation of softwood kraft lignin-based furfuryl alcohol resin (LFA). The LFA was fractionated into water-insoluble (LFA-I) and soluble (LFA-S) parts. The analysis of methoxyl groups showed that the amount of lignin was 85 wt% and 44 wt% in LFA-I and LFA-S fractions, respectively. The HSQC spectra revealed the high diversity of linkages formed between lignin and poly FA (pFA). The HSQC and 31P results indicated the formation of new condensed structures, particularly at the 5-position of the aromatic ring. Esterification reactions between carboxyl groups of lignin and hydroxyl groups of pFA could also occur. Furthermore, it was suggested that lignin phenolic hydroxyl oxygen could attack an opened furan ring to form several aryl ethers structures. Therefore, the LFA resin was produced through crosslinking between lignin fragments and pFA chains.
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Andryushina, V. A., N. V. Karpova, T. S. Stytsenko, V. V. Yaderets, E. D. Voskresenskaya, and V. V. Dzhavakhia. "Optimization of the 9α-hydroxylation of steroid substrates using an original culture of Rhodococcus erythropolis." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 9, no. 3 (July 16, 2018): 430–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021864.
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To obtain inoculation material (cultivation stage 1), the biomass of Rhodococcus erythropolis VKPM AC-1740 was transferred from agar slants into 750 ml conic flasks containing 100 ml of vegetation media of the following composition (g/l): medium 1 – yeast extract, 10.0; glucose, 10.0; soybean flour, 10.0; КН2РО4, 2.0; Na2НРО4, 4.0 (рН 6.8–7.4); medium 2 – corn extract, 15.0; glucose, 10.0; КН2РО4, 2.0; Na2НРО4, 4.0 (рН 6.8–7.4). The culture was grown on a rotary shaker (220 rpm) for 68–72 h at 28–29 °С. To obtain a working biomass (cultivation stage 2), the inoculum obtained at the stage 1 was transferred into flasks containing the same media (the volume of seed material was 20% of the medium volume) and grown under the same conditions for 23–25 h. During a study of the effect of the inducer concentration on the rate of 9α-OH-AD formation, different concentrations (0.25, 0.50, and 1 g/l) of the AD solution in dimethylformamide (DMF) were added to the vegetation medium after 6 h of incubation. To perform AD transformation at a load of 5 g/l, 10 ml of Rh. erythropolis cells at the age of 23–25 h were transferred into 750 mL flasks with baffles containing 40 mL of vegetation medium supplemented with the steroid. AD was added in the form of microcrystals or suspension with a surfactant or DMF. The process was carried out at 28–29 ºC and with constant mixing (220 rpm). During AD transformation at a load of 10–30 g/l, the steroid was preliminarily precipitated from DMF solution. The resulting paste was mixed with a surfactant and transformation medium. The obtained homogeneous suspension was poured in equal amounts into the flasks with baffles, and then a concentrated cell mass was added (25 vol.%). To obtain a cell concentrate, cells were centrifuged for 1 h at 1500 rpm at the age of 23–25 h. The resulting biomass was homogenized, supplemented with a fresh medium to the required volume, and added into transformation flasks. The amount of a biomass required for AD transformation at a load of 10 g/l was 3.13 g/l (dry weight); in the case of a 30 g/l load, the biomass was added by two equal portions, and its total amount was 6.2 g/l (dry weight). The amount of 9α-OH-AD in a culture broth was evaluated by a thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Steroids were extracted by ethylacetate. To perform TLC, Sorbifil plates (Russia) and benzol: acetone mix (3 : 1) were used. HPLC was performed on a Gilson chromatographer (United States) equipped with a Silasorb C-18 column (10 μm, 4.0 × 250 mm); the flow rate was 0.8 ml/min. The mobile phase was МеОН : Н2О mix (70 : 30). The absorbance was measured at 260 nm. Replacement of corn extract, which has an unstable composition, by yeast extract and soybean flour and the use of glucose as an optimal carbon source for a Rh. erythropolis culture have provided a high-yield production of 9α-hydroxy-4-ene-3,17-dione with increased AD loads. Use of such techniques as the inoculum induction and application of surfactants have provided a positive effect on the AD transformation with a load exceeding 10 g/l. During 9α-hydroxylation of AD with a load of 30 g/l, a target product with the yield of 83% has been obtained.
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Kolomietc, Andrey, Nadezda Nicolaeva, Victoria Larina, and Nataliya Chupakhina. "Growing optimization of suspension cultures of medicinal plant cells." E3S Web of Conferences 291 (2021): 02022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129102022.
