Journal articles on the topic 'Optimal hydrogen use'
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Sigal, O. I., and N. A. Nizhnik. "PROSPECTS OF HYDROGEN USE IN INDUSTRIAL COMBUSTION PROCESSES." Thermophysics and Thermal Power Engineering 42, no. 3 (June 23, 2020): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31472/ttpe.3.2020.8.
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The state of the energy complex of Ukraine and its ecological component is consideredin this paper. Data on the prospects for the production of "green hydrogen" due to the use of excess maneuvering capacity of "green energy" and the problems associated with it presented. The issues related to the extension of the service life of Ukrainian nuclear power plants is described.
Prospects for the use of hydrogen in industrial combustion processes, rather than as a process gas, are considered.
Original experimental data on the combustion of natural gas with impurities of different hydrogen concentrations are presented. Data were obtained on the effect of oxidant content on the formation of nitrogen oxides in the flame front of the laminar torch.Influence of the solutions containing hydrogen on process of nitrogen oxides formation and additional oxidation of NO in NO2 in combustion processes is studied and results are presented. The most favorable conditions (concentration of hydrogen solution content and temperature regime) of NO oxidation in NO2 are determined.
Recommendations on the main directions of development of hydrogen energy of Ukraine are given. The need to determine the optimal proportion of hydrogen that may be present in the gas transmission system of Ukraine is emphasized.
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Gracia, Lorién, Pedro Casero, Cyril Bourasseau, and Alexandre Chabert. "Use of Hydrogen in Off-Grid Locations, a Techno-Economic Assessment." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 13, 2018): 3141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113141.
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Diesel generators are currently used as an off-grid solution for backup power, but this causes CO2 and GHG emissions, noise emissions, and the negative effects of the volatile diesel market influencing operating costs. Green hydrogen production, by means of water electrolysis, has been proposed as a feasible solution to fill the gaps between demand and production, the main handicaps of using exclusively renewable energy in isolated applications. This manuscript presents a business case of an off-grid hydrogen production by electrolysis applied to the electrification of isolated sites. This study is part of the European Ely4off project (n° 700359). Under certain techno-economic hypothesis, four different system configurations supplied exclusively by photovoltaic are compared to find the optimal Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCoE): photovoltaic-batteries, photovoltaic-hydrogen-batteries, photovoltaic-diesel generator, and diesel generator; the influence of the location and the impact of different consumptions profiles is explored. Several simulations developed through specific modeling software are carried out and discussed. The main finding is that diesel-based systems still allow lower costs than any other solution, although hydrogen-based solutions can compete with other technologies under certain conditions.
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Lee, Jae-Hyoung, Jin-Young Kim, Jae-Hun Kim, and Sang Kim. "Enhanced Hydrogen Detection in ppb-Level by Electrospun SnO2-Loaded ZnO Nanofibers." Sensors 19, no. 3 (February 11, 2019): 726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19030726.
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High-performance hydrogen sensors are important in many industries to effectively address safety concerns related to the production, delivering, storage and use of H2 gas. Herein, we present a highly sensitive hydrogen gas sensor based on SnO2-loaded ZnO nanofibers (NFs). The xSnO2-loaded (x = 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15) ZnO NFs were fabricated using an electrospinning technique followed by calcination at high temperature. Microscopic analyses demonstrated the formation of NFs with expected morphology and chemical composition. Hydrogen sensing studies were performed at various temperatures and the optimal working temperature was selected as 300 °C. The optimal gas sensor (0.1 SnO2 loaded ZnO NFs) not only showed a high response to 50 ppb hydrogen gas, but also showed an excellent selectivity to hydrogen gas. The excellent performance of the gas sensor to hydrogen gas was mainly related to the formation of SnO2-ZnO heterojunctions and the metallization effect of ZnO.
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Oh, Hwa-Soo, Hyung-Soo Kim, Jung-Hyun Park, and Young-Min Lee. "Study on In-situ Hydrogen Sulfide Reduction for Optimal Use of Landfill Gas (LFG)." Journal of Korea Society of Waste Management 37, no. 02 (March 30, 2020): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.9786/kswm.2020.37.2.141.
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Ridho, Muhammad, and Edwin K. Sijabat. "Perbandingan Penggunaan Natrium Perkarbonat, Hidrogen Peroksida, Hipoklorit, dan Xilanase terhadap Sifat Optik Deinked Pulp." JURNAL SELULOSA 9, no. 02 (December 31, 2019): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.25269/jsel.v9i02.276.
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Penggunaan bahan baku dari jenis kertas SWL (sorted white ledger) yang berasal dari proses mekanikal dan jenis kertas bekas yang mengandung banyak tinta memiliki dampak negatif karena menyebabkan sifat optik dari deinked pulp yang dihasilkan tidak optimal. Penyebab dari masalah tersebut adalah tingginya kandungan logam dan lignin pada SWL dan kertas bekas. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut, pada penlitian ini dilakukan penambahkan DTPA (Diethylene Triamine Pentaacetic Acid) sebagai penghilang kandungan logam dan bahan pemutih untuk menghilangkan lignin. Bahan pemutih yang digunakan adalah natrium perkarbonat, hidrogen peroksida, hipoklorit, dan xilanase. Dilakukan variasi dosis (1%; 1,5%; dan 2%) dan suhu pemutih (50°C, 70°C, dan 90°C) untuk menentukan titik optimal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bahan pemutih yang digunakan mampu meningkatkan derajat cerah dan derajat putih dari deinked pulp. Nilai sifat optik yang paling optimal didapat pada proses pemutihan menggunakan 2% natrium perkarbonat pada suhu 70°C, dengan nilai derajat cerah sebesar 85,30% ISO dan derajat putih sebesar 112,27% ISO. The Comparison of Sodium Percarbonate, Hydrogen Peroxide, Hypochlorite, and Xylanaseon Optical Properties of Deinked PulpAbstract The use of raw materials from SWL (sorted white ledger) paper originating from mechanical processes as well as used paper types that contain a lot of ink has a negative impact because it causes no optimal value for the optical properties of deinked pulp. The cause of these problems is the high content of metals and lignin. To overcome this problem, it is necessary to add DTPA (Diethylene Triamine Pentaacetic Acid) as a remover for metals and bleaching agents to remove lignin. The bleaching agents used in this study were sodium percarbonate, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite, and xylanase. Variation of bleach dose (1%, 1,5%, and 2%) and temperature (50°C, 70°C, and 90°C) is performed to determine the optimal point. The results showed that the whitening material used was able to increase the bright and white degrees of deinked pulp. The most optimal optical properties values obtained in the whitening process using 2% sodium percarbonate at 70°C, with a bright degree value of 85.30% ISO and a degree of white of 112.27% ISO. Keywords: SWL, waste paper, sodium percarbonate, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite, xylanase.
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Sanchez, Victor M., Romeli Barbosa, J. C. Cruz, F. Chan, and J. Hernandez. "Optimal Sizing of a Photovoltaic-Hydrogen Power System for HALE Aircraft by means of Particle Swarm Optimization." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/183701.
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Over the last decade there has been a growing interest in the research of feasibility to use high altitude long endurance (HALE) aircrafts in order to provide mobile communications. The use of HALEs for telecommunication networks has the potential to deliver a wide range of communication services (from high-quality voice to high-definition videos, as well as high-data-rate wireless channels) cost effectively. One of the main challenges of this technology is to design its power supply system, which must provide the enough energy for long time flights in a reliable way. In this paper a photovoltaic/hydrogen system is proposed as power system for a HALE aircraft due its high power density characteristic. In order to obtain the optimal sizing for photovoltaic/hydrogen system a particle swarm optimizer (PSO) is used. As a case study, theoretical design of the photovoltaic/hydrogen power system for three different HALE aircrafts located at 18° latitude is presented. At this latitude, the range of solar radiation intensity was from 310 to 450 Wh/sq·m/day. The results obtained show that the photovoltaic/hydrogen systems calculated by PSO can operate during one year with efficacies ranging between 45.82% and 47.81%. The obtained sizing result ensures that the photovoltaic/hydrogen system supplies adequate energy for HALE aircrafts.
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Ovseychuk, V., and A. Mikhailov. "Semi-industrial tests of the use of oxidants in the downhole leaching of hydrogenic ores of the deposits of the Khiagdinsky ore field." TRANSBAIKAL STATE UNIVERSITY JOURNAL 28, no. 4 (2022): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/2227-9245-2022-28-4-28-34.
