Academic literature on the topic 'Optimal control management'
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Journal articles on the topic "Optimal control management"
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James, M. R. "Optimal Quantum Control Theory." Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems 4, no. 1 (May 3, 2021): 343–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-control-061520-010444.
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This article explains some fundamental ideas concerning the optimal control of quantum systems through the study of a relatively simple two-level system coupled to optical fields. The model for this system includes both continuous and impulsive dynamics. Topics covered include open- and closed-loop control, impulsive control, open-loop optimal control, quantum filtering, and measurement feedback optimal control.
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Oliynyk, Viktor, Fedir Zhuravka, Tetiana Bolgar, and Olha Yevtushenko. "Optimal control of continuous life insurance model." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 14, no. 4 (December 8, 2017): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.14(4).2017.03.
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The problems of mixed life insurance and insurance in the case of death are considered in the article. The actuarial present value of life insurance is found by solving a system of differential equations. The cases of both constant effective interest rates and variables, depending on the time interval, are examined. The authors used the Pontryagin maximum principle method as the most efficient one, in order to solve the problem of optimal control of the mixed life insurance value. The variable effective interest rate is considered as the control parameter. Some numerical results were given.
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Alhuthali, Ahmed, Adedayo Oyerinde, and Akhil Datta-Gupta. "Optimal Waterflood Management Using Rate Control." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 10, no. 05 (October 1, 2007): 539–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/102478-pa.
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Summary Field-scale rate optimization problems often involve highly complex reservoir models, production-and-facilities related constraints, and a large number of unknowns. These factors make optimal reservoir management through rate- and flood-front control difficult without efficient optimization tools. Some aspects of the optimization problem have been studied before mainly using an optimal control theory. However, the applications to date have been rather limited to small problems because of the computation time and the complexities associated with the formulation and solution of adjoint equations. Field-scale rate optimization for maximizing waterflood sweep efficiency under realistic field conditions has remained largely unexplored. This paper proposes a practical and efficient approach for computing optimal injection and production rates, thereby managing the waterflood front to maximize sweep efficiency and delaying the arrival time to minimize water cycling. Our work relies on equalizing the arrival times of the waterflood front at all producers within selected subregions of a waterflood project. The arrival-time optimization has favorable quasilinear properties, and the optimization proceeds smoothly even if our initial conditions are far from the solution. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the arrival time with respect to injection and production rates can be calculated analytically using a single-flow simulation. This makes our approach computationally efficient and suitable for large-scale field applications. The arrival time optimization ensures appropriate rate allocation and flood-front management by delaying the water breakthrough at the producing wells. Several examples are presented to support the robustness and efficiency of the proposed optimization scheme. These include several 2D-synthetic examples for validation purposes and a 3D field application. In addition, we demonstrate the potential of the approach to optimize the flow profile along injection/production segments of horizontal-smart wells. Introduction Waterflooding is by far the most commonly used method to improve oil recovery after primary depletion. In spite of its many favorable characteristics, reservoir heterogeneity—particularly permeability contrast—can have an adverse impact on the performance of waterflooding. The presence of high-permeability streaks can severely reduce the sweep efficiency, leading to an early water arrival at the producers and bypassed oil. Also, an increased cost is associated with water recycling and handling. One approach to counteract the impact of heterogeneity and improve waterflood sweep efficiency is optimal rate allocation to the injectors and producers (Asheim 1988; Sudaryanto and Yortsos 2001; Brouwer et al. 2001; Brouwer and Jansen 2004; Grinestaff 1999; Grinestaff and Caffrey 2000). Through optimal rate control, we can manage the propagation of the flood front, delay water breakthrough at the producers, and also increase the recovery efficiency. Previous efforts to optimize waterflooding relied on optimal control theorem to allocate injection/production rates for fixed well configurations. Asheim (1988) investigated the optimization of waterflood based on maximizing net present value (NPV) for multiple vertical injectors and one producer where the rate profiles change throughout the optimization time. Sudaryanto and Yortsos (2001) used maximizing the displacement efficiency at water breakthrough as the objective for the optimization with two injectors and one producer. The optimal injection policy was found to be bang bang type. That is, the injectors were operated only at their extreme values—either at the maximum allowable injection rate or fully shut. The optimization then involved finding the switch time between the two injectors to ensure simultaneous water arrival at the producing well. Brouwer et al. (2001) studied the static optimization of waterflooding with two horizontal smart wells containing permanent downhole well-control valves and measurement equipment. The static optimization implies that the flow rates of the inflow-control valves (ICVs) along the well segments were kept constant during the waterflooding process until the water arrived at the producer. Various heuristic algorithms were utilized to minimize the impact of high-permeability streaks on the waterflood performance through rate control. The results indicated that the optimal rate allocation can be obtained by reducing the distribution of water-arrival times at various segments along the producer. Subsequently, Brouwer and Jansen (2004) extended their work to dynamic optimization of waterflooding with smart wells using the optimal control theory. The optimization was performed on one horizontal producer and one horizontal injector. Each well is equipped with 45 ICVs. The objective was to maximize the NPV, and it was achieved through changing the rate profile along the well segments throughout the optimization period. Both rate-constrained and bottomhole-pressure-constrained well conditions were studied.
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Casola, William H., Rangesan Narayanan, Christopher Duffy, and A. Bruce Bishop. "Optimal Control Model for Groundwater Management." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 112, no. 2 (March 1986): 183–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(1986)112:2(183).
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Mukuddem-Petersen, Janine, and Mark A. Petersen. "Bank management via stochastic optimal control." Automatica 42, no. 8 (August 2006): 1395–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.automatica.2006.03.012.
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Tyagi, N. K. "Optimal Water Management Strategies for Salinity Control." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 112, no. 2 (May 1986): 81–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(1986)112:2(81).
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Wagner, Michael R. "Robust Inventory Management: An Optimal Control Approach." Operations Research 66, no. 2 (April 2018): 426–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/opre.2017.1669.
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Delprat, Sebastien, Theo Hofman, and Sebastien Paganelli. "Hybrid Vehicle Energy Management: Singular Optimal Control." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 66, no. 11 (November 2017): 9654–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2017.2746181.
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Gatsis, Konstantinos, Alejandro Ribeiro, and George J. Pappas. "Optimal Power Management in Wireless Control Systems." IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 59, no. 6 (June 2014): 1495–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tac.2014.2305951.
