Journal articles: 'Optimal Spatial Policy'

1

Costello, Christopher, and Stephen Polasky. "Optimal harvesting of stochastic spatial resources." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 56, no. 1 (July 2008): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2008.03.001.

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MICKIEWICZ, Paweł, and Maciej J. NOWAK. "The role of spatial policy tools protecting the space as a public good." Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2020, no. 146 (2020): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2020.146.20.

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Purpose: The aim of the paper is to indicate functions that spatial policy tools at local level 10 should fulfill while protecting the space understood as a public good. Design/methodology/approach: The paper is of a review nature, but it refers to results of conducted research, included in the context of public goods. Findings: The area of communes covered by local plans is varied and very often depends on random circumstances from the perspective of the main spatial policy framework. The above illustrates diverse conditions, in which spatial conflicts may occur. Factors that should theoretically play an ordering role actually bring much more chaos. Therefore, the behavior of communal authorities in the implementation of spatial policy is contained in the sphere of impacts difficult to clearly predict, about which E. Ostrom mentioned. Social implications: In the context of current problems occurring in the spatial management system, it is worth developing the approach to space as a public good. This will help to adapt the approaches and characteristics of public goods to the current conditions of spatial management system and optimal role of spatial policy tools. Originality/value: This paper defines the roles of spatial policy tools protecting the space understood as a public good. Space protection in this approach must be implemented through specific spatial policy tools. The paper verifies the real scope of such protection. An attempt was made to translate approaches and dilemmas regarding public goods into conditions related to the spatial management system.

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Nowak, Maciej J. "Environmental Protection in Strategic Instruments of Spatial Policy in Poland." Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae 18, no. 4 (December 21, 2020): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/seb.2020.18.4.05.

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Ensuring environmental protection requires the use of various instruments, including spatial policy ones. Appropriate integration of environmental issues in spatial policy is still a major challenge. The aim of this article is to determine the direction of optimal environmental protection in strategic tools of spatial policy. The article indicates optimal expectations for spatial policy instruments, from an environmental perspective. Then, it verifies the extent to which these expectations are, or can be, included in the current system. The research part verifies studies of conditions and directions of the spatial development of voivode cities, in terms of using key elements from an environmental perspective. The analyses and research show that, especially in strategic instruments at the local level, consideration should be given to determining the importance of protected areas in shaping the environment, indicating potential solutions to environmental threats, and the social context of environmental protection. However, attempts at such activities are undertaken, largely, to a very limited extent.

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Bai, Ling, and Ke Wang. "Gilpin–Ayala model with spatial diffusion and its optimal harvesting policy." Applied Mathematics and Computation 171, no. 1 (December 2005): 531–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2005.01.068.

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Hafiz, Muhamad, Ayuning Budiati, and Rina Yulianti. "Implementasi Kebijakan Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRW) Dalam Mewujudkan Ruang Terbuka Hijau (RTH) Publik di Kota Tangerang Selatan." JDKP Jurnal Desentralisasi dan Kebijakan Publik 3, no. 2 (January 9, 2023): 418–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.30656/jdkp.v3i2.5920.

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This research focuses on the Implementation of Regional Spatial Planning Policy in Fulfillment of Green Open Space in South Tangerang City. The aim of the research is to find out how the Implementation of Regional Spatial Planning Policy in Creating Green Open Space in South Tangerang City. The theory of policy implementation from Van Metter and Van Horn, namely policy standards and objectives, resources, characteristics of implementing organizations, inter-organizational communication, dispositions or attitudes of implementers and the social, political and economic environment. The research method used is descriptive qualitative method. The results of the research show that (1) the standards and policy objectives are not optima, (2) the resources are quite optimal, (3) the characteristics of the organization implementing the green open space policy are less than optimal, (4) the communication of implementing organizations is good, (5) the disposition or attitude of the executors is still not optimal, (6) the social, political and economic environment of green open space policies is less than optimal marked by the lack of support from the political elite for regional spatial planning policies in fulfilling green open spaces in South Tangerang City.

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Chakravorty, Ujjayant, Eithan Hochman, and David Zilberman. "A Spatial Model of Optimal Water Conveyance." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 29, no. 1 (July 1995): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jeem.1995.1029.

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Rossi-Hansberg, Esteban, Pierre-Daniel Sarte, and Felipe Schwartzman. "Local Industrial Policy and Sectoral Hubs." AEA Papers and Proceedings 111 (May 1, 2021): 526–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20211076.

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We study the desirability of industrial policies that generate sectoral hubs using a quantitative spatial model with cognitive nonroutine and other occupations. The productivity of each occupation in an industry depends on sector-specific production externalities, which we estimate using a model-implied instrumental variable approach. We find that the optimal policy gives rise to national hubs in coastal cities in tradable services, like professional services, and smaller regional hubs in less tradable services, like health and education. The optimal policy prescribes developing manufacturing in smaller towns. We decompose the implied changes in local costs and the available varieties in each sector.

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Sanchirico, James N., and James E. Wilen. "Optimal spatial management of renewable resources: matching policy scope to ecosystem scale." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 50, no. 1 (July 2005): 23–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2004.11.001.

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Hall, Kim Meyer, Heidi J. Albers, Majid Alkaee Taleghan, and Thomas G. Dietterich. "Optimal Spatial-Dynamic Management of Stochastic Species Invasions." Environmental and Resource Economics 70, no. 2 (March 23, 2017): 403–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10640-017-0127-6.

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Li, Mingze, Yuan Huang, and Mingdan Han. "How to Maintain a Sustainable Environment? A Spatial Evolution of Urban Atmospheric Pollution and Impact Factors in China." Sustainability 11, no. 16 (August 13, 2019): 4376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11164376.