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When extracting natural uranium from hydrogenic deposits, one of the problems of development efficiency is the low rate of conversion of a useful component into a productive solution during underground well leaching, which significantly lengthens the life of the field and increases the total cost of obtaining finished products [1; 2]. The object of the research is technological installations for in-situ borehole leaching of hydrogenous ores. The purpose of the research is to consolidate the knowledge obtained in laboratory studies under industrial operating conditions and to develop modes of application of this technology in the development of reserves of hydrogenous ores of Khiagda type. Research objective is to establish the most effective modes of hydrogen peroxide application as an oxidizer. Research methodology is presented by the collection of accumulated information, its mathematical and statistical processing, and development of regulations of the leaching process with hydrogen peroxide; conducting research work and establishing the relationship between the mining, geological, hydrogeological and technological Research methods: mathematical and statistical analysis, semi-industrial tests. The reasons for the low intensity of leaching are both complex mining, geological and hydrogeological conditions for the localization of hydrogenic ores and low groundwater temperature. One of the effective technological techniques for increasing leaching efficiency is the use of chemical activators of the uranium extraction process from ore minerals [10‒14]. Laboratory studies [7] of the use of chemical oxidizers in the ores of the Khiagdinsky ore field deposits have shown that hydrogen peroxide is the most effective activator of leaching. To verify the results of laboratory tests in situ at one of the ore deposits of the Khiagdinskoye deposit, pilot tests of the results of these studies were carried out. As a result of the work performed, it has become possible to establish the optimal modes of sulfuric acid leaching of chiagdin ores using hydrogen peroxide as an activator.
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Andersson, Joakim. "Application of Liquid Hydrogen Carriers in Hydrogen Steelmaking." Energies 14, no. 5 (March 3, 2021): 1392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051392.
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Steelmaking is responsible for approximately one third of total industrial carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Hydrogen (H2) direct reduction (H-DR) may be a feasible route towards the decarbonization of primary steelmaking if H2 is produced via electrolysis using fossil-free electricity. However, electrolysis is an electricity-intensive process. Therefore, it is preferable that H2 is predominantly produced during times of low electricity prices, which is enabled by the storage of H2. This work compares the integration of H2 storage in four liquid carriers, methanol (MeOH), formic acid (FA), ammonia (NH3) and perhydro-dibenzyltoluene (H18-DBT), in H-DR processes. In contrast to conventional H2 storage methods, these carriers allow for H2 storage in liquid form at moderate overpressures, reducing the storage capacity cost. The main downside to liquid H2 carriers is that thermochemical processes are necessary for both the storage and release processes, often with significant investment and operational costs. The carriers are compared using thermodynamic and economic data to estimate operational and capital costs in the H-DR context considering process integration options. It is concluded that the use of MeOH is promising compared to the other considered carriers. For large storage volumes, MeOH-based H2 storage may also be an attractive option to the underground storage of compressed H2. The other considered liquid H2 carriers suffer from large thermodynamic barriers for hydrogenation (FA) or dehydrogenation (NH3, H18-DBT) and higher investment costs. However, for the use of MeOH in an H-DR process to be practically feasible, questions regarding process flexibility and the optimal sourcing of CO2 and heat must be answered.
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Karic, Natasa, Jelena Rusmirovic, Maja Djolic, Tihomir Kovacevic, Ljiljana Pecic, Zeljko Radovanovic, and Aleksandar Marinkovic. "Preparation and properties of hydrogen peroxide oxidized starch for industrial use." Chemical Industry 74, no. 1 (2020): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind190722004k.
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Oxidized starch, an additive used in paper manufacturing and products for construction industry, is usually produced using harmful oxidant, such as hypochlorites or periodates. In this study, a simple and efficient eco-friendly laboratory and industrial procedures for starch oxidation were developed. The procedure involves application of small amounts of more environmentally friendly oxidant, hydrogen peroxide, a novel special metal complex catalyst such as copper(II) citrate and copper(II) ricinoleate and biobased plasticizers. Optimization procedure, with respect to the quantity of hydrogen peroxide and temperature in the presence of iron(II) sulphate catalyst, was performed by using the response surface methodology. Compa-rative analysis of the use of the other catalysts that is copper(II) sulphate, copper(II) citrate and copper(II) ricinoleate, indicated copper(II) citrate as the catalyst of choice. Improvement of starch is achieved using three plasticizers: ricinoleic acid (RA), diisopropyl tartarate, as well as epoxidized soybean, linseed and sunflower oils. The effects of hydrogen peroxide and catalyst concentrations, as well as the reaction temperature in the presence of naturally based plasticizers on the physicochemical, thermal and morphological properties of oxidized starch are presented. According to the results obtained in initial experiments, the optimal industrial process is based on the use of copper(II) citrate (0.1 %) as a catalyst and RA (3 %) as a plasticizer.
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Gajewski, Piotr, Aneta Lewandowska, Katarzyna Szcześniak, Grzegorz Przesławski, and Agnieszka Marcinkowska. "Optimization of the Properties of Photocured Hydrogels for Use in Electrochemical Capacitors." Polymers 13, no. 20 (October 12, 2021): 3495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13203495.
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In this work, hydrogel polymer electrolytes (HPEs) were obtained by the photopolymerization of a mixture of two monomers: Exothane 8 (Ex8) and 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate acid phosphate (HEMA-P) in an organic solvent N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), which was replaced after polymerization with water, and then with the electrolyte. The ratio of monomers as well as the concentration of NMP was changed in the composition to study its influence on the properties of the HPE: conductivity (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, EIS) and mechanical properties (puncture resistance). Properties were optimized using a mathematical model to obtain a hydrogel with both good mechanical and conductive properties. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first publication that demonstrates the application of optimization methods for the preparation of HPE. Then, the hydrogel with optimal properties was tested as a separator in a two-electrode symmetric AC/AC pouch-cell. The cells were investigated by cyclic voltammetry galvanostatic charge/discharge with potential limitation and EIS. Good mechanical properties of HPE allowed for obtaining samples of smaller thickness while maintaining very good dimensional stability. Thus, the electrochemical capacitor (EC) resistance was reduced and their electrochemical properties improved. Moreover, photopolymerization kinetics in the solvent and in bulk by photo-DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) were performed. The great impact on the polymerization of HEMA-P and its mixtures (with Ex8 and NMP) have strong intermolecular interactions between reagents molecules (i.e., hydrogen bonds).
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Al-saari, Nurhidayu, Eri Amada, Yuta Matsumura, Mami Tanaka, Sayaka Mino, and Tomoo Sawabe. "Understanding the NaCl-dependent behavior of hydrogen production of a marine bacterium,Vibrio tritonius." PeerJ 7 (April 17, 2019): e6769. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6769.
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Biohydrogen is one of the most suitable clean energy sources for sustaining a fossil fuel independent society. The use of both land and ocean bioresources as feedstocks show great potential in maximizing biohydrogen production, but sodium ion is one of the main obstacles in efficient bacterial biohydrogen production.Vibrio tritoniusstrain AM2 can perform efficient hydrogen production with a molar yield of 1.7 mol H2/mol mannitol, which corresponds to 85% theoretical molar yield of H2production, under saline conditions. With a view to maximizing the hydrogen production using marine biomass, it is important to accumulate knowledge on the effects of salts on the hydrogen production kinetics. Here, we show the kinetics in batch hydrogen production ofV. tritoniusstrain AM2 to investigate the response to various NaCl concentrations. The modified Han–Levenspiel model reveals that salt inhibition in hydrogen production usingV. tritoniusstarts precisely at the point where 10.2 g/L of NaCl is added, and is critically inhibited at 46 g/L. NaCl concentration greatly affects the substrate consumption which in turn affects both growth and hydrogen production. The NaCl-dependent behavior of fermentative hydrogen production ofV. tritoniuscompared to that ofEscherichia coliJCM 1649 reveals the marine-adapted fermentative hydrogen production system inV. tritonius.V. tritoniusAM2 is capable of producing hydrogen from seaweed carbohydrate under a wide range of NaCl concentrations (5 to 46 g/L). The optimal salt concentration producing the highest levels of hydrogen, optimal substrate consumption and highest molar hydrogen yield is at 10 g/L NaCl (1.0% (w/v)).