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Shastri, Yogendra, Urmila Diwekar, and Heriberto Cabezas. "Optimal Control Theory for Sustainable Environmental Management." Environmental Science & Technology 42, no. 14 (July 2008): 5322–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es8000807.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Optimal control management"
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Develle, Michael James II. "Optimal attitude control management for a cubesat." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4752.
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CubeSats have become popular among universities, research organizations, and government agencies due to their low cost, small size, and light weight. Their standardized configurations further reduce the development time and ensure more frequent launch opportunities. Early cubesat missions focused on hardware validation and simple communication missions, with little requirement for pointing accuracy. Most of these used magnetic torque rods or coils for attitude stabilization. However, the intrinsic problems associated with magnetic torque systems, such as the lack of three-axis control and low pointing accuracy, make them unsuitable for more advanced missions such as detailed imaging and on-orbit inspection. Three-axis control in a cubesat can be achieved by combining magnetic torque coils with other devices such as thrusters, but the lifetime is limited by the fuel source onboard. To maximize the mission lifetime, a fast attitude control management algorithm that could optimally manage the usage of the magnetic and thruster torques is desirable. Therefore, a recently developed method, the B-Spline-augmented virtual motion camouflage, is presented in this defense to solve the problem. This approach provides results which are very close to those obtained through other popular nonlinear constrained optimal control methods with a significantly reduced computational time. Simulation results are presented to validate the capabilities of the method in this application.ID: 030646253; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (M.S.A.E.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 45-49).
M.S.A.E.
Masters
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Aerospace Engineering; Space System Design and Engineering Track
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Hodge, D. J. "Problems of stochastic optimal control and yield management." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.604120.
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We present a collection of results in the broad area of stochastic optimization. Our basic model is that of dynamic resource allocation via customer acceptance control. We begin by modelling optimal acceptance to a discrete-capacity service-on-demand system where customers arrive with differing demands and revenues. With strong restrictions on customer types we establish the optimal policy under general arrival processes. With weaker restrictions we establish monotonicity properties under stationary arrivals. We than look at a deterministic demand-curve approach to the same problem; resource allocation over time. We solve the problem of non-overlapping customer demands, for a number of different demand curves. Our main work concerns selling perishable goods via customer acceptance control. We look at the optimal boundary between accepting and declining customers of different types. Existing papers demonstrate this threshold but fail to observe its surprisingly linear nature. We study the problem of finding the best linear threshold and see that, as a heuristic, it performs very well. Our study of linear thresholds educes an interesting problem: sample-path analysis. The problem concerns the evolution of segments of the sample-path in inventory-time space with regions of different downward drift. We succeed in fully characterising the studied sample path segments, finding a remarkable dual use of an interesting identity. In the final chapters, we look at two further problems of stochastic optimization. The first is an innovative approach to modelling future demand, utilizing previous price requests. Using these dynamic demand estimations we demonstrate monotonicity properties of the optimal pricing policy. The second problem is the famous parking problem first introduced by Rényi in the fifties. We study a Markov chain queuing model for the availability of parking spaces. We derive the pay-offs from the class of very natural threshold policies, with respect to an ‘average distance from venue’ objective.
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Federico, Salvatore. "Stochastic optimal control problems for pension funds management." Doctoral thesis, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11384/85662.
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Pienaar, Gideon Johannes. "Optimal objective achievement via balance of control." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52978.
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Thesis (MMil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Organisations need assurance that strategy is executed as planned and objectives are met, when matching organisational capabilities with the opportunities in the market. Control can give management such an assurance and is ultimately the responsibility of management. It is not however only management that may be interested with proper control in an organisation, all stakeholders wants some degree and form of control to safeguard their interest in an organisation. Management has a daunting task on their hands to ensure an organisation achieve its objectives as effectively, efficiently and economically as possible, while keeping all stakeholders informed and happy. Vast amounts of resources will be used to achieve objectives and management needs to strike a balance between protection of these resources and empowering employees to utilise these resources. A balance between the control systems over the different resources must also be in place. Management needs to have a balanced focus regarding the measurement of activities and behaviour relating to specific objectives, due to the time, cost, quality and innovation effects of control systems. A balance between costs and benefits of control systems must also be obtained. Control needs to be integrated as part of the management process to ensure optimal achievement of objectives. A holistic approach towards control and the usage of a sound control environment combined with relevant, organisational specific control systems that are flexible can ensure balance of control. All employees of an organisation have control responsibilities and must give inputs in the control process. Employees must view control as an aid and not as a stumbling block, when trying to achieve objectives. Management must be empowered and empower employees to have the relevant knowledge regarding control and control systems that can be used, when to use them and how to use them. These control systems must be continuously improved to ensure sustained, optimal achievement of objectives.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Organisasies benodig versekering dat strategie uitgevoer word soos beplan en dat doelwitte bereik word, wanneer die organisasie se vermoë gepas word teen geleenthede in die mark. Beheer kan vir bestuur so 'n versekering gee en is eintlik bestuur se verantwoordelikheid. Dit is egter nie net bestuur wat belang kan stel in voldoende beheer nie, maar alle belanghebbers soek 'n mate en vorm van beheer oor 'n organisasie, om hul belange te beskerm. Bestuur het 'n uitdagende taak op hande om te verseker dat doelwitte doeltreffend, doelmatig en ekonomies bereik word, terwyl alle belanghebbers ingelig en gelukkig gehou word. Groot hoeveelhede hulpbronne word gebruik om doelwitte te bereik en bestuur moet 'n balans verkry tussen die beskerming van hulpbronne en die bemagtiging van werkers in die aanwending van die hulpbronne. 'n Balans tussen die beheer stelsels oor die verskillende hulpbronne moet ook in plek wees. Weens die tyd, koste, kwaliteit en innovasie effek van beheer moet bestuur 'n gebalanseerde fokus hê rakende die meting van aktiwiteite en gedrag betreffende spesifieke doelwitte. 'n Balans tussen die kostes en voordele van beheerstelsels moet ook verkry word. Beheer moet 'n ge-integreerde deel van die bestuursproses wees om optimale doelwit bereiking te verseker. 'n Holistiese benadering rakende beheer en die gebruik van 'n voldoende beheer omgewing, gekombineer met relevante, organisasie spesifieke beheer stelsels wat buigsaam is, kan balans van beheer verseker. Alle werkers in 'n organisasie het beheer verantwoordelikhede en moet insette verskaf in die beheer proses. Werkers moet beheer as 'n hulpmiddel ag en nie 'n struikelblok nie, wanneer doelwit bereiking nagestreef word. Bestuur moet bemagtig wees en werkers bemagtig om oor die nodige kennis rakende beheer en beheer stelsels te beskik, watter beheer stelsel gebruik kan word, wanneer om dit te gebruik en hoe om dit te gebruik. Die beheer stelsels moet aaneenlopend verbeter word om volgehoue, optimale doelwit bereiking te verseker.
