Relevant bibliographies by topics / Optimal energy efficiency

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Optimal energy efficiency'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 30 May 2022
Last updated: 31 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Optimal energy efficiency"

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Kannan, K. Nattar, and B. Paramasivan. "Enhancing Energy Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Optimal Gradient Routing Protocol." International Journal of Computer and Communication Engineering 3, no. 6 (2014): 408–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijcce.2014.v3.359.

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Hobbs, Benjamin F., Villamor Gamponia, and Allen F. Wilson. "Optimal expansion of energy efficiency programs." Resource and Energy Economics 16, no. 1 (March 1994): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0928-7655(94)90011-6.

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Mlinarić, Tomislav Josip, and Klemen Ponikvar. "Energy Efficiency of Railway Lines." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 23, no. 3 (June 28, 2011): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v23i3.122.

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Energy saving is necessary in accordance with the principles of sustainable development. Energy consumption is increasing, and the production capacities are limited. The three main railway segments such as: railway infrastructure, traffic management and dynamic train movement have an important impact on energy consumption for train haulage. The aim of the research presented in this paper is to determine energy consumption efficiency for train haulage, by choosing optimal construction parameters of railway lines, modern design of railway stations, optimal traffic management and energy efficient dynamic train movement. The paper gives a concrete presentation of energy consumption in all three segments of railway traffic and proposals for rationalization of energy consumption. The infrastructure managers and rail carriers should cooperate in the process of efficiency consumption of energy for train haulage. Saving of energy is a never-ending process.
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Robinson, David, David Adrian Sanders, and Ebrahim Mazharsolook. "Sensor-based ambient intelligence for optimal energy efficiency." Sensor Review 34, no. 2 (March 17, 2014): 170–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-10-2012-667.

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Purpose – This paper aims to describe research work to create an innovative, and intelligent solution for energy efficiency optimisation. Design/methodology/approach – A novel approach is taken to energy consumption monitoring by using ambient intelligence (AmI), extended data sets and knowledge management (KM) technologies. These are combined to create a decision support system as an innovative add-on to currently used energy management systems. Standard energy consumption data are complemented by information from AmI systems from both environment-ambient and process ambient sources and processed within a service-oriented-architecture-based platform. The new platform allows for building of different energy efficiency software services using measured and processed data. Four were selected for the system prototypes: condition-based energy consumption warning, online diagnostics of energy-related problems, support to manufacturing process lines installation and ramp-up phase, and continuous improvement/optimisation of energy efficiency. Findings – An innovative and intelligent solution for energy efficiency optimisation is demonstrated in two typical manufacturing companies, within one case study. Energy efficiency is improved and the novel approach using AmI with KM technologies is shown to work well as an add-on to currently used energy management systems. Research limitations/implications – The decision support systems are only at the prototype stage. These systems improved on existing energy management systems. The system functionalities have only been trialled in two manufacturing companies (the one case study is described). Practical implications – A decision support system has been created as an innovative add-on to currently used energy management systems and energy efficiency software services are developed as the front end of the system. Energy efficiency is improved. Originality/value – For the first time, research work has moved into industry to optimise energy efficiency using AmI, extended data sets and KM technologies. An AmI monitoring system for energy consumption is presented that is intended for use in manufacturing companies to provide comprehensive information about energy use, and knowledge-based support for improvements in energy efficiency. The services interactively provide suggestions for appropriate actions for energy problem elimination and energy efficiency increase. The system functionalities were trialled in two typical manufacturing companies, within one case study described in the paper.
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Robinson, David Charles, David Adrian Sanders, and Ebrahim Mazharsolook. "Ambient intelligence for optimal manufacturing and energy efficiency." Assembly Automation 35, no. 3 (August 3, 2015): 234–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aa-11-2014-087.

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Purpose – This paper aims to describe the creation of innovative and intelligent systems to optimise energy efficiency in manufacturing. The systems monitor energy consumption using ambient intelligence (AmI) and knowledge management (KM) technologies. Together they create a decision support system as an innovative add-on to currently used energy management systems. Design/methodology/approach – Energy consumption data (ECD) are processed within a service-oriented architecture-based platform. The platform provides condition-based energy consumption warning, online diagnostics of energy-related problems, support to manufacturing process lines installation and ramp-up phase and continuous improvement/optimisation of energy efficiency. The systems monitor energy consumption using AmI and KM technologies. Together they create a decision support system as an innovative add-on to currently used energy management systems. Findings – The systems produce an improvement in energy efficiency in manufacturing small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The systems provide more comprehensive information about energy use and some knowledge-based support. Research limitations/implications – Prototype systems were trialled in a manufacturing company that produces mooring chains for the offshore oil and gas industry, an energy intensive manufacturing operation. The paper describes a case study involving energy-intensive processes that addressed different manufacturing concepts and involved the manufacture of mooring chains for offshore platforms. The system was developed to support online detection of energy efficiency problems. Practical implications – Energy efficiency can be optimised in assembly and manufacturing processes. The systems produce an improvement in energy efficiency in manufacturing SMEs. The systems provide more comprehensive information about energy use and some knowledge-based support. Social implications – This research addresses two of the most critical problems in energy management in industrial production technologies: how to efficiently and promptly acquire and provide information online for optimising energy consumption and how to effectively use such knowledge to support decision making. Originality/value – This research was inspired by the need for industry to have effective tools for energy efficiency, and that opportunities for industry to take up energy efficiency measures are mostly not carried out. The research combined AmI and KM technologies and involved new uses of sensors, including wireless intelligent sensor networks, to measure environment parameters and conditions as well as to process performance and behaviour aspects, such as material flow using smart tags in highly flexible manufacturing or temperature distribution over machines. The information obtained could be correlated with standard ECD to monitor energy efficiency and identify problems. The new approach can provide effective ways to collect more information to give a new insight into energy consumption within a manufacturing system.
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Takeuchi, Keigo. "Spatial Modulation Achieves Information-Theoretically Optimal Energy Efficiency." IEEE Communications Letters 19, no. 7 (July 2015): 1133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2015.2433271.

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G.V, Ramanaiah, L. Krishna kavya, P. V. Rajya Lakshmi, V. Sai Kumar, and Sk Shahed Ali. "Optimal Energy Efficiency Through Dpsn Based 5g Network." International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering 7, no. 3 (March 25, 2020): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/23488549/ijece-v7i3p105.

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Kuznetsov, Oleg, Viktor Chepurnov, Albina Gurskaya, Mikhail Dolgopolov, and Sali Radzhapov. "C-beta energy converter efficiency modeling." EPJ Web of Conferences 222 (2019): 02012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201922202012.

