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Journal articles on the topic 'Optická levitace'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Misconi, Nebil Y. "New technique for levitating solid particles using a proton beam." Laser and Particle Beams 14, no. 3 (September 1996): 501–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026303460001017x.

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A new technique for levitating solid particles inside a vacuum chamber is developed using a proton beam. This new technique differs from the classical laser-levitation technique invented by Ashkin in that it does not heat up light-absorbing levitated particles to vaporization. This unique property of the method will make it possible to levitate real interplanetary dust particles in a vacuum chamber and study their spin-up dynamics in a ground-based laboratory. It is found that a flux of protons from a proton gun of ~1015 cm–2 sec–1 is needed to levitate a 10-mm particle. Confinement of the levitated particle can be achieved by a Z or θ pinch to create a gravity well, or by making the beam profile doughnut in shape.

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2

Kuhn, Stefan, Alon Kosloff, Benjamin A. Stickler, Fernando Patolsky, Klaus Hornberger, Markus Arndt, and James Millen. "Full rotational control of levitated silicon nanorods." Optica 4, no. 3 (March 13, 2017): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/optica.4.000356.

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3

Arita, Yoshihiko, Ewan M. Wright, and Kishan Dholakia. "Optical binding of two cooled micro-gyroscopes levitated in vacuum." Optica 5, no. 8 (July 26, 2018): 910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/optica.5.000910.

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4

Gaszynski, Tomasz, Monika Pietrzyk, Tomasz Szewczyk, and Ewelina Gaszynska. "A Comparison of Performance of Endotracheal Intubation Using the Levitan FPS Optical Stylet or Lary-Flex Videolaryngoscope in Morbidly Obese Patients." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/207591.

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Introduction.The use of videolaryngoscopes is recommended for morbidly obese patients. The aim of the study was to evaluate the Levitan FPS optical stylet (Levitan) vs Lafy-Flex videolaryngoscope (Lary-Flex) in a group of MO patients.Methods.Seventy-nine MO (BMI>40 kg m−2) patients scheduled for bariatric surgery were included in the study and randomly allocated to the Levitan FPS or Lary-Flex group. The primary endpoint was time to intubation and evaluation laryngoscopic of glottic view. Anesthesiologists were asked to evaluate the glottic view first under direct laryngoscopy using the videolaryngoscope as a standard laryngoscope (monitor display was excluded from use) and then using devices. The secondary endpoint was the cardiovascular response to intubation and the participant’s evaluation of such devices.Results.The time to intubation was8.572.66 sec. versus5.790.2 sec. for Levitan and Lary-Flex, respectively (P<0.05). In all cases of CL grade>1under direct laryngoscopy, the study devices improved CL grade to 1. The Levitan FPS produced a greater cardiovascular response than the Lary-Flex videolaryngoscope.Conclusion.The Lary-Flex videolaryngoscope and the Levitan FPS optical stylet improve the laryngeal visualization in morbidly obese patients, allowing for fast endotracheal intubation, but Lary-Flex produces less cardiovascular response to intubation attempt.

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5

Marshall, Frances H., Rachael E. H. Miles, Young-Chul Song, Peter B. Ohm, Rory M. Power, Jonathan P. Reid, and Cari S. Dutcher. "Diffusion and reactivity in ultraviscous aerosol and the correlation with particle viscosity." Chemical Science 7, no. 2 (2016): 1298–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5sc03223g.

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6

Magrini, Lorenzo, Richard A. Norte, Ralf Riedinger, Igor Marinković, David Grass, Uroš Delić, Simon Gröblacher, Sungkun Hong, and Markus Aspelmeyer. "Near-field coupling of a levitated nanoparticle to a photonic crystal cavity." Optica 5, no. 12 (December 13, 2018): 1597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/optica.5.001597.

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7

Temperton, Robert H., Richard J. A. Hill, and James S. Sharp. "Mechanical vibrations of magnetically levitated viscoelastic droplets." Soft Matter 10, no. 29 (2014): 5375–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4sm00982g.

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8

Gao, Xiaoyan, Chen Cai, Jiabi Ma, and Yunhong Zhang. "Repartitioning of glycerol between levitated and surrounding deposited glycerol/NaNO 3 /H 2 O droplets." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 1 (January 2018): 170819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170819.