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Zenios, Stefanos A. (Stefanos Andrea). "Health care applications of optimal control theory." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11042.
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Mensah, Edoe F. Kwatny Harry G. "Logic-based optimal control for shipboard power system management /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1860/2765.
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Lee, Yu Chung Eugene. "Co-ordinated supply chain management and optimal control problems." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium, 2007. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?3299869.
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Jantharamin, Niphat. "Optimal control and management of photovoltaic power generation systems." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.556249.
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Rathnayake, Upaka Sanjeewa. "Optimal management and operational control of urban sewer systems." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2013. http://digitool.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=25549.
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Combined sewer networks control, like many other real world problems, is usually identified with competing and conflicting objectives. Decision makers have a great need of selecting the best possible control strategy in minimizing the combined sewer overflows (CSOs) when controlling the sewer networks. However, this control strategy should be cost effective to produce a feasible control approach in real world. Cost effectiveness has become significantly important in present economic recession. Over the past decades, people have witnessed the control strategies based on minimization of CSOs. However, it is now, not only to minimize CSOs, but also to minimize the impact to the natural water from these CSOs. Therefore, this research explores the development of a holistic framework that is used for the multi-objective optimization of urban wastewater systems, considering flows and water quality in combined sewers and the cost of wastewater treatment. Pollution levels of several water quality parameters in dry weather flows and stormwater runoff are considered. Pollutographs for several water quality parameters are generated for the stormwater runoff. Temporal and spatial variations of the stormwater runoff are incorporated using these pollutographs for different land-uses. Furthermore, pollutographs are developed for different storm conditions, including single, two consecutive and migrating storms. Evolutionary algorithms are extensively used in solving the developed multiobjective optimization approach. Formulations for two different optimization approaches, one for the snapshot optimization and the other one for the dynamic optimization are developed. Simulation results from a full hydraulic model, including water quality routing are used in the optimization. The performance of the multi-objective optimization models are tested on a simple interceptor sewer system for several storm conditions. The proposed optimization approach for snapshot optimization gives the optimal CSO control settings where a single set of static control settings is used throughout the considered time period. However, the proposed optimization approach for dynamic optimization is capable of producing control strategies over the full duration of storm period. Furthermore, results for a number of alternative formulations in constraint handling for the developed multi-objective optimization approach are compared. They produce interesting findings. Overall, the constraint handling formulations developed outside the genetic (NSGA II) algorithm provides better control in combined sewer networks. In addition, the results of the multi-objective optimization demonstrate the benefits of the usage of optimization approach and its potential to establish the key properties of a range of control strategies through an analysis of the various tradeoffs involved. Solutions from the dynamic optimization approach highlight the usage of the real-time control in combined sewer systems. Given that the technology is there to measure water quality and flow rates, collect data and send feedbacks to the sewer system through central processing unit and the usage of high performance computers, the developed optimization model is capable of handing the present society's concerns in combined sewer systems. The model is capable of controlling the existing sewer networks according to the receiving water regulations and the fund availability of the wastewater treatment plants. However, further research is required to apply the developed multi-objective optimization approach in real-time control of urban sewer systems.
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Lu, Boran. "Power management of hybrid military vehicles using optimal control." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13774.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Balasubramaniam Natarajan
Noel Schulz
With increasing costs for fuel there is a growing interest in improving fuel efficiency and performance of military vehicles by employing (1) hybrid drive train architecture; (2) reliable vehicle power system structure, and (3) effective power management strategies of multiple power sources (engine, battery and ultracapacitor) and vehicle electrical loads. However, current ruled-based power management strategies that focus primarily on traction fail to meet the rapidly increasing requirements of military vehicles, including: (1) better fuel economy; (2) the ability to support pulsed power weapon loads; (3) maintaining battery SOC for power offloading applications, and (4) the ability to perform load scheduling of vehicle non-traction electrical loads to save energy. In this thesis, we propose an optimal control based algorithm in conjunction with a rule-based control strategy to optimally manage three power sources (engine, battery and pulsed power supply module) and an effective power management solution for vehicle non-traction electrical loads such that: (1) all traction, non-traction and pulsed power needs are met; (2) power drawn from the engine for specific mission is minimized; (3) a certain desired battery SOC is guaranteed for offloading power, and (4) the ability to perform load scheduling based on different mission requirements. The proposed approach is validated using simulation of a mission specific profile and is compared with two other popular control strategies. The improvements in power efficiency, desired SOC level and ability to perform optimal load scheduling are demonstrated.
Books on the topic "Optimal control management"
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Malcolm, Fraser. Derivatives: Optimal risk control. [London]: Financial Times, 1999.
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Zaslavski, Alexander J. Optimal Control Problems Arising in Forest Management. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23587-1.
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M, Aparicio Felipe, ed. Optimal control of credit risk. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.
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Chui, Charles K. Linear Systems and Optimal Control. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989.
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1923-, Thompson Gerald Luther, ed. Optimal control theory: Applications to management science and economics. 2nd ed. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.
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Tu, Pierre N. V. Introductory optimization dynamics: Optimal control with economics and management applications. 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1991.
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Pardalos, P. M. (Panos M.), 1954-, Ėnkhbat R. (Rėnt͡sėngiĭn), Tseveendorj Ider, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Optimization and Optimal Control: Theory and Applications. New York, NY: Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 2010.
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Christophe, Deissenberg, and Hartl Richard F, eds. Optimal control and dynamic games: Applications in finance, management science and economics. Dordrecht [Netherlands]: Springer, 2005.
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Song, Dong-Ping. Optimal Control and Optimization of Stochastic Supply Chain Systems. London: Springer London, 2013.
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1940-, Feichtinger Gustav, ed. Optimal control theory and economic analysis 3: Third Viennese Workshop on Optimal Control Theory and Economic Analysis held in Vienna, May 20-22, 1987. Amsterdam: North Holland, 1988.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Optimal control management"
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Gugat, Martin. "Optimal Boundary Control in Flood Management." In International Series of Numerical Mathematics, 69–94. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-7721-2_4.
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Kim, Bowon. "Sustainable Supply Chain Management." In Optimal Control Applications for Operations Strategy, 175–211. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3599-9_5.