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To construct beta converters with maximum efficiency it is necessary to carry out the theoretical calculation in order to determine their optimal parameters - the geometry of the structure, the thickness of the deposition of the radioisotope layer, the depth and the width of the p-n junction, and others. To date, many different theoretical models and calculations methods had been proposed. There are fairly simple theoretical models based on the Bethe-Bloch formula and the calculation of the rate of generation of electron-hole pairs, and on calculations by equivalent circuits. Also, the Monte-Carlo method is used for theoretical modeling of beta converters. This paper explores beta converter optimization using the Monte-Carlo method. The purpose of the study is to conduct Monte-Carlo simulation of the beta converter to determine its optimal parameters.
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Asyraf Mohd Kamaruzaman, Amirul, Muhammad Murtadha Othman, Aainaa Mohd Arriffin, Ismail Musirin, Muhd Azri Abdul Razak, and Zilaila Zakaria. "Energy Efficiency of a Building Using Capacitors Optimization." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 8, no. 2 (November 1, 2017): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v8.i2.pp343-349.

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<p>This paper presents the optimal location and sizing of capacitors to reduce the total power losses as well as its investment cost for a distribution system in a building. The capacitors location and sizing will be randomly chosen repetitively, via Stochasitic optimization method using MATLAB<sup>® </sup>and SIMULINK<sup>® </sup>software. The optimal capacitors location and sizing will be picked via analysis and comparisons between the results. The result shows improvement in power losses with minimal investment cost whilst providing optimal sizing and location of capacitors to be installed in a building.</p>
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Janssen, Eddy. "Energy saving and efficiency." EPJ Web of Conferences 246 (2020): 00015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202024600015.

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Many products and package systems offered by manufacturers have been optimized under pressure from Europe’s eco-design regulations (e.g., Energy Related Products). This also gives the customer access to reliable product information at the time of purchase, which continuously encourages manufacturers to improve the energy efficiency of their products in order to remain competitive. Typical of this merchandise is mass production. The focus in this article is on the design of energy efficient thermal systems, where each installation is custom made and consists of an assembly of components. Two groups with a large share in energy consumption need a different approach: industrial processes and building facilities. Pinch Point Analysis provides a systematic method to save energy in industrial plants through optimal implementation of heat recovery, cogeneration and heat pump applications. On the other hand, the Hysopt simulation software offers a powerful and accessible tool for optimizing the heat generation and distribution network that allows energy savings in buildings. After an introduction, both Pinch Point Analysis and Hysopt are explained, with designers in particular being the target group.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Optimal energy efficiency"

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Rodríguez-Urdaneta, Alejandro. "Geographical Mapping of the Building Envelope Surface Optimal Optical Properties Minimizing the Energy used to Maintain Indoor Conditions." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Energiteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-35491.

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Several studies have shown that the buildings envelope optical properties are important in terms of energy use and thermal comfort level. However, no study has been found in regard of the optimal optical properties for the building envelope. Moreover, developments in the coil-coating industry have made possible to design cost effective optical selective surfaces for the construction sector. Based on the above mentioned, this study pretends to map the envelope optimal optical properties minimizing the energy use for large-open-volume buildings locates in Stockholm, Copenhagen, Liverpool, Amsterdam, Berlin, Vienna, Bern, Rome, and Madrid.A building could be seen as a very complex solar energy conversion system, which is very difficult to describe accurately. Nonetheless, it is possible to use Building Energy Simulation (BES) tools to model, to some extent, its thermal performance under many simplistic assumptions. The simulation tool TRNSYS 17 and the optimization tool GenOpt were selected for this study. Additionally, detailed small-open-volume building thermal performance data, obtained during passive measurements from the steel manufacturer SSAB, in Borlänge-Sweden, were used to assess the methodology for the creation of the large-open-volume simulation models. The variations in large-open-volume building design around Europe are not well documented, which constitutes one of the major impediments for this research. However, detailed European historical building U-value data from the European Union project called iNSPiRe made it possible to achieve the objective of this study.The simulation work showed, that the building envelope optimal optical properties are related to the magnitude of the heating and cooling loads. Consequently, GenOpt was used to plot the sensitivity of the building envelope optimal optical properties to the ratio between the heating demand and the total energy demand (Qheat/Qtotal). In regard to the large-open-volume building optimal optical properties in the selected locations, it was found that the allocation of optimal optical properties does not lead to significant energy savings in locations with relatively low solar availability and high thermal insulation levels. Nonetheless, a final envelope optical properties study for a small-open-volume building model based on three existing buildings differing only on their optical properties was made for 243 world-capital cities. The simulations reinforced the results for the large-open-volume building in the European locations, and additionally showed huge energy savings potential for most of the world capital cities. This investigation restates the results obtained by Joudi (2015), “Possible energy savings by the smart choice of optical properties on the interior and exterior surfaces of the building.”
Varios estudios han demostrado que las propiedades ópticas de las envolturas delos edificios son importantes en términos de consumo energético y de nivel deconfort térmico. Sin embargo, no se ha encontrado estudio alguno con respecto alas propiedades ópticas óptimas para las envolturas de los edificios.Conjuntamente, los desarrollos en la industria de bobinas metálicas revestidas hanhecho posible diseñar superficies selectivas rentables para el sector de laconstrucción. Basándose en lo anteriormente expuesto, este estudio pretendemapear las propiedades ópticas óptimas de la envoltura que minimizan el uso deenergía para edificios de gran volumen abierto localizados en Estocolmo,Copenhague, Liverpool, Ámsterdam, Berlín, Viena, Berna, Roma y Madrid.Un edificio podría ser visto como un sistema de conversión de energía solar muycomplejo, que es muy difícil de describir con precisión. No obstante, es posibleutilizar las herramientas de Simulación de Energía de Edificios (BES) para modelar,hasta cierto punto, su rendimiento térmico bajo una considerable cantidad desuposiciones simplistas. El programa de simulación TRNSYS 17 y el programa deoptimización GenOpt fueron seleccionadas para este estudio. Adicionalmente, conel fin de evaluar la metodología utilizada para la creación de los modelos desimulación para edificios de gran volumen abierto, se utilizaron datos detallados derendimiento térmico de edificios de pequeño volumen abierto, obtenidos durantemediciones pasivas del fabricante de acero SSAB, en Borlänge-Suecia. Lasvariaciones en el diseño de edificios de gran volumen abierto en toda Europa noestán bien documentadas, lo que constituye uno de los principales impedimentospara esta investigación. Sin embargo, los datos detallados y en orden cronológicode los niveles de aislamiento térmico (U-value) en la construcción europea,recopilados por el proyecto de la Unión Europea llamado iNSPiRe, permitieronalcanzar el objetivo de este estudio.El trabajo de simulación demostró que las propiedades ópticas óptimas de laenvoltura del edificio están relacionadas con la magnitud de las cargas decalefacción y refrigeración. En consecuencia, GenOpt fue utilizado para graficar lasensibilidad de las propiedades ópticas óptimas de la envolvente del edificio conrespecto a la proporción entre la demanda de calefacción y la demanda total deenergía (Qheat/Qtotal). En cuanto a las propiedades ópticas óptimas del edificio degran volumen abierto en las ubicaciones seleccionadas, se encontró que laasignación de propiedades ópticas óptimas no conduce a ahorros de energíasignificativos en ubicaciones con disponibilidad solar relativamente baja y altosniveles de aislamiento térmico. Sin embargo, un último estudio de propiedadesópticas de envolvente para un modelo de construcción de pequeño volumen abiertobasado en tres edificios existentes que difieren sólo en sus propiedades ópticas serealizó para 243 capitales mundiales. Las simulaciones reforzaron los resultadospara el edificio de gran volumen abierto en las localidades europeas, y ademásmostraron un enorme potencial de ahorro de energía para la mayoría de lascapitales mundiales. Esta investigación reitera los resultados obtenidos por Joudi (2015), "Posibles ahorros de energía por la elección inteligente de propiedadesópticas en las superficies interiores y exteriores del edificio".
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Khazaii, Javad. "Effects of sub-optimal component performance on overall cooling system energy consumption and efficiency." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/43707.

