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Journal articles on the topic 'Optical waveguides'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 September 2023

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1

Mushahid, Husain, and Raman Swati. "Chalcogenide Glass Optical Waveguides for Optical Communication." Advanced Materials Research 679 (April 2013): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.679.41.

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The present research work is focused on fabricating the chalcogenide glass optical waveguides keeping in mind their application in optical communication. The propagation loss of the waveguides is also studied at three different wavelengths. The waveguides were fabricated by dry etching using ECR Plasma etching and the propagation loss is studied using Fabry-Perot technique. The waveguides having loss as low as 0.35 dB/cm at 1.3m is achieved. The technique used to fabricate waveguide is simple and cost effective.
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2

Savotchenko, S. E. "Models of waveguides combining gradient and nonlinear optical layers." Russian Technological Journal 11, no. 4 (August 1, 2023): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2500-316x-2023-11-4-84-93.

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Objectives. Theoretical studies of the waveguide properties of interfaces between nonlinear optical and graded-index media are important for application in optoelectronics. Waveguides combining layers with different optical properties seem to be the most promising, since they can be matched to optimal characteristics using a wide range of control parameters. The paper aims to develop a theory of composite optically nonlinear gradedindex waveguides with an arbitrary profile, within which it is possible to obtain exact analytical expressions for surface waves and waveguide modes in an explicit form. The main feature of the theory proposed in this paper is its applicability for describing surface waves and waveguide modes, in which the field is concentrated inside the gradient layer and does not exceed its boundary, avoiding contact with the nonlinear layer.Methods. Analytical methods of the theory of optical waveguides and nonlinear optics are used.Results. A theoretical description of the waveguide properties of the interface between two media having significantly different optical characteristics is carried out. The formulated model of a plane waveguide is applicable to media having an arbitrary spatial permittivity profile. An analytical expression describing a surface wave propagating along the interface between a medium having stepwise nonlinearity and a gradient layer with an arbitrary permittivity profile is obtained. Additionally, analytical expressions for surface waves propagating along the interface between a medium with Kerr nonlinearity (both self-focusing and defocusing), as well as graded-index media characterized by exponential and linear permittivity profiles, are obtained.Conclusions. The proposed theory supports a visual description in an explicit analytical form of a narrowly localized light beam within such waveguides. It is shown that by combining different semiconductor crystals in a composite waveguide, it is possible to obtain a nonlinear optical layer on one side of the waveguide interface and a layer with a graded-index dielectric permittivity profile on the other.
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3

En, De, Jie Yu Feng, Ning Bo Zhang, Ning Ning Wang, and Xiao Bin Wang. "Research on Transmission Loss of Optical Waveguide in Three-Component Acceleration Seismic Geophone." Applied Mechanics and Materials 143-144 (December 2011): 644–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.143-144.644.

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The optical waveguides are produced in LiNbO3 substrate of three-component acceleration seismic geophone by lithography. Three-component acceleration seismic geophone detects changes in the external acceleration by detecting phase changes in the optical waveguides. The performance of optical waveguide directly affects the performance of three-component acceleration seismic geophone. Therefore, it is critical to measure and reduce the transmission loss of waveguides. The advantages and disadvantages of LiNbO3 crystal are introduced. The production process of Ti:LiNbO3 optical waveguide and its performance are presented. Some information about the types of transmission loss of optical waveguide and the measurement methods of optical waveguide loss are provided.
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4

Yan, Min, and Min Qiu. "Compact Optical Waveguides Based on Hybrid Index and Surface-Plasmon-Polariton Guidance Mechanisms." Active and Passive Electronic Components 2007 (2007): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/52461.

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Surface-plasmon-polariton (SPP) waveguides made of materials available in nature have, in general, been found to suffer from very high absorption loss when light confinement is beyond diffraction limit. In this paper, the possibility of combining both the conventional index-guiding and the SPP-guiding mechanisms together into one single waveguide is being explored. Such waveguides, expectedly, inherent the low-loss feature of all-dielectric waveguides as well as the superior mode field confinement possessed by SPP waveguides. By using experimentally ready materials, it is theoretically shown that compact metallodielectric waveguides can be designed with a∼500×500 nm2core size around the 1550 nm telecommunication wavelength. The examined waveguides can be interpreted as a gap SPP waveguide with an inner dielectric core. Compared to pure SPP waveguides, such hybrid waveguides have a comparable mode field size, but with significantly lower loss (∼0.05 dB/μmfor either quasi-TE or quasi-TM operation). Therefore they can be potentially deployed for a range of integrated photonic applications.
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5

Lijing, Zhong, Roman A. Zakoldaev, Maksim M. Sergeev, Andrey B. Petrov, Vadim P. Veiko, and Alexander P. Alodjants. "Optical Sensitivity of Waveguides Inscribed in Nanoporous Silicate Framework." Nanomaterials 11, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11010123.

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Laser direct writing technique in glass is a powerful tool for various waveguides’ fabrication that highly develop the element base for designing photonic devices. We apply this technique to fabricate waveguides in porous glass (PG). Nanoporous optical materials for the inscription can elevate the sensing ability of such waveguides to higher standards. The waveguides were fabricated by a single-scan approach with femtosecond laser pulses in the densification mode, which resulted in the formation of a core and cladding. Experimental studies revealed three types of waveguides and quantified the refractive index contrast (up to Δn = 1.2·10−2) accompanied with ~1.2 dB/cm insertion losses. The waveguides demonstrated the sensitivity to small objects captured by the nanoporous framework. We noticed that the deposited ethanol molecules (3 µL) on the PG surface influence the waveguide optical properties indicating the penetration of the molecule to its cladding. Continuous monitoring of the output near field intensity distribution allowed us to determine the response time (6 s) of the waveguide buried at 400 µm below the glass surface. We found that the minimum distinguishable change of the refractive index contrast is 2 × 10−4. The results obtained pave the way to consider the waveguides inscribed into PG as primary transducers for sensor applications.
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6

Lijing, Zhong, Roman A. Zakoldaev, Maksim M. Sergeev, Andrey B. Petrov, Vadim P. Veiko, and Alexander P. Alodjants. "Optical Sensitivity of Waveguides Inscribed in Nanoporous Silicate Framework." Nanomaterials 11, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11010123.