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Repartitioning of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) between particles is an important process to understand the particle growth and shrinkage in the atmosphere environment. Here, by using optical tweezers coupled with cavity-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, we report the repartitioning of glycerol between a levitated glycerol/NaNO 3 /H 2 O droplet and surrounding glycerol/NaNO 3 /H 2 O droplets deposited on the inner wall of a chamber with different organic to inorganic molar ratios (OIRs). For the high OIR with 3 : 1, no NaNO 3 crystallization occurs both for levitated and deposited droplets in the whole relative humidity (RH) range, the radius of the levitated droplet decreases slowly due to the evaporation of glycerol from the levitated droplet at constant RHs. The levitated droplets radii with OIR of 1 : 1 and 1 : 3 increase with constant RHs that are lower than 45.3% and 55.7%, respectively, indicating that the repartitioning of glycerol occurs. The reason is that NaNO 3 in the deposited droplets is crystallized when RH is lower than 45.3% for 1 : 1 or 55.7% for 1 : 3. So the vapour pressure of glycerol at the surface of deposited droplets is higher than that of the levitated droplet which always remains as liquid droplet without NaNO 3 crystallization, resulting in the transfer of glycerol from the deposited ones to the levitated one. The process of the glycerol repartitioning we discussed herein is a useful model to interpret the repartitioning of SVOCs between the externally mixed particles with different phase states.

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9

Webb, A., H. Kolawole, S. Leong, T. E. Loughnan, T. Crofts, and C. Bowden. "Comparison of the Bonfils and Levitan Optical Stylets for Tracheal Intubation: A Clinical Study." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 39, no. 6 (November 2011): 1093–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x1103900618.

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The Bonfils and Levitan FPS™ scopes are rigid fibreoptic stylets that may assist routine or difficult intubation. This study compared the effectiveness of each in patients with predicted normal airways when used by specialist anaesthetists with no prior experience using optical stylets. Twelve anaesthetists and 324 elective surgical patients participated. Six anaesthetists were randomised to first intubate 20 patients with the Levitan scope (Phase 1) followed by a further seven patients with the Bonfils scope (Phase 2). The other six participating anaesthetists undertook their first 20 intubations with the Bonfils (Phase 1), followed by seven intubations with the Levitan (Phase 2). Outcomes recorded were success rate, total time to intubation, number of attempts, ease of intubation score and incidence of complications. Overall failure rates were similar for the two scopes with 5.6% of patients not intubated after three attempts. Median total times to intubation were similar for the Levitan (44 seconds) and Bonfils (36 seconds) (P=0.11). Participants using the Bonfils in Phase 1 had significantly higher chance of success on first attempt (73%) compared to Levitan users during Phase 1 (57%) (P=0.008). These differences were not significant in the second phase and ease of intubation scores were similar for both scopes (P=0.9). This study showed the two scopes were comparable but the high failure rate amongst novice users demonstrated the importance of familiarity and skill development prior to their introduction to a difficult airway cart.

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10

Zhu, Xunmin, Nan Li, Jianyu Yang, Xingfan Chen, and Huizhu Hu. "Displacement Detection Decoupling in Counter-Propagating Dual-Beams Optical Tweezers with Large-Sized Particle." Sensors 20, no. 17 (August 31, 2020): 4916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174916.

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As a kind of ultra-sensitive acceleration sensing platform, optical tweezers show a minimum measurable value inversely proportional to the square of the diameter of the levitated spherical particle. However, with increasing diameter, the coupling of the displacement measurement between the axes becomes noticeable. This paper analyzes the source of coupling in a forward-scattering far-field detection regime and proposes a novel method of suppression. We theoretically and experimentally demonstrated that when three variable irises are added into the detection optics without changing other parts of optical structures, the decoupling of triaxial displacement signals mixed with each other show significant improvement. A coupling detection ratio reduction of 49.1 dB and 22.9 dB was realized in radial and axial directions, respectively, which is principally in accord with the simulations. This low-cost and robust approach makes it possible to accurately measure three-dimensional mechanical quantities simultaneously and may be helpful to actively cool the particle motion in optical tweezers even to the quantum ground state in the future.