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Predicted cooling system performance plays an important role in choices among alternative system selections and designs. When system performance is expressed in proper indicators such as "overall system energy consumption" or "overall system efficiency", it can provide the decision makers with a quantitative measure of the extent to which a cooling system satisfies the system design requirements and objectives. Predictions of cooling system energy consumption and efficiency imply assumptions about component performance. Quantitative appraisal of the uncertainty (lack of knowledge) in these assumptions can be used by design practitioners to select and design systems, by energy contractors to guarantee future system energy cost savings, and codes and standards officials to set proper goals to conserve energy. Our lack of knowledge has different sources, notably unknown tolerances in equipment nameplate data, and unpredictable load profiles. Both cause systems to under-perform current predictions, and as a result decrease the accuracy of the outcomes of energy simulations that commonly are used to verify system performance during the design and construction stages. There can be many other causes of unpredictable system behavior, for example due to bad workmanship in the installation, occurrence of faults in the operation of certain system parts, deterioration over time and other. These uncertainties are typically much harder to quantify and their propagation into the calculated energy consumption is much harder to accomplish. In this thesis, these categories of failures are not considered, i.e. the treatment is limited to component tolerances and load variability. In this research the effects of equipment nameplate tolerances and cooling load profile variability on the overall energy consumption and efficiency of commonly used commercial cooling systems are quantified. The main target of this thesis is to present a methodology for calculating the chances that a specific cooling system could deviate from a certain efficiency level by a certain margin, and use these results to guide practitioners and energy performance contractors to select, and guarantee system performances more realistically. By doing that, the plan is to establish a systematic approach of developing expressions of risk, in commercial cooling system consumption and efficiency calculations, and thus to advocate the use of expressions of risk as design targets. This thesis makes a contribution to improving our fundamental understanding of performance risk in selecting and sizing certain HVAC design concepts.
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Khodabakhshian, Mohammad. "Improving Fuel Efficiency of Commercial Vehicles through Optimal Control of Energy Buffers." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Mekatronik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-181071.

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Fuel consumption reduction is one of the main challenges in the automotiveindustry due to its economical and environmental impacts as well as legalregulations. While fuel consumption reduction is important for all vehicles,it has larger benefits for commercial ones due to their long operational timesand much higher fuel consumption. Optimal control of multiple energy buffers within the vehicle proves aneffective approach for reducing energy consumption. Energy is temporarilystored in a buffer when its cost is small and released when it is relativelyexpensive. An example of an energy buffer is the vehicle body. Before goingup a hill, the vehicle can accelerate to increase its kinetic energy, which canthen be consumed on the uphill stretch to reduce the engine load. The simplestrategy proves effective for reducing fuel consumption. The thesis generalizes the energy buffer concept to various vehicular componentswith distinct physical disciplines so that they share the same modelstructure reflecting energy flow. The thesis furthermore improves widely appliedcontrol methods and apply them to new applications. The contribution of the thesis can be summarized as follows: • Developing a new function to make the equivalent consumption minimizationstrategy (ECMS) controller (which is one of the well-knownoptimal energy management methods in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs))more robust. • Developing an integrated controller to optimize torque split and gearnumber simultaneously for both reducing fuel consumption and improvingdrivability of HEVs. • Developing a one-step prediction control method for improving the gearchanging decision. • Studying the potential fuel efficiency improvement of using electromechanicalbrake (EMB) on a hybrid electric city bus. • Evaluating the potential improvement of fuel economy of the electricallyactuated engine cooling system through the off-line global optimizationmethod. • Developing a linear time variant model predictive controller (LTV-MPC)for the real-time control of the electric engine cooling system of heavytrucks and implementing it on a real truck.

QC 20160128

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El-khawas, Ihab N. "The optimal design of buildings : a life-cycle approach to energy efficiency /." The Ohio State University, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487948158626783.

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Aljoaba, Sharif. "ACTIVE OPTIMAL CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ece_etds/18.

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Energy consumption has increased drastically during the last century. Currently, the worldwide energy consumption is about 17.4 TW and is predicted to reach 25 TW by 2035. Solar energy has emerged as one of the potential renewable energy sources. Since its first physical recognition in 1887 by Adams and Day till nowadays, research in solar energy is continuously developing. This has lead to many achievements and milestones that introduced it as one of the most reliable and sustainable energy sources. Recently, the International Energy Agency declared that solar energy is predicted to be one of the major electricity production energy sources by 2035. Enhancing the efficiency and lifecycle of photovoltaic (PV) modules leads to significant cost reduction. Reducing the temperature of the PV module improves its efficiency and enhances its lifecycle. To better understand the PV module performance, it is important to study the interaction between the output power and the temperature. A model that is capable of predicting the PV module temperature and its effects on the output power considering the individual contribution of the solar spectrum wavelengths significantly advances the PV module designs toward higher efficiency. In this work, a thermoelectrical model is developed to predict the effects of the solar spectrum wavelengths on the PV module performance. The model is characterized and validated under real meteorological conditions where experimental temperature and output power of the PV module measurements are shown to agree with the predicted results. The model is used to validate the concept of active optical filtering. Since this model is wavelength-based, it is used to design an active optical filter for PV applications. Applying this filter to the PV module is expected to increase the output power of the module by filtering the spectrum wavelengths. The active filter performance is optimized, where different cutoff wavelengths are used to maximize the module output power. It is predicted that if the optimized active optical filter is applied to the PV module, the module efficiency is predicted to increase by about 1%. Different technologies are considered for physical implementation of the active optical filter.
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Fan, Yuling. "Optimal energy-efficiency retrofit and maintenance planning for existing buildings considering green building policy compliance." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/66191.