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Urban pollution has significantly contributed to the spread of diseases and global warming. The analysis of spatial distribution characteristics of atmospheric pollutants is crucial for making sustainable industrial policy, and environmentally friendly urban planning. In this paper, GeoDa software is used to analyze how sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and smoke dust (DUS) are spatially distributed in various provinces of China. Then, global spatial correlation test and cluster analysis are carried out to obtain the spatial evolution characteristics of three pollutants. Afterward, the spatial panel data model is applied to explore the factors that affect the spatial evolution of SO2, NOx and smoke dust (DUS) nationwide. MATLAB is used to estimate the Spatial Lag Model (SLM) and the Spatial Error Model (SEM) of the three pollutants, respectively. According to our analysis, SEM is more applicable for SO2 and NOx, whereas SLM is optimal for smoke dust (DUS). The results show that foreign direct investment (FDI), industrial structure, and urbanization aggravate environmental pollution, while per capita gross domestic products (per capita GDP) has a negative relationship with the cluster of pollutants. The study concludes by informing public policy makers on environment friendly policies for a more sustainable development.

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Goswami, Arti Grover, and Somik V. Lall. "Jobs and Land Use within Cities: A Survey of Theory, Evidence, and Policy." World Bank Research Observer 34, no. 2 (August 1, 2019): 198–238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkz004.

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Abstract Over the last century, the urban spatial structure of cities has transformed dramatically from a traditional monocentric configuration to varying forms of decentralized organization. This paper reviews theory and empirical evidence to understand the urban morphology of jobs and land use within a city. Our survey highlights four broad insights: (i) The evolution of monocentric to polycentric centers have been accompanied by structural changes within the city. (ii) The internal geography of a city is an outcome of the trade-off between the pull from agglomeration economies and the push from congestion. (iii) The presence of externalities implies that the equilibrium spatial organization achieved by profit-maximizing firms may not necessarily be optimal. This justifies the role of public policy in addressing associated market failures. (iv) The productive edge and competitiveness of a city can be enhanced by introducing policies that increase the overall connectivity to take advantage of economic opportunities across the metropolitan area. The survey also puts together a wide range of policy instruments useful in closing the gap between equilibrium urban spatial structures and the optimal outcome.

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Jack, William. "Optimal risk adjustment with adverse selection and spatial competition." Journal of Health Economics 25, no. 5 (September 2006): 908–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2006.01.005.

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LUO, ZHIXUE, and ZE-RONG HE. "OPTIMAL HARVESTING PROBLEM FOR AN AGE-DEPENDENT n-DIMENSIONAL COMPETING SYSTEM WITH DIFFUSION." International Journal of Biomathematics 01, no. 02 (June 2008): 133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793524508000114.

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In this work, optimal harvesting policy for an age-dependent and spatial diffusion n-dimensional competing species is discussed. The existence and uniqueness of non-negative solution to the system are investigated by using the fixed point theorem. The existence of optimal control strategy is discussed and optimality conditions are obtained. Our results extend some known criteria.

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Sanches, Daniel, and Stephen Williamson. "ADVERSE SELECTION, SEGMENTED MARKETS, AND THE ROLE OF MONETARY POLICY." Macroeconomic Dynamics 15, S2 (June 24, 2011): 269–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100510000635.

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A model is constructed in which trading partners are asymmetrically informed about future trading opportunities and spatial and informational frictions limit arbitrage between markets. These frictions create inefficiency relative to a full-information equilibrium, and the extent of this inefficiency is affected by monetary policy. A Friedman rule is optimal under a wide range of circumstances, including ones where segmented markets limit the extent of monetary policy intervention.

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15

Dirmaningrum, Ristiva Putri, Hasma Alfa Ali Akbar, and Ana Silviana. "Control of Spatial Utilization in the Spatial Plan Policy: Case of Ambarawa Ring Road Semarang Regency." Law Research Review Quarterly 8, no. 3 (August 31, 2022): 311–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/lrrq.v8i3.58478.

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The Regional Regulation of Semarang Regency Number 6 of 2011 Article 61 states that the provisions on the conversion of land functions, especially on irrigated rice fields to non-agricultural land, except for general development purposes, are allowed but must refer to the law. Population development causes people to often use space that is not in accordance with regulations, namely by utilizing space in food crop farming areas for the construction of commercial business buildings as happened in the Ambarawa Ring Road area. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors that cause the establishment of buildings that are not in accordance with spatial planning and to determine law enforcement on controlling space utilization. This study uses a qualitative research method with a sociological juridical approach. While the types and sources of data are primary data and secondary data. The results of the study stated that in the use of space in the food crop agricultural area in the Ambarawa Ring Road area, it was found that in the area there were violations of land conversion to non-agricultural activities with the presence of several buildings for commercial business activities. The conclusion is that law enforcement on controlling the use of space in the Ambarawa Ring Road area is not optimal. The directions for imposing sanctions in the Semarang Regency Regional Regulation Number 6 of 2011 are not implemented properly.

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Damurski, Lukasz. "How to Include Omnichannel Services in Land-Use Policy?" International Journal of E-Planning Research 10, no. 3 (July 2021): 70–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijepr.20210701.oa5.

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This paper is a reflective overview of the knowledge on online conversion of services in the perspective of urban planning. It points that traditional planning aimed at building optimal spatial relationships between particular functions in urban environment. Particular decision-making rules have been introduced, contributing to a hierarchical land-use structure. This traditional approach has been recently challenged by the rapid ICT development which added a lively, virtual, and non-spatial dimension of urban economy. The well-established foundations of urban planning started to shake, calling for a new paradigm. This paper looks for an alternative to conventional planning which would be able to develop policies for omnichannel services (i.e., enterprises that use both online and offline channels for communicating and distributing their products). The advantages of ‘e-planning' in managing omnichannel services sector are outlined and a conclusion is drawn that only a multi-channel approach can bring appropriate answers to contemporary developments in services sector.

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Jingjuan, Liu. "Study on the Spatial Policy of Coordinated Development in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region." Transbaikal State University Journal 27, no. 7 (2021): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/2227-9245-2021-27-7-65-72.