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Laser direct writing technique in glass is a powerful tool for various waveguides’ fabrication that highly develop the element base for designing photonic devices. We apply this technique to fabricate waveguides in porous glass (PG). Nanoporous optical materials for the inscription can elevate the sensing ability of such waveguides to higher standards. The waveguides were fabricated by a single-scan approach with femtosecond laser pulses in the densification mode, which resulted in the formation of a core and cladding. Experimental studies revealed three types of waveguides and quantified the refractive index contrast (up to Δn = 1.2·10−2) accompanied with ~1.2 dB/cm insertion losses. The waveguides demonstrated the sensitivity to small objects captured by the nanoporous framework. We noticed that the deposited ethanol molecules (3 µL) on the PG surface influence the waveguide optical properties indicating the penetration of the molecule to its cladding. Continuous monitoring of the output near field intensity distribution allowed us to determine the response time (6 s) of the waveguide buried at 400 µm below the glass surface. We found that the minimum distinguishable change of the refractive index contrast is 2 × 10−4. The results obtained pave the way to consider the waveguides inscribed into PG as primary transducers for sensor applications.
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7

Solomashenko, Artem, Dmitrii Lushnikov, Maria Shishova, Olga Afanaseva, and Evgenii Zlokazov. "Image Quality for Near-Eye Display Based on Holographic Waveguides." Applied Sciences 12, no. 21 (November 2, 2022): 11136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122111136.

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The paper analyzes the image quality in augmented reality display based on holographic waveguides. Brightness, brightness non-uniformity, image noise, etc., depend on the parameters of the waveguide substrate, the configuration, and the relief shape of diffraction optical elements. The optimal structure of holographic waveguides obtained by analog holography has been studied. The presented recommendations to achieve the best image quality are based on experimental results for different configurations of holographic waveguides.
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8

YOON, KEUN BYOUNG, BYEONG-SOO BAE, and MICHAEL POPALL. "FABRICATION OF LOW-LOSS WAVEGUIDES USING ORGANIC-INORGANIC HYBRID MATERIALS." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 14, no. 03 (September 2005): 399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863505002852.

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The fabrication of single and multimode waveguides and optical characteristics were investigated. The singlemode waveguide was fabricated by a laser direct writing technique and a multimode waveguide was produced by means of a direct UV patterning technique using organic-inorganic hybrid materials. The fabrication of waveguide channels with these techniques are of interest for simple processes. The resulting single and multimode waveguides exhibited a near rectangular shape and low optical loss. The average propagation losses of these waveguides were 0.07 dB/cm (at 850 nm) and 0.3 dB/cm (at 1310 nm), respectively.
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9

Huong, Nguyen Thanh, Nguyen Van Chinh, and Chu Manh Hoang. "Wedge Surface Plasmon Polariton Waveguides Based on Wet-Bulk Micromachining." Photonics 6, no. 1 (February 27, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics6010021.

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In this paper, we propose and investigate the modal characteristics of wedge surface plasmon polariton (SPP) waveguides for guiding surface plasmon waves. The wedge SPP waveguides are composed of a silver layer deposited onto the surface of a wedge-shaped silicon dielectric waveguide. The wedge-shaped silicon dielectric waveguides are explored from the anisotropic wet etching property of single crystal silicon. The wedge SPP waveguides are embedded in a dielectric medium to form the metal–dielectric interface for guiding the surface plasmon waves. The propagation characteristics of the wedge SPP waveguides at the optical telecommunication wavelength of 1.55 μm are evaluated by a numerical simulation. The influence of the physical parameters such as the dimensions of the wedge SPP waveguide and the refractive index of the dielectric medium on the propagation of the surface plasmon wave is investigated. In addition, by comparing the propagation characteristics, we derive the wedge SPP waveguide with the optimal performance.
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10

Radzievskaya, T. "Analysis of Optical Losses in Polymer Optoelectronic Bus of a New Generation Printed Circuit Boards." Proceedings of Telecommunication Universities 8, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31854/1813-324x-2022-8-1-84-90.

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The article considers individual factors of loss growth in polymer planar optical waveguides, which are included in the composition of optical-electronic buses, introduced in perspective new generation printing boards. The article proposes several approaches to reducing losses in optical radiation, which include losses at the end of the optical waveguide and the light transition to the input/output element of the optoelectronic bus of the printed circuit board. According to the results of modelling the modal structure of a polymer planar optical waveguide, made from a polymer material, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), in the software environment of Comsol Multiphysics, the dimensions of the core optical waveguide are determined, providing a single-mode structure of an optical waveguide. A measuring stand was developed and assembled for calculating the transmission losses in polymer planar optical waveguides of the optoelectronic bus of a printed circuit board, which meets the requirements of IEC 62596-2: 2017. The minimum measured loss in the manufactured polymer planar optical waveguides was 20 dB, which corresponds to foreign analogues of the optical-electronic bus of the printed circuit board.
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11

Manaf, N. Aina C., Mohd Hanapiah M. Yusoff, and M. Kamil Abd-Rahman. "Optimized Nano-Slot Silicon Waveguide Structures for Optical Sensing Applications." Advanced Materials Research 832 (November 2013): 212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.832.212.

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In this paper, an investigation of optimized vertical and non-vertical nano-slot silicon waveguides with different cover media (cladding) is presented. The mode properties and light confining effects for both of these slot waveguides geometry are investigated at operating wavelength of 1550nm. Light propagation of waveguide modal profiles for electric field and intensity of such slot waveguides are also presented.
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12

Taghizad Fanid, A., and A. Rostami. "A proposal for wide range wavelength switching process using optical force." Physica Scripta 96, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 125537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ac3fd3.