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Zipunnikov, Mykola, and Svetlana Bukhkalo. "RESEARCH OF GENERAL HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGY ACCORDING TO OPTIMAL PARAMETERS AS A COMPONENT OF COMPLEX DEVELOPMENT OF EFCE AND CFE-UA ASSOCIATIONS." Bulletin of the National Technical University "KhPI". Series: Innovation researches in students’ scientific work, no. 2 (December 16, 2021): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2220-4784.2021.02.11.
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The analysis of the prospects for the development of hydrogen energy in the EU and Ukraine is carried out. The possibilities of implementing projects and technologies for the production of green hydrogen for industrial use are considered. The conditions for the implementation of the project for the creation of a research and development center for hydrogen and hydrogen fuel cell technology are presented. A review of publications devoted to the process of obtaining hydrogen from water has been completed. The main factors influencing the course of reactions in the production of hydrogen from water using alloys are considered. Recommended alloys for producing hydrogen at autonomous facilities. The components of the research algorithm are given taking into account the system of process factors based on the analysis of literature data on the technology of hydrogen production by the electrolysis of water. The general principles of calculating gas generators have been established, which should be based on the basic principles of the thermodynamics of heterogeneous processes: classical thermodynamics of multiphase and heterogeneous systems.
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Pukalskas, Saugirdas, Donatas Kriaučiūnas, Alfredas Rimkus, Grzegorz Przybyła, Paweł Droździel, and Dalibor Barta. "Effect of Hydrogen Addition on the Energetic and Ecologic Parameters of an SI Engine Fueled by Biogas." Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (January 14, 2021): 742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020742.
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The global policy solution seeks to reduce the usage of fossil fuels and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and biogas (BG) represents a solutions to these problems. The use of biogas could help cope with increased amounts of waste and reduce usage of fossil fuels. Biogas could be used in compressed natural gas (CNG) engines, but the engine electronic control unit (ECU) needs to be modified. In this research, a spark ignition (SI) engine was tested for mixtures of biogas and hydrogen (volumetric hydrogen concentration of 0, 14, 24, 33, and 43%). In all experiments, two cases of spark timing (ST) were used: the first for an optimal mixture and the second for CNG. The results show that hydrogen increases combustion quality and reduces incomplete combustion products. Because of BG’s lower burning speed, the advanced ST increased brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 4.3% when the engine was running on biogas. Adding 14 vol% of hydrogen (H2) increases the burning speed of the mixture and enhances BTE by 2.6% at spark timing optimal for CNG (CNG ST) and 0.6% at the optimal mixture ST (mixture ST). Analyses of the rate of heat release (ROHR), temperature, and pressure increase in the cylinder were carried out using utility BURN in AVL BOOST software.
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Makaryan, Iren A., Igor V. Sedov, Eugene A. Salgansky, Artem V. Arutyunov, and Vladimir S. Arutyunov. "A Comprehensive Review on the Prospects of Using Hydrogen–Methane Blends: Challenges and Opportunities." Energies 15, no. 6 (March 20, 2022): 2265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15062265.
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An analysis of the literature data indicates a wide front of research and development in the field of the use of methane–hydrogen mixtures as a promising environmentally friendly low-carbon fuel. The conclusion of most works shows that the use of methane–hydrogen mixtures in internal combustion engines improves their performance and emission characteristics. The most important aspect is the concentration of hydrogen in the fuel mixture, which affects the combustion process of the fuel and determines the optimal operating conditions of the engine. When using methane–hydrogen mixtures with low hydrogen content, the safety measures and risks are similar to those that exist when working with natural gas. Serious logistical problems are associated with the difficulties of using the existing gas distribution infrastructure for transporting methane–hydrogen mixtures. It is possible that, despite the need for huge investments, it will be necessary to create a new infrastructure for the production, storage and transportation of hydrogen and its mixtures with natural gas. Further research is needed on the compatibility of pipeline materials with hydrogen and methane–hydrogen mixtures, safety conditions for the operation of equipment operating with hydrogen or methane–hydrogen mixtures, as well as the economic and environmental feasibility of using these energy carriers.
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Nagieva, I. T., N. I. Ali-zadeh, and T. М. Nagiev. "COHERENT SYNCHRONIZATION OF PYRIDINE DIMERIZATION REACTIONS AND DECOMPOSITION OF “GREEN OXIDANTS” – H2O2 AND N2O." Azerbaijan Chemical Journal, no. 4 (December 8, 2021): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32737/0005-2531-2021-4-6-11.
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In recent years, hydrogen peroxide and nitrous oxide (1) "green oxidants" – have attracted much attention of researchers as a selective oxidizing agent for the catalytic oxidation of pyridine bases. In this regard, the reaction of pyridine oxidation by hydrogen peroxide and nitrous oxide under homogeneous conditions, in the gas phase, without the use of catalysts, at atmospheric pressure, has been experimentally investigated. Areas of selective oxidation of pyridine with hydrogen peroxide and nitrous oxide have been established, and optimal conditions have been found for obtaining valuable raw materials required in the petrochemical, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries
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Martín, Mariano, and Ignacio E. Grossmann. "Optimal Simultaneous Production of Hydrogen and Liquid Fuels from Glycerol: Integrating the Use of Biodiesel Byproducts." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 53, no. 18 (April 25, 2014): 7730–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie500067d.
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Liu, Ming, Linda Zhang, Marc A. Little, Venkat Kapil, Michele Ceriotti, Siyuan Yang, Lifeng Ding, et al. "Barely porous organic cages for hydrogen isotope separation." Science 366, no. 6465 (October 31, 2019): 613–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aax7427.
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The separation of hydrogen isotopes for applications such as nuclear fusion is a major challenge. Current technologies are energy intensive and inefficient. Nanoporous materials have the potential to separate hydrogen isotopes by kinetic quantum sieving, but high separation selectivity tends to correlate with low adsorption capacity, which can prohibit process scale-up. In this study, we use organic synthesis to modify the internal cavities of cage molecules to produce hybrid materials that are excellent quantum sieves. By combining small-pore and large-pore cages together in a single solid, we produce a material with optimal separation performance that combines an excellent deuterium/hydrogen selectivity (8.0) with a high deuterium uptake (4.7 millimoles per gram).
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Rosenstiel, Andreas, Nathalie Monnerie, Jürgen Dersch, Martin Roeb, Robert Pitz-Paal, and Christian Sattler. "Electrochemical Hydrogen Production Powered by PV/CSP Hybrid Power Plants: A Modelling Approach for Cost Optimal System Design." Energies 14, no. 12 (June 10, 2021): 3437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123437.
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Global trade of green hydrogen will probably become a vital factor in reaching climate neutrality. The sunbelt of the Earth has a great potential for large-scale hydrogen production. One promising pathway to solar hydrogen is to use economically priced electricity from photovoltaics (PV) for electrochemical water splitting. However, storing electricity with batteries is still expensive and without storage only a small operating capacity of electrolyser systems can be reached. Combining PV with concentrated solar power (CSP) and thermal energy storage (TES) seems a good pathway to reach more electrolyser full load hours and thereby lower levelized costs of hydrogen (LCOH). This work introduces an energy system model for finding cost-optimal designs of such PV/CSP hybrid hydrogen production plants based on a global optimization algorithm. The model includes an operational strategy which improves the interplay between PV and CSP part, allowing also to store PV surplus electricity as heat. An exemplary study for stand-alone hydrogen production with an alkaline electrolyser (AEL) system is carried out. Three different locations with different solar resources are considered, regarding the total installed costs (TIC) to obtain realistic LCOH values. The study shows that a combination of PV and CSP is an auspicious concept for large-scale solar hydrogen production, leading to lower costs than using one of the technologies on its own. For today’s PV and CSP costs, minimum levelized costs of hydrogen of 4.04 USD/kg were determined for a plant located in Ouarzazate (Morocco). Considering the foreseen decrease in PV and CSP costs until 2030, cuts the LCOH to 3.09 USD/kg while still a combination of PV and CSP is the most economic system.
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Popescu, Dumitru, Catalin Dimon, Pierre Borne, Severus Constantin Olteanu, and Mihaela Ancuta Mone. "Advanced Control for Hydrogen Pyrolysis Installations." Energies 13, no. 12 (June 24, 2020): 3270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123270.