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Suspension cell cultures allow to save plant material when obtaining biologically active compounds of natural origin. As a result of the studies, optimal parameters were selected to increase the formation of biologically active metabolites in suspension cell cultures of such medicinal plants as Maackia amurensis Rupr., Hyssopus officinalis L. and Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk. Medicinal plants are a large group of plants used as raw materials for the production of medicinal and preventive drugs for medical and animal use. The assortment of phytopreparations is constantly expanding due to the increased demand for natural remedies, due to their less aggressive and toxic nature compared to synthetic ones [1]. Cultivation of medicinal plants in the form of isolated cells in vitro is one of the most modern technologies for rapidly obtaining a large biomass of plant material with stable growth features year-round under controlled conditions [2]. It is known that cells in vitro grow faster and have peculiarities of synthesis and accumulation of biologically active substances compared to intact plants [3]. Isolated cells, unlike tissue cells, also have an advantage for their use as a source of active metabolites, since they have the ability to release these compounds into the intercellular space [4]. The goal of this paper was to select parameters for increasing the biosynthetic activity of cultured suspension cultures of medicinal plant cells in vitro by optimizing cultivation conditions and introducing precursors of secondary metabolite biosynthesis into the nutrient media.
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Zhang, Jie, Yong Zhang, Yanhua Ma, Jian Wang, and Lide Su. "Effect of roller layout on biomass bales quality and baling energy consumption during rotary compression." BioResources 18, no. 2 (February 21, 2023): 2756–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.18.2.2756-2772.
Full textAbstract:
Baling cellulosic biomass into round bales is an effective way to reduce the cost of storage and transportation. To improve the quality of bales and reduce the baling energy consumption, this paper introduces the steel roller layout parameters of the round baler into the biomass baling process. Alfalfa was used as an experimental material for five levels pitch value of roller circumferential layout baling experiments. The results showed that the introduction of chamber non-roundness (pitch value of roller circumferential layout) destroyed the formation of the entanglement high density ring cylindrical shell lamination of the outer layer of bales, which was beneficial to the compression of bales core material. When the pitch value was 30 mm, the maximum baling pressure, radial pressure transfer loss, and the baling energy consumption of baler were reduced by 30.4%, 33.4%, and 13.7%, respectively. When the pitch value was 60 mm, the relaxation ratio and radial density difference were reduced by 6.3% and 35.8%, respectively, and the radial density uniformity of alfalfa bale was increased by 32.0%. The experimental results provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the chamber structural optimization design of the round baler.
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Savvidou, Maria G., Angelo Ferraro, Evangelos Hristoforou, Diomi Mamma, Dimitris Kekos, and Fragiskos N. Kolisis. "Incorporation of Magnetic Nanoparticles into Protoplasts of Microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis: A Tool for Biotechnological Applications." Molecules 25, no. 21 (November 1, 2020): 5068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25215068.
Full textAbstract:
Intensive research on the use of magnetic nanoparticles for biotechnological applications of microalgae biomass guided the development of proper treatment to successfully incorporate them into these single-cell microorganisms. Protoplasts, as cells lacking a cell wall, are extensively used in plant/microalgae genetic manipulation as well as various biotechnological applications. In this work, a detailed study on the formation of protoplasts from Haematococcus pluvialis with the use of enzymatic and mechanical procedures was performed. The optimization of several parameters affecting the formation of protoplasmic cells and cell recovery was investigated. In the enzymatic treatment, a solution of cellulase was studied at different time points of incubation, whereas in the mechanical treatment, glass beads vortexing was used. Mechanical treatment gave better results in comparison to the enzymatic one. Concerning the cell recovery, after the protoplast formation, it was found to be similar in both methods used; cell viability was not investigated. To enhance the protoplast cell wall reconstruction, different “recovery media” with an organic source of carbon or nitrogen were used. Cell morphology during all treatments was evaluated by electron microscopy. The optimal conditions found for protoplast formation and cell reconstruction were successfully used to produce Haematococcus pluvialis cells with magnetic properties.
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Henry O Chibudike, Nelly A Ndukwe, Eunice C Chibudike, Olubamike A Adeyoju, and Nkemdilim I Obi. "MEA-conversion of agro-wastes to paper-pulp: Optimization of pulping conditions." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 11, no. 2 (August 30, 2021): 337–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.11.2.0312.
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This paper investigates the potentials of a novel environmental friendly pulping (Monoethanoleamine-MEA) process in comparison with conventional Soda and Kraft pulping processes in furnishing high yield pulp from agro-biomass for the formation Papers and other paper products. The pulping investigation had three (3) factors at three (3) different levels each: Factor 1, MEA concentration (50, 75 and 100%); Factor 2, cooking time (60, 90 and 120minutes); Factor 3, liquor-biomass ratio (4, 6 and 8) at a fixed temperature of 123±5oC. Consequently, the experimental design had 27 treatments (3×3×3) and 2 replicates. By using a central composite factorial design, equations relating the dependent variable (pulp yield) to the different independent variables (cooking temperature, cooking time and liquor concentration) were derived; reproducing the experimental result for the dependent variable with errors less than 15%. Models were evaluated to analyze the effect of experimental pulping conditions on pulp properties and evaluate the effect of these properties on furnished paper samples. Pulp Screened Yields was in the range of 42.45 to 49.18% calculated on oven dry (O.D) basis. The resultant pulps obtained from the cooking operation had very good appearance, exhibiting fairly bright color, with slow tendency to felt, thereby making drainage and consequent paper making time short. It is recommended that the cellulosic pulp obtained from MEA pulping of EFB is appropriate as virgin fiber for strengthening secondary fibers in recycled papers and also for developing certain types of writing, printing and packaging paper materials. Conclusive investigation on EFB fiber in this research study asserts that it has a promising future (when used in blend with certain long fiber plant i.e. kenaf) in substituting wood in the pulp, paper and fiber- board industry. Conclusive investigation also asserts from over-all parameter achieved that monoethanolamine-MEA when used as the main de-lignifying agent furnished pulp and subsequent paper with good strength properties that can adequately match those from conventional (i.e. kraft and soda) processes and because it works without the use of sulphur compounds, it attributes a particular benefit of simple MEA recovery by distillation, allowing black liquor combustion to be dispensed and the dissolved lignin recovered without negative impact on the environment.