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Abstract Optomechanical wavelength up-conversion based on optical force and core–shell scattering effects are used to control light coupling between two waveguides. This system consists of two parallel optical waveguides with 20 μm lengths suspended on a silica substrate embedded with Ag/Si/SiO2 core–shell nanoparticles. By mid-IR plane wave illumination with different intensities and different wavelengths on nanoparticles, scattering would increase and result in an improvement in attractive gradient optical force exerted on waveguides. Via bending waveguides toward each other, visible light propagating in the first waveguide would couple to another. PDMS as a polymer is used to reduce the required power for bending waveguides. Results reveal that when waveguides’ gap equilibrium is 400 nm and wavelengths of control and probe lights are 4.5 μm and 0.45 μm respectively, about 10.75 mW μm−2 power is needed to bend waveguides for total coupling of light between waveguides. The efficiency of the coupled waveguides system is %43.
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13

Duan, Jin Yan, Jian Wang, Bing Zhang, and Yi Tao Ren. "Optimizing Design of a Single-Mode Optical Rib Waveguide." Advanced Materials Research 710 (June 2013): 464–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.710.464.

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The modal characteristics of the optical rib waveguides are analyzed systematically based on the effective index method (EIM) and the improved normalized eigen equations of the waveguides are obtained by defined normalized parameters, which the thickness of the outer slab and the normalized outer ridge height of the waveguides are used as parameters in the single-mode condition. The achieved expressions are simpler and easier to optimize the structure parameters in designing a single-mode rib waveguide.
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14

Наливайко, В. И., and М. А. Пономарева. "Оптические решеточно-волноводные сенсоры на основе халькогенидных стекол." Журнал технической физики 126, no. 4 (2019): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/os.2019.04.47523.182-18.

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AbstractThe operating principle of the optical grating waveguide sensors is considered. The waveguide sensitivity and detection limit of sensors with waveguides of oxide and chalcogenide glasses are compared. The advantages of the grating waveguide sensors with waveguides with a high contrast of refraction indices are shown. The conditions of obtaining a maximum waveguide sensitivity of the grating waveguide sensors are formulated.
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15

Matsuda, Nobuyuki, and Hiroki Takesue. "Generation and manipulation of entangled photons on silicon chips." Nanophotonics 5, no. 3 (August 1, 2016): 440–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2015-0148.

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AbstractIntegrated quantum photonics is now seen as one of the promising approaches to realize scalable quantum information systems. With optical waveguides based on silicon photonics technologies, we can realize quantum optical circuits with a higher degree of integration than with silica waveguides. In addition, thanks to the large nonlinearity observed in silicon nanophotonic waveguides, we can implement active components such as entangled photon sources on a chip. In this paper, we report recent progress in integrated quantum photonic circuits based on silicon photonics. We review our work on correlated and entangled photon-pair sources on silicon chips, using nanoscale silicon waveguides and silicon photonic crystal waveguides. We also describe an on-chip quantum buffer realized using the slow-light effect in a silicon photonic crystal waveguide. As an approach to combine the merits of different waveguide platforms, a hybrid quantum circuit that integrates a silicon-based photon-pair source and a silica-based arrayed waveguide grating is also presented.
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16

Li, Z., Y. Zhao, J. D. Gallagher, D. Lombardo, A. Sarangan, Imad Agha, J. Kouvetakis, J. Menéndez, and J. Mathews. "Room temperature emission spectroscopy of GeSn waveguides under optical pumping." AIP Advances 12, no. 7 (July 1, 2022): 075016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0094589.

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Waveguides were fabricated from highly n-type doped GeSn layers with Sn content at 5.4%–6.2% and grown on Ge-buffered Si substrates. The waveguides were optically pumped using a 976 nm continuous-wave laser, and the waveguide emission spectrum was collected and analyzed. The results indicate a non-linear power increase via higher injection-level at room temperature. Comprehensive theoretical models for the waveguide emission power dependence were developed to reproduce experimental data and provide an understanding of the nonlinear power dependence.
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17

KONDO, TAKASHI, NAOKI HASHIZUME, KEIJI TSUDA, RYUJI MORITA, RYOICHI ITO, NAGAATSU OGASAWARA, and SHINSUKE UMEGAKI. "CERENKOV-TYPE OPTICAL SECOND-HARMONIC GENERATION IN ORGANIC-CRYSTALLINE CHANNEL WAVEGUIDES." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 01, no. 02 (April 1992): 367–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218199192000182.

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Cerenkov-type optical second-harmonic generation (SHG) in organic-crystalline waveguides has been investgated. Various techniques for the fabrication of organic-crystalline waveguides are described. Planar and channel waveguides have been fabricated using an organic nonlinear optical crystal (−)2-(α-methylbenzylamino)-5-nitropyridine (MBANP). Visible blue light has been obtained in an MBANP rib waveguide using a laser-diode source. Theoretical analysis of Cerenkov-type SHG in planar waveguides is made, and a simple analytic expression for second-harmonic power is derived. Optimum conditions for attaining high conversion efficiency are discussed on the basis of the theoretical calculations.
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18

Goncharenko, I. A. "Waveguide dispersion in anisotropic optical waveguides." Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics 17, no. 4 (April 30, 1987): 513–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/qe1987v017n04abeh008590.

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19

Schädle, Thomas, and Boris Mizaikoff. "Mid-Infrared Waveguides: A Perspective." Applied Spectroscopy 70, no. 10 (October 2016): 1625–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702816659668.

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Significant advancements in waveguide technology in the mid-infrared (MIR) regime during recent decades have assisted in establishing MIR spectroscopic and sensing technologies as a routine tool among nondestructive analytical methods. In this review, the evolution of MIR waveguides along with state-of-the-art technologies facilitating next-generation MIR chem/bio sensors will be discussed introducing a classification scheme defining three “generations” of MIR waveguides: (1) conventional internal reflection elements as “first generation” waveguides; (2) MIR-transparent optical fibers as “second generation” waveguides; and most recently introduced(3) thin-film structures as “third generation” waveguides. Selected application examples for these each waveguide category along with future trends will highlight utility and perspectives for waveguide-based MIR spectroscopy and sensing systems.
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20

Egorov, E. V., and V. K. Egorov. "Optical fluxes propagation in the planar transport layer of multilayer coatings." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2144, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2144/1/012013.

