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Journal articles on the topic 'OPTICALLY THIN MEDIA'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Chen, L. H., A. Garo, K. Cen, and G. Grehan. "Numerical simulation of soot optical diagnostics in non-optically thin media." Applied Physics B 87, no. 4 (May 17, 2007): 739–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00340-007-2646-2.

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2

McGarragh, Greg, and Philip Gabriel. "Efficient computation of radiances for optically thin media by Padé approximants." Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 111, no. 12-13 (August 2010): 1885–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2010.03.011.

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3

Boardman, A., and P. Egan. "S-polarized waves in a thin dielectric film asymmetrically bounded by optically nonlinear media." IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 21, no. 10 (October 1985): 1701–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jqe.1985.1072568.

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4

Azad, F. H. "Differential Approximation to Radiative Transfer in Semitransparent Media." Journal of Heat Transfer 107, no. 2 (May 1, 1985): 478–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3247443.

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Radiative transfer in a semitransparent medium is treated using the differential approximation. Boundary conditions are formulated to accommodate direction-dependent reflection and refraction at a dielectric interfaces. The approximate results are compared to numerical solution of the exact integral equation. Also, a modification based on the exact formulation of the integrated intensity at the interface is presented that significantly improves the accuracy of the differential approximation in the optically thin regimes.

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5

Brown, D. C. "Rigrod laser-pumped-laser resonator model: II. Application to thin and optically-dilute laser media." Laser Physics 24, no. 8 (July 15, 2014): 085003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1054-660x/24/8/085003.

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6

Matousek, P., N. Everall, M. Towrie, and A. W. Parker. "Depth Profiling in Diffusely Scattering Media Using Raman Spectroscopy and Picosecond Kerr Gating." Applied Spectroscopy 59, no. 2 (February 2005): 200–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702053085115.

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We demonstrate how pulsed laser Raman excitation (∼1 ps) followed by fast optical Kerr gating (∼4 ps) can be used to effectively separate Raman signals originating from different depths in heterogeneous diffusely scattering media. The diffuse scattering slows down photon propagation through turbid samples enabling higher depth resolution than would be obtained for a given instrumental time resolution in an optically transparent medium. Two types of experiments on two-layer systems demonstrate the ability to differentiate between surface and sub-surface Raman signals. A Raman spectrum was obtained of stilbene powder buried beneath a 1 mm over-layer of PMMA (poly(methyl methacrylate)) powder. The signal contrasts of the lower stilbene layer and upper PMMA layer were improved by factors ≥5 and ≥180, respectively, by rejecting the Raman component of the counterpart layer. The ability to select the Raman signal of a thin top surface layer in preference to those from an underlying diffusely scattering substrate was demonstrated using a 100 μm thick optically transparent film of PET (poly(ethylene terephthalate)) on top of stilbene powder. The gating resulted in the suppression of the underlying stilbene Raman signal by a factor of 1200. The experiments were performed in back-scattering geometry using 400 nm excitation wavelength. The experimental technique should be well suited to biomedical applications such as disease diagnosis.

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7

Yang, Bo, Jian-Fu Zhang, Alex Lazarian, and José Renan de Medeiros. "Statistical tracing of turbulent magnetic fields in the optically thick interstellar medium." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 503, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 768–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab236.

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ABSTRACT Based on high-resolution 3D data cubes from a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence simulation, we study how to reveal the direction of the magnetic field within the optically thick interstellar medium by using the velocity gradient technique (VGT), correlation function anisotropy (CFA), and principal component analysis of anisotropies (PCAA). Considering the CO molecular tracers as a tracing method for radiative transfer processes, we find that the VGT and CFA can successfully trace the orientation of mean magnetic fields, which is in good agreement with the low-resolution numerical results obtained in the case of an optically thin medium. Similar to the simulation of an optically thin ISM, our simulations show that PCCA is still unusable in optically thick media. The synergetic application of the VGT and CFA to high-resolution spectroscopic observations is expected to yield valuable information on the interstellar magnetic field.

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Badjin, Dmitry A., and Semyon I. Glazyrin. "Physical and numerical instabilities of radiatively cooling shocks in turbulent magnetized media." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 507, no. 1 (August 11, 2021): 1492–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab2318.

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ABSTRACT We consider the influence of a fluctuating magnetic field on to the structure formation and instabilities of radiatively cooling blast waves. The study is based on an example of optically thin post-adiabatic supernova remnants (SNRs) in the homogeneous interstellar medium. By means of analytic estimations and full-scale multidimensional simulations, we investigate the roles of thermal, hydrodynamic (corrugation, pulsational, convective, Rayleigh–Taylor, linear and non-linear Vishniac) and numerical instabilities (‘carbuncle’ and grid-forced effects). It is found that of primary importance is the interplay of the thermal instability with quasi-regular and random components of the interstellar field. Bending fluctuations caused by the latter can be strongly amplified by non-linear Vishniac instability in the SNR regions where the regular component is almost normal to the shock. The instabilities driven by counter-directional pressure and density gradients are limited mostly to very narrow post-shock cooling layers, transient perturbations of the same short scales, and rather weakly magnetized environments. Some of these results can also be applied to radiative shocks separating optically thick media from thin or semitransparent ones. Several recommendations and requirements on numerical simulation techniques are formulated.