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Parveg, A. S. M. Sazzad, Ramin Ordikhani-Seyedlar, Tejasvi Sharma, Scott K. Shaw, and Albert Ratner. "A Recycling Pathway for Rare Earth Metals (REMs) from E-Waste through Co-Gasification with Biomass." Energies 15, no. 23 (December 2, 2022): 9141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15239141.
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This manuscript investigates an improvised gasification process for capturing and recycling rare earth metals (REMs) from consumer and industrial electronic wastes, often termed “e-waste”. The proposed procedure is based on the formation of coalesced and aggregated metal nodules on biochar surfaces through the gasification of e-waste mixed with gasifier feedstocks. A preliminary understanding of metal nodule formation based on different atmospheric conditions (inert, oxidizing, and oxidizing followed by reducing atmospheres) was examined in both pilot-scale gasifier and tube furnace experiments using iron powder mixed with corn. Iron powder is representative of the REM in the e-waste. Metal nodule sizes, morphology, and composition are analyzed and compared via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) techniques. We conclude that sintering is the key mechanism responsible for metal nodule growth through metal particle coalescence and aggregation by migration and diffusion of metal particles on biochar surfaces at elevated temperatures. Oxidizing atmosphere followed by a reducing atmosphere facilitates larger metal nodule growth compared to only an inert or oxidizing atmosphere. Additionally, the effect of adding NaCl salt is investigated on lowering the metal nodules’ surface energy and enhancing both metal particle and metal nodule agglomeration characteristics. Salt addition facilitates spherical metal nodule formation without any significant effect on the nodule composition and localized formation of nodules.
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Hrechyn, Bohdan, Yevhen Krykavskyy, and Jacek Binda. "The Development of a Model of Economic and Ecological Evaluation of Wooden Biomass Supply Chains." Energies 14, no. 24 (December 20, 2021): 8574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248574.
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This scientific publication is dedicated to the development of scientific methodological and practical recommendations about the formation of ecologistics approaches towards usage of the energetical potential of wooden biomass as a promising trend of economic activity subject development. The hierarchy of ecological chain build-up is established, which will allow one to effectively organize the logistics of supply of biomass to the place of energy production. The methodological approaches to modeling of economic and ecological evaluation of wooden mass supply chain were improved. It is aimed to the calculation of expanses and harmful emissions that depend on specific logistics processes in implementation of perspective actions of collection and recycling of wooden biomass and substitution of non-renewable energy sources by it, which, on the one hand, analyzes the actual state of affairs of knowledge in the field of ecological processes evaluation, and on the other hand, however, identifies restrictions on the amounts of potential provision of biomass. Due to the proposed model of economic and ecological evaluation of the supply chain of wooden biomass and the development of software with a database that covers information on specific logistics processes, it will be possible to conduct economic and ecological evaluation on each step of the logistics chain, present specific processes in cash equivalents, depict ecological effectiveness, and identify the most vulnerable points of the logistics system, opening vast opportunities for improvement of other supply systems.
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Oslan, Siti Nur Hazwani, Noor Fazliani Shoparwe, Abdul Hafidz Yusoff, Ainihayati Abdul Rahim, Chang Shen Chang, Joo Shun Tan, Siti Nurbaya Oslan, et al. "A Review on Haematococcus pluvialis Bioprocess Optimization of Green and Red Stage Culture Conditions for the Production of Natural Astaxanthin." Biomolecules 11, no. 2 (February 10, 2021): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11020256.
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As the most recognizable natural secondary carotenoid astaxanthin producer, the green microalga Haematococcus pluvialis cultivation is performed via a two-stage process. The first is dedicated to biomass accumulation under growth-favoring conditions (green stage), and the second stage is for astaxanthin evolution under various stress conditions (red stage). This mini-review discusses the further improvement made on astaxanthin production by providing an overview of recent works on H. pluvialis, including the valuable ideas for bioprocess optimization on cell growth, and the current stress-exerting strategies for astaxanthin pigment production. The effects of nutrient constituents, especially nitrogen and carbon sources, and illumination intensity are emphasized during the green stage. On the other hand, the significance of the nitrogen depletion strategy and other exogenous factors comprising salinity, illumination, and temperature are considered for the astaxanthin inducement during the red stage. In short, any factor that interferes with the cellular processes that limit the growth or photosynthesis in the green stage could trigger the encystment process and astaxanthin formation during the red stage. This review provides an insight regarding the parameters involved in bioprocess optimization for high-value astaxanthin biosynthesis from H. pluvialis.