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Marti, Kurt. "Optimal Control Under Stochastic Uncertainty." In International Series in Operations Research & Management Science, 3–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55662-4_1.
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Stidham, Shaler. "Optimal Control of Markov Chains." In International Series in Operations Research & Management Science, 325–63. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4828-4_9.
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Lazaridis, Alexis. "Optimal Control of Linear Dynamic Systems." In Dynamic Systems in Management Science, 320–35. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137508928_9.
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Basu, Dipak, and Victoria Miroshnik. "Management of Oil Field Development." In Dynamic Systems Modeling and Optimal Control, 54–65. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137508959_3.
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Basu, Dipak, and Victoria Miroshnik. "Dynamics of Information and Resource Management." In Dynamic Systems Modeling and Optimal Control, 160–84. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137508959_8.
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Pineau, Pierre-Olivier. "An Ethical Behavior Interpretation of Optimal Control." In Advances in Computational Management Science, 53–70. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1047-5_4.
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Kim, Bowon. "Value of Coordination in Supply Chain Management." In Optimal Control Applications for Operations Strategy, 35–78. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3599-9_2.
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Spinelli, Stefano. "Optimal Management and Control of Smart Thermal-Energy Grids." In Special Topics in Information Technology, 15–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85918-3_2.
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AbstractThis work deals with the development of novel algorithms and methodologies for the optimal management and control of thermal and electrical energy units operating in a networked configuration. The aim of the work is to foster the creation of a smart thermal-energy grid (smart-TEG), by providing supporting tools for the modeling of subsystems and their optimal control and coordination. A hierarchical scheme is proposed to optimally address the management and control issues of the smart-TEG. Different methods are adopted to deal with the features of the specific generation units involved, e.g., multi-rate MPC approaches, or linear parameter-varying strategies for managing subsystem nonlinearity. An advanced scheme based on ensemble model is also conceived for a network of homogeneous units operating in parallel. Moreover, a distributed optimization algorithm for the high-level unit commitment problem is proposed to provide a robust, flexible and scalable scheme.
Conference papers on the topic "Optimal control management"
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Al-Saadi, Mohammed K., Patrick C. K. Luk, Weizhong Fei, and Akram Bati. "Security constrained active and reactive optimal power management of microgrid in different market policies." In 2016 UKACC 11th International Conference on Control (CONTROL). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/control.2016.7737559.
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Alhuthali, Ahmed, Adedayo Oyerinde, and Akhil Datta-Gupta. "Optimal Waterflood Management Using Rate Control." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/102478-ms.
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Liu, Yong, Barbara S. Minsker, and Faisal Saied. "Multiscale Optimal Control ofIn SituBioremediation." In 29th Annual Water Resources Planning and Management Conference. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40430(1999)89.
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Gatsis, Konstantinos, Alejandro Ribeiro, and George J. Pappas. "Optimal power management in wireless control systems." In 2013 American Control Conference (ACC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acc.2013.6580058.
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Wang, Shian, Michael W. Levin, and Ryan James Caverly. "Optimal Parking Management of Connected Autonomous Vehicles." In 2021 American Control Conference (ACC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/acc50511.2021.9482888.
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Desai, Aakash, Gayatri Patil, and Palash Jain. "Fuel optimal air traffic control management system." In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Recent Trends in Electronics, Information & Communication Technology (RTEICT). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rteict.2016.7808108.
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Wei Zhang and Jianghai Hu. "Optimal buffer management using hybrid systems." In 2007 46th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.2007.4434921.
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Doman, David B. "Optimal Cruise Altitude for Aircraft Thermal Management." In AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2015-1079.
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Liu, Zhiqin, and Qin Liu. "Optimal Control of Piezoelectric Stack of Smart Structure." In 2008 International Conference on Information Management, Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering (ICIII). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciii.2008.82.
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Karimi Shahri, Pouria, Shubhankar Chintamani Shindgikar, Baisravan HomChaudhuri, and Amir H. Ghasemi. "Optimal Lane Management in Heterogeneous Traffic Network." In ASME 2019 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2019-9040.
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Abstract This paper aims to determine an optimal allocation of autonomous vehicles in a multi-lane heterogeneous traffic network where the road is shared between autonomous and human-driven vehicles. The fundamental traffic diagram for such heterogeneous traffic networks is developed wherein the capacity of the road is determined as a function of the penetration rate and the headways of autonomous and human-driven vehicles. In this paper, we define two cost functions to maximize the throughput of the network and minimize the variation between flow rates. To solve the proposed optimization problem, an exhaustive search optimization approach is performed. Several numerical examples are presented to highlight the different influence of different design parameters on the allocation of autonomous vehicles.
Reports on the topic "Optimal control management"
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Moon, Ron. RECOVERY ACT: DYNAMIC ENERGY CONSUMPTION MANAGEMENT OF ROUTING TELECOM AND DATA CENTERS THROUGH REAL-TIME OPTIMAL CONTROL (RTOC): Final Scientific/Technical Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1018478.
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Li, Yan, Yuhao Luo, and Xin Lu. PHEV Energy Management Optimization Based on Multi-Island Genetic Algorithm. SAE International, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2022-01-0739.
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The plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) gradually moves into the mainstream market with its excellent power and energy consumption control, and has become the research target of many researchers. The energy management strategy of plug-in hybrid vehicles is more complicated than conventional gasoline vehicles. Therefore, there are still many problems to be solved in terms of power source distribution and energy saving and emission reduction. This research proposes a new solution and realizes it through simulation optimization, which improves the energy consumption and emission problems of PHEV to a certain extent. First, on the basis that MATLAB software has completed the modeling of the key components of the vehicle, the fuzzy controller of the vehicle is established considering the principle of the joint control of the engine and the electric motor. Afterwards, based on the Isight and ADVISOR co-simulation platform, with the goal of ensuring certain dynamic performance and optimal fuel economy of the vehicle, the multi-island genetic algorithm is used to optimize the parameters of the membership function of the fuzzy control strategy to overcome it to a certain extent. The disadvantages of selecting parameters based on experience are compensated for, and the efficiency and feasibility of fuzzy control are improved. Finally, the PHEV vehicle model simulation comparison was carried out under the UDDS working condition through ADVISOR software. The optimization results show that while ensuring the required power performance, the vehicle fuzzy controller after parameter optimization using the multi-island genetic algorithm is more efficient, which can significantly reduce vehicle fuel consumption and improve exhaust emissions.
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Tuller, Markus, Asher Bar-Tal, Hadar Heller, and Michal Amichai. Optimization of advanced greenhouse substrates based on physicochemical characterization, numerical simulations, and tomato growth experiments. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7600009.bard.