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9

Zheng, Cheng, Jong Kang Park, Murat Yildirim, Josiah R. Boivin, Yi Xue, Mriganka Sur, Peter T. C. So, and Dushan N. Wadduwage. "De-scattering with Excitation Patterning enables rapid wide-field imaging through scattering media." Science Advances 7, no. 28 (July 2021): eaay5496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay5496.

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Nonlinear optical microscopy has enabled in vivo deep tissue imaging on the millimeter scale. A key unmet challenge is its limited throughput especially compared to rapid wide-field modalities that are used ubiquitously in thin specimens. Wide-field imaging methods in tissue specimens have found successes in optically cleared tissues and at shallower depths, but the scattering of emission photons in thick turbid samples severely degrades image quality at the camera. To address this challenge, we introduce a novel technique called De-scattering with Excitation Patterning or “DEEP,” which uses patterned nonlinear excitation followed by computational imaging–assisted wide-field detection. Multiphoton temporal focusing allows high-resolution excitation patterns to be projected deep inside specimen at multiple scattering lengths due to the use of long wavelength light. Computational reconstruction allows high-resolution structural features to be reconstructed from tens to hundreds of DEEP images instead of millions of point-scanning measurements.

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10

Kabashnikov, V. P., V. M. Popov, and A. I. Bril'. "Use of the Approximation of Optically Thin Pulsations in the Problems of Radiative Heat Transfer in Turbulent Media." Heat Transfer Research 34, no. 1-2 (2003): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/heattransres.v34.i1-2.130.

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11

Krieger, A., and S. Wolf. "Unbiased Monte Carlo continuum radiative transfer in optically thick regions." Astronomy & Astrophysics 635 (March 2020): A148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201937355.

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Radiative transfer describes the propagation of electromagnetic radiation through an interacting medium. This process is often simulated by the use of the Monte Carlo method, which involves the probabilistic determination and tracking of simulated photon packages. In the regime of high optical depths, this approach encounters difficulties since a proper representation of the various physical processes can only be achieved by considering high numbers of simulated photon packages. As a consequence, the demand for computation time rises accordingly and thus practically puts a limit on the optical depth of models that can be simulated. Here we present a method that aims to solve the problem of high optical depths in dusty media, which relies solely on the use of unbiased Monte Carlo radiative transfer. For that end, we identified and precalculated repeatedly occuring and simulated processes, stored their outcome in a multidimensional cumulative distribution function, and immediately replaced the basic Monte Carlo transfer during a simulation by that outcome. During the precalculation, we generated emission spectra as well as deposited energy distributions of photon packages traveling from the center of a sphere to its rim. We carried out a performance test of the method to confirm its validity and gain a boost in computation speed by up to three orders of magnitude. We then applied the method to a simple model of a viscously heated circumstellar disk, and we discuss the necessity of finding a solution for the optical depth problem with regard to a proper temperature calculation. We find that the impact of an incorrect treatment of photon packages in highly optically thick regions extents even to optically thin regions, thus, changing the overall observational appearance of the disk.

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12

Liu, L. H., and X. Xu. "Monte Carlo ray-tracing simulation for radiative heat transfer in turbulent fluctuating media under the optically thin fluctuation approximation." Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 84, no. 3 (March 2004): 349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-4073(03)00185-7.

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13

Ates, Cihan, Ozge Sen, Nevin Selçuk, and Gorkem Kulah. "Influence of spectral particle properties on radiative heat transfer in optically thin and thick media of fluidized bed combustors." International Journal of Thermal Sciences 122 (December 2017): 266–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2017.08.023.

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14

Mroczyński, Robert, Daniel Iwanicki, Bartosz Fetliński, Monika Ożga, Michał Świniarski, Arkadiusz Gertych, Mariusz Zdrojek, and Marek Godlewski. "Optimization of Ultra-Thin Pulsed-DC Magnetron Sputtered Aluminum Films for the Technology of Hyperbolic Metamaterials." Crystals 10, no. 5 (May 8, 2020): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10050384.

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The future applications of hyperbolic metamaterials demand stacks of materials with alternative ultra-thin conductive/dielectric films with good homogeneity of the thickness and reduced roughness level. In this work, the technology of pulsed-DC magnetron sputtering of aluminum was optimized using the Taguchi method in order to fabricate Al films with improved roughness level. The performed structural characterization proved the smaller Al domains and better homogeneity of the surface. The optimized process was used to fabricate a multilayer structure of Al/HfOx as the metamaterial media. The fabricated structures were optically characterized in the UV/VIS range. The presented findings demonstrated the tunability effect of the effective reflectance of the examined stacks. The presented results are promising for the future application of multilayer structures in novel photonic devices based on hyperbolic metamaterials.