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Goldšteins, Linards, Māris Gunārs Dzenis, Raimonds Valdmanis, Maija Zaķe, and Alexandr Arshanitsa. "Thermo-Chemical Conversion of Microwave Selectively Pre-Treated Biomass Blends." Energies 15, no. 3 (January 20, 2022): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15030755.
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Possibilities of more efficient use of regional lignocellulosic resources (wood, wheat straw, peat) of different origin for an environmentally friendly energy production using selectively MW pre-treated blends of commercial wood or wheat straw pellets with raw peat pellets are studied. A hypothesis is proposed and tested that selective MW pre-treatment of wood or wheat straw pellets at the frequency 2.45 GHz and blending of MW pre-treated pellets with raw peat pellets can be used to enhance and control the thermo-chemical conversion of biomass blends. To test this hypothesis, a combined experimental study and mathematical modelling of the processes were performed. The thermo-chemical conversion of selectively activated blends was experimentally studied using a batch-size pilot device, which consists of a biomass gasifier and a combustor. To evaluate the effect of selective MW pre-treatment of biomass pellets on the thermo-chemical conversion of pre-treated blends, measurements of the kinetics of weight loss, yield of combustible volatiles, flame temperature, heat output of the device, and composition of emissions were made at different MW pre-treatment regimes of wheat straw and wood pellets and different mass fractions of pre-treated pellets in biomass blends. The developed novel 2D numerical model of thermo-chemical conversion of MW pre-treated straw confirmed that the pre-treatment of wheat straw pellets increases the generated heat and significantly affects the temperature distribution in the flame/bed zones. It was confirmed that MW pre-treatment leads to a faster thermal decomposition of biomass pellets, synergistically activating the non-treated parts of blends. The overall improved yield of combustible volatiles and their complete combustion provide a surplus of heat production by limiting the formation of GHG emissions, which allows promoting MW pre-treated biomass of different origin as efficient regional bioenergy resources for energy production.
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Khabibullin, Rustem, Thao Le Huong, Olga Ivanchenko, and Andrey Petrov. "Energy efficiency of food production wastewater anaerobic-aerobic treatment." E3S Web of Conferences 140 (2019): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201914001001.
Full textAbstract:
The advanced energyand resource saving technologies of food production wastewater treatment include anaerobic and aerobic steps. At present, various methods of intensification and optimization are used to increase the efficiency of anaerobic processes of wastewater treatment, including selection of active microbial communities, providing the optimum temperature regime, immobilizing biomass by granulation or biofilm formation, reducing various inhibitory effects, phase separation or pre-acidification, chemical or biological pretreatment of wastewater. The aim of this investigation was researching the effect of hydraulic and organic load rates on the energy efficiency of the wastewater treatment process and evaluating the energy efficiency depending on process conditions. Experimental laboratory installation included subsequently connected bioreactors, one from which acted as first stage and other bioreactors as the second stages of anaerobic process. It was shown that the biogas formation at the first and second stages differs significantly. A small volume of released biogas on the first stage allows us to ignore it, but characteristics of biogas formation at the second stage bioreactors are close and are described by general functional dependence. The specific yield of biogas from the organic matter consumed Ybg is independent of the specific organic load rate L, but is dependent on the specific flow rate of the treated water D.
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Angelova, Galena, Elizabet Govedarova, Mariya Brazkova, Georgi Kostov, and Albert Krastanov. "Optimization of exopolysaccharide synthesys by medicinal fungus Trametes versicolor in submerged culture." Agricultural Sciences 13, no. 30 (September 20, 2021): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.22620/agrisci.2021.30.012.
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The species Trametes versicolor refers to medicinal mushroom well known in traditional Asian medicine for over 2000 years. Due to the long time required for basidiocarp formation, attention has recently been given to the submerged cultivation method for the production of mycelial biomass and various bioactive components. Exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by Trametes versicolor are essential components possessing numerous functionalities and exhibiting potential medicinal applications. The subject of this investigation is higher fungus Trametes versicolor isolated from Bulgaria. Four well-defined culture media were studied to select the medium that maximizes production of EPS in submerged cultivation. The M3 was shown to provide the highest yields of EPS and was further investigated to optimize EPS production conditions. The initial glucose concentration was found to be the most important factor in both EPS production and cell growth. The maximum biopolymer quantity of 1.067 g/L was obtained at 40 g/L glucose. For examination and evaluation of the correlation between the carbon source and the complex influence of the nitrogen sources over the mycelial growth and the EPS synthesis and the optimization of the media orthogonal central composition design 23 with star arm ±α=1.454671 was applied. The experimental design was based on 21 combinations. Dynamic cultivation was carried out after the optimization of the media for determination of the effect of the duration of the cultivation process over the Trametes versicolor growth and EPS gain. Maximum EPS yield was observed after 216 hours.