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The article focuses on the spatial policy of the coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region under the new situation in China. Through a systematic analysis of the political integration process of the given region, the validity of the integration implementation and its pathways for improving are investigated. Based on the real situation of regional development, it is necessary to adopt a regional spatial policy to further advance the integration process, including integrated planning for the development of the region, promoting the integration of infrastructure construction, strengthening the integration of the industrial structure and resource allocation, etc. It was revealed that the coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region gradually moved to the period of full implementation of the strategy after a period of preliminary preparation and a period of reaching consensus. The coordinated development of the region is, in fact, a spatial strategy with the aim of achieving a spatial balance of regional economic development by the optimal distribution of production elements. So, in accordance with the current requirements for the formation of additional benefits and the qualitative development of the regional economy, the spatial policy should be based on the close relationship of “prosperity of humanity” and “prosperity of the region”

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Xie, Qiang-Jun, Ze-Rong He, and Chun-Guo Zhang. "Harvesting Renewable Resources of Population with Size Structure and Diffusion." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/396420.

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The aim of this work is to explore the optimal exploitation way for a biological resources model incorporating individual’s size difference and spatial effects. The existence of a unique nonnegative solution to the state system is shown by means of Banach’s fixed point theorem, and the continuous dependence of the population density with the harvesting effort is given. The optimal harvesting strategy is established via normal cone and adjoint system technique. Some conditions are found to assure that there is only one optimal policy.

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Liu, Yong, Barbara S. Minsker, and Faisal Saied. "One-Way Spatial Multiscale Method for Optimal Bioremediation Design." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 127, no. 2 (April 2001): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(2001)127:2(130).

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Kumar, Naresh, Veronica Nixon, Kaushik Sinha, Xiaosen Jiang, Sarah Ziegenhorn, and Thomas Peters. "An Optimal Spatial Configuration of Sample Sites for Air Pollution Monitoring." Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 59, no. 11 (November 2009): 1308–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3155/1047-3289.59.11.1308.

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Shi, Haibo, Yaoru Sun, and Jie Li. "Dynamical Motor Control Learned with Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2018 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8535429.

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Conventional models of motor control exploit the spatial representation of the controlled system to generate control commands. Typically, the control command is gained with the feedback state of a specific instant in time, which behaves like an optimal regulator or spatial filter to the feedback state. Yet, recent neuroscience studies found that the motor network may constitute an autonomous dynamical system and the temporal patterns of the control command can be contained in the dynamics of the motor network, that is, the dynamical system hypothesis (DSH). Inspired by these findings, here we propose a computational model that incorporates this neural mechanism, in which the control command could be unfolded from a dynamical controller whose initial state is specified with the task parameters. The model is trained in a trial-and-error manner in the framework of deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG). The experimental results show that the dynamical controller successfully learns the control policy for arm reaching movements, while the analysis of the internal activities of the dynamical controller provides the computational evidence to the DSH of the neural coding in motor cortices.

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Dastgerdi, Ahmadreza Shirvani, and Giuseppe De Luca. "Improving Cultural Heritage Policy for the Preservation of Historic Minority Quarters." International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 27, no. 3 (August 3, 2020): 645–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718115-02704003.

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In the traditional structure of Iranian cities, quarters represent a geographical, social and cultural unit which are distinguished by different characteristics, such as ethnicity, religion, and economics. Today, the growing urbanism, on the one hand, and the inefficiency of urban planning, on the other hand, have caused the decline in the cultural values of many Iranian historic sites. This paper addresses the diagnosis of urban planning aiming to manage the spatial changes facing the historic minority quarters in Iran. Over the past four decades, the spatial changes in the two Armenian and Jewish quarters in the historic city of Isfahan have shown that the preservation of the urban heritage requires the fundamental policies to protect minority rights. In this way, urban management can achieve an optimal level of sustainability in the historic quarters by utilising the bottom-up model and involving the minorities in the urban planning process.

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Gertsekovich, D., L. Gorbachevskaya, O. Podlinyaev, and T. Konstantinova. "Spatial and Aspectual Optimization of the World Investment Policy for Grain Growing." World of Economics and Management 20, no. 4 (2020): 176–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2542-0429-2020-20-4-176-194.

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The article is devoted to the problems of creating at the international level the optimal investment policy in agricultural production. The problem is solved by means of the “Return-Risk” model, which is based on the basic principles of the portfolio analysis: return, risk and the return-risk ratio. The model is easy to implement and does not require special skills; for important estimates it is necessary and sufficient to use MS EXCEL Date Mining Add-in. This article analyses the historical data of 2010–2017 by productivity of grain crops in general: corn, wheat, barley and rice in different countries. The time span is 1 year. The source data are exported from knoema.com. The findings are as follows: 1) the leading countries with the most attractive potential investment results have been formed for each sample subgroup promise; 2) the benchmarking quantitative analysis on return, risk and the return-risk ratio revealed both the most investment-attractive crops depending on the investor’s attitude to the acceptable risk level, and the countries where the cultivation will be most profitable; 3) the results of the spatial, aspectual and global optimization afford synthesis of effective decision support investment systems. It is proved that the 3 % increase in risk leads to only 1 % return.

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Bartoli, Andrea, Nosra Ben Fradj, Małgorzata Gałczyńska, Anna Jędrejek, Stelios Rozakis, and Kesheng Shu. "Spatial Economic Modeling of the Waste-driven Agricultural Biogas in Lubelskie Region, Poland." Environmental and Climate Technologies 24, no. 3 (November 1, 2020): 545–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2020-0123.

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AbstractIn this study, we aim to support the evidence-based policy in agricultural biogas production at regional level in Poland. To do so, we set up a decentralized decision framework, simultaneously taking into account the agricultural sector heterogeneity, the biogas technology state-of-the-art and the Polish institutional setting related to renewable energy production. A partial equilibrium model simulates the agricultural and the biogas sector interactions, estimating market clearing prices and quantities at the intersection of supply and demand. The optimal number, size and location of biogas plants are derived at the equilibrium. Considering the case study of Lubelskie region, we tested alternative incentive schemes for agricultural biogas development. Results indicate that limiting the use of energy crops in favour of other substrates, such as livestock, manure and agro-industrial waste, is decisive to preserve biogas profitability under all policy scenarios tested. However, it seems that only with the implementation of the current policy scheme there is a concrete perspective for the biogas industry take-off.