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11

Gómez Castaño, Jovanny, Luc Boussekey, Jean Verwaerde, Myriam Moreau, and Yeny Tobón. "Enhancing Double-Beam Laser Tweezers Raman Spectroscopy (LTRS) for the Photochemical Study of Individual Airborne Microdroplets." Molecules 24, no. 18 (September 12, 2019): 3325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24183325.

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A new device and methodology for vertically coupling confocal Raman microscopy with optical tweezers for the in situ physico- and photochemical studies of individual microdroplets (Ø ≤ 10 µm) levitated in air is presented. The coupling expands the spectrum of studies performed with individual particles using laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy (LTRS) to photochemical processes and spatially resolved Raman microspectroscopy on airborne aerosols. This is the first study to demonstrate photochemical studies and Raman mapping on optically levitated droplets. By using this configuration, photochemical reactions in aerosols of atmospheric interest can be studied on a laboratory scale under realistic conditions of gas-phase composition and relative humidity. Likewise, the distribution of photoproducts within the drop can also be observed with this setup. The applicability of the coupling system was tested by studying the photochemical behavior of microdroplets (5 µm < Ø < 8 µm) containing an aqueous solution of sodium nitrate levitated in air and exposed to narrowed UV radiation (254 ± 25 nm). Photolysis of the levitated NaNO3 microdroplets presented photochemical kinetic differences in comparison with larger NaNO3 droplets (40 µm < Ø < 80 µm), previously photolyzed using acoustic traps, and heterogeneity in the distribution of the photoproducts within the drop.

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12

Maru, Koichi, and Yusaku Fujii. "Proposal of Compact Optical System Using Planar Lightwave Circuit for Precision Measurement Based on Levitation Mass Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 36 (October 2010): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.36.329.

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A method for reducing the size and cost of optical system for precision measurement based on the Levitation Mass Method (LMM) is proposed. In the LMM, a mass levitated using a pneumatic linear bearing with sufficiently small friction is made to collide with the object being tested. The velocity and acceleration of the mass are measured using a compact optical interferometer. The size of the optical system can be drastically reduced by using a planar lightwave circuit (PLC), in which several optical elements are arranged on a planar surface of a silica or semiconductor substrate. Several applications of the PLC to precision measurement will be discussed.

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13

Carretero-Palacios, Sol, Victoria Esteso, and Hernán Míguez. "Optical Resonators based on Casimir Forces -INVITED." EPJ Web of Conferences 238 (2020): 10003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023810003.

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The work here presented demonstrates theoretically that it is possible to create optical resonators based on levitation properties of thin films subjected to repulsive Casimir-Lifshitz forces. Our optical cavity design is made up of commonly found materials, such as silicon oxide, polystyrene or gold, with glycerol as a mediating medium, which supports high Q-factor optical modes at visible frequencies. The balance between flotation and repulsive Casimir-Lifshitz forces in the system allows the fine-tuning of the optical cavity thickness and hence its modes. Finally, we show that well-defined spectral features in the reflectivity allows by indirect means, an accurate prediction of the estimated equilibrium distance at which some part of the optical cavity arrangement levitates.

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14

Aziz, M., and S. Metz. "Clinical evaluation of the Levitan Optical Stylet*." Anaesthesia 66, no. 7 (May 13, 2011): 579–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.2011.06708.x.

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15

YIN, ZHANG-QI, ANDREW A. GERACI, and TONGCANG LI. "OPTOMECHANICS OF LEVITATED DIELECTRIC PARTICLES." International Journal of Modern Physics B 27, no. 26 (September 20, 2013): 1330018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979213300181.

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We review recent works on optomechanics of optically trapped microspheres and nanoparticles in vacuum, which provide an ideal system for studying macroscopic quantum mechanics and ultrasensitive force detection. An optically trapped particle in vacuum has an ultrahigh mechanical quality factor as it is well-isolated from the thermal environment. Its oscillation frequency can be tuned in real time by changing the power of the trapping laser. Furthermore, an optically trapped particle in vacuum may rotate freely, a unique property that does not exist in clamped mechanical oscillators. In this review, we will introduce the current status of optical trapping of dielectric particles in air and vacuum, Brownian motion of an optically trapped particle at room temperature, Feedback cooling and cavity cooling of the Brownian motion. We will also discuss about using optically trapped dielectric particles for studying macroscopic quantum mechanics and ultrasensitive force detection. Applications range from creating macroscopic Schrödinger's cat state, testing objective collapse models of quantum wavefunctions, measuring Casimir force, searching short-range non-Newtonian gravity, to detect gravitational waves.