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Abstract The article is concerned with peculiarities study of the quasimonochromatic optical fluxes propagation through thin planar transparent layer of multilayer coating. There is shown that these fluxes can be transported by the layer in process of its multiple consequtive total internal reflection or by the waveguide-resonance propagation manner depending on correlation between the layer width and the radiation coherence length half of transported fluxes. Efficiency comparison of these radiation transportation mechanisms showed that the waveguide-resonance propagation approach is more adequate for results description of the optical waveguides functioning. It allowed to conclude that optical waveguides (fibers) function in frame of the waveguide-resonance paradigm and the waveguide-resonance mechanism is responsible for the light fluxes transportation on great distances.
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21

Čehovski, Marko, Jing Becker, Ouacef Charfi, Hans-Hermann Johannes, Claas Müller, and Wolfgang Kowalsky. "Single-Mode Polymer Ridge Waveguide Integration of Organic Thin-Film Laser." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8 (April 18, 2020): 2805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082805.

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Organic thin-film lasers (OLAS) are promising optical sources when it comes to flexibility and small-scale manufacturing. These properties are required especially for integrating organic thin-film lasers into single-mode waveguides. Optical sensors based on single-mode ridge waveguide systems, especially for Lab-on-a-chip (LoC) applications, usually need external laser sources, free-space optics, and coupling structures, which suffer from coupling losses and mechanical stabilization problems. In this paper, we report on the first successful integration of organic thin-film lasers directly into polymeric single-mode ridge waveguides forming a monolithic laser device for LoC applications. The integrated waveguide laser is achieved by three production steps: nanoimprint of Bragg gratings onto the waveguide cladding material EpoClad, UV-Lithography of the waveguide core material EpoCore, and thermal evaporation of the OLAS material Alq3:DCM2 on top of the single-mode waveguides and the Bragg grating area. Here, the laser light is analyzed out of the waveguide facet with optical spectroscopy presenting single-mode characteristics even with high pump energy densities. This kind of integrated waveguide laser is very suitable for photonic LoC applications based on intensity and interferometric sensors where single-mode operation is required.
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22

Nazempour, Roya, Qianyi Zhang, Ruxing Fu, and Xing Sheng. "Biocompatible and Implantable Optical Fibers and Waveguides for Biomedicine." Materials 11, no. 8 (July 25, 2018): 1283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11081283.

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Optical fibers and waveguides in general effectively control and modulate light propagation, and these tools have been extensively used in communication, lighting and sensing. Recently, they have received increasing attention in biomedical applications. By delivering light into deep tissue via these devices, novel applications including biological sensing, stimulation and therapy can be realized. Therefore, implantable fibers and waveguides in biocompatible formats with versatile functionalities are highly desirable. In this review, we provide an overview of recent progress in the exploration of advanced optical fibers and waveguides for biomedical applications. Specifically, we highlight novel materials design and fabrication strategies to form implantable fibers and waveguides. Furthermore, their applications in various biomedical fields such as light therapy, optogenetics, fluorescence sensing and imaging are discussed. We believe that these newly developed fiber and waveguide based devices play a crucial role in advanced optical biointerfaces.
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23

Shang, Hongpeng, Degui Sun, Peng Yu, Bin Wang, Ting Yu, Tiancheng Li, and Huilin Jiang. "Investigation for Sidewall Roughness Caused Optical Scattering Loss of Silicon-on-Insulator Waveguides with Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy." Coatings 10, no. 3 (March 4, 2020): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10030236.

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Sidewall roughness-caused optical loss of waveguides is one of the critical limitations to the proliferation of the silicon photonic integrated circuits in fiber-optic communications and optical interconnects in computers, so it is imperative to investigate the distribution characteristics of sidewall roughness and its impact upon the optical losses. In this article, we investigated the distribution properties of waveguide sidewall roughness (SWR) with the analysis for the three-dimensional (3-D) SWR of dielectric waveguides, and, then the accurate SWR measurements for silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguide were carried out with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Further, we composed a theoretical/experimental combinative model of the SWR-caused optical propagation loss. Consequently, with the systematic simulations for the characteristics of optical propagation loss of SOI waveguides, the two critical points were found: (i) the sidewall roughness-caused optical loss was synchronously dependent on the correlation length and the waveguide width in addition to the SWR and (ii) the theoretical upper limit of the correlation length was the bottleneck to compressing the roughness-induced optical loss. The simulation results for the optical loss characteristics, including the differences between the TE and TM modes, were in accord with the experimental data published in the literature. The above research outcomes are very sustainable to the selection of coatings before/after the SOI waveguide fabrication.
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24

Falah Fakhruldeen, Hassan, and Tahreer Safaa Mansour. "All-Optical NOT Gate Based on Nanoring Silver-Air Plasmonic Waveguide." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4 (October 6, 2018): 2818. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.18955.

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In this work, all-optical plasmonic NOT logic gate was proposed by using metal-insulator-metal (MIM) plasmonic waveguides design. This logic gate is numerically analyzed by COMSOL Multiphysics 5.3a. Recently, plasmonics have attracted more attention due to its huge applications in all optical signal processing. Due to it’s highly localization to metallic surfaces, surface plasmon (SP) may have many applications in sub wavelength to guide the optical signal in waveguides to overcome the diffraction limit which considered a big problem in conventional optics. The proposed design of MIM structure is consist of a dielectric waveguides plus metallic claddings, which guide the incident light strongly in the insulator region. Strong localization and relatively simple fabrication make the MIM waveguides the potential key design of Nano-scale all optical devices. Our design consists of symmetric ring structures with straight waveguides which based on MIM structure. All-optical logic gate (NOT gate) behavior is achieved from utilizing the interface between straight waveguides and ring structure waveguides. By switching the activation of the control port, the propagation of the outgoing field in the output waveguide will be changed. As the simulation results show, the proposed structure could operate as an all-optical NOT logic gate. This gate would be a potential component in many applications of all-optical signals processing.
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Chou, Bruce, William Vis, Ryuta Furuya, Venky Sundaram, and Tummala Rao. "Modeling, Design, Fabrication, and Characterization of Ultra-high Bandwidth 3D Glass Photonic Substrates." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2015, no. 1 (October 1, 2015): 000603–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2015-tha32.