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Over the last decade there has been a dramatic shift in global agricultural practice. The increase in human population, especially in underdeveloped arid and semiarid regions of the world, poses unprecedented challenges to production of an adequate and economically feasible food supply to undernourished populations. Furthermore, the increased living standard in many industrial countries has created a strong demand for high-quality, out-of-season vegetables and fruits as well as for ornamentals such as cut and potted flowers and bedding plants. As a response to these imminent challenges and demands and because of a ban on methyl bromide fumigation of horticultural field soils, soilless greenhouse production systems are regaining increased worldwide attention. Though there is considerable recent empirical and theoretical research devoted to specific issues related to control and management of soilless culture production systems, a comprehensive approach that quantitatively considers all relevant physicochemical processes within the growth substrates is lacking. Moreover, it is common practice to treat soilless growth systems as static, ignoring dynamic changes of important physicochemical and hydraulic properties due to root and microbial growth that require adaptation of management practices throughout the growth period. To overcome these shortcomings, the objectives of this project were to apply thorough physicochemical characterization of commonly used greenhouse substrates in conjunction with state-of-the-art numerical modeling (HYDRUS-3D, PARSWMS) to not only optimize management practices (i.e., irrigation frequency and rates, fertigation, container size and geometry, etc.), but to also “engineer” optimal substrates by mixing organic (e.g., coconut coir) and inorganic (e.g., perlite, pumice, etc.) base substrates and modifying relevant parameters such as the particle (aggregate) size distribution. To evaluate the proposed approach under commercial production conditions, characterization and modeling efforts were accompanied by greenhouse experiments with tomatoes. The project not only yielded novel insights regarding favorable physicochemical properties of advanced greenhouse substrates, but also provided critically needed tools for control and management of containerized soilless production systems to provide a stress-free rhizosphere environment for optimal yields, while conserving valuable production resources. Numerical modeling results provided a more scientifically sound basis for the design of commercial greenhouse production trials and selection of adequate plant-specific substrates, thereby alleviating the risk of costly mistrials.
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Lagutin, Andrey, and Tatyana Sidorina. SYSTEM OF FORMATION OF PROFESSIONAL AND PERSONAL SELF-GOVERNMENT AMONG CADETS OF MILITARY INSTITUTES. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/self-government.
Full textAbstract:
When carrying out professional activities, officers of the VNG of the Russian Federation are often in difficult, stressful, emotionally stressful situations associated with the use of weapons as a particularly dangerous means of destruction. The right to use a weapon by an officer makes him responsible for its use. And therefore requires the officer to make a balanced optimal decision, which is associated with the risk and transience of events, and in which no mistake can be made, since the price of it can be someone's life. It is at such a moment that it is important that the officer has stable skills in making a decision on the use of weapons, and this requires skills not only in managing subordinates or the situation,but in managing himself. The complication of the military-professional activity, manifested in the need to develop the ability to quickly and accurately make command decisions, exacerbating the problem of social responsibility of an officer who has the management of unit that leads to an understanding of his singular personal and professional responsibility, as the ability to govern themselves makes it possible to achieve a positive result of the Department for the DBA. This characterizes the need for a commander to have the ability to manage himself, as a "system" that manages others. Forming skills of self-control, patience, compassion, having mastered algorithms of making managerial decisions, the cycle of implementing managerial functions, etc., a person comes to the belief: "before effectively managing others, it is necessary to learn how to manage yourself." The required level of personal and professional maturity can be formed in a person as a result of purposeful self-management, which determines the special role of professional and personal self-management in the training of future officers.
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Lieth, J. Heiner, Michael Raviv, and David W. Burger. Effects of root zone temperature, oxygen concentration, and moisture content on actual vs. potential growth of greenhouse crops. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7586547.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Soilless crop production in protected cultivation requires optimization of many environmental and plant variables. Variables of the root zone (rhizosphere) have always been difficult to characterize but have been studied extensively. In soilless production the opportunity exists to optimize these variables in relation to crop production. The project objectives were to model the relationship between biomass production and the rhizosphere variables: temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration and water availability by characterizing potential growth and how this translates to actual growth. As part of this we sought to improve of our understanding of root growth and rhizosphere processes by generating data on the effect of rhizosphere water status, temperature and dissolved oxygen on root growth, modeling potential and actual growth and by developing and calibrating models for various physical and chemical properties in soilless production systems. In particular we sought to use calorimetry to identify potential growth of the plants in relation to these rhizosphere variables. While we did experimental work on various crops, our main model system for the mathematical modeling work was greenhouse cut-flower rose production in soil-less cultivation. In support of this, our objective was the development of a Rose crop model. Specific to this project we sought to create submodels for the rhizosphere processes, integrate these into the rose crop simulation model which we had begun developing prior to the start of this project. We also sought to verify and validate any such models and where feasible create tools that growers could be used for production management. We made significant progress with regard to the use of microcalorimetry. At both locations (Israel and US) we demonstrated that specific growth rate for root and flower stem biomass production were sensitive to dissolved oxygen. Our work also identified that it is possible to identify optimal potential growth scenarios and that for greenhouse-grown rose the optimal root zone temperature for potential growth is around 17 C (substantially lower than is common in commercial greenhouses) while flower production growth potential was indifferent to a range as wide as 17-26C in the root zone. We had several set-backs that highlighted to us the fact that work needs to be done to identify when microcalorimetric research relates to instantaneous plant responses to the environment and when it relates to plant acclimation. One outcome of this research has been our determination that irrigation technology in soilless production systems needs to explicitly include optimization of oxygen in the root zone. Simply structuring the root zone to be “well aerated” is not the most optimal approach, but rather a minimum level. Our future work will focus on implementing direct control over dissolved oxygen in the root zone of soilless production systems.
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Shamblin, Robert, Kevin Whelan, Mario Londono, and Judd Patterson. South Florida/Caribbean Network early detection protocol for exotic plants: Corridors of invasiveness. National Park Service, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293364.