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16

Popp, J., M. Lankers, M. Trunk, I. Hartmann, E. Urlaub, and W. Kiefer. "High-Precision Determination of Size, Refractive Index, and Dispersion of Single Microparticles from Morphology-Dependent Resonances in Optical Processes." Applied Spectroscopy 52, no. 2 (February 1998): 284–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702981943365.

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Analyzing morphology-dependent resonances observed in optical processes, like Raman scattering or fluorescence emission from single microparticles, allows an exact determination of size, refractive index, and optical dispersion. The main feature of the method discussed here is an exact Mie calculation combined with an optimization program. The results obtained from a gradient-trapped emulsion particle and those from an optically levitated droplet are discussed to show the advantages of the method. It is further demonstrated that only by a precise analysis of the observed morphology-dependent resonances is it possible to describe the droplet evolution.

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17

Kecik, Krzysztof, and Andrzej Mitura. "Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of a Pseudo-Magnetic Levitation System for Energy Harvesting." Sensors 20, no. 6 (March 14, 2020): 1623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20061623.

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The paper presents an analytical, numerical and experimental analysis of the special designed system for energy harvesting. The harvester system consists of two identical magnets rigidly mounted to the tube’s end. Between them, a third magnet is free to magnetically levitate (pseudo-levitate) due to the proper magnet polarity. The behaviour of the harvester is significantly complicated by a electromechanical coupling. It causes resonance curves to have a distorted shape and a new solution from which the recovered energy is higher is observed. The Harmonic Balance Method (HBM) is used to approximately describe the response and stability of the mechanical and electrical systems. The analytical results are verified by a numerical path following (continuation) method and experiment test with use of a shaker. The influence of harvester parameters on the system response and energy recovery near a main resonance is studied in detail.

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18

Khan, M. A., K. Farooq, S. C. Hou, Shanawer Niaz, and X. X. Yi. "Reflectivity and transmissivity of a cavity coupled to a nanoparticle." International Journal of Quantum Information 12, no. 05 (August 2014): 1450025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749914500257.

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Any dielectric nanoparticle moving inside an optical cavity generates an optomechanical interaction. In this paper, we theoretically analyze the light scattering of an optomechanical cavity which strongly interacts with a dielectric nanoparticle. The cavity is driven by an external laser field. This interaction gives rise to different dynamics that can be used to cool, trap and levitate nanoparticle. We analytically calculate reflection and transmission rate of the cavity field, and study the time evolution of the intracavity field, momentum and position of the nanoparticle. We find the nanoparticle occupies a discrete position inside the cavity. This effect can be exploited to separate nanoparticle and couplings between classical particles and quantized fields.

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19

Delić, Uroš, Manuel Reisenbauer, Kahan Dare, David Grass, Vladan Vuletić, Nikolai Kiesel, and Markus Aspelmeyer. "Cooling of a levitated nanoparticle to the motional quantum ground state." Science 367, no. 6480 (January 30, 2020): 892–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aba3993.

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Quantum control of complex objects in the regime of large size and mass provides opportunities for sensing applications and tests of fundamental physics. The realization of such extreme quantum states of matter remains a major challenge. We demonstrate a quantum interface that combines optical trapping of solids with cavity-mediated light-matter interaction. Precise control over the frequency and position of the trap laser with respect to the optical cavity allowed us to laser-cool an optically trapped nanoparticle into its quantum ground state of motion from room temperature. The particle comprises 108 atoms, similar to current Bose-Einstein condensates, with the density of a solid object. Our cooling technique, in combination with optical trap manipulation, may enable otherwise unachievable superposition states involving large masses.

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20

Azzouz, H., L. Alkhafadiji, S. Balslev, J. Johansson, N. A. Mortensen, S. Nilsson, and A. Kristensen. "Levitated droplet dye laser." Optics Express 14, no. 10 (2006): 4374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.14.004374.