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This paper presents the modeling, design, fabrication, and characterization of ultra-low loss 3D optical waveguides integrated on a glass photonic substrate. A novel, single-step process was developed using moving mask lithography to fabricate a single mode optical waveguide with a built-in turning mirror capable of making 40° or 45° turns for vertical grating couplers or photodetectors, respectively. Planar alignment of the waveguide to fiber interfaces enable passive alignment, contributing to system cost reduction. An optical path with 1.1 dB loss from fiber to die was obtained from optical modeling, while the fabrication of single mode waveguides with built-in mirrors at <1° angular control was demonstrated.
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26

Densmore, A., D. X. Xu, S. Janz, P. Waldron, J. Lapointe, T. Mischki, G. Lopinski, A. Delâge, J. H. Schmid, and P. Cheben. "Sensitive Label-Free Biomolecular Detection Using Thin Silicon Waveguides." Advances in Optical Technologies 2008 (June 16, 2008): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/725967.

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We review our work developing optical waveguide-based evanescent field sensors for the label-free, specific detection of biological molecules. Using high-index-contrast silicon photonic wire waveguides of submicrometer dimension, we demonstrate ultracompact and highly sensitive molecular sensors compatible with commercial spotting apparatus and microfluidic-based analyte delivery systems. We show that silicon photonic wire waveguides support optical modes with strong evanescent field at the waveguide surface, leading to strong interaction with surface bound molecules for sensitive response. Furthermore, we present new sensor geometries benefiting from the very small bend radii achievable with these high-index-contrast waveguides to extend the sensing path length, while maintaining compact size. We experimentally demonstrate the sensor performance by monitoring the adsorption of protein molecules on the waveguide surface and by tracking small refractive index changes of bulk solutions.
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27

D. V. Divakov, K.P. Lovetskiy, A. L. Sevastyanov, and A. A. Tiutiunnik. "Adiabatic guided modes of a three-layer integral optical waveguide." Technical Physics 68, no. 4 (2023): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/tp.2023.04.55931.292-22.

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The numerical solution of the problem of guided propagation of polarized light in a smooth junction of a planar waveguide is considered. Within the framework of the model of adiabatic guided modes, the system of Maxwell equations is reduced to a system of four ordinary differential equations and two algebraic equations for six components of the electromagnetic field in the zeroth approximation and the same number of equations in the first approximation. The multilayer structure of waveguides makes it possible to reduce the problem to a homogeneous system of linear algebraic equations, whose nontrivial solvability condition yields the dispersion equation. Auxiliary eigenvalue problems for describing the adiabatic modes of the waveguide are solved. Keywords: smoothly irregular integrated-optical multilayer waveguides, eigenvalue and eigenvector problems, single-mode propagation of adiabatic waveguide modes.
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Liu, Wei, Hechao Liu, Xiaohong Sun, and Fan Zhang. "The Design of Large Curved Waveguide Based on Sunflower Graded Photonic Crystal." Photonics 10, no. 7 (July 5, 2023): 781. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10070781.

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In this paper, three large curved waveguides based on Sunflower Graded photonic crystal are designed. Numerical simulations of electromagnetic beam bending in Sunflower Graded photonic crystals have shown that homogenization based on the Maxwell–Garnett theory gives very good results for steering the electromagnetic field. In contrast to the progressive bending waveguide structures based on periodic photonic crystal designs reported in the literature, this structure is not only simple in design, but also the optical wave trends in the progressive bending waveguide structures are more smooth. Sunflower structures, due to their high circular symmetry, have a great advantage in making arbitrary curved waveguides. The results have some theoretical implications for the design of optical integrated circuits and the selection of optically thin communication devices. It is also useful for the selection of meta-materials.
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Vostrikov, Gavril N., Nikolay V. Muravyev, Aleksandr E. Angervaks, Roman A. Okun, Anastasia S. Perevoznikova, Jaeyeol Ryu, and Andrei N. Putilin. "Method for Compensating Aberrations of a Virtual Image Formed by an Augmented Reality Display Based on a Cylindrical Diffractive Waveguide." Applied Sciences 13, no. 4 (February 13, 2023): 2400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13042400.

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To date, planar waveguides are under development for augmented reality systems with waveguide combiners. The next step of their development is the transition to curved waveguides, which could make the combiners more ergonomic. In the present work, a method has been developed that makes it possible to minimize aberrations of a virtual image during its in-coupling to and out-coupling from a cylindrical waveguide. The method is based on the use of in-coupling and out-coupling diffractive optical elements (DOE) with a variable grating period, which provide virtual image pre-aberration when radiation is in-coupled into the waveguide and compensation of the waveguide curvature at the out-coupling. Analytical laws are derived for the period variation of the in-coupling and out-coupling DOEs for an arbitrary curvature of a cylindrical waveguide. These dependences were optimized to minimize virtual image aberrations when using a radiation source with finite dimensions. Samples of cylindrical concentric PMMA waveguides with a curvature radius of 150 mm and in-coupling/out-coupling holographic optical elements (HOEs) have been created. The transmission of test monochrome virtual images through these waveguides without doubling and breaks in the field of view has been experimentally demonstrated.
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Wang, Fengtao, Fuhan Liu, Gee-Kung Chang, Mathew Q. Yao, Ali Adibi, and Rao Tummala. "A Real-Time Precision Characterization Technique for Low-Loss Optical Polymeric Waveguide and Lightwave Circuits." Journal of Microelectronics and Electronic Packaging 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/1551-4897-5.1.26.

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An optical polymer waveguide is a key passive component for the optical interconnection. Design, fabrication, and characterization of high-performance waveguides have critical importance for the success of optoelectronic integration. In addition, defect effects, coupling, leakages, crosstalk, etc. are great concerns for the lightwave circuits. We present herein a fast, nondestructive, sensitive, real-time technique for detailed investigation of the propagation properties of planar optical waveguides and lightwave circuits. We use this technique to measure low-loss polymer waveguides on printed circuit board (PCB) substrates, and we have measured propagation losses of 0.065 dB/cm at 850 nm and 0.046 dB/cm at 980 nm. To the best of our knowledge, these are among the lowest losses reported to date for polymer waveguides on PCB substrates. A high-sensitivity CCD camera with a built-in integration function is utilized to observe the light streak in two dimensions through a two-lens imaging system. A few seconds to a few tens of seconds is needed for one complete measurement, compared with the sliding prism method, which requires several hours, and the cutback method, which requires even longer times. This technique can be used to evaluate not only the overall performance of a waveguide but also the local waveguide performance, as well as perform in-situ investigation of propagation properties (defect effect, bending effect, coupling, leakage, etc.). It can be extended to monitor the process of waveguide fabrication and alignment control during assembly for lightwave circuit integration.
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Davidovich M. V. "Volumetric integro-differential equations in diffraction and eigenvalue problems (r e v i e w)." Optics and Spectroscopy 130, no. 10 (2022): 1263. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/eos.2022.10.54863.3231-22.