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Bartolacci, Francesca, Rosanna Salvia, Giovanni Quaranta, and Luca Salvati. "Seeking the Optimal Dimension of Local Administrative Units: A Reflection on Urban Concentration and Changes in Municipal Size." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 17, 2022): 15240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215240.

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In the search for a better administrative functioning as a key dimension of economic performances, changes in municipal boundaries and the creation (or suppression) of local administrative units reflect a progressive adjustment to a spatially varying population size and density. With intense population growth, municipal size reflects the overall amount (and spatial concentration) of services and infrastructures, being functionally related with agglomeration economies, land availability for building, and specific sociodemographic attributes of local communities. Based on these premises, the intrinsic relationship between settlement expansion, population growth, and municipal size in a metropolitan region of Southern Europe (Attica, hosting the Greater Athens’ area in Central Greece) was investigated in this study over nearly one century as a contribution to a refined investigation of the (changing) organization of local administrative units under a complete metropolitan cycle from urbanization to reurbanization. Based on descriptive statistics, mapping, (parametric and nonparametric) correlation coefficients, and econometric techniques, a quantitative analysis of the relationship between population size and density and municipal area provides pivotal knowledge to policy and planning adjustments toward a more balanced spatial distribution of population and administered land among local government units. Together with a slight decrease in the average municipal size over time, the average population density per municipal unit increased systematically, with a considerable reduction in spatial heterogeneity of settlements. The observed goodness-of-fit of the linear model explaining municipal area with population density, increased significantly over time. Empirical results of our study indicate that municipal size has slowly adjusted to population density across metropolitan areas, determining an imbalanced spatial distribution of resident population and a supposedly less efficient government partition. The recent administrative reform of local authorities in Greece (the so-called ‘Kallikratis’ law) seems to consolidate–rather than rebalance this organizational structure over space, reflecting spatially polarized settlements. Such conditions represent a base for informed analysis of the spatial structure of local administrative units as a pivotal element of economic sustainability and may contribute to the debate on the optimal size of municipalities at both urban and metropolitan scales of governance.

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Jaworski, Jacek, and Paweł Sosnowski. "Współdziałanie jako forma realizacji zadań w sferze planowania i zagospodarowania przestrzennego." Acta Iuridica Resoviensia 34, no. 3 (2021): 102–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/actaires.2021.3.8.

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Spatial planning is one of the most important tasks of the public administration, including local government administration. Both the government and local government administrations are obliged to shape the spatial policy. Here, it is the municipalities that occupy a special place, as they are the only bodies that may draw up and adopt fundamental acts implementing the spatial policy, i.e. local zoning plans. Implementing the spatial policy is a basic task of the public administration, aimed at satisfying the needs of the citizens. In this context, cooperation between public administration bodies of various levels, as well as between public administration bodies and residents, becomes crucial. Spatial planning is a multifaceted area, which overlaps with the tasks of the aforementioned government and local government administrations, not only at the local level, which in fact involves the need to establish common positions in order to optimize the directions of spatial development. In this context, cooperation seems to be the most optimal and necessary form due to the essence and nature of planning issues. The purpose of this article is to analyse the instruments of cooperation between public administration bodies, with particular emphasis on the relationship between the government and local government administrations, as well as between the bodies of this administration and citizens in the planning and spatial development. The article will also examine the instruments not regulated by law. The conclusion will present the directions of changes in the above-mentioned instruments of cooperation.

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ISIK, MURAT. "Environmental regulation and the optimal location of the risk-averse firm under uncertainty." Environment and Development Economics 10, no. 4 (July 18, 2005): 435–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x05002287.

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The interrelationships between environmental regulations and firm location are essential features of economic development. This paper examines the optimal location of a competitive firm in response to environmental costs imposed by the abatement investment and taxes when the cost of the environmental regulation varies spatially under uncertainty. It contributes to the literature by incorporating the spatial setting into a risk-averse firm's location decision in the presence of environmental regulation uncertainty. An augmented cost of the abatement, input tax, or emission tax causes the risk-averse firm to locate closer to the output market. Uncertainty about environmental regulations also leads a risk-averse firm to locate closer to the output market. Policy implications of the results are discussed. The results have implications for the design and implementation of environmental and other development-related policies, environment–development debate, and trade–environment debate.

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Ales, Laurence, and Christopher Sleet. "Optimal Taxation of Income‐Generating Choice." Econometrica 90, no. 5 (2022): 2397–436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta18542.

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Discrete location, occupation, skill, and hours choices of workers underpin their incomes. This paper analyzes the optimal taxation of discrete income‐generating choice. It derives optimal tax equations and Pareto test inequalities for mixed logit choice environments that can accommodate discrete and unstructured choice sets, rich preference heterogeneity, and complex aggregate cross‐substitution patterns between choices. These equations explicitly connect optimal taxes to societal redistributive goals and private substitution behavior, with the latter encoded as a substitution matrix that describes cross‐sensitivities of choice distributions to tax‐induced utility variation. In repeated mixed logit settings, the substitution matrix is exactly the Markov matrix of shock‐induced agent transitions across choices. We describe implications of this equivalence for evaluation of prevailing tax designs and the structural estimation of optimal policy mixed logit models. We apply our results to two salient examples: spatial taxation and taxation of couples.

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Gu, Jinjin, Yuan Cao, Min Wu, Min Song, and Lin Wang. "A Novel Method for Watershed Best Management Practices Spatial Optimal Layout under Uncertainty." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 12, 2022): 13088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013088.

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Watershed Best management Practices (BMPs) spatial optimal layout would be affected by uncertainty, and there are still three problems which are worthy of studying in the present studies of watershed BMPs spatial optimal layout under uncertainty: (1) how to integrate multiple uncertainties in optimization model effectively; (2) how to avoid subjective weight in multi-objective uncertainty model; (3) how to develop more elastic schemes for uncertainty impact. To solve the mentioned problems, this study takes Zhegao river watershed, China as an example, interval stochastic fuzzy fractional programming (ISFFP) integrated with SWAT hydrology model is applied for BMPs spatial optimal layout in watershed to reduce non-point source (NPS) pollution. The result shows that the ISFFP method could solve the problems effectively, and the method could be adapted to different types of uncertainty, also the method has seldom been used in uncertainty BMPs spatial optimal layout, and the method is worth of popularization.