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21

Young, Jared, Harrison Biggs, Steven Yee, and Hatem ElBidweihy. "Optical control and manipulation of diamagnetically levitated pyrolytic graphite." AIP Advances 9, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 125038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5129886.

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22

Robinson, Timothy, Samuel Giltrap, Samuel Eardley, Fabrizio Consoli, Riccardo De Angelis, Francesco Ingenito, Nicholas Stuart, Claudio Verona, and Roland A. Smith. "Electro-optic analysis of the influence of target geometry on electromagnetic pulses generated by petawatt laser-matter interactions." EPJ Web of Conferences 167 (2018): 03007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201816703007.

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We present an analysis of strong laser-driven electromagnetic pulses using novel electro-optic diagnostic techniques. A range of targets were considered, including thin plastic foils (20-550 nm) and mass-limited, optically-levitated micro-targets. Results from foils indicate a dependence of EMP on target thickness, with larger peak electric fields observed with thinner targets. Spectral analysis suggests high repeatability between shots, with identified spectral features consistently detected with <1 MHz standard deviations of the peak position. This deviation is reduced for shots taken on the same day, suggesting that local conditions, such as movement of metal objects within the target chamber, are more likely to lead to minor spectral modifications, highlighting the role of the local environment in determining the details of EMP production. Levitated targets are electrically isolated from their environment, hence these targets should be unable to draw a neutralization current from the earth following ejection of hot electrons from the plasma, in contrast to predictions for pin-mounted foils in the Poyé EMP generation model. With levitated targets, no EMP was measurable above the noise threshold of any diagnostic, despite observation of protons accelerated to >30 MeV energies, suggesting the discharge current contribution to EMP is dominant.

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23

Kumar, S., and Dan Cho. "Electrostatically levitated microactuators." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 2, no. 2 (June 1, 1992): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/2/2/005.

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24

Cannuli, Antonio, Maria Teresa Caccamo, Giuseppe Castorina, Franco Colombo, and Salvatore Magazù. "Laser Techniques on Acoustically Levitated Droplets." EPJ Web of Conferences 167 (2018): 05010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201816705010.

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This work reports the results of an experimental study where laser techniques are applied to acoustically levitated droplets of trehalose aqueous solutions in order to perform spectroscopic analyses as a function of concentration and to test the theoretical diameter law. The study of such systems is important in order to better understand the behaviour of trehalose-synthesizing extremophiles that live in extreme environments. In particular, it will be shown how acoustic levitation, combined with optical spectroscopic instruments allows to explore a wide concentration range and to test the validity of the diameter law as a function of levitation lag time, i.e. the D2 vs t law. On this purpose a direct diameter monitoring by a video camera and a laser pointer was first performed; then the diameter was also evaluated by an indirect measure through an OH/CH band area ratio analysis of collected Raman and Infrared spectra. It clearly emerges that D2 vs t follows a linear trend for about 20 minutes, reaching then a plateau at longer time. This result shows how trehalose is able to avoid total water evaporation, this property being essential for the surviving of organisms under extreme environmental conditions.

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25

Metz, Samuel. "Use of the Levitan Optical Stylet without direct laryngoscopy." Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 20, no. 1 (February 2008): 78–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinane.2007.12.007.

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26

Aranas, E. B., P. Z. G. Fonseca, P. F. Barker, and T. S. Monteiro. "Thermometry of levitated nanoparticles in a hybrid electro-optical trap." Journal of Optics 19, no. 3 (February 20, 2017): 034003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2040-8986/aa5b45.

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27

Xie, Shangran, Abhinav Sharma, Maria Romodina, Nicolas Y. Joly, and Philip St J. Russell. "Tumbling and anomalous alignment of optically levitated anisotropic microparticles in chiral hollow-core photonic crystal fiber." Science Advances 7, no. 28 (July 2021): eabf6053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf6053.