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Volumetric integral and integro-differential equations are considered that describe problems of diffraction by three-dimensional bodies with given macroscopic permittivity and magnetic permeability, as well as problems on free vibrations of such bodies. Similar equations are obtained for waveguide structures: hollow shielded waveguides with dielectric filling, dielectric waveguides (optical beamguides), photonic-crystal waveguides. Dominantly stationary linear electromagnetic problems are considered. Non-stationary and nonlinear problems are mentioned casually. Numerical results are given for oscillations H01delta and H011 of a cylindrical dielectric resonator, for waves of a rectangular dielectric waveguide and a plasmonic waveguide, dispersion in a photonic crystal, and diffraction by a rectangular dielectric cylinder. Keywords: ...
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32

Bondarenko, Siegfried, Claus Villringer, and Patrick Steglich. "Comparative Study of Nano-Slot Silicon Waveguides Covered by Dye Doped and Undoped Polymer Cladding." Applied Sciences 9, no. 1 (December 27, 2018): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9010089.

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Nonlinear optical dyes doped in optical polymer matrices are widely used for electro-optical devices. Linear optical properties change with dye concentration, which leads to a change in modal properties, especially in nano-structured integrated waveguides such as silicon slot-waveguides. Here, we investigate the influence of a nonlinear optical dye on the performance of a silicon-organic hybrid slot-waveguide. A simulation study of the modal and optical confinement properties is carried out and dependence of the structural parameters of the slot-waveguide and the organic cladding material is taken into account. As cladding material, a guest-host polymer system is employed comprising the nonlinear optical dye Disperse Red 1 (DR1) doped in a poly[methyl methacrylate] (PMMA) matrix. The refractive indices of doped and undoped PMMA were deduced from ellipsometric data. We present a guideline for an optimized slot-waveguide design for the fabrication in silicon-on-insulator technology giving rise to scalable, high-performance integrated electro-optical modulators.
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Qu, Yang, Yunyi Yang, Jiayang Wu, Yuning Zhang, Linnan Jia, Houssein El Dirani, Romain Crochemore, et al. "Photo-Thermal Tuning of Graphene Oxide Coated Integrated Optical Waveguides." Micromachines 13, no. 8 (July 28, 2022): 1194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13081194.

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We experimentally investigate power-sensitive photo-thermal tuning (PTT) of two-dimensional (2D) graphene oxide (GO) films coated on integrated optical waveguides. We measure the light power thresholds for reversible and permanent GO reduction in silicon nitride (SiN) waveguides integrated with one and two layers of GO. For the device with one layer of GO, the power threshold for reversible and permanent GO reduction are ~20 and ~22 dBm, respectively. For the device with two layers of GO, the corresponding results are ~13 and ~18 dBm, respectively. Raman spectra at different positions of a hybrid waveguide with permanently reduced GO are characterized, verifying the inhomogeneous GO reduction along the direction of light propagation through the waveguide. The differences between the PTT induced by a continuous-wave laser and a pulsed laser are also compared, confirming that the PTT mainly depend on the average input power. These results reveal interesting features for 2D GO films coated on integrated optical waveguides, which are of fundamental importance for the control and engineering of GO’s properties in hybrid integrated photonic devices.
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Kotb, Amer, and Kyriakos E. Zoiros. "2 × 2 Compact Silicon Waveguide-Based Optical Logic Functions at 1.55 μm." Photonics 10, no. 4 (April 3, 2023): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10040403.

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Compact waveguide crossing is a fundamental component of optoelectronic fusion chip solutions due to its orders-of-magnitude smaller footprint than that of conventional photonic integrated circuits. In this paper, we suggest 2 × 2 compact silicon-on-silica waveguides that can implement all of the fundamental Boolean logic functions, including XOR, AND, OR, NOT, NOR, XNOR, and NAND, operated at 1.55 μm. Three input waveguides, one output waveguide, and a design area compose the proposed waveguide. The execution of the specified logic gates relies on the constructive and destructive interferences produced by the phase variations between the input beams. The contrast ratio (CR) is employed as a performance metric to assess how well these logic functions operate. In comparison to other reported designs, the proposed waveguide achieves higher CRs at a high speed of 120 Gb/s.
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Sharma, Kohli, Brière, Ménard, and Nabki. "Translational MEMS Platform for Planar Optical Switching Fabrics." Micromachines 10, no. 7 (June 30, 2019): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10070435.

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While 3-D microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) allow switching between a large number of ports in optical telecommunication networks, the development of such systems often suffers from design, fabrication and packaging constraints due to the complex structures, the wafer bonding processes involved, and the tight alignment tolerances between different components. In this work, we present a 2-D translational MEMS platform capable of highly efficient planar optical switching through integration with silicon nitride (SiN) based optical waveguides. The discrete lateral displacement provided by simple parallel plate actuators on opposite sides of the central platform enables switching between different input and output waveguides. The proposed structure can displace the central platform by 3.37 µm in two directions at an actuation voltage of 65 V. Additionally, the parallel plate actuator designed for closing completely the 4.26 µm air gap between the fixed and moving waveguides operates at just 50 V. Eigenmode expansion analysis shows over 99% butt-coupling efficiency the between the SiN waveguides when the gap is closed. Also, 2.5 finite-difference time-domain analysis demonstrates zero cross talk between two parallel SiN waveguides across the length of the platform for a 3.5 µm separation between adjacent waveguides enabling multiple waveguide configuration onto the platform. Different MEMS designs were simulated using static structural analysis in ANSYS. These designs were fabricated with a custom process by AEPONYX Inc. (Montreal, QC, Canada) and through the PiezoMUMPs process of MEMSCAP (Durham, NC, USA).
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36

Wang, Yiquan, Tianzhe Wang, and Juan Liu. "Waveguide modes in coupled-resonator optical waveguides." Physics Letters A 353, no. 1 (April 2006): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2005.12.099.