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Reducing global energy consumption is a common challenge faced by the human race due to the energy shortage and growing energy demands. The building sector bears a large responsibility for the total energy consumption throughout the world. In particular, it was concluded that existing buildings, which are usually old and energy-inefficient, are the main reason for the high energy consumption of the building sector, in view of the low replacement rate (about 1%-3% per year) of existing buildings by new energy-efficient buildings. Therefore, improving the energy efficiency of existing buildings is a feasible and effective way to reduce energy consumption and mitigate the environmental impact of the building sector. The high energy intensity and requirements of a green building policy are the main motivation of this study, which focuses on finding cost-effective solutions to green building retrofit and maintenance planning to reduce energy consumption and ensure policy compliance. As about 50% of the total energy usage of a general building is caused by its envelope system, this study first proposes a multi-objective optimization approach for building envelope retrofit planning in Chapter 2. The purpose is to maximize the energy savings and economic benefits of an investment by improving the energy efficiency of existing buildings with the optimal retrofit plans obtained from the proposed approach. In the model formulation, important indicators for decision makers to evaluate an investment, including energy savings, net present value and the payback period, are taken into consideration. In addition, a photovoltaic (PV) power supply system is considered to reduce the energy demand of buildings because of the adequate solar resource in South Africa. The performance degradation of the PV system and corresponding maintenance cost are built into the optimization process for an accurate estimation of the energy savings and payback period of the investment so that decision makers are able to make informed decisions. The proposed model also gives decision makers a convenient way to interact with the optimization process to obtain a desired optimal retrofit plan according to their preferences over different objectives. In addition to the envelope system, the indoor systems of a general building also account for a large proportion of the total energy demand of a building. In the literature, research related to building retrofit planning methods aiming at saving energy examines either the indoor appliances or the envelope components. No study on systematic retrofit plan for the whole building, including both the envelope system and the indoor systems, has been reported so far. In addition, a systematic whole-building retrofit plan taking into account the green building policy, which in South Africa is the energy performance certificate (EPC) rating system, is urgently needed to help decision makers to ensure that the retrofit is financially beneficial and the resulting building complies with the green building policy requirements. This has not been investigated in the literature. Therefore, Chapter 4 of this thesis fills the above-mentioned gaps and presents a model that can determine an optimal retrofit plan for the whole building, considering both the envelope system and indoor systems, aiming at maximizing energy savings in the most cost-effective way and achieving a good rating from the EPC rating system to comply with the green building policy in South Africa. As reaching the best energy level from the EPC rating system for a building usually requires a high amount of investment, resulting in a long payback period, which is not attractive for decision makers in view of the vulnerable economic situation of South Africa, the proposed model treats the retrofit plan as a multi-year project, improving efficiency targets in consecutive years. That is to say, the model breaks down the once-off long-term project into smaller projects over multiple financial years with shorter payback periods. In that way, the financial concerns of the investors are alleviated. In addition, a tax incentive program to encourage energy saving investments in South Africa is considered in the optimization problem to explore the economic benefits of the retrofit projects fully. Considering both the envelope system and indoor systems, many systems and items that can be retrofitted and massive retrofit options available for them result in a large number of discrete decision variables for the optimization problem. The inherent non-linearity and multi-objective nature of the optimization problem and other factors such as the requirements of the EPC system make it difficult to solve the building retrofit problem. The complexity of the problem is further increased when the target buildings have many floors. In addition, there is a large number of parameters that need to be obtained in the building retrofit optimization problem. This requires a detailed energy audit of the buildings to be retrofitted, which is an expensive bottom-up modeling exercise. To address these challenges, two simplified methods to reduce the complexity of finding the optimal whole-building retrofit plans are proposed in Chapter 4. Lastly, an optimal maintenance planning strategy is presented in Chapter 5 to ensure the sustainability of the retrofit. It is natural that the performance of all the retrofitted items will degrade over time and consequently the energy savings achieved by the retrofit will diminish. The maintenance plan is therefore studied to restore the energy performance of the buildings after retrofit in a cost-effective way. Maintenance planning for the indoor systems is not considered in this study because it has been thoroughly investigated in the literature. In addition, a maintenance plan for the PV system involved in the retrofit of this study is investigated in Chapter 2.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering
PhD
Unrestricted
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Widell, Kristina Norne. "Energy efficiency of freezing tunnels : towards an optimal operation of compressors and air fans." Doctoral thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-16431.

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Fish is one of Norway’s main exports, and can be shipped fresh, frozen or dried. This thesis examines the freezing of fish in batch tunnels and ways to increase the energy efficiency of this process. A fish freezing plant on the west coast of Norway was used as a baseline case and measurements were made of the freezing system. Different aspects of this system were simulated, mainly using MATLAB. The focus was on the compressors and the freezing tunnels of an industrial refrigeration system. The compressors and the freezing tunnel fans are the largest consumers of electricity, but they are often not operated at the highest efficiency. An analysis of the compressor operation showed that it was far from optimal, with several compressors often operating at part-load simultaneously. These were screw compressors regulated by slide valves, which provide easy capacity control, but also have low energy efficiency. The refrigeration system had several different sized compressors, and the results showed that it was possible to run the system with only one compressor at part-load operation. The total coefficient of performance was improved by as much as 29% for a low production period. A further analysis showed that installing a variable speed drive on one compressor would also improve energy efficiency and make capacity regulation straightforward. The freezing system included five batch freezing tunnels, each of which had a freezing capacity of more than 100 tonnes of pelagic fish. A typical freezing period lasted typically 20 h and decreased the fish temperature to -18◦C or below. The main task was to develop a computer program that could simulate the freezing process and the refrigeration system and locate opportunities for improvement. The air velocities inside the freezing tunnel varied with location, which were pinpointed using the computational fluid dynamics software program Airpak. These velocities were used in freezing time calculations. It was shown that a guide blade installed in the air flow at a critical location improved the air velocity distribution compared with no guide blade. Without the guide blade, the freezing times of the products were between 16 h and 32 h, but with a guide blade they were between 17h and 21 h, a span of only 4 h. These freezing times were calculated with a modified Plank’s equation. A numerical model was programmed in MATLAB and it was used to simulate the temperatures of the products. The model was a two-dimensional finite difference approximation of the heat conduction equation. The simulation results were compared to measured temperatures, to validate the model. The measured temperatures were also used for validation of another simulation program, programmed in Modelica. The final stage of this research involved testing different alternatives for reduced fan operation. The program for the product model was extended with models for calculating the energy consumption of the air fans and the compressors and using Airpak-simulated velocities. The air fan speed was reduced to 83%, 67%, 50% and 33% of full air fan speed. This was tested at 5 different points during the freezing period, to see how the freezing times were affected. Full air speed during the freezing period resulted in a total freezing time of 20 h. A reduction in air fan speed to 33% after 8 h resulted in an increase in total freezing time of 10 hours (47% longer) but reduced energy consumption to 73.8% of the baseline case. An alternative with only 4 h longer freezing time resulted in an energy consumption of 80.5% of the baseline case. It was assumed that the fans had variable speed drives. The effect of reduced air inlet temperature was also tested and the results show that this can reduce freezing times. The effect on the total energy consumption was not large and also depends on the rest of the refrigeration system. Issues raised by this thesis are relevant for future research. It is suggested that the main simulation program is expanded by incorporating more detailed models of the refrigeration system. Dynamic operation of the air fans is also a possibility, for example to gradually reduce fan speed with decreasing product heat load.
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Clark, Barrett C. "Energetic efficiency and stability in bipedal locomotion: 3D walking and energy-optimal perturbation rejection." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1534579029132854.