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Novikova, T. S., and A. A. Tsyplakov. "Social policy development based on a combination of agent-oriented and inter-industrial approaches." Journal of the New Economic Association 52, no. 4 (2021): 12–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31737/2221-2264-2021-52-4-1.

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The article proposes methodological approach for assessing the consequences of state social policy based on an extended agent-based spatial model with a detailed representation of the reaction of agents to changes in social transfers and taxation as the instruments of government policy. Optimization of territorial social policy is ensured by maximizing the iso-elastic function of social welfare (FSW), based on the individual utility functions of households and taking into account the degree of rejection of social inequality. Structural changes resulting from public policy are analyzed by aggregating the decisions of microeconomic agents and calculating the inputoutput balance table, including through a visual representation in the fourth quadrant of redistribution processes when transfers and taxes change. The results of experimental calculations show that at each level of the coefficient of rejection of inequality for both transfers and taxes, local maxima arise that correspond to the optimal levels of transfers and taxes and form monotonically decreasing iso-optimal curves depending on an increase in either the share of transfers or the level of taxation. The proposed approach to the formalization of ideas about the ratio of efficiency and fairness in the construction of FSW provides an opportunity to choose optimal solutions to justify an agent-based social policy.

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Grothe, Oliver, and Julius Schnieders. "Spatial dependence in wind and optimal wind power allocation: A copula-based analysis." Energy Policy 39, no. 9 (September 2011): 4742–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.06.052.

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Bartoli, Andrea, Nosra Ben Fradj, Małgorzata Gałczyńska, Anna Jędrejek, Stelios Rozakis, and Kesheng Shu. "Spatial Economic Modeling of the Waste-driven Agricultural Biogas in Lubelskie Region, Poland." Environmental and Climate Technologies 24, no. 3 (November 1, 2020): 545–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2020-0123.

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Abstract In this study, we aim to support the evidence-based policy in agricultural biogas production at regional level in Poland. To do so, we set up a decentralized decision framework, simultaneously taking into account the agricultural sector heterogeneity, the biogas technology state-of-the-art and the Polish institutional setting related to renewable energy production. A partial equilibrium model simulates the agricultural and the biogas sector interactions, estimating market clearing prices and quantities at the intersection of supply and demand. The optimal number, size and location of biogas plants are derived at the equilibrium. Considering the case study of Lubelskie region, we tested alternative incentive schemes for agricultural biogas development. Results indicate that limiting the use of energy crops in favour of other substrates, such as livestock, manure and agro-industrial waste, is decisive to preserve biogas profitability under all policy scenarios tested. However, it seems that only with the implementation of the current policy scheme there is a concrete perspective for the biogas industry take-off.

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Gupta, Ajay K., and Udai Shanker. "OMCPR: Optimal Mobility Aware Cache Data Pre-fetching and Replacement Policy Using Spatial K-Anonymity for LBS." Wireless Personal Communications 114, no. 2 (April 23, 2020): 949–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-020-07402-2.

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Fan, Min, Hideaki Shibata, and Li Chen. "Spatial priority conservation areas for water yield ecosystem service under climate changes in Teshio watershed, northernmost Japan." Journal of Water and Climate Change 11, no. 1 (August 10, 2018): 106–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2018.088.

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Abstract Effective information regarding water yield response to climate change provides useful support for decision making in water resources management. By integrating a hydrology model into a systematic conservation model, we developed an approach for modeling impacts of climate change on the water cycles and constructing spatial priority conservation areas for water yield ecosystem services in Teshio watershed located in northernmost Japan. The climate changes were projected to have impacts in increasing surface runoff, lateral flow, groundwater discharge and water yield. Surface runoff especially decreased in April and May and increased in March and September with rising temperature. We then investigated the spatial hotspots of water yields in typical periods (February, April and October, annual average water yield) to determine spatially priority conservation areas for water resources in terms of their different protection targets. The results also indicated that the areas of spatial optimal protection for water yields across different periods dynamically changed from spatial and temporal standpoints. The optimal priority conservation areas were concentrated in the southwest, north and southeast of Teshio watershed through comprehensively taking into account water yields in typical periods. Our results indicated that combination of hydrology and systematic conservation models would improve sustainable management of water resources across the watershed.

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Kovacs, Kent, Eric Wailes, Grant West, Jennie Popp, and Kuatbay Bektemirov. "Optimal Spatial-Dynamic Management of Groundwater Conservation and Surface Water Quality with On-Farm Reservoirs." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 46, no. 4 (November 2014): 409–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800029035.

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We examine how much on-farm reservoirs can increase groundwater quantity and improve surface water quality using a spatial-dynamic model of farm profit maximization in the Arkansas Delta. Sensitivity analysis of the farm profit objective by including the value of surface water quality and the groundwater buffer value evaluates how accounting for environmental value affects the optimal crop mix, water use, and farm profits. The best policy for a critical water resource area is to have the government cost share construction of on-farm reservoirs because groundwater conservation and surface water quality goals are achieved efficiently for a modest redistribution of income.

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Lauer, Christopher J., Claire A. Montgomery, and Thomas G. Dietterich. "Spatial interactions and optimal forest management on a fire-threatened landscape." Forest Policy and Economics 83 (October 2017): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2017.07.006.

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Kuznetsov, Aleksey V. "Liberal and Etatist Economic Model of Spatial Development of the Economy in Retrospect." Economic History 18, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2409-630x.057.018.202202.097-103.