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Today, hydrogen production plays an important part in the industry due to the increasing use of hydrogen in significant domains, such as chemistry, transportation, or energy. In this paper, we aim to design a numerical control solution based on the thermodynamic analysis of the pyrolysis reactions for hydrogen production and to present novel research developments that highlight industrial applications. Beginning with the evaluation of the technological aspects for the pyrolysis chemical process, the paper studies the thermodynamic evaluation of the system equilibrium for the pyrolysis reactions set, to recommend an appropriate automatic control solution for hydrogen pyrolysis installations. The numerical control architecture is organized on two levels, a control level dedicated to key technological parameters, and a supervisory decision level for optimizing the conversion performances of the pyrolysis process. The data employed for modelling, identification, control, and optimization tasks, were obtained from an experimental platform. The scientific results can be implemented on dedicated equipment, to achieve an optimal exploitation of the industrial pyrolysis process.
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Basok, B. I., and Ye T. Baseyev. "LOW CARBON ENERGY 2. Hydrogen energy: problems, achievements, possible risks (review)." Thermophysics and Thermal Power Engineering 46, no. 3 (June 15, 2022): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31472/ttpe.3.2022.5.
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Ways to reduce the carbon capacity of Ukraine's economy through the active use of energy efficiency measures in energy, extensive use of renewable energy sources, in particular hydrogen, with possible problems and risks of transition to low-carbon energy. The aim of the work is to assess the contribution of hydrogen use in the perspective of achieving decarbonized energy of Ukraine, taking into account the advantages, available achievements and obstacles to the movement of the economy on this path. To this end, estimates of energy efficiency of primary energy resources according to the EROEI indicator, in particular, renewable energy sources; indicators of environmental friendliness of basic energy resources according to specific (per unit of energy) greenhouse gas emissions are given; IEA data on the volume of global investments in energy efficiency are presented.
The main scientific and technical results of recent times in the field of research on the processes of production, transportation and end use of hydrogen, obtained by teams from a number of institutes of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The problems of hydrogen energy are in the focus of close attention of scientists in the country. The use of Ukrainian nuclear power plants for hydrogen production is considered.
Particular attention is paid to the materials of the draft Hydrogen Strategy of Ukraine until 2050, according to which the volume of hydrogen production in the final period of implementation will be up to 330 billion nm3 annually.
The risks of formation and development of energy at RES are assessed, the optimal scenarios of the country's economic development are considered.
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Pokotylo, Oleg, Ivan Zakharchuk, and Borys Vykhovanets. "STATE AND PROSPECTS USING MOLECULAR HYDROGEN FOR ATHLETES." Sports Bulletin of the Dnieper 1 (2020): 443–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32540/2071-1476-2019-1-443.
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Introduction. The study of molecular hydrogen as the latest therapeutic and prophylactic corrector of metabolism has been successfully tested on more than 170 models of pathological conditions. Its effective antioxidant, cytoprotective, anti-inflammatory effect on the body has been proven. Separate studies of the effects of molecular hydrogen have been conducted on athletes. The aim of the study - to investigate the level of research and efficiency of using molecular hydrogen in sports medicine and to predict the algorithm of its further research and practical use. Research Methods: Analysis, generalization of data of professional scientific literature for researching the effect of molecular hydrogen in physical culture and sports and identify opportunities and criteria for its use for athletes and physically active people Results. An analytical study based on the results of professional publications about the effective use of molecular hydrogen for athletes in the world was conducted. The advantages and disadvantages of using molecular hydrogen for the organism are reasoned. Ways and methods of entry of molecular hydrogen into the body are described. Inventions of molecular hydrogen generators of Ukrainian scientists, their advantages over foreign analogues and possibilities of their application in sports are shown. Conclusions. Today in view of the analysis of the situation with the use of molecular hydrogen for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes in medicine and sports medicine in particular, the algorithm of prospects for its further research and practical application follows. Firstly, to study the optimal protocol for the intake of molecular hydrogen, depending on the intensity of physical activity, body weight, age, sex, comorbidities, etc.; secondly, to develop personalized antioxidant strategies for the using molecular hydrogen, taking into account the individual redox characteristics of individuals; thirdly, to investigate the consequences of long-term intake of H2 during exercise; fourthly, to reveal the alternative mechanism underlying the antioxidant action and other positive effects of molecular hydrogen. Key words: sports medicine, hydrogen water, «TIG «Liwing Water»», redox potential, oxidative stress.
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Furukawa, Takayuki, Mamoru Tobisu, and Naoto Chatani. "Nickel-catalyzed borylation of arenes and indoles via C–H bond cleavage." Chemical Communications 51, no. 30 (2015): 6508–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc01378j.
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The first nickel-catalyzed method for the borylation of carbon–hydrogen bonds in arenes and indoles is described. The use of an N-heterocyclic carbene ligand is essential for an efficient reaction, with an N-cyclohexyl-substituted derivative being optimal. This method is readily applied to the gram scale synthesis of 2-borylindole.
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Caetano de Souza, Antonio Carlos, José Luz-Silveira, and Maria Isabel Sosa. "Physical-Chemical and Thermodynamic Analyses of Ethanol Steam Reforming for Hydrogen Production." Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 3, no. 3 (January 26, 2006): 346–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2217957.
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Steam reforming is the most usual method of hydrogen production due to its high production efficiency and technological maturity. The use of ethanol for this purpose is an interesting option because it is a renewable and environmentally friendly fuel. The objective of this article is to present the physical-chemical, thermodynamic, and exergetic analysis of a steam reformer of ethanol, in order to produce 0.7Nm3∕h of hydrogen as feedstock of a 1kW PEMFC. The global reaction of ethanol is considered. Superheated ethanol reacts with steam at high temperatures producing hydrogen and carbon dioxide, depending strongly on the thermodynamic conditions of reforming, as well as on the technical features of the reformer system and catalysts. The thermodynamic analysis shows the feasibility of this reaction in temperatures about 206°C. Below this temperature, the reaction trends to the reactants. The advance degree increases with temperature and decreases with pressure. Optimal temperatures range between 600 and 700°C. However, when the temperature attains 700°C, the reaction stability occurs, that is, the hydrogen production attains the limit. For temperatures above 700°C, the heat use is very high, involving high costs of production due to the higher volume of fuel or electricity used. The optimal pressure is 1atm., e.g., at atmospheric pressure. The exergetic analysis shows that the lower irreversibility is attained for lower pressures. However, the temperature changes do not affect significantly the irreversibilities. This analysis shows that the best thermodynamic conditions for steam reforming of ethanol are the same conditions suggested in the physical-chemical analysis.
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Filimonova, A. A., A. A. Chichirov, N. D. Chichirova, A. G. Filimonov, and V. V. Kulichikhin. "Modern directions for the development of hydrogen energy technologies." Safety and Reliability of Power Industry 12, no. 2 (August 14, 2019): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24223/1999-5555-2019-12-2-89-96.
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Hydrogen energy combines a set of technologies for the production, transportation, storage and use of a versatile secondary energy carrier — hydrogen. The energy use of hydrogen is formed from the possibilities of environmentfriendly generation of electricity and long-term storage without loss, including on a large scale. Questions related to the consumption of hydrogen as a promising environment-friendly and versatile energy carrier and energy storage in various sectors of the national economy were formulated in the early 70s of the last century after the first oil fuel crisis. It has become obvious that it is necessary to develop new, ecologically optimal energy technologies based on the use of renewable energy sources, nuclear energy, coal and versatile environment-friendly energy carriers, making it possible to replace non-renewable energy resources as these are depleted and become more expensive. Hydrogen as a secondary energy carrier reveals its potential in a global strategy for sustainable energy development in the 21st century, which confronts the challenges of irreversible climate change, unsustainable oil production and increasing environmental pollution. Hydrogen can play a key role in mainline transportation by road and rail, in coastal and international shipping, in air transport, as well as in long-term and seasonal storage of electricity in networks, relying mainly on local renewable energy sources and local raw materials. The decisive element in the commercialization of hydrogen fuel technologies in Russia at the current stage is the formation of cost-effective hydrogen-transport-energy complexes, in particular, within power generating facilities.