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Exotic plant populations can be potentially catastrophic to the natural communities of South Florida. Aggressive exotics such as Brazillian Pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius) and Melaleuca (Melaleuca quinquinervia) have displaced native habitats and formed monocultures of exotic stands (Dalrymple et al. 2003). Nearby plant nurseries, especially the ones outside the boundaries of Biscayne National Park (BISC) and Everglades National Park (EVER), are a continuous source of new exotic species that may become established within South Florida’s national parks. Early detection and rapid response to these new species of exotic plants is important to maintaining the integrity of the parks’ natural habitats and is a cost-effective approach to management. The South Florida/Caribbean Network (SFCN) developed the South Florida/Caribbean Network Early Detection Protocol for Exotic Plants to target early detection of these potential invaders. Three national parks of South Florida are monitored for invasive, exotic plants using this protocol: Big Cypress National Preserve (BICY), Biscayne National Park (BISC), and Everglades National Park (EVER). These national parks include some 2,411,000 acres (3,767.2 square miles [mi2]) that encompass a variety of habitat types. To monitor the entire area for new species would not be feasible; therefore the basic approach of this protocol is to scan major “corridors of invasiveness,” e.g., paved and unpaved roads, trails, trail heads, off road vehicle (ORV) trails, boat ramps, canals, and campgrounds, for exotic plant species new to the national parks of South Florida. Sampling is optimized using a two- to three-person crew: a trained botanist, a certified herbicide applicator, and optionally a SFCN (or IPMT [Invasive Plant Management Team]) staff member or park staff to take photographs and help with data collection. If infestations are small, they are treated immediately by the herbicide applicator. If large, they are reported to park staff and the Invasive Plant Management Team. The sampling domain is partitioned into five regions, with one region sampled per year. Regions include the terrestrial habitats of Biscayne National Park, the eastern region of Everglades National Park, the western region of Everglades National Park, the northern region of Big Cypress National Preserve, and the southern region of Big Cypress National Preserve. Monitoring of roads, trails, and canals occurs while traveling into and through the parks (i.e., travel at 2–10 mph) using motorized vehicles, airboats, and/or hiking. Campgrounds, boat launches, trailheads, and similar areas, involve complete searches. When an exotic plant is observed, a GPS location is obtained, and coordinates are taken of the plant. Photographs are not taken for every exotic plant encountered, but photographs will be taken for new and unusual species (for example a coastal exotic found in inland habitats). Information recorded at each location includes the species name, size of infestation, abundance, cover class, any treatment/control action taken, and relevant notes. During the surveys, a GPS “track” is also recorded to document the areas surveyed and a field of view is estimated. Field notes, pictures, and GPS data are compiled, entered, and analyzed in a Microsoft Access database. Resource briefs (and optional data summary reports) and associated shapefiles and data are then produced and sent to contacts within the corresponding national parks.
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Castellano, Mike J., Abraham G. Shaviv, Raphael Linker, and Matt Liebman. Improving nitrogen availability indicators by emphasizing correlations between gross nitrogen mineralization and the quality and quantity of labile soil organic matter fractions. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597926.bard.
Full textAbstract:
A major goal in Israeli and U.S. agroecosystems is to maximize nitrogen availability to crops while minimizing nitrogen losses to air and water resources. This goal has presented a significant challenge to global agronomists and scientists because crops require large inputs of nitrogen (N) fertilizer to maximize yield, but N fertilizers are easily lost to surrounding ecosystems where they contribute to water pollution and greenhouse gas concentrations. Determination of the optimum N fertilizer input is complex because the amount of N produced from soil organic matter varies with time, space and management. Indicators of soil N availability may help to guide requirements for N fertilizer inputs and are increasingly viewed as indicators of soil health To address these challenges and improve N availability indicators, project 4550 “Improving nitrogen availability indicators by emphasizing correlations between gross nitrogen mineralization and the quality and quantity of labile organic matter fractions” addressed the following objectives: Link the quantity and quality of labile soil organic matter fractions to indicators of soil fertility and environmental quality including: i) laboratory potential net N mineralization ii) in situ gross N mineralization iii) in situ N accumulation on ion exchange resins iv) crop uptake of N from mineralized soil organic matter sources (non-fertilizer N), and v) soil nitrate pool size. Evaluate and compare the potential for hot water extractable organic matter (HWEOM) and particulate organic matter quantity and quality to characterize soil N dynamics in biophysically variable Israeli and U.S. agroecosystems that are managed with different N fertility sources. Ultimately, we sought to determine if nitrogen availability indicators are the same for i) gross vs. potential net N mineralization processes, ii) diverse agroecosystems (Israel vs. US) and, iii) management strategies (organic vs. inorganic N fertility sources). Nitrogen availability indicators significantly differed for gross vs. potential N mineralization processes. These results highlight that different mechanisms control each process. Although most research on N availability indicators focuses on potential net N mineralization, new research highlights that gross N mineralization may better reflect plant N availability. Results from this project identify the use of ion exchange resin (IERs) beads as a potential technical advance to improve N mineralization assays and predictors of N availability. The IERs mimic the rhizosphere by protecting mineralized N from loss and immobilization. As a result, the IERs may save time and money by providing a measurement of N mineralization that is more similar to the costly and time consuming measurement of gross N mineralization. In further search of more accurate and cost-effective predictors of N dynamics, Excitation- Emission Matrix (EEM) spectroscopy analysis of HWEOM solution has the potential to provide reliable indicators for changes in HWEOM over time. These results demonstrated that conventional methods of labile soil organic matter quantity (HWEOM) coupled with new analyses (EEM) may be used to obtain more detailed information about N dynamics. Across Israeli and US soils with organic and inorganic based N fertility sources, multiple linear regression models were developed to predict gross and potential N mineralization. The use of N availability indicators is increasing as they are incorporated into soil health assessments and agroecosystem models that guide N inputs. Results from this project suggest that some soil variables can universally predict these important ecosystem process across diverse soils, climate and agronomic management. BARD Report - Project4550 Page 2 of 249