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Havilah, Pulla Rose, Amit Kumar Sharma, Gopalakrishnan Govindasamy, Leonidas Matsakas, and Alok Patel. "Biomass Gasification in Downdraft Gasifiers: A Technical Review on Production, Up-Gradation and Application of Synthesis Gas." Energies 15, no. 11 (May 26, 2022): 3938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15113938.
Full textAbstract:
Rapid climate change and forecasted damage from fossil fuel combustion, forced researchers to investigate renewable and clean energy sources for the sustainable development of societies throughout the world. Biomass-based energy is one of the most important renewable energy sources for meeting daily energy needs, which are gaining in popularity daily. Gasification-based bioenergy production is an effective way to replace fossil fuels and reduce CO2 emissions. Even though biomass gasification has been studied extensively, there is still much opportunity for improvement in terms of high-quality syngas generation (high H2/CO ratio) and reduced tar formation. Furthermore, the presence of tar has a considerable impact on syngas quality. Downdraft gasifiers have recently shown a significant potential for producing high-quality syngas with lower tar concentrations. This article presents a comprehensive review on the advancement in biomass downdraft gasification technologies for high-quality synthesis gas. In addition, factors affecting syngas production and composition e.g., equivalency ratio, temperature, particle size, and gasification medium on synthesis gas generation are also comprehensively studied. The up-gradation and various applications of synthesis gas are also discussed in brief in this review article.
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Doustdar, Omid, Soheil Zeraati-Rezaei, Jose Martin Herreros, Athanasios Tsolakis, Karl D. Dearn, and Miroslaw Lech Wyszynski. "Tribological Performance of Biomass-Derived Bio-Alcohol and Bio-Ketone Fuels." Energies 14, no. 17 (August 27, 2021): 5331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175331.
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This study relates to developing future alternative fuels and focuses on the effects of a fuel’s molecular structure on its properties and performance in advanced propulsion systems. The tribological performance of various biomass-derived oxygenated alternative fuels, including butanol, pentanol, cyclopentanol, cyclopentanone, and gasoline and their blends with diesel, was investigated. Lubricity tests were conducted using a high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR). Cyclopentanone-diesel and cyclopentanol-diesel blends result in smaller wear scar sizes compared to using their neat forms. A lower steel disc contaminated with the alternative fuels during the HFRR tests resulted in worn surface roughness values lower than those of the neat diesel by up to 20%. It is believed that these reductions are mainly due to the presence of the hydroxyl group and the carbonyl group in alcohols and ketones, respectively, which make them more polar and consequently helps the formation of the protective lubrication film on the worn moving surfaces during the sliding process. Overall, the results from this study indicate that environmentally friendly cyclopentanol and cyclopentanone are practical and efficient fuel candidates for future advanced propulsion systems.
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Yuan, Yahong, Yuting Tian, and Tianli Yue. "Improvement of Coenzyme Q10 Production: Mutagenesis Induced by High Hydrostatic Pressure Treatment and Optimization of Fermentation Conditions." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/607329.
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Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10, ubiquinone), a potent antioxidative dietary supplement, was produced by submerged fermentation usingAgrobacterium tumefaciensinstead of chemical synthesis or solvent extraction.Agrobacterium tumefaciens1.2554 was subjected to mutagenesis using a series of treatments including high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment, UV irradiation, and diethyl sulfate (DES) treatment to obtain mutant strains showing higher CoQ10 production than wild-type strains. A mutant strain PK38 with four genetic markers was isolated: the specific CoQ10 content of the mutant strain increased by 52.83% compared with the original strain. Effects of carbon and nitrogen sources on CoQ10 production with PK38 were studied. Sucrose at concentration of 30 g/l was tested as the best carbon source, and yeast extract at concentration of 30 g/l supplemented with 10 g/l of ammonium sulfate was identified to be the most favorable for CoQ10 production using PK38. Fed-batch culture strategy was then used for increasing production of CoQ10 in 5-l fermentor. Using the exponential feeding fed-batch culture of sucrose, cell growth and CoQ10 formation were significantly improved. With this strategy, the final cell biomass, CoQ10 production, and specific CoQ10 production increased by 126.11, 173.12, and 22.76%, respectively, compared to those of batch culture.
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Kaziūnienė, Justina, Raimonda Mažylytė, Aurimas Krasauskas, Monika Toleikienė, and Audrius Gegeckas. "Optimizing the Growth Conditions of the Selected Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Paenibacillus sp. MVY-024 for Industrial Scale Production." Biology 11, no. 5 (May 13, 2022): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11050745.