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Felseghi, Raluca-Andreea, Ioan Așchilean, Nicoleta Cobîrzan, Andrei Mircea Bolboacă, and Maria Simona Raboaca. "Optimal Synergy between Photovoltaic Panels and Hydrogen Fuel Cells for Green Power Supply of a Green Building—A Case Study." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (June 2, 2021): 6304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116304.
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Alternative energy resources have a significant function in the performance and decarbonization of power engendering schemes in the building application domain. Additionally, “green buildings” play a special role in reducing energy consumption and minimizing CO2 emissions in the building sector. This research article analyzes the performance of alternative primary energy sources (sun and hydrogen) integrated into a hybrid photovoltaic panel/fuel cell system, and their optimal synergy to provide green energy for a green building. The study addresses the future hydrogen-based economy, which involves the supply of hydrogen as the fuel needed to provide fuel cell energy through a power distribution infrastructure. The objective of this research is to use fuel cells in this field and to investigate their use as a green building energy supply through a hybrid electricity generation system, which also uses photovoltaic panels to convert solar energy. The fuel cell hydrogen is supplied through a distribution network in which hydrogen production is outsourced and independent of the power generation system. The case study creates virtual operating conditions for this type of hybrid energy system and simulates its operation over a one-year period. The goal is to demonstrate the role and utility of fuel cells in virtual conditions by analyzing energy and economic performance indicators, as well as carbon dioxide emissions. The case study analyzes the optimal synergy between photovoltaic panels and fuel cells for the power supply of a green building. In the simulation, an optimally configured hybrid system supplies 100% of the energy to the green building while generating carbon dioxide emissions equal to 11.72% of the average value calculated for a conventional energy system providing similar energy to a standard residential building. Photovoltaic panels account for 32% of the required annual electricity production, and the fuel cells generate 68% of the total annual energy output of the system.
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Dynnik, N. R., M. A. Korolev, E. V. Dutlov, A. V. Tarasov, A. A. Romanov, A. N. Karpov, E. B. Kochetkova, and D. V. Borisanov. "Decarbonization of Exhaust Gases From Hydrogen Production Units and the Use of Carbon Dioxide in Greenhouses." Oil and Gas Technologies 142, no. 5 (2022): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/1815-2600-2022-142-5-8-17.
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The influence of carbon dioxide on the environment, including the impact on humans and plants, is considered.22The dependence of the growth rate of the green mass of plants on the concentration of CO was revealed.The methods of carbon dioxide capture possible for use at refineries are considered. The most optimal method of carbon dioxide capture was selected, sorbents for this process were also selected based on their selectivitywith respect to carbon dioxide. The method of using carbon dioxide in greenhouses is considered, and the economic effect of the introduction of this technology into production is also calculated.
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Toribio, Jesús, and Miguel Lorenzo. "On the Use of Multi-Step Dies for Improving the Performance against Hydrogen Embrittlement of Cold Drawn Prestressing Steel Wires." Materials 15, no. 24 (December 19, 2022): 9085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15249085.
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The main cause of in-service failure of cold drawn wires in aggressive environments is hydrogen embrittlement (HE). The non-uniform plastic strains and residual stresses generated after cold drawing play a significant role in the matter of HE susceptibility of prestressing steels. In this paper, a new and innovative design of the drawing scheme is developed, geared towards the reduction in both manufacturing-induced residual stresses and plastic strains. To achieve this goal, three innovative cold drawing chains (consisting in diverse multi-step dies where multiple diameter reductions are progressively carried out in a single die) are numerically simulated by the finite element (FE) method. From the residual stress and plastic strain fields revealed from FE numerical simulations, hydrogen accumulation for diverse times of exposure is obtained by means of FE simulations of the hydrogen diffusion assisted by stress and strains. Thus, an estimation of the HE susceptibility of the cold drawn wires after each process was obtained. Results reveal that cold drawn wire using multi-step dies exhibits lower stress and strain states nearby the wire surface. This reduction causes a decrease in the hydrogen concentration at the prospective damage zones, thereby improving the performance of the prestressing steel wires in hydrogenating environments promoting HE. Thus, the optimal wire drawing process design is carried out using special dies with several reductions per die.
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Fakhrutdinova, Elena, Olesia Reutova, Liubov Maliy, Tamara Kharlamova, Olga Vodyankina, and Valery Svetlichnyi. "Laser-Based Synthesis of TiO2-Pt Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Generation." Materials 15, no. 21 (October 22, 2022): 7413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15217413.
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The development of visible-light active titanium dioxide is one of the key challenges in photocatalysis that stimulates the development of TiO2-based composite materials and methods for their synthesis. Here, we report the use of pristine and Pt-modified dark titanium dioxide prepared via pulsed laser ablation in liquid (Nd:YAG laser, 1064 nm, 7 ns) for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from alcohol aqueous solutions. The structure, textural, optical, photoelectrochemical, and electrochemical properties of the materials are studied by a complex of methods including X-ray diffraction, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption, electrophoretic light scattering, diffuse reflection spectroscopy, photoelectrochemical testing, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Both the thermal treatment effect and the effect of modification with platinum on photocatalytic properties of dark titania materials are studied. Optimal compositions and experimental conditions are selected, and high photocatalytic efficiency of the samples in the hydrogen evolution reaction (apparent quantum yield of H2 up to 0.38) is demonstrated when irradiated with soft UV and blue LED, i.e., 375 and 410 nm. The positive effect of low platinum concentrations on the increase in the catalytic activity of dark titania is explained.
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Luo, Zixuan, Yang Hu, Huachi Xu, Danhui Gao, and Wenying Li. "Cost-Economic Analysis of Hydrogen for China’s Fuel Cell Transportation Field." Energies 13, no. 24 (December 10, 2020): 6522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13246522.
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China has become a major market for hydrogen used in fuel cells in the transportation field. It is key to control the cost of hydrogen to open up the Chinese market. The development status and trends of China’s hydrogen fuel industry chain were researched. A hydrogen energy cost model was established in this paper from five aspects: raw material cost, fixed cost of production, hydrogen purification cost, carbon trading cost, and transportation cost. The economic analysis of hydrogen was applied to hydrogen transported in the form of high-pressure hydrogen gas or cryogenic liquid hydrogen and produced by natural gas, coal, and electrolysis of water. It was found that the cost of hydrogen from natural gas and coal is currently lower, while it is greatly affected by the hydrogen purification cost and the carbon trading price. Considering the impact of future production technologies, raw material costs, and rising requirements for sustainable energy development on the hydrogen energy cost, it is recommended to use renewable energy curtailment as a source of electricity and multi-stack system electrolyzers as large-scale electrolysis equipment, in combination with cryogenic liquid hydrogen transportation or on-site hydrogen production. Furthermore, participation in electricity market-oriented transactions, cross-regional transactions, and carbon trading can reduce the cost of hydrogen. These approaches represent the optimal method for obtaining inexpensive hydrogen.
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Цамаева, П. С., А. А. Эльмурзаев, and А. П. Колесник. "DEVELOPMENT OF AN OPTIMAL METHODFOR CAPTURE OF AEROSOL SULFUR IN THE PROCESS OF DIRECT HYDROGEN SULFUR OXIDATION." Вестник ГГНТУ. Технические науки, no. 4(26) (December 28, 2021): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.34708/gstou.2021.15.25.005.
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Процессы переработки сероводородсодержащих газов сопровождаются получением множества проблем. В данной статье проводится исследование процесса улавливания сероводорода из попутных нефтяных газов в присутствии растворителей. Процессы прямого окисления сероводорода на опытных образцах промышленных установок требуют создания эффективных процессов выделения серы и водорода из продуктов реакции. Полученные экспериментальные данные позволяют рассчитать соотношение растворимости элементарной и аэрозольной серы в органических растворителях. Результаты исследований показали, что органические растворители можно успешно использовать для создания технологии абсорбции аэрозольной серы, выявлен ряд положительных моментов применения органических растворителей, а также достичь степень улавливания до 95%. The processes of processing hydrogen sulfide-containing gases are accompanied by many problems. This article investigates the process of capturing hydrogen sulfide from associated petroleum gases in the presence of solvents. The processes of direct oxidation of hydrogen sulfide on prototypes of industrial plants requires the creation of efficient processes for the separation of sulfur and hydrogen from the reaction products. The experimental data obtained make it possible to calculate the ratio of the solubility of elemental and aerosol sulfur in organic solvents. The research results have shown that organic solvents can be successfully used to create a technology for the absorption of aerosol sulfur, a number of positive aspects of the use of organic solvents have been identified, as well as to achieve a collection rate of up to 95%.