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37

Shmal'ko, A. V., and V. V. Frolov. "Waveguide characteristics of real optical strip waveguides." Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics 20, no. 1 (January 31, 1990): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/qe1990v020n01abeh004798.

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38

Struk, Przemysław, Tadeusz Pustelny, Krystyna Gołaszewska, Michał A. Borysiewicz, Eliana Kamińska, Tomasz Wojciechowski, and Anna Piotrowska. "ZnO - Wide Bandgap Semiconductor and Possibilities of Its Application in Optical Waveguide Structures." Metrology and Measurement Systems 21, no. 3 (August 21, 2014): 401–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mms-2014-0034.

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Abstract The paper presents the results of investigations concerning the application of zinc oxide - a wideband gap semiconductor in optical planar waveguide structures. ZnO is a promising semiconducting material thanks to its attractive optical properties. The investigations were focused on the determination of the technology of depositions and the annealing of ZnO layers concerning their optical properties. Special attention was paid to the determination of characteristics of the refractive index of ZnO layers and their coefficients of spectral transmission within the UV-VIS-NIR range. Besides that, also the mode characteristics and the attenuation coefficients of light in the obtained waveguide structures have been investigated. In the case of planar waveguides, in which the ZnO layers have not been annealed after their deposition, the values of the attenuation coefficient of light modes amount to a~ 30 dB/cm. The ZnO layers deposited on the heated substrate and annealed by rapid thermal annealing in an N2 and O2 atmosphere, are characterized by much lower values of the attenuation coefficients: a~ 3 dB/cm (TE0 and TM0 modes). The ZnO optical waveguides obtained according to our technology are characterized by the lowest values of the attenuation coefficients a encountered in world literature concerning the problem of optical waveguides based on ZnO. Studies have shown that ZnO layers elaborated by us can be used in integrated optic systems, waveguides, optical modulators and light sources.
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Barbin, Evgenii, Tamara Nesterenko, Aleksei Koleda, Evgeniy Shesterikov, Ivan Kulinich, and Andrey Kokolov. "An Optical Measuring Transducer for a Micro-Opto-Electro-Mechanical Micro-g Accelerometer Based on the Optical Tunneling Effect." Micromachines 14, no. 4 (March 31, 2023): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14040802.

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Micro-opto-electro-mechanical (MOEM) accelerometers that can measure small accelerations are attracting growing attention thanks to their considerable advantages—such as high sensitivity and immunity to electromagnetic noise—over their rivals. In this treatise, we analyze 12 schemes of MOEM-accelerometers, which include a spring mass and a tunneling-effect-based optical sensing system containing an optical directional coupler consisting of a fixed and a movable waveguide separated by an air gap. The movable waveguide can perform linear and angular movement. In addition, the waveguides can lie in single or different planes. Under acceleration, the schemes feature the following changes to the optical system: gap, coupling length, overlapping area between the movable and fixed waveguides. The schemes with altering coupling lengths feature the lowest sensitivity, yet possess a virtually unlimited dynamic range, which makes them comparable to capacitive transducers. The sensitivity of the scheme depends on the coupling length and amounts to 11.25 × 103 m−1 for a coupling length of 44 μm and 30 × 103 m−1 for a coupling length of 15 μm. The schemes with changing overlapping areas possess moderate sensitivity (1.25 × 106 m−1). The highest sensitivity (above 6.25 × 106 m−1) belongs to the schemes with an altering gap between the waveguides.
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40

Klimov, Vasily V., and Dmitry V. Guzatov. "Perfect Invisibility Modes in Dielectric Nanofibers." Photonics 10, no. 3 (February 26, 2023): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10030248.

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With the help of the original mathematical method for solving Maxwell’s equations, it is shown that in dielectric waveguides along with usual waveguides and quasi-normal modes, there are perfect invisibility modes or perfect non-scattering modes. In contrast to the usual waveguide modes, at eigenfrequencies of the perfect invisibility modes, light can propagate in free space. The properties of the invisibility modes in waveguides of circular and elliptical cross-sections are analyzed in detail. It is shown that at the eigenfrequencies of the perfect invisibility modes, the power of the light scattered from the waveguide tends to zero and the optical fiber becomes invisible. The found modes can be used to create highly sensitive nanosensors and other optical nanodevices, where radiation and scattering losses should be minimal.
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41

Lourenço, Paulo, Alessandro Fantoni, João Costa, Miguel Fernandes, and Manuela Vieira. "Subwavelength structures for taper waveguides." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2407, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2407/1/012040.

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Abstract In Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICs) it is often necessary some sort of mismatch adaptation between waveguides of different cross-sections. There are several instances of such a designing constraint, being the vertical coupling between the PIC and an optical fibre probably the most representative of all examples. Here, the beam of electromagnetic energy inside the PIC must be inserted/extracted through/to an optical fibre. Typical core diameters are approximately 10 μm and 5 μm, for single mode optical fibres operating in the near infrared and visible wavelengths, respectively. On the other hand, the optical interconnects linking individual structures in PICs are usually single mode waveguides, 400 to 500 nm wide and a few hundreds of nanometres thick. This presents a bidimensional mismatch between the optical fibre and the single mode waveguide within the PIC, that requires both lateral and longitudinal beam expansions. In this work, we have approached the lateral expansion of the fundamental mode propagating in a single mode waveguide, at the operating wavelength of 1550 nm and being coupled out into an optical fibre, through a grating structure 14.27 μm wide. To this end, we have designed and simulated a subwavelength metamaterial planar structure, which is able to expand laterally the fundamental mode’s profile from 450 nm to 14.27 μm, within 11.1 μm. Furthermore, we will be presenting the results obtained when comparing this structure with several linear inverted taper waveguides, regarding coupling and propagation efficiencies. Namely, we compared the coupling efficiencies of the modes propagating in an 100 μm long waveguide, when being excited by the analytically calculated fundamental mode and the fields obtained at the end of the designed structure. The results obtained for the designed structure 11.1 μm long and the calculated fundamental mode showed a coupling efficiency of -1.53 dB and -1.20 dB, respectively.
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42

Boudjemline, Attia, David T. Clarke, Neville J. Freeman, James M. Nicholson, and Gareth R. Jones. "Early stages of protein crystallization as revealed by emerging optical waveguide technology." Journal of Applied Crystallography 41, no. 3 (April 8, 2008): 523–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889808005098.