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In this study, thirteen isolates, which were possibly expected to fix nitrogen, were isolated from soil and pea root nodules and identified by the gene analysis of 16S rDNA sequences. Two of these isolates that were able to form endospores and grow on nitrogen-free media were selected for spring wheat development research. The isolate Paenibacillus sp. S7 identified as Paenibacillus polymyxa was found to significantly increase the amount of ammonium and mineral N amounts in the soil. Furthermore, increased nitrogen accumulation in grains and a chlorophyll index were obtained after wheat treatment. Paenibacillus sp. S7 isolate was selected for further studies and the accession number MT900581 and strain name MVY-024 in NCBI nucleotide bank for this isolate were assigned. During the cultivation of Paenibacillus sp. MVY-024, sugarcane molasses and a yeast extract were determined as the most suitable carbon and nitrogen sources, whose optimal concentrations were 100 g L−1 and 10 g L−1, respectively. The optimal pH range for the cell culture was between 6.5 and 7.0, and the optimal air flow rate was 0.4 vvm. It was found that the air flow has an effect on biomass production and endospore formation. After Paenibacillus sp. MVY-024 biomass cultivation optimization, the cultured cell number was, on average, 2.2 × 109 cfu m L−1.
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Singh, Dattu, Vandana Rathod, Shivaraj Ninganagouda, Jyothi Hiremath, Ashish Kumar Singh, and Jasmine Mathew. "Optimization and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticle by Endophytic FungiPenicilliumsp. Isolated fromCurcuma longa(Turmeric) and Application Studies against MDRE. coliandS. aureus." Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/408021.
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Development of ecofriendly and reliable processes for the synthesis of nanoparticles has attracted considerable interest in nanotechnology because of its tremendous impetus in modulating metals into nanosize to their potential use for human benefits. In this study an endophytic fungus,Penicilliumsp., isolated from healthy leaves ofCurcuma longa(turmeric) was subjected to extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNps) and their activity against MDRE. coliandS. aureus. The biosynthesized AgNps optimization was studied and characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Then produced AgNps were tested against MDRE. coliandS. aureus. The endophytic fungusPenicilliumsp. from healthy leaves ofC. longa(turmeric) was found to be a good producer of AgNps. Parametric optimization showed maximum absorbance of 420–425 nm at pH-7, 25°C with 1 mM AgNO3concentration and 15–20 g of wet biomass. Further TEM revealed the formation of spherical, well-dispersed nanoparticles with size ranging between 25 and 30 nm and FTIR shows the bands at 1644 and 1538 cm−1corresponding to the binding vibrations of amide I and II bands of proteins, respectively. Antibacterial activity against MDRE. coliandS. aureusshowed good results showing maximum zone of inhibition of 17 mm and 16 mm, respectively, at 80 µL of AgNps.
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Le Thi, Tuoi, Hue Le Thi, Kiet Cao Tuan, Hieu Nguyen Duc, Hong Do Thi, Mai Le Thi Tuyet, and Huyen Vu Thi Bich. "Effect of coordination nutritional ingredients on the development and cordycepin, adenosin production of Cordyceps militaris ĐÁNH GIÁ HIỆU QUẢ BỔ SUNG MỘT SỐ NGUỒN NITƠ VÀ CARBON VÀO MÔI TRƢỜNG NUÔI CẤY ĐẾN SỰ PHÁT TRIỂN VÀ KHẢ NĂNG TÍCH LUỸ HOẠT CHẤT CỦA NẤM ĐÔNG TRÙNG HẠ THẢO Cordyceps militaris." Journal of Science Natural Science 66, no. 4F (November 2021): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18173/2354-1059.2021-0071.
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Cordyceps militaris is an insect parasitic fungus with high medicinal value similar to Cordyceps sinensis and has great economic value. Ensuring the balance between the biomass and the bioactive potential of C. militaris plays an important role in the development of quality products from this medicinal fungus. In this study, nitrogen sources (fresh silkworm pupae, peptone, yeast extract) with different concentrations were used to evaluate the effect on yield, morphology and content of cordycepin, adenosine of C. militaris. The results showed that the N1 medium using 20 g\L fresh silkworm pupae, 0.5g\L KH2PO4 and 0.5g\L MgSO4 gave the highest yield and active ingredient content, with cordycepin yield of 17.01 mg\jar. Adding carbon sources (glucose and sucrose) at concentrations (10, 20, 40 g\L) to N1 medium can shorten the time of filamentous spreading and the time of fruit body formation, but significantly reduce cordycepin content. This result has important implications for medium optimization for C. militaris culturing.
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Citarella, Andrea, Arianna Amenta, Daniele Passarella, and Nicola Micale. "Cyrene: A Green Solvent for the Synthesis of Bioactive Molecules and Functional Biomaterials." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 24 (December 15, 2022): 15960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415960.
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In the panorama of sustainable chemistry, the use of green solvents is increasingly emerging for the optimization of more eco-friendly processes which look to a future of biocompatibility and recycling. The green solvent Cyrene, obtained from biomass via a two-step synthesis, is increasingly being introduced as the solvent of choice for the development of green synthetic transformations and for the production of biomaterials, thanks to its interesting biocompatibility, non-toxic and non-mutagenic properties. Our review offers an overview of the most important organic reactions that have been investigated to date in Cyrene as a medium, in particular focusing on those that could potentially lead to the formation of relevant chemical bonds in bioactive molecules. On the other hand, a description of the employment of Cyrene in the production of biomaterials has also been taken into consideration, providing a point-by-point overview of the use of Cyrene to date in the aforementioned fields.