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Bogdan, Claudia, Catalin Brill, Oleksandr Sirosh, Mihai Vijulie, and Alin Lazar. "PRELIMINARY DEVELOPMENT OF A CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF MATRIX HEAT EXCHANGER." SMART ENERGY AND SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT 24, no. 1 (April 16, 2021): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.46390/j.smensuen.24121.435.
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While the basic principles of thermodynamics have remained the same, the necessity for heat exchangers to have good effectiveness in a small volume is constantly growing. Heat exchangers type Matrix Heat Exchanger (MHE), which can meet these requirements, does not have an optimal design variant for its use. These heat exchangers have been approached for 60 years, by many researchers, currently offering only an overview of the process. The mechanism of heat transfer in a matrix heat exchanger is complex, having three different thermal convection paths as well as thermal conduction through two different surfaces. This paper presents the simulations performed in ANSYS Workbench, combining all these heat transfer modes, for developing an optimal model of a perforated plate matrix heat exchanger, used for the pre-cooling of a hydrogen isotopes stream mixture, for purification purposes, as well as, for preparing the inlet temperature in cryogenic distillation columns of hydrogen isotopes.
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Boopathy, R., and C. f. Kulpa. "Biotransformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) by a Methanococcus sp. (strain B) isolated from a lake sediment." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 40, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m94-044.
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A mesophilic, irregular coccoid methanogen, which shows close resemblance to Methanococcus sp., was isolated from a sediment sample of St. Joseph Lake located in the University of Notre Dame campus. Formate or hydrogen plus carbon dioxide served as substrate for methanogenesis in a mineral salt medium. This organism was studied for its ability to metabolize 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). The result showed that this isolate could transform 100 ppm of TNT within 40–60 days of incubation at 30 °C. The main intermediate produced was 2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene. The TNT transformation rates were higher in cells grown in hydrogen plus carbon dioxide than in cells grown in formate. The isolate did not use acetate and methanol as sole source of carbon and energy. The organism had an optimal pH range of 6.8–7.2. The optimal growth conditions for this isolate are described.Key words: biotransformation, methanogens, bioremediation, nitroaromatics, TNT, anaerobic process.
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Monforti Ferrario, Andrea, Andrea Bartolini, Gabriele Comodi, Stephen John McPhail, Francisca Segura Manzano, José Manuel Andujar, and Francisco José Vivas. "Optimal sizing of Battery and Hydrogen Energy Storage Systems configurations in a Hybrid Renewable Microgrid." E3S Web of Conferences 238 (2021): 09002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123809002.
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Considering the increasing penetration of variable and non-dispatchable renewable energy in worldwide electricity mixes, an increasing requirement for energy storage capacity is foreseen in order to decouple production and demand. Electrochemical battery systems and/or hydrogen systems (electrolysers and fuel cells) provide a suitable alternative to be implemented in local small-to-medium scale microgrid environments. The research aims to address the optimal sizing of an Energy Storage System composed of lead acid batteries and a hydrogen loop (electrolyser, compressed storage tank and fuel cell) within an actual hybrid renewable microgrid located in Huelva, Spain. The energy storage systems must couple the variable production of 15 kWp of solar PV systems and a 3 kWnom horizontal axis wind turbine to a real monitored residential load, which present a time-shifted power demand. By making use of previously developed and validated component models, three storage configurations (battery-only, hydrogen-only and hybrid batteryhydrogen) are assessed via parametrical variation in yearly simulations in hourly timestep, analysing the Loss of Load (LL) and Over Production (OP) output values. The results provide quantitative information regarding the optimal storage system capacity in each configuration providing valuable insight in terms of sizing of the energy storage systems in the long-term.
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Ryuji, Matsuhashi, and Yoshioka Tsuyoshi. "Optimal design of a coproduction system of electricity and hydrogen to manage imbalances resulting from forecast errors in photovoltaic outputs." E3S Web of Conferences 64 (2018): 06009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186406009.
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Renewable power sources are increasing mainly because of economic institutions such as renewable portfolio standard or feed-in tariff program. In Japan, the feed-in tariff program triggered explosive growth of photovoltaic systems because of its high tariff level. Although mass introduction of photovoltaic systems certainly contributes to reduce CO2 emissions, it causes instability issues in power systems. One of the most serious issues is management of imbalances resulting from forecast errors in photovoltaic outputs. On the other hand, power-to-gas technologies are attracting our attention, since these technologies could convert surplus of renewable energy to other energy carriers. In particular, hydrogen is efficiently produced from electricity using electrolysis. We could use hydrogen to manage the imbalances by the system, in which uncertain parts of photovoltaic outputs are used to produce hydrogen. In this paper, we propose a coproduction system of electricity and hydrogen to reduce the imbalances. For this purpose, a novel mathematical model is developed, in which we determine the structure of the coproduction system with a mixed integer linear programming method. Evaluated results indicated that the coproduction system is economical under appropriate capacity of the electrolyzer.
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Grunow, Paul. "Decentral Hydrogen." Energies 15, no. 8 (April 12, 2022): 2820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15082820.
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This concept study extends the power-to-gas approach to small combined heat and power devices in buildings that alternately operate fuel cells and electrolysis. While the heat is used to replace existing fossil heaters on-site, the power is either fed into the grid or consumed via heat-coupled electrolysis to balance the grid power at the nearest grid node. In detail, the power demand of Germany is simulated as a snapshot for 2030 with 100% renewable sourcing. The standard load profile is supplemented with additional loads from 100% electric heat pumps, 100% electric cars, and a fully electrified industry. The renewable power is then scaled up to match this demand with historic hourly yield data from 2018/2019. An optimal mix of photovoltaics, wind, biomass and hydropower is calculated in respect to estimated costs in 2030. Hydrogen has recently entered a large number of national energy roadmaps worldwide. However, most of them address the demands of heavy industry and heavy transport, which are more difficult to electrify. Hydrogen is understood to be a substitute for fossil fuels, which would be continuously imported from non-industrialized countries. This paper focuses on hydrogen as a storage technology in an all-electric system. The target is to model the most cost-effective end-to-end use of local renewable energies, including excess hydrogen for the industry. The on-site heat coupling will be the principal argument for decentralisation. Essentially, it flattens the future peak from massive usage of electric heat pumps during cold periods. However, transition speed will either push the industry or the prosumer approach in front. Batteries are tried out as supplementary components for short-term storage, due to their higher round trip efficiencies. Switching the gas net to hydrogen is considered as an alternative to overcome the slow power grid expansions. Further decentral measures are examined in respect to system costs.
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Sittijunda, Sureewan, Napapat Sitthikitpanya, Pensri Plangklang, and Alissara Reungsang. "Two-Stage Anaerobic Codigestion of Crude Glycerol and Micro-Algal Biomass for Biohydrogen and Methane Production by Anaerobic Sludge Consortium." Fermentation 7, no. 3 (August 31, 2021): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation7030175.
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Optimization of factors affecting biohydrogen production from the codigestion of crude glycerol and microalgal biomass by anaerobic sludge consortium was conducted. The experiments were designed by a response surface methodology with central composite design. The factors affecting the production of hydrogen were the concentrations of crude glycerol, microalgal biomass, and inoculum. The maximum hydrogen production (655.1 mL-H2/L) was achieved with 13.83 g/L crude glycerol, 23.1 g-VS/L microalgal biomass, and 10.3% (v/v) inoculum. The hydrogenic effluents obtained under low, high, and optimal conditions were further used as substrates for methane production. Methane production rates and methane yield of 868.7 mL-CH4/L and 2.95 mL-CH4/L-h were attained with the effluent produced under optimum conditions. The use of crude glycerol and microalgal biomass as cosubstrates had an antagonistic effect on biohydrogen production and a synergistic effect on methane fermentation. The two-stage process provided a more attractive solution, with a total energy of 1.27 kJ/g-VSadded, than the one-stage process.
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Bansal, Saumya, Yi Zong, Shi You, Lucian Mihet-Popa, and Jinsheng Xiao. "Technical and Economic Analysis of One-Stop Charging Stations for Battery and Fuel Cell EV with Renewable Energy Sources." Energies 13, no. 11 (June 3, 2020): 2855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112855.