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Yahav, Shlomo, John McMurtry, and Isaac Plavnik. Thermotolerance Acquisition in Broiler Chickens by Temperature Conditioning Early in Life. United States Department of Agriculture, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1998.7580676.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The research on thermotolerance acquisition in broiler chickens by temperature conditioning early in life was focused on the following objectives: a. To determine the optimal timing and temperature for inducing the thermotolerance, conditioning processes and to define its duration during the first week of life in the broiler chick. b. To investigate the response of skeletal muscle tissue and the gastrointestinal tract to thermal conditioning. This objective was added during the research, to understand the mechanisms related to compensatory growth. c. To evaluate the effect of early thermo conditioning on thermoregulation (heat production and heat dissipation) during 3 phases: (1) conditioning, (2) compensatory growth, (3) heat challenge. d. To investigate how induction of improved thermotolerance impacts on metabolic fuel and the hormones regulating growth and metabolism. Recent decades have seen significant development in the genetic selection of the meat-type fowl (i.e., broiler chickens); leading to rapid growth and increased feed efficiency, providing the poultry industry with heavy chickens in relatively short growth periods. Such development necessitates parallel increases in the size of visceral systems such as the cardiovascular and the respiratory ones. However, inferior development of such major systems has led to a relatively low capability to balance energy expenditure under extreme conditions. Thus, acute exposure of chickens to extreme conditions (i.e., heat spells) has resulted in major economic losses. Birds are homeotherms, and as such, they are able to maintain their body temperature within a narrow range. To sustain thermal tolerance and avoid the deleterious consequences of thermal stresses, a direct response is elicited: the rapid thermal shock response - thermal conditioning. This technique of temperature conditioning takes advantage of the immaturity of the temperature regulation mechanism in young chicks during their first week of life. Development of this mechanism involves sympathetic neural activity, integration of thermal infom1ation in the hypothalamus, and buildup of the body-to-brain temperature difference, so that the potential for thermotolerance can be incorporated into the developing thermoregulation mechanisms. Thermal conditioning is a unique management tool, which most likely involves hypothalamic them1oregulatory threshold changes that enable chickens, within certain limits, to cope with acute exposure to unexpected hot spells. Short-tem1 exposure to heat stress during the first week of life (37.5+1°C; 70-80% rh; for 24 h at 3 days of age) resulted in growth retardation followed immediately by compensatory growth" which resulted in complete compensation for the loss of weight gain, so that the conditioned chickens achieved higher body weight than that of the controls at 42 days of age. The compensatory growth was partially explained by its dramatic positive effect on the proliferation of muscle satellite cells which are necessary for further muscle hypertrophy. By its significant effect of the morphology and functioning of the gastrointestinal tract during and after using thermal conditioning. The significant effect of thermal conditioning on the chicken thermoregulation was found to be associated with a reduction in heat production and evaporative heat loss, and with an increase in sensible heat loss. It was further accompanied by changes in hormones regulating growth and metabolism These physiological responses may result from possible alterations in PO/AH gene expression patterns (14-3-3e), suggesting a more efficient mechanism to cope with heat stress. Understanding the physiological mechanisms behind thermal conditioning step us forward to elucidate the molecular mechanism behind the PO/AH response, and response of other major organs. The thermal conditioning technique is used now in many countries including Israel, South Korea, Australia, France" Ecuador, China and some places in the USA. The improvement in growth perfom1ance (50-190 g/chicken) and thermotolerance as a result of postnatal thermal conditioning, may initiate a dramatic improvement in the economy of broiler's production.
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Rankin, Nicole, Deborah McGregor, Candice Donnelly, Bethany Van Dort, Richard De Abreu Lourenco, Anne Cust, and Emily Stone. Lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography for high risk populations: Investigating effectiveness and screening program implementation considerations: An Evidence Check rapid review brokered by the Sax Institute (www.saxinstitute.org.au) for the Cancer Institute NSW. The Sax Institute, October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/clzt5093.
Full textAbstract:
Background Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer death worldwide.(1) It is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia (12,741 cases diagnosed in 2018) and the leading cause of cancer death.(2) The number of years of potential life lost to lung cancer in Australia is estimated to be 58,450, similar to that of colorectal and breast cancer combined.(3) While tobacco control strategies are most effective for disease prevention in the general population, early detection via low dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening in high-risk populations is a viable option for detecting asymptomatic disease in current (13%) and former (24%) Australian smokers.(4) The purpose of this Evidence Check review is to identify and analyse existing and emerging evidence for LDCT lung cancer screening in high-risk individuals to guide future program and policy planning. Evidence Check questions This review aimed to address the following questions: 1. What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 2. What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 3. What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? 4. What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Summary of methods The authors searched the peer-reviewed literature across three databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Embase) for existing systematic reviews and original studies published between 1 January 2009 and 8 August 2019. Fifteen systematic reviews (of which 8 were contemporary) and 64 original publications met the inclusion criteria set across the four questions. Key findings Question 1: What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? There is sufficient evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of combined (pooled) data from screening trials (of high-risk individuals) to indicate that LDCT examination is clinically effective in reducing lung cancer mortality. In 2011, the landmark National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST, a large-scale randomised controlled trial [RCT] conducted in the US) reported a 20% (95% CI 6.8% – 26.7%; P=0.004) relative reduction in mortality among long-term heavy smokers over three rounds of annual screening. High-risk eligibility criteria was defined as people aged 55–74 years with a smoking history of ≥30 pack-years (years in which a smoker has consumed 20-plus cigarettes each day) and, for former smokers, ≥30 pack-years and have quit within the past 15 years.(5) All-cause mortality was reduced by 6.7% (95% CI, 1.2% – 13.6%; P=0.02). Initial data from the second landmark RCT, the NEderlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings ONderzoek (known as the NELSON trial), have found an even greater reduction of 26% (95% CI, 9% – 41%) in lung cancer mortality, with full trial results yet to be published.(6, 7) Pooled analyses, including several smaller-scale European LDCT screening trials insufficiently powered in their own right, collectively demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in lung cancer mortality (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73–0.91).(8) Despite the reduction in all-cause mortality found in the NLST, pooled analyses of seven trials found no statistically significant difference in all-cause mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–1.00).(8) However, cancer-specific mortality is currently the most relevant outcome in cancer screening trials. These seven trials demonstrated a significantly greater proportion of early stage cancers in LDCT groups compared with controls (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.43–3.03). Thus, when considering results across mortality outcomes and early stage cancers diagnosed, LDCT screening is considered to be clinically effective. Question 2: What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? The harms of LDCT lung cancer screening include false positive tests and the consequences of unnecessary invasive follow-up procedures for conditions that are eventually diagnosed as benign. While LDCT screening leads to an increased frequency of invasive procedures, it does not result in greater mortality soon after an invasive procedure (in trial settings when compared with the control arm).