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15

VASSILIEV, O. N., and M. G. COTTAM. "OPTICALLY NONLINEAR S-POLARIZED ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES IN MULTILAYERED SYMMETRIC DIELECTRICS." Surface Review and Letters 07, no. 01n02 (February 2000): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x00000129.

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A theory is presented for the nonlinear s-polarized electromagnetic waves in multilayer systems with an arbitrary number of planar interfaces. Each of the individual layers may be characterized by either a linear or a Kerr-type nonlinear dielectric constant, and we examine the coupled nonlinear waves at both linear/nonlinear and nonlinear/nonlinear interfaces. An analysis of the phase trajectories (in terms of an electric field amplitude and its spatial derivative) is employed to enumerate the modes of the system in a systematic manner and to facilitate the derivation of dispersion relations. In particular, numerical examples are given for two-interface systems (for example, a thin film sandwiched between two semi-infinite media) and for periodic superlattices (with effectively infinite interfaces), thereby extending previous calculations.

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16

Ortiz, Steven, Richard T. McDonough, Paul Dent, Jerry Goodisman, and Joseph Chaiken. "Coupled Turbidity and Spectroscopy Problems: A Simple Algorithm for Volumetric Analysis of Optically Thin or Dilute, In Vitro Bacterial Cultures in Various Media." Applied Spectroscopy 74, no. 3 (March 2020): 261–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702819872754.

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An approach binary spectronephelometry (BSN) to perform real-time simultaneous noninvasive in situ physical and chemical analysis of bacterial cultures in fluid media is described. We choose to characterize cultures of Escherichia coli (NC), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), and Shewanella oneidensis (SO) in the specific case of complex media whose Raman spectrum cannot be unambiguously assigned. Nevertheless, organism number density and a measure of the chemical makeup of the fluid medium can be monitored noninvasively, simultaneously, and continuously, despite changing turbidity and medium chemistry. The method involves irradiating a culture in fluid medium in an appropriate vessel (in this case a standard 1 cm cuvette) using a near infrared laser and collecting all the backscattered light from the cuvette, i.e., the Rayleigh–Mie line and the inelastically emitted light which includes unresolved Raman scattered light and fluorescence. Complex “legacy” media contain materials of biological origin whose chemical composition cannot be fully delineated. We independently calibrate this approach to a commonly used reference, optical density at 600 nm (OD600) for characterizing the number density of organisms. We suggest that the total inelastically emitted light could be a measure of the chemical state of a biologically based medium, e.g., lysogeny broth (LB). This approach may be useful in a broad range of basic and applied studies and enterprises that utilize bacterial cultures in any medium or container that permits optical probing in the single scattering limit.

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17

Budaj, Ján. "Synthetic Spectra and Light Curves of Interacting Binaries and Exoplanets with Circumstellar Material: SHELLSPEC." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 7, S282 (July 2011): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921311027591.

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AbstractProgram SHELLSPEC is designed to calculate light-curves, spectra and images of interacting binaries and extrasolar planets immersed in a moving circumstellar environment which is optically thin. It solves simple radiative transfer along the line of sight in moving media. The assumptions include LTE and optional known state quantities and velocity fields in 3D. Optional (non)transparent objects such as a spot, disc, stream, jet, shell or stars may be defined (embedded) in 3D and their composite synthetic spectrum calculated. The Roche model can be used as a boundary condition for the radiative transfer. Recently, a new model of the reflection effect, dust and Mie scattering were incorporated into the code.ϵ Aurigae is one of the most mysterious objects on the sky. Prior modeling of its light-curve assumed a dark, inclined, disk of dust with a central hole to explain the light-curve with a sharp mid-eclipse brightening. Our model consists of two geometrically thick flared disks: an internal optically thick disk and an external optically thin disk which absorbs and scatters radiation. Shallow mid-eclipse brightening may result from eclipses by nearly edge-on flared (dusty or gaseous) disks. Mid-eclipse brightening may also be due to strong forward scattering and optical properties of the dust which can have an important effect on the light-curves.There are many similarities between interacting binary stars and transiting extrasolar planets. The reflection effect which is briefly reviewed is one of them. The exact Roche shape and temperature distributions over the surface of all currently known transiting extrasolar planets have been determined. In some cases (HAT-P-32b, WASP-12b, WASP-19b), departures from the spherical shape can reach 7-15%.

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18

dos Santos, Elizaldo Domingues, Marco Paulsen Rodrigues, Thiago Smith V. C. de Andrade, Liércio André Isoldi, Francis Henrique Ramos França, and Luiz Alberto Oliveira Rocha. "Numerical Study of Different Closure Approaches for Prediction of Forced Convective Turbulent Cylindrical Cavity Flows." Defect and Diffusion Forum 366 (April 2016): 166–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.366.166.