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Wanjiru, Evan. "Optimal energy-water nexus management in residential buildings incorporating renewable energy, efficient devices and water recycling." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/61465.

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Developing nations face insurmountable challenges to reliably and sustainably provide energy and water to the population. These resources are intricately entwined such that decisions on the use of one affects the other (energy-water nexus). Inadequate and ageing infrastructure, increased population and connectivity, urbanization, improved standards of living and spatially uneven rainfall are some of the reasons causing this insecurity. Expanding and developing new supply infrastructure is not sustainable due to sky high costs and negative environmental impact such as increased greenhouse gas emissions and over extraction of surface water. The exponentially increasing demand, way above the capacity of supply infrastructure in most developing countries, requires urgent mitigation strategies through demand side management (DSM). The DSM strategies seek to increase efficiency of use of available resources and reducing demand from utilities in the short, medium and long term. Renewable energy, rooftop rain water harvesting, pump-storage scheme and grey water recycling are some alternatives being used to curb the insecurity. However, renewable energy and rooftop water harvesting are spasmodic in nature hampering their adoption as the sole supply options for energy and water respectively. The built environment is one of the largest energy and water consuming sectors in the world presenting a huge potential towards conserving and increasing efficiency of these resources. For this reason, coupled with the 1970s energy challenges, the concept of green buildings seeking to, among other factors, reduce the consumption of energy and water sprung up. Conventionally, policy makers, industry players and researchers have made decisions on either resource independently, with little knowledge on the effect it would have on the other. It is therefore imperative that optimal integration of alternative sources and resource efficient technologies are implemented and analysed jointly in order to achieve maximum benefits. This is a step closer to achieving green buildings while also improving energy and water security. A multifaceted approach to save energy and water should integrate appropriate resource efficient technology, alternative source and an advanced and reliable control system to coordinate their operation. In a typical South African urban residential house, water heating is one of the most energy and water intensive end uses while lawn irrigation is the highest water intensive end use occasioned by low rainfall and high evaporation. Therefore, seamless integration of these alternative supply and most resource intensive end uses provides the highest potential towards resource conservation. This thesis introduces the first practical and economical attempt to integrate various alternative energy and water supply options with efficient devices. The multifaceted approach used in this research has proven that optimal control strategy can significantly reduce the cost of these resources, bring in revenue through renewable energy sales, reuse waste water and reduce the demand for grid energy, water and waste water services. This thesis is generally divided into cold and hot water categories; both of which energy-water nexus DSM is carried out. Open-loop optimal and closed-loop model predictive (MPC) control strategies that minimize the objective while meeting present technical and operational constraints are designed. In cold water systems, open-loop optimal and MPC strategies are designed to improve water reliability through a pump storage system. Energy efficiency (EE) of the pump is achieved through optimally shifting the load to off-peak period of the time-of-use (TOU) tariff in South Africa. Thereafter, an open-loop optimal control strategy is developed for rooftop rain water harvesting for lawn irrigation. The controller ensures water is conserved by using the stored rain water and ensuring only the required amount of water is used for irrigation. Further, EE is achieved through load shifting of the pump subject to the TOU tariff. The two control strategies are then developed to operate a grey water recycling system that is useful in meeting non-potable water demand such as toilet flushing and lawn irrigation and EE is achieved through shifting of pump's load. Finally, the two control strategies are designed for an integrated rain and grey water recycling for a residential house, whose life cycle cost (LCC) analysis is carried out. The hot water category is more energy intensive, and therefore, the open-loop optimal control strategy is developed to control a heat pump water heater (HPWH) and an instantaneous shower, both powered by grid-tied renewable energy systems. Solar and wind energy are used due to their abundance in South Africa. Thereafter, the MPC strategy is developed to power same devices with renewable energy systems. In both strategies, energy is saved through the use of renewable energy sources, that also bring in revenue through sale of excess power back to the grid. In addition, water is conserved through heating the cold water in the pipes using the instantaneous shower rather than running it down the drain while waiting for hot water to arrive. LCC analysis is also carried out for this strategy. Each of the two control strategies has its strengths. The open loop optimal control is easier and cheaper to implement but is only suitable in cases where uncertainties and disturbances affecting the system do not alter the demand pattern for water in a major way. Conversely, the closed-loop MPC strategy is more complicated and costly to implement due to additional components like sensors, but comes with great robustness against uncertainties and disturbances. Both strategies are beneficial in ensuring security and reliability of energy and water is achieved. Importantly, technology alone cannot have sustainable DSM impact. Public education and awareness on importance of energy and water savings, improved efficiency and effect on supply infrastructure and greenhouse gas emissions are essential. Awareness is also important in enabling the acceptance of these technological advancements by the society.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
National Hub for Energy Efficiency and Demand Side Management (EEDSM)
University of Pretoria
Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering
PhD
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Li, Guoqiang [Verfasser]. "Optimal Control of Vehicles with Advanced Powertrain System in terms of Energy Efficiency / Guoqiang Li." Düren : Shaker, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1200807928/34.

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Books on the topic "Optimal energy efficiency"

1

Wang, Yan, Cheng-Lin Liu, and Zhi-Cheng Ji. Quantitative Analysis and Optimal Control of Energy Efficiency in Discrete Manufacturing System. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4462-0.

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Jain, Raj K. Optimal design study of high efficiency indium phosphide space solar cells. [Cleveland, Ohio: Lewis Research Center, 1990.

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Jain, Raj K. Optimal design study of high efficiency indium phosphide space solar cells. [Cleveland, Ohio: Lewis Research Center, 1990.

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Moser, Philip. Energy-Efficient VCSELs for Optical Interconnects. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24067-1.

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Nikkari, Jason James. An optical process sensor for steel furnace pollution control and energy efficiency. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2000.

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Optics, European Congress on. Optical materials technology for energy efficiency and solar energy conversion IX: ECO3, 12-13 March 1990, the Hague, the Netherlands. Edited by Granqvist Claes G, Lampert Carl M, European Physical Society, European Federation for Applied Optics., Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers., and Association nationale de la recherche technique. Bellingham, Wash., USA: SPIE, 1990.