(8) Overdiagnosis, exposure to radiation, psychological distress and an impact on quality of life are other known harms. Systematic review evidence indicates the benefits of LDCT screening are likely to outweigh the harms. The potential harms are likely to be reduced as refinements are made to LDCT screening protocols through: i) the application of risk predication models (e.g. the PLCOm2012), which enable a more accurate selection of the high-risk population through the use of specific criteria (beyond age and smoking history); ii) the use of nodule management algorithms (e.g. Lung-RADS, PanCan), which assist in the diagnostic evaluation of screen-detected nodules and cancers (e.g. more precise volumetric assessment of nodules); and, iii) more judicious selection of patients for invasive procedures. Recent evidence suggests a positive LDCT result may transiently increase psychological distress but does not have long-term adverse effects on psychological distress or health-related quality of life (HRQoL). With regards to smoking cessation, there is no evidence to suggest screening participation invokes a false sense of assurance in smokers, nor a reduction in motivation to quit. The NELSON and Danish trials found no difference in smoking cessation rates between LDCT screening and control groups. Higher net cessation rates, compared with general population, suggest those who participate in screening trials may already be motivated to quit. Question 3: What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? There are no systematic reviews that capture the main components of recent major lung cancer screening trials and programs. We extracted evidence from original studies and clinical guidance documents and organised this into key groups to form a concise set of components for potential implementation of a national lung cancer screening program in Australia: 1. Identifying the high-risk population: recruitment, eligibility, selection and referral 2. Educating the public, people at high risk and healthcare providers; this includes creating awareness of lung cancer, the benefits and harms of LDCT screening, and shared decision-making 3. Components necessary for health services to deliver a screening program: a. Planning phase: e.g. human resources to coordinate the program, electronic data systems that integrate medical records information and link to an established national registry b. Implementation phase: e.g. human and technological resources required to conduct LDCT examinations, interpretation of reports and communication of results to participants c. Monitoring and evaluation phase: e.g. monitoring outcomes across patients, radiological reporting, compliance with established standards and a quality assurance program 4. Data reporting and research, e.g. audit and feedback to multidisciplinary teams, reporting outcomes to enhance international research into LDCT screening 5. Incorporation of smoking cessation interventions, e.g. specific programs designed for LDCT screening or referral to existing community or hospital-based services that deliver cessation interventions. Most original studies are single-institution evaluations that contain descriptive data about the processes required to establish and implement a high-risk population-based screening program. Across all studies there is a consistent message as to the challenges and complexities of establishing LDCT screening programs to attract people at high risk who will receive the greatest benefits from participation. With regards to smoking cessation, evidence from one systematic review indicates the optimal strategy for incorporating smoking cessation interventions into a LDCT screening program is unclear. There is widespread agreement that LDCT screening attendance presents a ‘teachable moment’ for cessation advice, especially among those people who receive a positive scan result. Smoking cessation is an area of significant research investment; for instance, eight US-based clinical trials are now underway that aim to address how best to design and deliver cessation programs within large-scale LDCT screening programs.(9) Question 4: What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Assessing the value or cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening involves a complex interplay of factors including data on effectiveness and costs, and institutional context. A key input is data about the effectiveness of potential and current screening programs with respect to case detection, and the likely outcomes of treating those cases sooner (in the presence of LDCT screening) as opposed to later (in the absence of LDCT screening). Evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening programs has been summarised in two systematic reviews. We identified a further 13 studies—five modelling studies, one discrete choice experiment and seven articles—that used a variety of methods to assess cost-effectiveness. Three modelling studies indicated LDCT screening was cost-effective in the settings of the US and Europe. Two studies—one from Australia and one from New Zealand—reported LDCT screening would not be cost-effective using NLST-like protocols. We anticipate that, following the full publication of the NELSON trial, cost-effectiveness studies will likely be updated with new data that reduce uncertainty about factors that influence modelling outcomes, including the findings of indeterminate nodules. Gaps in the evidence There is a large and accessible body of evidence as to the effectiveness (Q1) and harms (Q2) of LDCT screening for lung cancer. Nevertheless, there are significant gaps in the evidence about the program components that are required to implement an effective LDCT screening program (Q3). Questions about LDCT screening acceptability and feasibility were not explicitly included in the scope. However, as the evidence is based primarily on US programs and UK pilot studies, the relevance to the local setting requires careful consideration. The Queensland Lung Cancer Screening Study provides feasibility data about clinical aspects of LDCT screening but little about program design. The International Lung Screening Trial is still in the recruitment phase and findings are not yet available for inclusion in this Evidence Check. The Australian Population Based Screening Framework was developed to “inform decision-makers on the key issues to be considered when assessing potential screening programs in Australia”.(10) As the Framework is specific to population-based, rather than high-risk, screening programs, there is a lack of clarity about transferability of criteria. However, the Framework criteria do stipulate that a screening program must be acceptable to “important subgroups such as target participants who are from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people from disadvantaged groups and people with a disability”.(10) An extensive search of the literature highlighted that there is very little information about the acceptability of LDCT screening to these population groups in Australia. Yet they are part of the high-risk population.(10) There are also considerable gaps in the evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening in different settings, including Australia. The evidence base in this area is rapidly evolving and is likely to include new data from the NELSON trial and incorporate data about the costs of targeted- and immuno-therapies as these treatments become more widely available in Australia.
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Comparative Analysis on Fuel Consumption Between Two Online Strategies for P2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Adaptive-RuleBased (A-RB) vs Adaptive-Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (A-ECMS). SAE International, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2022-01-0740.
Full textAbstract:
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) represent one of the main technological options for reducing vehicle CO2 emissions, helping car manufacturers (OEMs) to meet the stricter targets which are set by the European Green Deal for new passenger cars at 80 g CO2/km by 2025. The optimal power-split between the internal combustion engine (ICE) and the electric motor is a challenge since it depends on many unpredictable variables. In fact, HEV improvements in fuel economy and emissions strongly depend on the energy management strategy (EMS) on-board of the vehicle. Dynamic Programming approach (DP), direct methods and Pontryagin’s minimum principle (PMP) are some of the most used methodologies to optimize the HEV power-split. In this paper two online strategies are evaluated: an Adaptive-RuleBased (A-RB) and an Adaptive-Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (A-ECMS). At first, a description of the P2 HEV model is made. Second, the two sub-optimal strategies are described in detail and then implemented on the HEV model to derive the fuel-optimal control strategy managing the power split between the thermal and electric engine to satisfy the driver's power request, including the engine on/off operating mode and the best gear selection. Finally, the two proposed strategies are tested on different driving cycles and then compared to other commercial strategies available in literature, such as the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) and a RuleBased (RB) strategy. The results show that the A-ECMS is more conservative in terms of state of charge (SoC) compared to the A-RB. In fact, in the A-ECMS the SoC is always within the admissible range with considerable margin from the upper and lower limits for tested cycles, while in the A-RB a deep discharge of the battery is allowed. This behavior leads to a better fuel consumption of the A-RB compared to the A-ECMS, both in the WLTC and in the FTP-75 cycle.