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The complex tumbling motion of spinning nonspherical objects is a topic of enduring interest, both in popular culture and in advanced scientific research. Here, we report all-optical control of the spin, precession, and nutation of vaterite microparticles levitated by counterpropagating circularly polarized laser beams guided in chiral hollow-core fiber. The circularly polarized light causes the anisotropic particles to spin about the fiber axis, while, regulated by minimization of free energy, dipole forces tend to align the extraordinary optical axis of positive uniaxial particles into the plane of rotating electric field. The end result is that, accompanied by oscillatory nutation, the optical axis reaches a stable tilt angle with respect to the plane of the electric field. The results reveal new possibilities for manipulating optical alignment through rotational degrees of freedom, with applications in the control of micromotors and microgyroscopes, laser alignment of polyatomic molecules, and study of rotational cell mechanics.

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28

Esen, C., T. Kaiser, and G. Schweiger. "Raman Investigation of Photopolymerization Reactions of Single Optically Levitated Microparticles." Applied Spectroscopy 50, no. 7 (July 1996): 823–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702963905501.

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Raman spectroscopy was used to investigate polymerization reactions in a single micrometer-sized monomer droplet. An Ar+ laser levitated the microparticles and simultaneously excited the Raman scattering. The polymerization reaction was initiated by exposing the monomer droplets to the UV radiation of a mercury arc excitation lamp. The Raman spectrum of the reacting particle was investigated on-line. The results demonstrate that the combination of the technique of optical levitation and Raman spectroscopy allows nondestructive in situ measurements of single particles and is therefore very useful for the study of fundamental processes.

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29

Widmann, John F., Christopher L. Aardahl, Timothy J. Johnson, and E. James Davis. "Encapsulation of Levitated Microparticles." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 199, no. 2 (March 1998): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcis.1997.5324.

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30

Fukuyama, Yoshimitsu, Nobuhiro Yasuda, Kunihisa Sugimoto, and Shigeru Kimura. "X-ray diffraction measurement of a single nanometre-sized particle levitated in air by an optical-trap sample holder." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577519013651.

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A single-beam optical-trap sample holder for X-ray diffraction measurements with synchrotron radiation has been developed. The sample holder was used to obtain an X-ray diffraction image of a single ZnO particle levitated in air, without mechanical contact, by the optical gradient force exerted by a focused laser beam. The diffraction image showed a Debye ring pattern, which was similar to a powder diffraction pattern of an assemblage of ZnO particles. While the ZnO particle is held by the optical trap in air, it rotates irregularly. Therefore, the Debye ring pattern of the ZnO particle can be clearly obtained even if the ZnO particle is a single grain. Lattice parameters and crystallite size of the single ZnO particle were determined simultaneously. The lattice parameters were determined to be a = 3.2505 ± 0.0005 Å and c = 5.207 ± 0.006 Å, which are consistent with those of the assemblage of ZnO particles. The crystallite size determined by the Scherrer method was 193.4 ± 26.2 nm.

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31

Misconi, Nebil Y., John P. Oliver, Keith F. Ratcliff, Edwin T. Rusk, and Wan-Xian Wang. "Light scattering by laser levitated particles." Applied Optics 29, no. 15 (May 20, 1990): 2276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.29.002276.

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32

Arita, Yoshihiko, Stephen H. Simpson, Pavel Zemánek, and Kishan Dholakia. "Coherent oscillations of a levitated birefringent microsphere in vacuum driven by nonconservative rotation-translation coupling." Science Advances 6, no. 23 (June 2020): eaaz9858. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz9858.

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We demonstrate an effect whereby stochastic, thermal fluctuations combine with nonconservative optical forces to break detailed balance and produce increasingly coherent, apparently deterministic motion for a vacuum-trapped particle. The particle is birefringent and held in a linearly polarized Gaussian optical trap. It undergoes oscillations that grow rapidly in amplitude as the air pressure is reduced, seemingly in contradiction to the equipartition of energy. This behavior is reproduced in direct simulations and captured in a simplified analytical model, showing that the underlying mechanism involves nonsymmetric coupling between rotational and translational degrees of freedom. When parametrically driven, these self-sustained oscillators exhibit an ultranarrow linewidth of 2.2 μHz and an ultrahigh mechanical quality factor in excess of 2 × 108 at room temperature. Last, nonequilibrium motion is seen to be a generic feature of optical vacuum traps, arising for any system with symmetry lower than that of a perfect isotropic microsphere in a Gaussian trap.