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European Congress on Optics (1st 1988 Hamburg, Germany). Optical materials technology for energy efficiency and solar energy conversion VII: ECO1 19-21 September 1988, Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany. Edited by Lampert Carl M, Granqvist Claes G, Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers., European Physical Society, European Federation for Applied Optics., and Association nationale de la recherche technique. Bellingham, Wash., USA: The Society, 1989.

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Shanks, Kirk B. P. The optimal deployment of energy efficient envelope technologies within the Northern Ireland Housing Executive existing stock. [s.l: The Author], 2001.

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Shinde, Kartik N. Phosphate Phosphors for Solid-State Lighting. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012.

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Gordon, Jeffrey M., and Roland Winston. Nonimaging optics: Efficient design for illumination and solar concentration VIII : 21-22 August 2011, San Diego, California, United States. Edited by SPIE (Society). Bellingham, Wash: SPIE, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Optimal energy efficiency"

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Enache, Bogdan-Adrian. "Determining the Optimal Battery Model for a Specific Application." In Energy Harvesting and Energy Efficiency, 573–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49875-1_19.

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Jabari, Farkhondeh, Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo, and Mohammad Rasouli. "Optimal Planning of a Micro-combined Cooling, Heating and Power System Using Air-Source Heat Pumps for Residential Buildings." In Energy Harvesting and Energy Efficiency, 423–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49875-1_15.

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Andreou, Ioannis S. "New Criteria for the Design of Optimal Heat Exchanger Networks." In Energy Efficiency in Process Technology, 929–40. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1454-7_82.

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Nau, Sebastião Lauro, and Alexandre Postól Sobrinho. "Optimal Voltage/Frequency Curve for Inverter-Fed Motor." In Energy Efficiency in Motor Driven Systems, 444–49. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55475-9_64.

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Krarti, Moncef. "Optimal Integration of Energy Efficiency with Renewable Generation." In Energy-Efficient Electrical Systems for Buildings, 443–76. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, a CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa, plc, [2017]: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315372297-14.

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Cobble, M. H., and A. R. Shouman. "Optimal Efficiency of a Solar Pond and a Rankine Cycle System." In Solar Energy Utilization, 525–36. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3631-7_27.

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Jornet, Atanasi, Angel Orille, Albert Pérez, and Salvador Jareño. "Optimal Design and Efficiency Test Method of Induction Motors Fed by Frequency Converters." In Energy Efficiency in Motor Driven Systems, 60–70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55475-9_11.

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Mustakallio, Panu, and Jarek Kurnitski. "Energy Efficiency Measures: In Different Climates and in Architectural Competitions." In Cost Optimal and Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings (nZEB), 79–102. London: Springer London, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5610-9_6.

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Deshmukh, Madhukar, and Dnyaneshwar Gawali. "Optimal Probabilistic Cluster Head Selection for Energy Efficiency in WSN." In Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Advanced Computing, Networking and Informatics, 197–207. New Delhi: Springer India, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2529-4_20.

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Wang, Gaocai, Ying Peng, and Qifei Zhao. "Optimal Energy Efficiency Data Dissemination Strategy Based on Optimal Stopping Theory in Mobile Network." In Computational Data and Social Networks, 41–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04648-4_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Optimal energy efficiency"

1

Niu, Dongxiao, and Siying Cao. "Optimal Energy Efficiency Subsidy Model." In 2009 International Conference on Management and Service Science (MASS). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmss.2009.5301415.

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Ayyagari, Krishna Sandeep, Shen Wang, Nikolaos Gatsis, Ahmad F. Taha, and Marcio Giacomoni. "Energy-Efficient Optimal Water Flow Considering Pump Efficiency." In 2021 IEEE Madrid PowerTech. IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/powertech46648.2021.9494803.

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Tao, LONG, and BIE Zhaohong. "Energy Efficiency Optimal Dispatch for Park-Level Energy Internet." In 2019 IEEE 8th International Conference on Advanced Power System Automation and Protection (APAP). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apap47170.2019.9225132.

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Petkov, Ivalin, Christof Knoeri, and Georgios Mavromatidis. "Optimal multi-stage planning of decentralized multi-energy systems considering seasonal energy storage." In 34th International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environment Impact of Energy Systems. Tokyo, Japan: ECOS 2021 Program Organizers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52202/062738-0034.

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Ilic, Marija, Sanja Cvijic, Jeffrey H. Lang, and Jiangzhong Tong. "Optimal voltage management for enhancing electricity market efficiency." In 2015 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgm.2015.7286009.

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Ahmad, Hafiz Waleed, Qais Ali, and Syed Ali Abbas Kazmi. "Optimal Placement and Sizing of Distributed Generator in Meshed Distribution System." In 2019 3rd International Conference on Energy Conservation and Efficiency (ICECE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ece.2019.8921333.

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Ferreira, Douglas Da Costa, Fábio Roberto Chavarette, Jean-Marc Stephane Lafay, Paulo Rogerio Novak, Samuel Pagotto, and Vinícius Favretto. "Stoppers Energy Harvesting Efficiency Enhancement via Optimal Linear Controller." In DINCON 2015 – Conferência Brasileira de Dinâmica, Controle e Aplicações. SBMAC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5540/03.2016.004.01.0025.

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Zhang, Shirong, and Yuling Tang. "Optimal Control of Operation Efficiency of Belt Conveyor." In 2011 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/appeec.2011.5748556.

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Maier, Laura, Sarah Henn, Philipp Mehrfeld, and Dirk Müller. "Approximate Optimal Control for Heat Pumps in Building Energy Systems." In 34th International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environment Impact of Energy Systems. Tokyo, Japan: ECOS 2021 Program Organizers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52202/062738-0030.

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Colla, Martin, Julien Blondeau, and Hervé Jeanmart. "Optimal use of lignocellulosic biomass for the energy transition, including the non-energy demand: the case of the Belgian energy system." In 34th International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environment Impact of Energy Systems. Tokyo, Japan: ECOS 2021 Program Organizers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52202/062738-0010.

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Reports on the topic "Optimal energy efficiency"

1

Polly, B., M. Gestwick, M. Bianchi, R. Anderson, S. Horowitz, C. Christensen, and R. Judkoff. A Method for Determining Optimal Residential Energy Efficiency Packages. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1219163.

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Polly, B., M. Gestwick, M. Bianchi, R. Anderson, S. Horowitz, C. Christensen, and R. Judkoff. Method for Determining Optimal Residential Energy Efficiency Retrofit Packages. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1015501.

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Morkun, Volodymyr, Natalia Morkun, Andrii Pikilnyak, Serhii Semerikov, Oleksandra Serdiuk, and Irina Gaponenko. The Cyber-Physical System for Increasing the Efficiency of the Iron Ore Desliming Process. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4373.