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The present work exhibits a numerical study comparing the fluid dynamic and thermal fields of turbulent, three-dimensional forced convective cylindrical cavity flows obtained with Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS). In the latter approach, three different closure models are employed: Reynolds Stress Model (RSM), standard k – ε and standard k - ω. It is considered a three-dimensional, incompressible, turbulent fluid flow at the steady state with ReD = 22,000 and Pr = 0.71. The main purpose is to investigate whether discrepancies are noticed in time-averaged and statistics of turbulent flows between LES and RANS predictions. Differences in time-averaged and statistical fields can be important for evaluation of convective fluxes in turbulent flows and combined convective and radiative transfer in participant media, i.e., for study of Turbulence-Radiation Interactions (TRI). The spatially-filtered and time-averaged conservation equations of mass, momentum and energy are solved with the Finite Volume Method (FVM). Results showed that time-averaged and RMS thermal fields obtained with LES and RANS presented reasonable discrepancies in regions near the cavity surfaces, which affects the convective fluxes in this region. For the highest temperature region of the cavity (near its inlet) the predictions obtained with LES and RANS are similar, which can led to similar predictions in heat exchange when thermal radiation is taken into account in optically thin participant media. For optically thick media, where local differences increase their importance, the employment of RANS is not recommended.

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19

Field, Jeffrey J., Keith A. Wernsing, Scott R. Domingue, Alyssa M. Allende Motz, Keith F. DeLuca, Dean H. Levi, Jennifer G. DeLuca, Michael D. Young, Jeff A. Squier, and Randy A. Bartels. "Superresolved multiphoton microscopy with spatial frequency-modulated imaging." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 24 (May 26, 2016): 6605–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1602811113.

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Superresolved far-field microscopy has emerged as a powerful tool for investigating the structure of objects with resolution well below the diffraction limit of light. Nearly all superresolution imaging techniques reported to date rely on real energy states of fluorescent molecules to circumvent the diffraction limit, preventing superresolved imaging with contrast mechanisms that occur via virtual energy states, including harmonic generation (HG). We report a superresolution technique based on spatial frequency-modulated imaging (SPIFI) that permits superresolved nonlinear microscopy with any contrast mechanism and with single-pixel detection. We show multimodal superresolved images with two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) and second-harmonic generation (SHG) from biological and inorganic media. Multiphoton SPIFI (MP-SPIFI) provides spatial resolution up to 2η below the diffraction limit, where η is the highest power of the nonlinear intensity response. MP-SPIFI can be used to provide enhanced resolution in optically thin media and may provide a solution for superresolved imaging deep in scattering media.

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Iwabuchi, Hironobu. "Efficient Monte Carlo Methods for Radiative Transfer Modeling." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 63, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 2324–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3755.1.

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Abstract Demands for Monte Carlo radiative transfer modeling have grown with the increase in computational power in recent decades. This method provides realistic simulations of radiation processes for various types of application, including radiation budgets in cloudy conditions and remote measurements of clouds, aerosols, and gases. Despite many advantages, such as explicit treatment of three-dimensional radiative transfer, issues of numerical efficiency can make the method intractable, especially in radiance calculations. The commonly used local estimation method requires computationally intensive ray tracing at each collision. Furthermore, the realistic phase function of Mie scattering by cloud and aerosol particles has very sharp peaks in the forward direction. Radiance computations by Monte Carlo methods are inefficient for such spiky phase functions because of significant noise. Moreover, in optically thin regions, sampling of radiance contributions is so rare that long computing times are required to reduce noise. To solve these issues, several variance reduction methods have been proposed. This paper discusses a modified local estimation method, a truncation approximation for a highly anisotropic phase function, a collision-forcing method for optically thin media, a numerical diffusion technique, and several related topics. Numerical experiments demonstrated significant improvements in efficiency for solar radiance calculations in a limited number of cloudy cases.

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21

Zhang, Li Yuan, Takuya Tsuzuki, and Xun Gai Wang. "Preparation and Characterization on Cellulose Nanofiber Film." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 1760–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.1760.

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In this study, cellulose nanofibers were obtained from wood pulp using a chemo-mechanical method and thin films were made of these cellulose nanofibers. The morphology of the films was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM image analysis revealed that the films were composed of cellulose nanofibers with an average diameter of around 32 nm. Other properties were also characterized, including the degree of crystallinity by X-ray diffraction, chemical bonding by infrared attenuated total reflectance analysis, and thermal properties by differential scanning calorimetry. The foldable, strong, and optically translucent cellulose nanofiber films thus obtained have many potential applications as micro/nano electronic devices, biosensors and filtration media, etc.

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22

Pandey, Apoorva, Nishit J. Shetty, and Rajan K. Chakrabarty. "Aerosol light absorption from optical measurements of PTFE membrane filter samples: sensitivity analysis of optical depth measures." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, no. 2 (February 28, 2019): 1365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-1365-2019.