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33

Zeng, Kai, JunJi Pu, Yulie Wu, Dingbang Xiao, and Xuezhong Wu. "Centrifugal motion of an optically levitated particle." Optics Letters 46, no. 18 (September 13, 2021): 4635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.435167.

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34

Luo, Xin, Zhihao Zhou, Wei Liu, Dongyi Shen, Hengzhe Yan, Yiqiao Lin, and Wenjie Wan. "Vibrational modes in an optically levitated droplet." Optics Letters 46, no. 18 (September 13, 2021): 4602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.434930.

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35

Acharya, Kuldip, and Dibyendu Ghoshal. "Animation of Magnetically Levitated Shoes and Its Optical Flow with Computer Vision." International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing 8, no. 3 (May 8, 2018): 40–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5815/ijem.2018.03.04.

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36

ARITA, Yoshihiko, and Kishan DHOLAKIA. "Dynamics of a Microparticle Levitated in Vacuum by an Optical Vortex Beam." Review of Laser Engineering 46, no. 4 (2018): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.2184/lsj.46.4_192.

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37

Frame, Thomas Edward Donaldson, and Alexandre Alexandre Pechev. "A Magnetically Levitated Precise Pointing Mechanism for Application to Optical Communication Terminals." Optics and Photonics Journal 02, no. 02 (2012): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/opj.2012.22012.

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Boyer, Hallie C., Kyle Gorkowski, and Ryan C. Sullivan. "In Situ pH Measurements of Individual Levitated Microdroplets Using Aerosol Optical Tweezers." Analytical Chemistry 92, no. 1 (November 25, 2019): 1089–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04152.

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Mestres, Pau, Johann Berthelot, Marko Spasenović, Jan Gieseler, Lukas Novotny, and Romain Quidant. "Cooling and manipulation of a levitated nanoparticle with an optical fiber trap." Applied Physics Letters 107, no. 15 (October 12, 2015): 151102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4933180.

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Hart, Matthew B., Vasanthi Sivaprakasam, Jay D. Eversole, Lee J. Johnson, and Jozsef Czege. "Optical measurements from single levitated particles using a linear electrodynamic quadrupole trap." Applied Optics 54, no. 31 (September 4, 2015): F174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.54.00f174.

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Inatomi, Yuko, Atul Srivastava, Hisao Satoh, Takao Maki, and Katsuo Tsukamoto. "Real-time optical system for observing crystallization in levitated silicate melt droplets." Review of Scientific Instruments 81, no. 7 (July 2010): 073708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3462968.

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ESASHI, MASAYOSHI. "RECENT PROGRESSES OF APPLICATION-ORIENTED MEMS THROUGH INDUSTRY-UNIVERSITY COLLABORATION." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 16, no. 02 (June 2006): 693–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156406003941.

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MEMS research has been carried out through industry-university (Tohoku) collaboration for practical applications. Sophisticated devices such as electrostatically levitated rotational gyroscope, MEMS relay for wafer level packaging, array MEMS including multi-probe data storage and multi-column electron beam lithography system, small diameter fiber optic pressure sensor and SiC micro structure or glass press molding, have been developed. Electrical feedthroughs in glass play important role in the wafer level packaging and array MEMS. Materials such as conductive polymer for recording media, carbon nanotube for electron field emitter, SiC for harsh environment are used in these MEMS because of their unique features.

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Mori, Takashi, Atsushi Inoue, and Mochimitsu Komori. "A Prototype Magnetically Levitated Superconducting Conveyer." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 17, no. 2 (June 2007): 2170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2007.898895.

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Ewall-Wice, Miriam, Steven Yee, Kelly DeLawder, Steven R. Montgomery, Peter J. Joyce, Cody Brownell, and Hatem ElBidweihy. "Optomechanical Actuation of Diamagnetically Levitated Pyrolytic Graphite." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 55, no. 7 (July 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2019.2892332.

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Fujii, Yusaku, Akihiro Takita, Jakrapong Kaewkhao, Mitra Djamal, and Takao Yamaguchi. "Precision Force Measurement Using the Levitation Mass Method (LMM) ." Applied Mechanics and Materials 103 (September 2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.103.1.