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It is proposed to carry out the spatial effect of high-energy ultrasound dynamic effects with controlled characteristics on the solid phase particles of the ore pulp in the deslimer input product to increase the efficiency of thickening and desliming processes of iron ore beneficiation products. The above allows predicting the characteristics of particle gravitational sedimentation based on an assessment of the spatial dynamics of pulp solid- phase particles under the controlled action of high-energy ultrasound and fuzzy logical inference. The object of study is the assessment of the characteristics and the process of control the operations of thickening and deslaming of iron ore beneficiation products in the conditions of the technological line of the ore beneficiation plant. The subject of study is a cyber-physical system based on the use of high-energy ultrasound radiation pressure effects on iron-containing beneficiation products in the technological processes of thickening and desliming. The working hypothesis of the project is that there is a relationship between the physical-mechanical and chemical-mineralogical characteristics of the iron ore pulp solid- phase particles and their behavior in technological flows under the influence of controlled ultrasonic radiation, based on which the imitation modeling of the gravitational sedimentation process of the iron ore pulp solid-phase particles can be performed directly in the technological process. Also, the optimal control actions concerning the processes of thickening and desliming can be determined.
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Birchmore, Roger. Medium-density Dwellings in Auckland and the Building Regulations. Unitec ePress, July 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.34074/ocds.0822.

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National thermal standards have historically been set to minimise winter heating energy in detached houses. It is uncertain whether these standards are optimal for the increasing number of joined, medium-density dwellings when summer and winter conditions are considered. Using freely available software, annual heating energy use and summertime peak temperatures were calculated for a number of versions of detached and joined dwellings offering the same occupied volume and window areas. Initial results indicated that, as expected, the joined dwellings required less heating energy. The detached house exhibited a higher peak summertime temperature but a lower overall average daily temperature. Interventions such as changing insulation, glazing areas and ventilation were calculated to reduce summertime temperatures in the joined dwelling. Increasing ventilation provided the greatest improvement particularly during the sensitive sleeping hours. Changes to clauses H1 Energy Efficiency, G4 ventilation and G6 Airborne and Impact Sound are recommended if these early findings are confirmed in a more complex simulation.
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Kularatne, Dhanushka N., Subhrajit Bhattacharya, and M. Ani Hsieh. Computing Energy Optimal Paths in Time-Varying Flows. Drexel University, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.17918/d8b66v.

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Autonomous marine vehicles (AMVs) are typically deployed for long periods of time in the ocean to monitor different physical, chemical, and biological processes. Given their limited energy budgets, it makes sense to consider motion plans that leverage the dynamics of the surrounding flow field so as to minimize energy usage for these vehicles. In this paper, we present two graph search based methods to compute energy optimal paths for AMVs in two-dimensional (2-D) time-varying flows. The novelty of the proposed algorithms lies in a unique discrete graph representation of the 3-D configuration space spanned by the spatio-temporal coordinates. This enables a more efficient traversal through the search space, as opposed to a full search of the spatio-temporal configuration space. Furthermore, the proposed strategy results in solutions that are closer to the global optimal when compared to greedy searches through the spatial coordinates alone. We demonstrate the proposed algorithms by computing optimal energy paths around the Channel Islands in the Santa Barbara bay using time-varying flow field forecasts generated by the Regional Ocean Model System. We verify the accuracy of the computed paths by comparing them with paths computed via an optimal control formulation.
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Varga, Gabriella A., Amichai Arieli, Lawrence D. Muller, Haim Tagari, Israel Bruckental, and Yair Aharoni. Effect of Rumen Available Protein, Amimo Acids and Carbohydrates on Microbial Protein Synthesis, Amino Acid Flow and Performance of High Yielding Cows. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568103.bard.

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The effect of rumen available protein amino acids and carbohydrates on microbial protein synthesis, amino acid flow and performance of high yielding dairy cows was studied. A significant relationship between the effective degradabilities of OM in feedstuffs and the in vivo ruminal OM degradation of diets of dairy cows was found. The in situ method enabled the prediction of ruminal nutrients degradability response to processing of energy and nitragenous supplements. The AA profile of the rumen undegradable protein was modified by the processing method. In a continuous culture study total N and postruminal AA flows, and bacterial efficiency, is maximal at rumen degradable levels of 65% of the CP. Responses to rumen degradable non carbohydrate (NSC) were linear up to at least 27% of DM. Higher CP flow in the abomasum was found for cows fed high ruminally degradable OM and low ruminally degradable CP diet. It appeared that in dairy cows diets, the ratio of rumen degradable OM to rumenally degradable CP should be at least 5:1 in order to maximize postruminal CP flow. The efficiency of microbial CP synthesis was higher for diets supplemented with 33% of rumen undegradable protein, with greater amounts of bacterial AA reaching the abomasum. Increase in ruminal carbohydrate availability by using high moisture corn increased proportions of propionate, postruminal nutrients flow, postruminal starch digestibility, ruminal availability of NSC, uptake of energy substrates by the mammory gland. These modifications resulted with improvement in the utilization of nonessential AA for milk protein synthesis, in higher milk protein yield. Higher postruminal NSC digestibility and higher efficiency of milk protein production were recorded in cows fed extruded corn. Increasing feeding frequency increased flow of N from the rumen to the blood, reduced diurnal variation in ruminal and ammonia, and of plasma urea and improved postruminal NSC and CIP digestibility and total tract digestibilities. Milk and constituent yield increased with more frequent feeding. In a study performed in a commercial dairy herd, changes in energy and nitrogenous substrates level suggested that increasing feeding frequency may improve dietary nitrogen utilization and may shift metabolism toward more glucogenesis. It was concluded that efficiency of milk protein yield in high producing cows might be improved by an optimization of ruminal and post-ruminal supplies of energy and nitrogenous substrates. Such an optimization can be achieved by processing of energy and nitrogenous feedstuffs, and by increasing feeding frequency. In situ data may provide means for elucidation of the optimal processing conditions.
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Anderson, Michael, Forrest Iandola, and Kurt Keutzer. Quantifying the Energy Efficiency of Object Recognition and Optical Flow. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada605720.

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Mizrach, Amos, Sydney L. Spahr, Ephraim Maltz, Michael R. Murphy, Zeev Schmilovitch, Jan E. Novakofski, Uri M. Peiper, et al. Ultrasonic Body Condition Measurements for Computerized Dairy Management Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568109.bard.