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Introduction. The relevance of this study is determined by the tasks of our country’s transition to a new level of economic development in the context of the unfriendly policy of the “collective West”. In this regard, the Government of the Russian Federation, together with the Academy of Sciences, with the participation of the Agency for Strategic Initiatives, is working in the field of regional spatial policy of socio-economic development. The economic model based on the primacy of free market relations, which is led by large transnational corporations, is increasingly yielding to statist models of economic activity regulation. The purpose of the article in this context is to specify the conditions under which the tasks of Russia’s spatial development coincide with the vector of meeting the needs of society, its readiness for change. In the case of collinear dynamics, this will contribute to tectonic shifts and, consequently, to strengthening the competitiveness of the state at the macro level. With pejorative tendencies – to a systemic failure, when the government cannot govern in a new way, and society will not put up with a situation where the “top” will hold dominance on the basis of a regressive or stagnation policy. Materials and Methods. It is very interesting, from this point of view is the historical and retrospective method of verification, which can reveal the interest of Russian society in specific or abstract values that play the role of an incentive that can expand the horizons of economic activity. Discussion and Conclusions. On the basis of historical experience, which verifies the views of the classics of economic thought, regularities are revealed in the synthesis of the ideas of state economic policy, the expectations of society and the desire of individuals to consume the good. The results of the study can be used in the development of conceptual and policy documents as part of the implementation of the National Technical Initiative and the Strategy for Spatial Development of Russia, as well as in order to make optimal management decisions on the formation and implementation of large-scale government projects. The results obtained explain from a historical point of view the priorities of society in the search for the optimal way to achieve well-being. The executive power needs such knowledge for the most efficient use of territorially localized resources when locating production facilities of advanced technological modes that ensure the strategic competitiveness of the Russian Federation.

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Murphy, Maureen, Mohammad Javad Koohsari, Hannah Badland, and Billie Giles-Corti. "Supermarket access, transport mode and BMI: the potential for urban design and planning policy across socio-economic areas." Public Health Nutrition 20, no. 18 (September 7, 2017): 3304–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017002336.

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AbstractObjectiveTo investigate dietary intake, BMI and supermarket access at varying geographic scales and transport modes across areas of socio-economic disadvantage, and to evaluate the implementation of an urban planning policy that provides guidance on spatial access to supermarkets.DesignCross-sectional study used generalised estimating equations to investigate associations between supermarket density and proximity, vegetable and fruit intake and BMI at five geographic scales representing distances people travel to purchase food by varying transport modes. A stratified analysis by area-level disadvantage was conducted to detect optimal distances to supermarkets across socio-economic areas. Spatial distribution of supermarket and transport access was analysed using a geographic information system.SettingMelbourne, Australia.SubjectsAdults (n3128) from twelve local government areas (LGA) across Melbourne.ResultsSupermarket access was protective of BMI for participants in high disadvantaged areas within 800 m (P=0·040) and 1000 m (P=0·032) road network buffers around the household but not for participants in less disadvantaged areas. In urban growth area LGA, only 26 % of dwellings were within 1 km of a supermarket, far less than 80–90 % of dwellings suggested in the local urban planning policy. Low public transport access compounded disadvantage.ConclusionsRapid urbanisation is a global health challenge linked to increases in dietary risk factors and BMI. Our findings highlight the importance of identifying the most appropriate geographic scale to inform urban planning policy for optimal health outcomes across socio-economic strata. Urban planning policy implementation in disadvantaged areas within cities has potential for reducing health inequities.

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Hou, Jingwei, Moyan Zhu, Yanjuan Wang, and Shiqin Sun. "Optimal spatial priority scheme of urban LID-BMPs under different investment periods." Landscape and Urban Planning 202 (October 2020): 103858. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103858.

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Peterson, Jeffrey M., and Alexander E. Saak. "Spatial Externalities in Aquifers with Varying Thickness: Theory and Numerical Results for the Ogallala Aquifer." Journal of Natural Resources Policy Research 8, no. 1-2 (November 2018): 44–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/naturesopolirese.8.1-2.0044.

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Abstract This article studies the divergence in the planning and equilibrium solutions for a multicell aquifer with heterogeneity in cell depths. A spatial model is developed that accounts for the lateral movement of water between cells. The optimal steady state of this problem is compared with the competitive equilibrium steady state. Studying the steady state conditions in the two outcomes allows the nature of the spatial externalities to be characterized and reveals the effects of varying cell depths. In a two-cell specification of the model, closed-form expressions are derived for the difference in optimal steady state water table elevations between the two cells. The two-cell model is then applied numerically to quantify the spatial externalities and asymmetry effects in Sheridan County, Kansas, which overlies the Ogallala aquifer. Simulated welfare losses in this model are relatively large and are sensitive to the asymmetry in cell depths.

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Chung, Hye In, Yuyoung Choi, Youngjae Yoo, Robin Engler, Kyungil Lee, and Seong Woo Jeon. "Integrated spatial model based evaluation methodology for optimal invasive species management: common ragweed in the Republic of Korea." Environmental Research Letters 17, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 034047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac4dc7.

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Abstract Invasive species have become a global problem owing to their wide-ranging adverse effects. With intensifying climate change and artificial impacts (human-mediated disturbances), which exacerbate the adverse effects of invasive species, there is an urgent need to implement strategies for the management of these species. Various removal policies have been implemented globally to manage the common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior (L.,) Decs) owing to its high tendency to ‘spread’. Several studies on the control method, application of spatial perspective, and optimization have been conducted to establish and evaluate management strategies using different spatial models. Although each of these methods is essential for improving control efficiency, an integrated form of study is needed to determine the practicality of various policies. In this study, we developed an integrated spatial model using the species distribution model BIOMOD2, land change model LCM, dispersal model MigClim, and optimization model prioritizr, to construct an evaluation methodology. For modelling an optimal invasive species removal policy under climate change and human-mediated disturbances (2011–2079), we created two strategies from a spatial perspective, outside-in and inside-out, with the former entailing removal from the low-density outliers to the high-density centre of the colonized area and the latter processing in the opposite direction. The optimal removal sites for each strategy were set for each removal rate. Subsequently, a novel index, ‘removal effect index’, was proposed for the evaluation, in time series. The results indicate that the removal effect of the outside-in strategy was more effective, and the newly dispersed sites were efficiently removed. Furthermore, it was verified that with the implementation of the outside-in strategy having a removal rate of 65% by the 2070s, the species would be completely eradicated. Thus, this study is expected to help improve the efficiency of policy implementation for invasive species.