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Currently, most of the vehicles make use of fossil fuels for operations, resulting in one of the largest sources of carbon dioxide emissions. The need to cut our dependency on these fossil fuels has led to an increased use of renewable energy sources (RESs) for mobility purposes. A technical and economic analysis of a one-stop charging station for battery electric vehicles (BEV) and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) is investigated in this paper. The hybrid optimization model for electric renewables (HOMER) software and the heavy-duty refueling station analysis model (HDRSAM) are used to conduct the case study for a one-stop charging station at Technical University of Denmark (DTU)-Risø campus. Using HOMER, a total of 42 charging station scenarios are analyzed by considering two systems (a grid-connected system and an off-grid connected system). For each system three different charging station designs (design A-hydrogen load; design B-an electrical load, and design C-an integrated system consisting of both hydrogen and electrical load) are set up for analysis. Furthermore, seven potential wind turbines with different capacity are selected from HOMER database for each system. Using HDRSAM, a total 18 scenarios are analyzed with variation in hydrogen delivery option, production volume, hydrogen dispensing option and hydrogen dispensing option. The optimal solution from HOMER for a lifespan of twenty-five years is integrated into design C with the grid-connected system whose cost was $986,065. For HDRSAM, the optimal solution design consists of tube trailer as hydrogen delivery with cascade dispensing option at 350 bar together with high production volume and the cost of the system was $452,148. The results from the two simulation tools are integrated and the overall cost of the one-stop charging station is achieved which was $2,833,465. The analysis demonstrated that the one-stop charging station with a grid connection is able to fulfil the charging demand cost-effectively and environmentally friendly for an integrated energy system with RESs in the investigated locations.
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Bartolucci, Lorenzo, Stefano Cordiner, Vincenzo Mulone, and Stefano Pasquale. "Design of a multi-energy system under different hydrogen deployment scenarios." E3S Web of Conferences 238 (2021): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123802001.
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Multi Energy Systems (MES) are effective means to increase Renewable Energy Sources (RES) penetration in the energy system and therefore to move toward a decentralized low-carbon system. Several energy vectors can be integrated together to exploit synergies in a MES framework, such as electricity, heat and hydrogen. The latter is one of the most promising energy carriers to promote widespread use of MES. Predictive management and well-defined sizing methodology are mandatory to achieve maximum performance out of MES. In this study a grid-connected MES consisting of a photovoltaic (PV) plant, a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) and a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) as a programmable Combined Cooling Heat and Power (CCHP) source, is modelled. Natural gas is considered as an alternative fuel to pure hydrogen. Mixed Integer Linear Programming and Genetic Algorithm are used respectively to solve operation and sizing problems. A single-objective optimization approach, including emission factors as optimization constraints, is carried out to find the optimal configuration of the MES. Several future scenarios are studied, considering different percentages of hydrogen in the gas mixture and comparing the techno-economic performance of the system with respect to a pure hydrogen fueling scenario. Results showed that the environmental objective within the design optimization, promote the use of hydrogen, especially in scenarios with high share of green hydrogen.
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Martín, Mariano, and Ignacio E. Grossmann. "Optimal use of hybrid feedstock, switchgrass and shale gas for the simultaneous production of hydrogen and liquid fuels." Energy 55 (June 2013): 378–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.04.005.
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Ingersoll, John G. "The Renewable Hydrogen–Methane (RHYME) Transportation Fuel: A Practical First Step in the Realization of the Hydrogen Economy." Hydrogen 3, no. 1 (February 18, 2022): 84–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen3010008.
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The permanent introduction of green hydrogen into the energy economy would require that a discriminating selection be made of its use in the sectors where its value is optimal in terms of relative cost and life cycle reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. Consequently, hydrogen can be used as an energy storage medium when intermittent wind and solar power exceed certain penetration in the grid, likely above 40%, and in road transportation right away, to begin displacing gasoline and diesel fuels. To this end, the proposed approach is to utilize current technologies represented by PHEV in light-duty and HEV in heavy-duty vehicles, where a high-performance internal combustion engine is used with a fuel comprised of 15–20% green hydrogen and 85–89% green methane depending on vehicle type. This fuel, designated as RHYME, takes advantage of the best attributes of hydrogen and methane, results in lower life cycle carbon dioxide emissions than BEVs or FCEVs and offers a cost-effective and pragmatic approach, both locally as well as globally, in establishing hydrogen as part of the energy economy over the next ten to thirty years.
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Sasongko, Mega Nur, and Abdi Afifuddin Zuhri. "Uji Performa Mesin Bensin dengan Sistem Injeksi Berbahan Bakar HCNG." Jurnal Rekayasa Mesin 12, no. 1 (May 31, 2021): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jrm.2021.012.01.8.
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Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is an alternative renewable fuel gasoline replacement. However, due to the low heating value, the use of CNG in the engine will reduce its performance. The addition of hydrogen gas in CNG namely hydrogen-enriched compressed natural gas is expected to increase the power of the motor. This study aims to analyze the effect of hydrogen concentration on the performance of a CNG gasoline engine. The research was conducted on the engine with an indirect fuel injection system with a volume of 124,9 cc. The parameter of the engine that measured is torque, effective power, specific fuel consumption, and effective thermal efficiency. The results showed that the small percentage of hydrogen in CNG could increase the power of the gasoline engine. Power and efficiency reach a maximum of 10% hydrogen concentration. Increasing the proportion of hydrogen in CNG fuel above 10% will significantly reduce engine torque and power. Engine performance at optimal conditions with 10% hydrogen results in torque of 2.71 Kg.m at 670 rpm, effective power of 3.28 Ps at 1055 rpm, SFCe 0.17 Kg / Ps. Hours at 770 rpm and 33.62% effective thermal efficiency at 770 rpm
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Liang, Shuguang, Huizhen Liu, Jinli Liu, Weitao Wang, Tao Jiang, Zhaofu Zhang, and Buxing Han. "Hydrogenation of methyl laurate to produce lauryl alcohol over Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 with methanol as the solvent and hydrogen source." Pure and Applied Chemistry 84, no. 3 (November 5, 2011): 779–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-11-06-09.
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Hydrogenation of methyl laurate was conducted over a Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst, using methanol as the solvent and hydrogen source, to give lauryl alcohol. In this process, the solvent underwent partial decomposition in contact with the catalyst to generate hydrogen, which served as the hydrogenation agent. The effect of different factors on the reaction was examined, to optimize production of lauryl alcohol with high conversion efficiency and selectivity. Use of methanol as the solvent not only favored the reaction, but also suppressed a side reaction involving transesterification between methyl laurate and lauryl alcohol. Under optimal reaction conditions, 91.8 % conversion of methyl laurate and 88.8 % yield of lauryl alcohol could be achieved.
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Ancona, Maria Alessandra, Michele Bianchi, Lisa Branchini, Francesco Catena, Andrea De Pascale, Francesco Melino, and Antonio Peretto. "Renewables exploitation via hydrogen production in gas turbine test facilities: the ZEHTC Project." E3S Web of Conferences 238 (2021): 02006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123802006.
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In order to pursue the goals of de-carbonization and renewable sources exploitation, an efficient, cost-effective and environmental friendly employment of energy systems is mandatory. In this context, the ERA-Net funded Project ZEHTC (Zero Emission Hydrogen Turbine Center) has been developed, aimed at the realization of a pilot plant consisting in the world first gas turbine test facility making use of the power produced during turbine tests – along with renewables (solar in particular) – for hydrogen production and batteries storage. The produced hydrogen will be locally used to run the gas turbine, thus reducing its environmental impact. The aim of this paper is to present the results of the first steps of the project, consisting in the definition of an optimized grid and in the development of a calculation model for the optimal energy systems design. To this respect, the typology of energy systems to be included into the grid (in addition to the current set-up of the existing turbine test center) will be presented. In addition, the mathematical models specifically developed for each component, as well as the developed operational logic of the entire grid, will be presented and discussed in order to set the optimal size of each systems.
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Dareioti, Margarita Andreas, Aikaterini Ioannis Vavouraki, Konstantina Tsigkou, Constantina Zafiri, and Michael Kornaros. "Dark Fermentation of Sweet Sorghum Stalks, Cheese Whey and Cow Manure Mixture: Effect of pH, Pretreatment and Organic Load." Processes 9, no. 6 (June 9, 2021): 1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9061017.