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The body condition (BC) score is recognized in the dairy industry as an essential tool for managing the energy reserves of the dairy cow, which is essential for sustaining optimal and efficient production over several lactations. The current use of BC scoring depends on the accuracy of subjective visual estimates, and this limits its kusefulness as a management aid in the dairy industry. A measuring tool that would frequently provide objective data on the cow's body reserves would be a major contribution to efficient dairy herd management. Ultrasonic sensors have the potential to be developed into an efficient BC measuring device, and the experimental use of such sensors for subcutaneous fat thickness (SDFT) estimates, as an indication for BC in beef cattle, supports this assumption. The purposes of this project were: 1. To compare visual BC scoring and ultrasonic fat thickness with on-line automated body weight (BW) measurements as monitors of nutritional adequacy of dairy cows at various stages of lactation. 2. To determine the effects of variation in digestive fill in early and late lactation on the accuracy of body weight measurements in lactating cows. 3. To modify an existing ultrasonic system and develop a specialized, low-cost sensor for repeatable determination of body condition scores by users with minimal training and skill. 4. To develop a standard for the assignment of body condition scores based on ultrasonic measurements of subdermal fat thickness. The procedure to execute these objectives involved: 1. Frequent measurement of BW, milk yield (MY), BC (visually scored) and subdermal fat thickness ultrasonically measured of dairy cows, and data analysis on average and individual basis. 2. Testing and selection of an appropriate special-purpose sensor, finding an optimum body location for working an ultrasonic measurement, prcessing the signals obtained, and correlating the resulting measurements with performance responses in lactating cows. Linking the ultrasonic signals to BC scores, and developing a BC scoring data acquisition system are the first steps towards fulfilling the necessary requirements for incorporating this device into an existing dairy herd management system, in order to provide the industry with a powerful managment tool. From the results obtained we could conclude that: 1. BC does not correlate with BW changes during all stages of lactation, although in general terms it does. These results were confirmed by individual cow BW and BC data obtained during the course of lactation, that were supported by individual objective ultrasonic measurement of SDFT. 2. BW changes reflect energy metabolism reliably ony after peak milk yield; early in lactation, a decrease in BW expresses mobilization of body reserves only qualitatively, and not quantitatively. 3. Gastrointestinal content increases throughout the whole period during which dry matter intake (DMI) increases. The drastic increase very early in lactation prevents the use of BW changes as a basis for quantitative estimatio of energy meatabolism; at this stage of lactation, konly a BC score or any other direct measurements willl provide a quantitative estimate of energy metabolism. 4. Ultrasonic measurements of subdermal fat thickness can be used to quantify changes that correlate with the actual condition of the cow, as assessed by performance and the traditional way of scoring. 5. To find the best site on the cow's body at which to obtain responses to BC and its changes in the course of lactation, additional sites have to be examined. From the present study, it seems that the sites between ribs 12 and 13 have the potential for this purpose. 6. The use of templates made it easier to repeat measurements at a desired site and spot. However, the convenient easy-to-handle way to standardize the measurement, described in this study, koffers scope for improvement. 7. The RF peak values of the A-mode are better indicators of the location of fat layer borders than image analysis, from the point of view of future commercial development. 8. The distances between the RF peaks of the A-mode can be automatically measured by suitable software, for future commercial development. 9. Proper analysis of daily body weight and milk yield data can provide the necessary information on body condition changes during lactation, until a direct BC measurement device is developed. 10. In any case, at least one visual BC assessment has to be done, preferably immediately after calving, for calibration purposes.
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Pochan, D. [Energy efficient electric rotary furnace for class molding (repressing) precision optional blanks]. Quarterly progress report, 20 December 1997--20 August 1998. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/656634.

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10

Yahav, Shlomo, John McMurtry, and Isaac Plavnik. Thermotolerance Acquisition in Broiler Chickens by Temperature Conditioning Early in Life. United States Department of Agriculture, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1998.7580676.bard.

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The research on thermotolerance acquisition in broiler chickens by temperature conditioning early in life was focused on the following objectives: a. To determine the optimal timing and temperature for inducing the thermotolerance, conditioning processes and to define its duration during the first week of life in the broiler chick. b. To investigate the response of skeletal muscle tissue and the gastrointestinal tract to thermal conditioning. This objective was added during the research, to understand the mechanisms related to compensatory growth. c. To evaluate the effect of early thermo conditioning on thermoregulation (heat production and heat dissipation) during 3 phases: (1) conditioning, (2) compensatory growth, (3) heat challenge. d. To investigate how induction of improved thermotolerance impacts on metabolic fuel and the hormones regulating growth and metabolism. Recent decades have seen significant development in the genetic selection of the meat-type fowl (i.e., broiler chickens); leading to rapid growth and increased feed efficiency, providing the poultry industry with heavy chickens in relatively short growth periods. Such development necessitates parallel increases in the size of visceral systems such as the cardiovascular and the respiratory ones. However, inferior development of such major systems has led to a relatively low capability to balance energy expenditure under extreme conditions. Thus, acute exposure of chickens to extreme conditions (i.e., heat spells) has resulted in major economic losses. Birds are homeotherms, and as such, they are able to maintain their body temperature within a narrow range. To sustain thermal tolerance and avoid the deleterious consequences of thermal stresses, a direct response is elicited: the rapid thermal shock response - thermal conditioning. This technique of temperature conditioning takes advantage of the immaturity of the temperature regulation mechanism in young chicks during their first week of life. Development of this mechanism involves sympathetic neural activity, integration of thermal infom1ation in the hypothalamus, and buildup of the body-to-brain temperature difference, so that the potential for thermotolerance can be incorporated into the developing thermoregulation mechanisms. Thermal conditioning is a unique management tool, which most likely involves hypothalamic them1oregulatory threshold changes that enable chickens, within certain limits, to cope with acute exposure to unexpected hot spells. Short-tem1 exposure to heat stress during the first week of life (37.5+1°C; 70-80% rh; for 24 h at 3 days of age) resulted in growth retardation followed immediately by compensatory growth" which resulted in complete compensation for the loss of weight gain, so that the conditioned chickens achieved higher body weight than that of the controls at 42 days of age. The compensatory growth was partially explained by its dramatic positive effect on the proliferation of muscle satellite cells which are necessary for further muscle hypertrophy. By its significant effect of the morphology and functioning of the gastrointestinal tract during and after using thermal conditioning. The significant effect of thermal conditioning on the chicken thermoregulation was found to be associated with a reduction in heat production and evaporative heat loss, and with an increase in sensible heat loss. It was further accompanied by changes in hormones regulating growth and metabolism These physiological responses may result from possible alterations in PO/AH gene expression patterns (14-3-3e), suggesting a more efficient mechanism to cope with heat stress. Understanding the physiological mechanisms behind thermal conditioning step us forward to elucidate the molecular mechanism behind the PO/AH response, and response of other major organs. The thermal conditioning technique is used now in many countries including Israel, South Korea, Australia, France" Ecuador, China and some places in the USA. The improvement in growth perfom1ance (50-190 g/chicken) and thermotolerance as a result of postnatal thermal conditioning, may initiate a dramatic improvement in the economy of broiler's production.
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