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Abstract. Mass absorption cross section (MAC) measurements of atmospherically relevant aerosols are required to quantify their effect on Earth's radiative budget. Estimating aerosol light absorption from transmittance and/or reflectance measurements through filter deposits is an attractive option because of their ease of deployment in field settings, low cost, and the ability to revisit previously analyzed samples. These measurements suffer from artifacts that depend on a given filter measurement system and aerosol optics. Empirical correction algorithms are available for commercial instruments equipped with optically thick fiber filters, but optically thin filter media have not been characterized in detail. Here, we present empirical relationships between particle light absorption optical depth – measured using multiwavelength integrated photoacoustic spectrometers – and filter optical depth measurements for polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane filter samples of carbonaceous aerosols generated from combustion of diverse biomass fuels and kerosene (surrogate for fossil fuel combustion). Through radiative transfer modeling, we assessed the suitability of three measures of filter-based optical depth for robustly describing particulate-phase light absorption over a range of single scattering albedo (SSA) values: (1) ODs – a measure of transmission of the fraction of incident radiation that is not backscattered by the filter system – which utilizes transmittance and reflectance of the sample side of the filter; (2) the commonly used ODc, which uses transmittance and reflectance of the clean side of the filter; and (3) ATN or the Beer–Lambert attenuation. Modeling results were also validated experimentally, with ODs showing the least variability around the mean in this multidimensional parameter space. We establish a simple, wavelength-independent formulation for calculating aerosol MAC and absorption coefficients from measurements of ODs. We find the ratio between in situ particulate absorption optical depth and ODs to be inversely proportional to aerosol SSA. Our findings underscore that ODs is a better optical depth measure than ODc for applying appropriate correction factors when estimating particle-phase light absorption from filter-based techniques.

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23

Li, Zhong-Hua, Yuan Li, Ya-Fang Dou, Jiang-Rui Gao, and Jun-Xiang Zhang. "Comparison of the Noise Properties of Squeezed Probe Light in Optically Thick and Thin Quantum Coherence Media for Weak and Strong Coupling Lights." Chinese Physics Letters 29, no. 1 (January 2012): 014202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/29/1/014202.

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24

AHMED, S., and K. KALITA. "MATHEMATICAL MODELING FOR POROUS MEDIA TRANSPORT IN NEWTONIAN RADIATING/CHEMICALLY REACTING FLUID OVER AN IMPULSIVELY-STARTED VERTICAL PLATE: A FINITE DIFFERENCE APPROACH." Latin American Applied Research - An international journal 44, no. 1 (January 31, 2014): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.52292/j.laar.2014.421.

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Theoretical investigation is presented here for the model of unsteady MHD thermal convection flow of a viscous incompressible absorbingemitting optically thin gray gas along an impulsivelystarted semi-infinite vertical plate adjacent to the Darcian porous regime in the presence of a first order chemical reaction and significant thermal radiation effects. The conservation equations are nondimensionalized and are solved by an accurate and unconditionally stable implicit finite difference scheme of Crank-Nicholson type. The flow is found to be accelerated with increasing porosity parameter (K), whereas the temperature and concentration distributions are reduced in the Darcian regime. Flow velocity and Temperature are found to be depressed with progression of thermal radiation (Ra) contribution, but enhanced the concentration distribution. Applications of the model arise in solar energy collector analysis, magneto-fluid dynamics and industrial materials processing.

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Mengu¨c¸, M. P., and P. Dutta. "Scattering Tomography and Its Application to Sooting Diffusion Flames." Journal of Heat Transfer 116, no. 1 (February 1, 1994): 144–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910848.

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A new analytical tomographic reconstruction technique was developed for the determination of the extinction and scattering coefficient distributions in axisymmetric media. This method, called “scattering tomography,” was tested for several particle concentration profiles corresponding to those for diffusion flames. After that, a series of experiments were performed on sooting acetylene flames using an argon-ion laser nephelometer. The experimental results were reduced using both the transmission and scattering tomography techniques to obtain the extinction coefficient profiles. It was shown that in the center of the flame, the results from these two approaches were in good agreement. Scattering tomography can be used to determine both the absorption and scattering coefficient distributions in the medium. In addition to that, it is preferable over the transmission tomography if the medium is optically very thin and particles are predominantly scattering.

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Steiger, Rolf, Robert Beer, J. F. Fernandez-Sanchez, and U. E. Spichiger-Keller. "Large Area, Nanoparticulate Metal Oxide Coatings for Consumer Nanotechnologies." Solid State Phenomena 121-123 (March 2007): 1193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.121-123.1193.