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Song, Yuqiu, Yingjun Han, Lulu Wang, Wenyu Zhang, Tianyou Chen, Jun Meng, Mingjin Xin, Yuxin Liu, and Renbao Shan. "Parameters optimization for compressing a mixture of decomposed rice straw and biochar into a seedling-raising mat." BioResources 17, no. 4 (September 21, 2022): 6293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.4.6293-6302.
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Transplanting is the prime growing pattern for rice production, and seedling raising is an essential step of the process. However, the massive soil source and the complicated treatments needed for seedling raising are major issues. This study explored the possibility of using compressed-decomposed rice straw and biochar from rice husk into a seedling-raising mat, to replace the soil and simplify the seeding process. A quadratic rotation-orthogonal combination experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of moisture content, pressure, and residence time on the formation of seedling-raising mat. The regression models between the compressing indicators and the process factors were established. The results showed that the following factors had significant effect on bending strength of the formed mat (P < 0.01): the pressure and residence time have extreme effects on dimensional stability (P < 0.01); but the influence of moisture content was insignificant (P > 0.05). The process parameters for compression were optimized and verified using Design-Expert software 8.0.6. The optimized parameters were moisture content of 33%, pressure of 23.0 MPa, and residence time of 61 s. The prediction error is less than 6% under this condition. The results may provide a reference for biomass seedling-raising mat compression.
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Król, Danuta, Przemysław Motyl, and Sławomir Poskrobko. "Chlorine Corrosion in a Low-Power Boiler Fired with Agricultural Biomass." Energies 15, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15010382.
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The selection of appropriate heat-resistant materials which are at the same time resistant to atmospheres rich in chlorine and its compounds is one of the most important current construction problems in steel boiler elements when using biomass fuels of agricultural origin. In the research presented here, an area was identified in the furnace of a 10 kW boiler where there was a potential risk of chlorine corrosion. This zone was determined based on numerical analysis of the combustion process; it is the zone with the highest temperatures and where the gas atmosphere conducive to the formation of chlorine corrosion centers. Subsequently, tests were carried out in the process environment of the combustion chamber of a 10 kW boiler (the fuel was barley straw) by placing samples of eight construction materials in a numerically-designated zone. These included samples of steel (coal boiler St41K, heat-resistant H25T and H24JS, and heat-resistant valve 50H21G9N4) as well as intermetallic materials based on phases (FeAl, Fe3Al, NiAl, and Ni3Al). The samples remained in the atmosphere of the boiler furnace for 1152 h at a temperature of 750–900 °C. After this time, the surfaces of the samples were subjected to SEM microscopy and scanning analysis. The results showed that the St41K boiler steel was not suitable for operation under the assumed conditions, and that a thick layer of complex corrosion products was visible on its surface. The least amount of corrosion damage was observed for the samples of 50H21G9N4 steel and intermetallic materials.
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Isemin, Rafail, Fouzi Tabet, Artemy Nebyvaev, Vadim Kokh-Tatarenko, Sergey Kuzmin, Oleg Milovanov, Dmitry Klimov, Alexander Mikhalev, Semen Dobkin, and Yuri Zhulaev. "Prediction of the Behavior of Sunflower Husk Ash after Its Processing by Various Torrefaction Methods." Energies 15, no. 20 (October 11, 2022): 7483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15207483.
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Biomass can be considered an alternative to coal in the production of heat and electricity. Many types of biomass are waste from agriculture and the food industry. This waste is cheap, readily available, and replenished annually. However, most agricultural and food industry wastes (sugar cane pulp, olive and sunflower oil production wastes, straw, etc.) have ash with a low melting point. This leads to a rapid growth of ash deposits on the heating surfaces of boilers; as a result, the actual efficiency of boilers in which waste from agriculture and the food industry is burned is 45–50%. Known biomass pre-treatment technologies that allow for the fuel characteristics of biowaste. For example, leaching of biowaste in water at a temperature of 80–240 °C makes it possible to drastically reduce the content of alkali metal compounds in the ash, the presence of which reduces the melting point of the ash. However, this biomass pre-treatment technology is complex and requires additional costs for drying the treated biomass. We proposed to use torrefaction for pre-treatment of biomass, which makes it possible to increase the heat of combustion of biomass, increase the hydrophobicity of biomass, and reduce the cost of grinding it. However, we are not aware of studies that have studied the effect of torrefaction on the chemical composition of ash from the point of view of solving the problem of preventing the formation of agglomerates and reducing the growth rate of ash deposits on the convective heating surfaces of boilers. In this paper, the characteristics of sunflower husk subjected to torrefaction in an environment of superheated steam at a temperature of 300 °C and in an environment of gaseous products at a temperature of 250 °C are studied. All experiments were conducted using fluidized bed technology. The resulting biochar has a calorific value of 14.8–23% higher than the initial husk. To assess the behavior of sunflower husk ash, predictive coefficients were calculated. Torrefaction of sunflower husks does not exclude the possibility of slagging of the furnace but reduces the likelihood of slagging by 2.31–7.27 times. According to calculations, the torrefaction of sunflower husks reduces the likelihood of ash deposits on the convective heating surfaces of the boiler by 2.1–12.2 times. According to its fuel characteristics, the husk, after torrefaction in an environment of superheated steam, approaches wood waste, i.e., can be burned separately without additives or mixtures with other fuels with refractory ash.