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This paper reviews the present status and future prospects of the levitation mass method (LMM), which is a precision mechanical measurement method. The LMM has been proposed and improved by the author for 10 years. The force generated by the actuator is measured as the inertial force of the mass levitated with sufficiently small friction using an aerostatic linear bearing and connected to the moving part of the actuator. During the measurement, the Doppler shift frequency of the laser beam reflected by the mass is measured with a high accuracy with the help of an optical interferometer. Subsequently, the velocity, position, acceleration, and inertial force of the mass are calculated using based on this frequency. Simultaneously, the current and voltage supplied to the actuator are measured.

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Musick, J., J. Popp, M. Trunk, and W. Kiefer. "Investigations of Radical Polymerization and Copolymerization Reactions in Optically Levitated Microdroplets by Simultaneous Raman Spectroscopy, Mie Scattering, and Radiation Pressure Measurements." Applied Spectroscopy 52, no. 5 (May 1998): 692–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702981944102.

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The combination of the optical levitation technique with Raman spectroscopy, elastic (Mie) scattering, and radiation pressure measurements enables in situ and real-time investigation of polymerization and copolymerization processes in single microdroplets. The time-dependent evolution of the polymerization and copolymerization reactions of styrene/unsaturated polyester resin (UP-resin) is characterized by observing the educt and product signals in the Raman spectra. The size, the refractive index, and the wavelength dependence of the refractive index of the optically levitated microparticle are determined from the position of the morphology-dependent resonances observed in Raman spectra, in elastic light scattering, and in radiation pressure measurements. This additional information about droplet properties as a function of time allows a better understanding of the entire reaction process within the microdroplet.

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Jin, Yuanbin, Jiangwei Yan, Shah Jee Rahman, Jie Li, Xudong Yu, and Jing Zhang. "6 GHz hyperfast rotation of an optically levitated nanoparticle in vacuum." Photonics Research 9, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 1344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/prj.422975.

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Liu, Shengyan, Tongcang Li, and Zhang-qi Yin. "Coupling librational and translational motion of a levitated nanoparticle in an optical cavity." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 34, no. 6 (April 24, 2017): C8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.34.0000c8.

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Gu, Bin, Dong Wei Shu, Yusaku Fujii, and Bao Jun Shi. "Dynamic Response Measurement of 1-Inch HDD Head Arm Assembly." Applied Mechanics and Materials 36 (October 2010): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.36.52.

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In this paper, dynamic response of 1-inch hard disk drive (HDD) head arm assembly (HAA) against an impact load is obtained by means of a 3D non-linear finite element model in ANSYS/LS-DYNA and experiments using Optical method. A mass is modeled as a rigid body and is made to collide with the arm. The velocity, displacement, acceleration and the inertial force of the mass are obtained from the time- history of finite element analysis (FEA). In the experiment, a mass that is levitated with an aerostatic linear bearing, and hence encounters negligible friction, is made to collide with the HAA and the dynamic bending test for the arm is realized. During the collision the Doppler frequency shift of the laser beam reflecting from the mass is accurately measured using an optical interferometer. The velocity, the position, the acceleration and the inertial force of the mass are calculated from the measured time-varying Doppler frequency shift. A good correlation between the experimental data and FEA results is observed.

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Rassat, Scot D., and E. James Davis. "Temperature Measurement of Single Levitated Microparticles Using Stokes/Anti-Stokes Raman Intensity Ratios." Applied Spectroscopy 48, no. 12 (December 1994): 1498–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702944027921.

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A method has been developed to determine the temperature of single microparticles levitated in an electrodynamic balance. Particle temperatures were ascertained from the measured intensities of the Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman spectra. Temperatures near ambient were obtained for titanium dioxide and calcium nitrate microparticles with the use of a Raman-based calibration of the optical system to correct for wavelength-dependent effects. Higher temperatures were also measured with the use of a carbon dioxide infrared laser to electromagnetically heat the particle. In an effort to minimize particle instabilities caused by the heating beam, the Gaussian intensity profile of the beam was modified with an axicon beam expander to produce a doughnut-like intensity distribution. The temperature measurement technique and quantitative Raman composition analysis were applied to study dehydration of a calcium nitrate tetrahydrate particle.

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