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Large area coatings containing nanoparticulate metal oxides dispersed in polymers are manufactured at high speed (up to 200 m2 /min.) by curtain- or cascade coating on flexible substrates near room temperature. Simultaneously coated multilayers, which may contain different metal oxides, show interesting new properties for industrial applications. Thick (40 $m) coatings with rare-earth doped aluminum oxide nanoparticles have been commercialized for waterfast ink-jet media which are dry to touch after printing, show photo-parity and are very stable towards water, light and environment if appropriate inks are used. Strong capillary forces due to nanoporosity allow instant ink-absorption. Experimental techniques used to develop these materials and results related to imaging parameters are discussed. Thin layers (1-10 $m) of nanoparticulate, nanoporous TiO2 and LiMn2O4, dispersed in non-electroactive polymers such as polyethylene glycols, can be used as electrodes for rechargeable Li-ion batteries with very fast charge-discharge cycles and high power performance. The excellent ion-conducting properties of unsintered, nanoparticulate coatings of these metal oxides were unexpected and allow applications of temperature sensitive substrates and organic addenda. By coating very thin, almost or totally polymer-free layers of highly-porous, monodisperse aluminum-oxides with minimum particle size, display devices with improved optical efficiency were prepared. These layers have a low refractive index thus allowing for higher intensities of light emitted by organic electro-luminescers in OLED’s and PLED’s. This property is useful for mobile devices as phones and PDA’s. A hitherto unknown, photo-catalytic chemical reaction of the classical green emitter tris-(8-hydroxychinolino)-aluminum (Alq3) has been discovered in coatings of such optically efficient devices after exposing them to daylight in air. An efficient blue-emitting species of Alq3 with another stereochemical structure was directly formed within these layers at room temperature by photolysis in ambient atmosphere. Interesting new applications of specially designed, large-area coated and transparent nanostructured matrices on flexible substrates for optical gas sensors are discussed in more detail in this paper.

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Cromwell, Evan F., Michelle Leung, Matthew Hammer, Anthony Thai, Rashmi Rajendra, and Oksana Sirenko. "Disease Modeling with 3D Cell-Based Assays Using a Novel Flowchip System and High-Content Imaging." SLAS TECHNOLOGY: Translating Life Sciences Innovation 26, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): 237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/24726303211000688.

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There is an increasing interest in using three-dimensional (3D) cell structures for modeling tumors, organs, and tissue to accelerate translational research. We describe here a novel automated organoid assay system (the Pu·MA System) combined with microfluidic-based flowchips that can facilitate 3D cell-based assays. The flowchip is composed of sample wells, which contain organoids, connected to additional multiple wells that can hold various assay reagents. Organoids are positioned in a protected chamber in sample wells, and fluids are exchanged from side reservoirs using pressure-driven flow. Media exchange, sample staining, wash steps, and other processes can be performed without disruption to or loss of 3D sample. The bottom of the sample chamber is thin, optically clear plastic compatible with high-content imaging (HCI). The whole system can be kept in an incubator, allowing long-term cellular assays to be performed. We present two examples of use of the system for biological research. In the first example, cytotoxicity effects of anticancer drugs were evaluated on HeLa and HepG2 spheroids using HCI and vascular endothelial growth factor expression. In the second application, the flowchip system was used for the functional evaluation of Ca2+ oscillations in neurospheroids. Neurospheres were incubated with neuroactive compounds, and neuronal activity was assessed using Ca2+-sensitive dyes and fast kinetic fluorescence imaging. This novel assay system using microfluidics enables automation of 3D cell-based cultures that mimic in vivo conditions, performs multidosing protocols and multiple media exchanges, provides gentle handling of spheroids and organoids, and allows a wide range of assay detection modalities.

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Obreja, Aura, Andrea V. Macciò, Benjamin Moster, Silviu M. Udrescu, Tobias Buck, Rahul Kannan, Aaron A. Dutton, and Marvin Blank. "Local photoionization feedback effects on galaxies." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 490, no. 2 (September 21, 2019): 1518–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2639.

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ABSTRACT We implement an optically thin approximation for the effects of the local radiation field from stars and hot gas on the gas heating and cooling in the N-body smoothed particle hydrodynamics code gasoline2. We resimulate three galaxies from the NIHAO project: one dwarf, one Milky Way-like, and one massive spiral, and study what are the local radiation field effects on various galaxy properties. We also study the effects of varying the ultraviolet background (UVB) model, by running the same galaxies with two different UVBs. Galaxy properties at $z$ = 0 like stellar mass, stellar effective mass radius, H i mass, and radial extent of the H i disc show significant changes between the models with and without the local radiation field, and smaller differences between the two UVB models. The intrinsic effect of the local radiation field through cosmic time is to increase the equilibrium temperature at the interface between the galaxies and their circumgalactic media (CGM), moving this boundary inwards, while leaving relatively unchanged the gas inflow rate. Consequently, the temperature of the inflow increases when considering the local radiation sources. This temperature increase is a function of total galaxy mass, with a median CGM temperature difference of one order of magnitude for the massive spiral. The local radiation field suppresses the stellar mass growth by 20 per cent by $z$ = 0 for all three galaxies, while the H i mass is roughly halved. The differences in the gas phase diagrams, significantly impact the H i column densities, shifting their peaks in the distributions towards lower NH i.