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Udalova, O. R., G. G. Panova, and L. M. Anikina. "EFFECT OF PEAT BRIQUETTES ON THE FORMATION OF CUCUMBER SEEDLINGS IN INTENSIVE LIGHT CULTURE." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 4 (July 27, 2018): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2018-4-98-103.
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Obtaining high-quality seedlings is an essential condition for growing vegetables in modern cultivation facilities of protected ground. The influence of the composition and properties of peat briquettes on the growth and development of hybrid F1 of cucumber Zozulya seedlings, indicators of plant leaves photosynthetic activity, their net productivity in cultivation under controlled conditions of intensive light culture were investigated. It is shown how the change in the composition of peat briquettes affects their hydrophysical properties: volume, density, moisture absorbing capacity, etc., which is reflected in the state of cucumber seedlings. Thus, for the grown cucumber seedlings, peat briquettes had more favorable hydrophysical properties, which included, in addition to neutralized peat, Cambrian clay, separately or in combination with straw in the amount of 10% of the peat volume, or with sapropel. The moisture absorbing capacity in the considered peat briquettes was optimal for growing plants in conditions of intensive light culture and ranged from 617 to 774%. Optimization of the hydrophysical properties of peat briquettes was positively reflected in the photosynthetic activity of the leaves. The photosynthetic potential increased by 20-29%, the leaf surface area – by 19-40%; net productivity of plants photosynthesis – by 0.6-3.2 g/m2 per day, which eventually led to the formation of plants with a higher biomass – by 10-48%. An increase in the content of straw in the peat briquette to 20% led to a decrease in the moisture absorbing capacity of the peat briquette, which contributed to a certain deterioration in the physiological state of plants and, as a consequence, to a tendency towards to reduce the mass of plant seedlings.
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Han, Chao, Shibin Nie, Zegong Liu, Jinian Yang, Hong Zhang, Haoran Zhang, Jiayi Li, and Zihan Wang. "A Novel Highly Stable Biomass Gel Foam Based on Double Cross-Linked Structure for Inhibiting Coal Spontaneous Combustion." Energies 15, no. 14 (July 18, 2022): 5207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15145207.
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To enhance the stability of biomass gel foam used for inhibiting coal spontaneous combustion (CSC), a novel highly stable biomass gel foam (SA-Ca2+@TA-GF) based on a double cross-linked structure was prepared by introducing tannic acid (TA) into a gel form (sodium alginate/calcium L-lactate/composite foaming agent). FT-IR confirmed the formation of the double cross-linked structure. The effects of TA concentration on the performance of SA-Ca2+@TA-GF were analyzed, considering gelation time, half-life, film microstructure, and strength. With the addition of 1.6 wt% TA, SA-Ca2+@TA-GF forms a dense foam structure with a gelation time of 10 min. The half-life of the gel foam improves from 0.4 to 30 days and the strength increases by 72.9% compared to that of foam without TA. The inhibition experiments show that SA-Ca2+@TA-GF can asphyxiate coal, thus effectively inhibiting coal oxidation. Additionally, it can increase the temperature of coal at the rapid oxidation stage by 60 °C, and the CO inhibition rate is up to 79.6% at 200 °C. The fire-fighting experiment shows that SA-Ca2+@TA-GF can effectively cool coal and quickly extinguish fires. This study provides a simple method to prepare highly stable biomass gel foams, which is useful for improving the efficiency of gel foams in inhibiting CSC.
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Kraszkiewicz, Artur, Artur Przywara, and Stanisław Parafiniuk. "Emission of Nitric Oxide during the Combustion of Various Forms of Solid Biofuels in a Low-Power Heating Device." Energies 15, no. 16 (August 17, 2022): 5960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15165960.
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In this study, in terms of the mechanisms of nitric oxide (NO) emissions, research was carried out to consider the impact of physical and chemical properties of wood and herbaceous biomass processed into pellets and briquettes in the course of the combustion process (in individual phases) in a low-power heating device. Combustion tests in the grate heating device showed statistically significant differences in the combustion process and thus carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions in the fuel form and the combustion phase. In terms of assessing the ecological and energy parameters of the combustion process, the nitrogen content in biomass was not the most important factor indicating the formation of NO emissions. Usually, the strongest correlations were observed with the formation of NO emissions in the first phase of combustion, which was related to the emissions of CO and SO2. In the second and third flame phases, a significant reduction in NO emissions was observed, which was poorly positively dependent on the nitrogen contained in the fuel. In addition, it has been shown that the fuel geometric features greatly influence NO content in the exhaust gases in the first combustion phase. It is also indicated that further research is required, considering the possibility of reducing volatile flue gas fractions, which will lead to the development of low-emission and highly efficient biofuel combustion technologies in low-power heating devices.