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Liu, Changchang, Chuxiong Deng, Zhongwu Li, and Yaojun Liu. "Response Characteristics of Soil Erosion to Spatial Conflict in the Production–Living–Ecological Space and Their DrivingMechanism: A Case Study of Dongting Lake Basin in China." Land 11, no. 10 (October 14, 2022): 1794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11101794.

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Land use conflicts induced by human activities cause accelerated soil erosion. The response of soil erosion to spatial conflict in production–living–ecological space (PLES) is not clearly understood. In this research, models such as PLES spatial conflict, revised universal soil loss equation, bivariate spatial autocorrelation, and an optimal parameter-based geographical detector were used to explore the characteristics and drivers of soil erosion in response to spatial conflict in the PLES of the Dongting Lake watershed. Results show that spatial changes of the PLES first increased and then decreased. Approximately 45% of the area was consistently in moderate or higher conflict levels throughout the study period. The average soil erosion rate showed a decreasing trend for each year except in the period 2000–2005, when moderate erosion increased. The spatial correlation between spatial conflict and soil erosion was found to be in the form of an inverted “U” for the high–high and low–high agglomeration patterns, and a decreasing trend for the high–low ones. Approximately 27% of the area must be traded off between the spatial conflict of the PLES and soil erosion. The influence of GDP and population density was significant. DEM interacted strongly with GDP, NDVI, precipitation, population density, and “return of farmland to forest” policy. Different patterns were formed among the factors through actions such as amplification, mitigation, catalysis, and dependence effects. We propose policy recommendations based on the differences in the driving mechanisms of the respective models.

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Marsden, Greg, and Jillian Anable. "Behind the Targets? The Case for Coherence in a Multi-Scalar Approach to Carbon Action Plans in the Transport Sector." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (June 25, 2021): 7122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137122.

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The Paris Agreement requires radical action across all policy sectors and at all scales of government. This paper argues that without a clear framework for sectoral budget setting which takes account of interactions across spatial scales, incoherent and inadequate policy responses will result. Using a case study of the transport sector within the UK, which has committed to a zero carbon pathway in law, we look at three key elements which have to be considered in setting out a new framework: budget coherence, accounting coherence and policy coherence. Using top-down and bottom-up examples emerging from practices today in the UK, we demonstrate that there are no ‘optimal’ solutions but a set of choices, all of which appear to be better than the patchwork of approaches emerging in the absence of a framework. A multi-scalar approach is essential as transport crosses spatial boundaries and the policy system places different levers at different scales. Transparency will be beneficial for honesty with the public and the difficult politics this rapid transition necessitates. It will also mitigate against blame shifting across governments between and within scales and the resultant inaction which characterized the previous decade of supposed ‘climate action’.

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Naeem, Muddasar, Antonio Coronato, Zaib Ullah, Sajid Bashir, and Giovanni Paragliola. "Optimal User Scheduling in Multi Antenna System Using Multi Agent Reinforcement Learning." Sensors 22, no. 21 (October 28, 2022): 8278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218278.

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Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems have been gaining significant attention from the research community due to their potential to improve data rates. However, a suitable scheduling mechanism is required to efficiently distribute available spectrum resources and enhance system capacity. This paper investigates the user selection problem in Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO) environment using the multi-agent Reinforcement learning (RL) methodology. Adopting multiple antennas’ spatial degrees of freedom, devices can serve to transmit simultaneously in every time slot. We aim to develop an optimal scheduling policy by optimally selecting a group of users to be scheduled for transmission, given the channel condition and resource blocks at the beginning of each time slot. We first formulate the MU-MIMO scheduling problem as a single-state Markov Decision Process (MDP). We achieve the optimal policy by solving the formulated MDP problem using RL. We use aggregated sum-rate of the group of users selected for transmission, and a 20% higher sum-rate performance over the conventional methods is reported.

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Tang, Xuexue. "A Study of the Spatial Effects of Financial Support and Economic Growth under Optimal Control of Nonlinear Generalized Complex Systems." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2022 (January 4, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2834009.

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This paper provides an in-depth analysis and study of the spatial effects of financial support and economic growth with the help of nonlinear generalized complex systems. Taking the industrial sector as the research object and combining the relevant contents of neoclassical investment theory, information economics, and institutional economics, this paper clearly defines and argues that the main feature of current financial policy is financial constraint rather than financial inhibition based on an in-depth understanding of the theoretical connotation and policy rationality of financial constraint and, as a premise, further analyzes the financial constraint policy causing excessive investment and capital mismatch in the corporate sector. It further analyzes the mechanism of the role of financial constraint policies in causing overinvestment and capital mismatch in the corporate sector and conducts empirical tests from three research perspectives of measuring investment efficiency, output efficiency of investment, allocation efficiency of industry capital, and investment behavior of microenterprises, and finally puts forward relevant policy recommendations in conjunction with the evaluation of the efficiency of financial constraint policies. This paper selects three dimensions of the financial system, namely, financial structure, financial efficiency, and financial scale, and studies the adaptability between these three dimensions and the development of the real economy, respectively, and then uses different empirical methods to analyze the dynamic adaptability effects between the development of the real economy and these three dimensions of the financial system and finally explores the way of adaptability between the financial system and the development of the real economy. This paper provides a medium and micro theoretical basis and new empirical evidence for understanding the importance of financial system reform on economic growth and also opens up a space for exploring the exit path of financial constraints and using interest rate marketization as a general grip to reasonably guide financial resources to achieve economic transformation and upgrading and sustainable and healthy development through supporting high-quality investment, using more interprovincial level data in the analysis, so it is more comprehensive and detailed than previous scholars’ studies. The examination is more comprehensive and detailed than previous scholars’ studies.

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Dufty, AC. "Habitat and spatial requirements of the eastern barred bandicoot (Perameles gunnii) at Hamilton, Victoria." Wildlife Research 21, no. 4 (1994): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9940459.