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Vishnyakov, A. K., M. S. Vafina, and V. I. Poklonov. "Formation and preservation of polyhalite-containing rocks in the halogen sediments of the Southern Cis-Urals." LITHOSPHERE, no. 2 (June 12, 2019): 228–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24930/1681-9004-2019-19-2-228-241.

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Research subject. In this research, we set out to investigate polyhalite-containing rocks of the Southern Urals. The purpose of this study was to characterize the patterns of formation and transformation of polyhalite-containing rocks, as well as to identify conditions leading to their destruction. Materials and methods. We studied available literature and archive materials on the southern Urals, as well as core samples. Samples for thin sections were taken from the core of polyhalite-containing rocks. The sections were manufactured (where possible) in 2 mutually perpendicular cuts relative to the axis of the monolithic core sample. Considering a high solubility of salt minerals (halite) and the possibility of converting other minerals in aqueous media (e.g., polyhalite into gypsum due to the leaching of K and Mg cations herefrom), thin sections were manufactured in anhydrous liquids (kerosene, transformer oil). In order to determine the mineralogical composition, as well as the structural and textural features of the polyhalite-containing rocks under study, a petrographic analysis of the thin sections was carried out optically using a Polam-213 microscope. Geological sections were built using Corel Draw 13. To this end, geophysical data (gamma-ray logging) and lithological composition were studied.Results. It is found that pelitomorphic sulphate clusters transform into polyhalites followed by their further recrystallization into crystalline accretions. The diagenetic nature of this process is presumed. The location of polyhalite mineralization in the rocks under study confirms the effect of the basin bottom paleorelief on the intensity of polyhalite material accumulation. Conditions determining further destruction of these rocks were formed in local areas under the influence of various geological processes. Conclusion. The results of our research can be used for predicting zones rich in polyhalites in the southern Cis-Urals.

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Rahman, I. Z., M. A. Rahman, M. A. Kenny, J. B. Albertini, B. Bechevet, J. Daval, and J. Mouchot. "Magnetio-Optical Charcterization of Thin Garnet Media." Key Engineering Materials 118-119 (March 1996): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.118-119.295.

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NGUYEN, BA AN. "NONBOSON TREATMENT OF EXCITONIC NONLINEARITY IN OPTICALLY EXCITED MEDIA." International Journal of Modern Physics B 05, no. 08 (May 10, 1991): 1215–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979291000584.

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The present article shortly reviews some recent results in the study of excitonic nonlinearity in optically excited media using a nonboson treatment for many-exciton systems. After a brief discussion of the exciton nonbosonity the closed commutation relations are given for exciton operators which hold for any exciton density and type. The nonboson treatment is then applied to the problems of intrinsic optical bistability and nonlinear polariton yielding quite interesting and new effects, e.g. new shapes of hysteresis loops of intrinsic optical bistability or anomalies of polariton dispersion.

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32

Balasubramanian, K., A. S. Marathay, and H. A. Macleod. "Modeling magneto-optical thin film media for optical data storage." Thin Solid Films 164 (October 1988): 391–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(88)90168-x.

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HERMANN, J. A. "SELF-FOCUSING EFFECTS AND APPLICATIONS USING THIN NONLINEAR MEDIA." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 01, no. 03 (July 1992): 541–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218199192000261.

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A model of the nonlinear optical effects attending the interaction of a laser beam with a thin Kerr-type medium has been analyzed in detail. The formalism developed is applicable to both near- and far-field situations. Some possible applications are discussed.

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34

Talukder, Md Aminul Islam, and Makoto Tomita. "Optical Pulse Propagation Through Thin and Thick Absorbing Media." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 69, no. 11 (November 15, 2000): 3766–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.69.3766.

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35

Alex, M., C. Gudeman, and D. Peter. "Magneto optical measurement of interactions in thin-film media." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 28, no. 5 (September 1992): 3111–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.179729.

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36

Yurgens, V., A. Corazza, J. A. Zuber, M. Gruet, M. Kasperczyk, B. J. Shields, R. J. Warburton, Y. Fontana, and P. Maletinsky. "Spectrally stable nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond formed by carbon implantation into thin microstructures." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 23 (December 5, 2022): 234001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0126669.