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The aim of this study was to determine the optimal conditions for dark fermentation using agro-industrial liquid wastewaters mixed with sweet sorghum stalks (i.e., 55% sorghum, 40% cheese whey, and 5% liquid cow manure). Batch experiments were performed to investigate the effect of controlled pH (5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5) on the production of bio-hydrogen and volatile fatty acids. According to the obtained results, the maximum hydrogen yield of 0.52 mol H2/mol eq. glucose was measured at pH 5.5 accompanied by the highest volatile fatty acids production, whereas similar hydrogen productivity was also observed at pH 6.0 and 6.5. The use of heat-treated anaerobic sludge as inoculum had a positive impact on bio-hydrogen production, exhibiting an increased yield of 1.09 mol H2/mol eq. glucose. On the other hand, the pretreated (ensiled) sorghum, instead of a fresh one, led to a lower hydrogen production, while the organic load decrease did not affect the process performance. In all experiments, the main fermentation end-products were volatile fatty acids (i.e., acetic, propionic, butyric), ethanol and lactic acid.
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NAZAROV, Vladimir D., Ivan S. ERILIN, Maxim V. NAZAROV, and Olga V. SMORODOVA. "USE OF SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELL FOR INCREASING THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF THE ELECTROFLOTATOR." Urban construction and architecture 9, no. 1 (March 15, 2019): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2019.01.8.
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Advances in fuel cells in recent years have made it possible to apply them with high efficiency in various engineering fields. In this paper, a scheme of functioning of an electrofloter was proposed in conjunction with a solid oxide fuel cell. Experimental studies of a hydrogen fuel cell were carried out to obtain a current-voltage characteristic and a curve for the dependence of the fuel cell efficiency on the specific power and current was obtained. The surface efficiency of the electroflater - fuel cell system was built and conclusions were drawn about energy savings and optimal areas of the active surface of the fuel cell under investigation when working with electroflotters with a capacity of up to 3 m3 / h.
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Caponetto, Riccardo, Emanuela Privitera, Giuseppe Mirone, and Fabio Matera. "Structural Analysis of Electrochemical Hydrogen Compressor End-Plates for High-Pressure Applications." Energies 15, no. 16 (August 11, 2022): 5823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15165823.
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Transportation and portable applications already use hydrogen as fuel, but it is essential to use highly-efficient hydrogen storage methods to increase its usage in the future. The compressed form is the most utilized for transportation applications, but mechanical compressors have low efficiency when compressing low quantities of gas to high pressure. The most suitable device for hydrogen compression is the Electrochemical Hydrogen Compressor (EHC). It has the same structure as a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEM-FC), but it works at very high-pressure ( 700 bar). The present work analyses the monopolar plate of an Electrochemical Hydrogen Compressor prone to hydrogen embrittlement. Irregular shape variations generate peaks of stress magnitude and triaxiality, further contributing to decreasing metal ductility at the local scale. The calculation of the stress field in such components is essential due to the possibility of failure due to the material embrittlement caused by hydrogen. The paper presents a conceptual design of an EHC operating at 700 bar and focuses on the shape and the mechanical stress of the end-plates to have conservative levels of the nominal stress states, which then are taken as the design parameter for providing adequate structural integrity and mechanical reliability to the component. The FEM analysis with Marc software—of MSC Software Corporation—identified the optimal end-plates configuration in circular plan view and active area. The plate, sized to have a deflection no greater than 0.1mm when the EHC works at 700 bar, should have the minimum thickness of 17 mm.
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Cheng, S. S., S. M. Chang, and S. T. Chen. "Effects of volatile fatty acids on a thermophilic anaerobic hydrogen fermentation process degrading peptone." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 4-5 (August 1, 2002): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0589.
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Hydrogen fermentation using glucose as a single substrate caused abrupt pH drops and the gradual losses of hydrogen producers, which in turn led to system failure. In this study the use of a proteinaceous substrate, peptone, avoided the abrupt pH drops in the reactive system and allowed for further exploration of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and pH effects on the hydrogen fermentation process. Our results showed that: (1) during the hydrogen fermentation tests, the abrupt pH drops were avoided thus system stability increased due to the production of ammonia from the peptone fermented, (2) pH control was not necessary and the addition of acetate to the process had little effect on the hydrogen fermentation process, (3) at the extreme pHs the addition of acetate either lengthened the lag phase (pH ≤6) or slowed the hydrogen production rate (pH ≥ 8), and both situations were not desired, and (4) high VFA content in the system sped up the consumption of hydrogen gas. Results of this study suggested that the hydrogen fermentation using the protein-containing substances as substrate was beneficial in maintaining the system pH. As long as the pH was maintained around 6-8, system inhibition due to VFAs accumulation was minimized. Thus, the optimal operation of a hydrogen fermentation process would be achievable via the control of substrate composition at a certain carbohydrate-to-protein ratio.
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Rogalev, Andrey, Nikolay Rogalev, Daria Kharlamova, Ivan Shcherbatov, and Timofey Karev. "Development of Solutions for Increasing the Combustion Efficiency of Hydrogen in Water Vapor in a Hydrogen-Oxygen Steam Superheater." Inventions 8, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions8010006.
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The study is aimed at revealing the specific features of the burning of hydrogen with oxygen in a water-vapor atmosphere. The purpose of the study is to define the optimal values for diluting the burning mixture with water vapor in the active burnout zone, providing the minimal values of incomplete combustion. Modeling of burning processes was carried out with the use of kinetic mechanisms in the Ansys Chemkin-Pro software. The result of the study was the definition of critical water vapor content in a burning mixture as 60% fraction of total mass with, obtaining dependencies of key parameters of the burning process within a wide range. The mechanism of chemical kinetics was selected for further modeling in a three-dimensional setting, and tasks for the formulation of requirements and methods for the design of efficient hydrogen combustion chambers were set up for 500 MW gas turbine plants at a supercritical pressure of 20 MPa or higher.
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Wang, Ying Gang, Lin Lin, Teng Fei Liu, and Jin Meng Zhang. "Experimental Research on the Treatment of Printing and Dyeing Wastewater Using Ultrasound Combined with Fenton Reagent." Applied Mechanics and Materials 713-715 (January 2015): 2703–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.713-715.2703.
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Experimental research on the treatment of printing and dyeing wastewater has been carried out. The method of ultrasonic combined Fenton has been used.Separately by using ultrasonic and Fenton oxidation method to treat printing and dyeing wastewater, the hydrogen peroxide dosage, FeSO4•7H2O dosage, shaking time, pH value, ultrasonic time, ultrasonic power and other factors are investigated.The COD and chromaticity removal effect of printing and dyeing wastewater are calculated. The experimental results show that the above factors have a certain impact on the treatment effect. Based on these results, the orthogonal test method is used in this experiment, the optimal conditions of ultrasound combined with Fenton reagent for dealing printing and dyeing wastewater has been determined.The orthogonal experimental results show that the optimal reaction conditions of orthogonal test are below:pH value is 3, the best time for the experiment is 1.5h, hydrogen peroxide dosage is 5mL, seven water ferrous sulfate dosage is 0.7grams, ultrasonic power is 142.5W. Experiments are conducted in accordance with the best reaction conditions. On the optimal process conditions, the removal rate of COD reaches 94.6% and the chroma removal rate reaches 87.5%. The effect of using ultrasonic combined with Fenton reagent to treat printing and dyeing wastewater is better than the use of single method.
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Marchenko, O. V., S. V. Podkovalnikov, and S. V. Solomin. "Modeling and research of power supply systems with renewable energy sources and hydrogen fuel cells." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1070, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1070/1/012008.
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Abstract Currently, the creation of environmentally friendly energy systems, including only renewable energy sources, is an urgent task. In this paper, such an autonomous power supply system (microgrid) for isolated consumers is investigated. It includes photovoltaic converters, wind turbines, an electrolyzer, fuel cells, electrical energy and hydrogen storage. For its study, an original optimization mathematical model was used. The optimal structure of the system and its operation modes are determined according to the criterion of minimum total discounted costs, taking into account energy balances and a number of additional conditions and constrains. It is shown that the use of energy sources of various types and energy storage devices makes it possible to smooth out the uneven generation of solar and wind power plants. It has been established that it is expedient to use electric batteries for short-term, and hydrogen accumulators – for long-term energy storage.