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Perameles gunnii was greatly affected by the introduction of European agriculture to the volcanic plains in Victoria. At Hamilton, agricultural areas possessed little structural complexity and supported a fairly homogeneous composition of pasture species that were generally shorter than 100 mm because of heavy stock grazing. No P. gurznii were caught in agricultural areas at Hamilton. At the Hamilton Municipal Tip, most captures and nest sites occurred where food resources and structural complexity were greatest. Descriptions of 16 diurnal nest sites indicated that a range of natural and artificial materials was used for shelter, including fallen branches, sawn timber, cement culverts, galvanised iron, and scrap metal. Earthworms were most frequently observed in faecal and stomach material, while beetles and crickets were also common. Optimal habitat for P. gunnii was defined by high structural complexity and habitat heterogeneity. Older P. gunnii may usurp optimal habitat and force subordinate adult females into sub-optimal habitat. Associated with their occupation of optimal habitat, older P. gunnii may utilise smaller nocturnal foraging areas. Analysis of the movement of P. gunnii within the Hamilton Municipal Tip indicated that males occupied significantly larger nocturnal foraging areas than females. Mean female and male home ranges (defined by Minimum Convex Polygon analysis) were 1.6 ha (n = 13, range 0.02-5.9 ha) and 4 ha (n = 18, range 0.8-9.0 ha), respectively. Also, nocturnal foraging areas were analysed on the basis of pattern of use of an area, and these were referred to as utilisation distributions. The mean utilisation distributions (defined by Minimum Area v. Probability [0.95] analysis) for females and males were 0.64 ha (n = 13, range 0.01-4.7 ha) and 4.0 ha (n = 18, range 0.01-19.6 ha), respectively. Mean female and male observed range lengths were 173 m (tz = 26, range 0-364 m) and 249 m (n = 34, range 50430 m), respectively. Mean ( +/-s.e ) observed range length (214+/-20, n = 60, range 50-430 m) was less than half the grid width (500 m), which suggests that grid size did not negatively bias the calculated home-range sizes.

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Upadhyay, Ranjit Kumar, S. K. Tiwari, and Parimita Roy. "Complex Dynamics of Wetland Ecosystem with Nonlinear Harvesting: Application to Chilika Lake in Odisha, India." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 25, no. 07 (June 30, 2015): 1540016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127415400167.

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In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the spatial and temporal dynamical interactions among the species of wetland ecosystem through a mathematical model. The model represents the population dynamics of phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish species found in Chilika lake, Odisha, India. Nonlinear stability analysis of both the temporal and spatial models has been carried out. Maximum sustainable yield and optimal harvesting policy have been studied for a nonspatial model system. Numerical simulation has been performed to figure out the parameters responsible for the complex dynamics of the wetland system. Significant outcomes of our numerical findings and their interpretations from an ecological point of view are provided in this paper. Numerical simulation of spatial model exhibits some interesting and beautiful patterns. We have also pointed out the parameters that are responsible for the good health of wetland ecosystem.

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Hanssen, Frank, Roel May, Jiska van Dijk, and Jan Ketil Rød. "Spatial Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis Tool Suite for Consensus-Based Siting of Renewable Energy Structures." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 20, no. 03 (September 2018): 1840003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333218400033.

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Expansion of renewable energy development causes concerns which traditional land-use planning may have limited capacity to address adequately. The complexity and multiplicity of scales, criteria and actors involved in decision-making processes requires a holistic approach that captures the variety in stakeholder interests. Reaching consensus across interests ensures democratic and cost-effective decision-making processes. The Consensus-based Siting (ConSite) tool suite was developed for optimal siting of onshore wind-power plants and routing of high-voltage power lines considering stakeholder interests. ConSite is based on the operational steps of spatial multi-criteria decision analysis using a bottom-up holistic approach. Its spatially explicit graphical user interface allows for a high level of stakeholder involvement and includes inherent capabilities of scenario modelling. ConSite thereby helps to structure decision problems, balance conflicting interests and identify relevant decision strategies based on risk assessment and trade-off analysis. ConSite visualises the spatial consequences of implementing various decision strategies and balancing site-specific conflict levels with energy production potential.

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Zonneveld, Wil. "Multiple Visioning: New Ways of Constructing Transnational Spatial Visions." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 23, no. 1 (February 2005): 41–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c37m.

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In many parts of Europe, but also at the level of the European Union and the much higher level of the Council of Europe, the creation of spatial visions is now underway. However, these spatial visions often lack an essential ingredient of spatial planning, namely maps. This omission may seem paradoxical, because maps are essential for communicating ideas with a spatial dimension. The vast spatial and political complexities at transnational and European levels are addressed by elementary processes of visioning and mapmaking. Because maps are social constructs, no single, optimal map will exist. Transnational visioning therefore implies the creation of multiple maps and multiple visions.

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Gal, O., and Y. Doytsher. "VISIBLE ROUTES IN 3D DENSE CITY USING REINFORCEMENT LEARNING." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W10 (September 12, 2018): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w10-41-2018.

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Abstract. In the last few years, the 3D GIS domain has developed rapidly, and has become increasingly accessible to different disciplines. 3D Spatial analysis of Built-up areas seems to be one of the most challenging topics in the communities currently dealing with spatial data. One of the most basic problems in spatial analysis is related to visibility computation in such an environment. Visibility calculation methods aim to identify the parts visible from a single point, or multiple points, of objects in the environment. In this work, we present a unique method combining visibility analysis in 3D environments with dynamic motion planning algorithm, named Visibility Velocity Obstacles (VVO) with Markov process defined as spatial visibility analysis for routes in 3D dense city environment. Based on our VVO analysis, we use Reinforcement Learning (RL) method in order to find an optimal action policy in dense 3D city environment described as Markov decision process, navigating in the most visible routes. As far as we know, we present for the first time a Reinforcement Learning (RL) solution to the visibility analysis in 3D dense environment problem, generating a sequence of viewpoints that allows an optimal visibility in different routes in urban city. Our analysis is based on fast and unique solution for visibility boundaries, formulating the problem with RL methods.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Optimal Spatial Policy'

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