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The nitrogen-vacancy center (NV) in diamond, with its exceptional spin coherence and convenience in optical spin initialization and readout, is increasingly used both as a quantum sensor and as a building block for quantum networks. Employing photonic structures for maximizing the photon collection efficiency in these applications typically leads to broadened optical linewidths for the emitters, which are commonly created via nitrogen ion implantation. With studies showing that only native nitrogen atoms contribute to optically coherent NVs, a natural conclusion is to either avoid implantation completely or substitute nitrogen implantation by an alternative approach to vacancy creation. Here, we demonstrate that implantation of carbon ions yields a comparable density of NVs as implantation of nitrogen ions and that it results in NV populations with narrow optical linewidths and low charge-noise levels even in thin diamond microstructures. We measure a median NV linewidth of 150 MHz for structures thinner than 5 μm, with no trend of increasing linewidths down to the thinnest measured structure of 1.9 μm. We propose a modified NV creation procedure in which the implantation is carried out after instead of before the diamond fabrication processes and confirm our results in multiple samples implanted with different ion energies and fluences.

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Malone, C. G., B. I. Choi, M. I. Flik, and E. G. Cravalho. "Spectral Emissivity of Optically Anisotropic Solid Media." Journal of Heat Transfer 115, no. 4 (November 1, 1993): 1021–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2911356.

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This work determines the spectral emissivity of a semi-infinite uniaxial medium in vacuum. If the optic axis is normal to the surface, then, for many materials and wavelengths, such as rutile between 10 and 25 μm, the directional and hemispherical spectral emissivities of the medium can be approximated, with an error of less than 10 percent, as those of an isotropic medium possessing the ordinary optical constants. In contrast, if the optic axis is parallel to the surface, the directional and hemispherical spectral emissivities can be predicted only by accounting for the optical anisotropy of the medium. Measurements of the directional emissivities of rutile crystals conform to the theoretical predictions.

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Grundy, P. J. "Thin film magnetic recording media." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 31, no. 21 (November 7, 1998): 2975–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/31/21/001.

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39

Judy, J. H. "Advancements in PMR thin-film media." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 287 (February 2005): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2004.10.004.

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40

Leonhardt, T. D., Y. Chen, M. Rao, D. E. Laughlin, D. N. Lambeth, and M. H. Kryder. "CrPt3 thin film media for perpendicular or magneto-optical recording." Journal of Applied Physics 85, no. 8 (April 15, 1999): 4307–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.370351.

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41

Madrid, M., and R. Wood. "Transition noise in thin-film media." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 22, no. 5 (September 1986): 892–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.1986.1064526.

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42

Karis, Thomas E. "Water Adsorption on Thin Film Media." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 225, no. 1 (May 2000): 196–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcis.2000.6745.

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43

Fang, R., D. Li, T. Ma, D. Dai, and X. Zhang. "Magnetic and magneto-optical properties of MnBiRe thin films (recording media)." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 27, no. 6 (November 1991): 5133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.278764.

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44

Ruphuy, Miguel, and Omar M. Ramahi. "Refraction in electrically thin inhomogeneous media." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 33, no. 4 (March 9, 2016): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.33.000538.

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45

Subramanian, Bala. "Materials and design issues of multilayer magneto-optical thin-film media for optical recording." Optical Engineering 31, no. 12 (1992): 2674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.60018.

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46

Ahmadova, Kh N. "Spectroscopic ellipsometric investigation of optical parameters of oil-water thin multiple systems." International Journal of Modern Physics B 34, no. 08 (March 30, 2020): 2050058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979220500587.

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To determine the optical parameters of crude oil and seawater systems, we carried out spectral investigations using the ellipsometry method, which is a highly sensitive and accurate optical method for studying the surfaces and interfaces of various media. This method is based on studying the change in the polarization state of reflected light after its interaction with the surface of interfaces of these media. Crude oil and seawater from different regions of Caspian Sea were accessed by spectroscopic ellipsometry over the 200–1700 nm spectral range at room-temperature. Optical constants and dielectric function were obtained for massive samples of each substance, as well as for ultrathin layers of the oil spilled over the sea surface. Dielectric function, when completely determined in the frequency regions corresponding to electronic transitions and excitation of atomic or molecular vibrations in the object, is a unique dielectric fingerprint of this object. Oils with even miserable difference in type and concentration of biomarkers and heterocomponents will have different dielectric functions. The possibility to use dielectric function as a unique optical fingerprint for oil identification is figured out.

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Valstyn, E., E. Packard, and G. Kelley. "Optimization of ferrite heads for thin media." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 22, no. 5 (September 1986): 847–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.1986.1064573.

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Aoi, H., M. Saitoh, N. Nishiyama, R. Tsuchiya, and T. Tamura. "Noise characteristics in longitudinal thin-film media." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 22, no. 5 (September 1986): 895–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.1986.1064608.

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Meunier, Gerard, Jean-Michel Guichon, Olivier Chadebec, Bertrand Bannwarth, Laurent Krahenbuhl, and Christophe Guerin. "Unstructured–PEEC Method for Thin Electromagnetic Media." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 56, no. 1 (January 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2019.2951016.

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50

Huang, Fuxin, Yiqun Wu, Donghong Gu, and Fuxi Gan. "Optical parameters and absorption of copper (II)-azo complexes thin films as optical recording media." Thin Solid Films 483, no. 1-2 (July 2005): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2004.12.038.

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