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A highly sensitive method for studying the onset of protein crystallization in real time using an optical-waveguide-based technique is reported. Dual polarization interferometry uses light from sensing and reference waveguides to produce an interference pattern, which when the sensing waveguide is immersed in a protein solution supplies information on the thickness and density of any protein adlayer on the sensing waveguide's surface. This technique provides evidence that crystallization proceedsvialarge protein aggregates but, more strikingly, shows dramatic light loss from the sensing waveguide at a very early stage during crystallization. The technique proves relatively insensitive to the crystallization of small molecules or poorly formed protein crystals and affords a method of distinguishing crystal formation from the formation of other protein aggregates or salt crystals. The experimental setup currently necessitates crystallization using the batch method, and precipitant mixing at high supersaturation is known to introduce a greater variability compared with methods such as vapour diffusion or dialysis, but first results promise to bridge the paucity of real-time methods available to distinguish the onset of protein crystallization from other forms of aggregation.
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43

Panusa, Giulia, Ye Pu, Jieping Wang, Christophe Moser, and Demetri Psaltis. "Fabrication of Sub-Micron Polymer Waveguides through Two-Photon Polymerization in Polydimethylsiloxane." Polymers 12, no. 11 (October 26, 2020): 2485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112485.

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Flexible ultra-compact low-loss optical waveguides play a vital role in the development of soft photonics. The search for suitable materials and innovative fabrication techniques to achieve low loss long polymer optical waveguides and interconnects has proven to be challenging. In this paper, we demonstrate the fabrication of submicron optical waveguides in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) using divinylbenzene (DVB) as the photopolymerizable monomer through two-photon polymerization (2PP). We show that the commercial oxime ester photoinitiator Irgacure OXE02 is suitable for triggering the DVB photopolymerization, resulting in a stable and controllable fabrication process for the fabrication of defect-free, 5-cm long waveguides. We further explore a multi-track fabrication strategy to enlarge the waveguide core size up to ~3 μm for better light confinement and reduced cross-talk. In these waveguides, we measured a refractive index contrast on the order of 0.005 and a transmission loss of 0.1 dB/cm at 710 nm wavelength.
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44

d’Alessandro, Antonio, and Anju M. Kumaran. "Light confinement in liquid crystals for optofluidic integrated microsystems -INVITED." EPJ Web of Conferences 255 (2021): 10001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125510001.

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In this paper technology to make optical waveguides and microfluidic channels integrated on the same substrate will be reported to envisage novel micro-optofluidic chips. PolyDiMethylSiloxane (PDMS) is used to make microchannels to be filled with biological solutions. Liquid crystals (LC) are used to confine light to produce optical interaction with biological fluidic specimen. Optical waveguides base on PDMS channels filled with LC, named LC:PDMS waveguides, including both straight and bending channels are reported to design photonic devices. Electro-optic effect of LC allows to make tuneable optical waveguides to reconfigure the entire optofluidic microsystem which can include gold nanoparticles for photo-thermal therapies. Coplanar gold electrodes can switch LC molecules with applied voltage of about 2 V. Such electrode configuration can be used to make optical switches and wavelengths demultiplexers. A zero-gap directional coupler based on LC:PDMS waveguides has been designed to switch light from one waveguide to another with an extinction ratio of 16 dB by applying a voltage of just 1.62 V. A multimode interference demultiplexer has been also designed to demultiplex wavelengths at 980 nm and 1550 nm in two output waveguides with an extinction ratio better than 11 dB by applying about 7 V.
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45

Chou, Bruce, William Vis, Ryuta Furuya, Venky Sundaram, and Rao Tummala. "Modeling, Design, Fabrication, and Characterization of Ultra-High Bandwidth 3-D Glass Photonic Substrates." Journal of Microelectronics and Electronic Packaging 13, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/imaps.502.

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This article presents the modeling, design, fabrication, and characterization of ultra-low loss 3-D optical waveguides integrated on a glass photonic substrate. A novel, single-step process was developed using moving-mask lithography to fabricate a single-mode optical waveguide with a built-in turning mirror capable of achieving 40° or 45° turns for vertical grating couplers or photodetectors, respectively. Planar alignment of the waveguide to fiber interfaces enable passive alignment of the fibers, contributing to system cost reduction. An optical path with 0.81 dB loss from fiber to die was obtained from optical modeling, while the fabrication of single-mode waveguides with built-in total internal reflecting mirrors at <0.2 μm uniformity and <1° angular control was demonstrated.
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46

McCoy, M. A. "Epitaxially induced secondary grain growth in Ti:LiNbO3 optical waveguides." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 47 (August 6, 1989): 424–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100154093.

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Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) is one of the most promising materials for use in hybrid optical waveguide devices because of its high electro-optic coefficient and its availability as large single crystals. Optical waveguides in LiNbO3 are most commonly made by Ti indiffusion in which strips of Ti metal (between 10 and 100 nm thick) are deposited on a single crystal LiNbO3 substrate. The device is then heated to temperatures around 1000°C typically for 6 hours. During this time, the Ti diffuses into the LiNbO3 to form a Ti-rich LiNbO3 solid solution. This solid solution has a higher refractive index than the substrate and forms the waveguide region. Factors controlling the indiffusion process, however, are not very well understood and very little is known about the microstructural changes which occur during Ti indiffusion. In this study, the microstructure of Ti:LiNbO3 optical waveguides was examined as a function of time and temperature using transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
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47

Grudinin, Dmitriy, Olga Matveeva, Georgy Ermolaev, Andrey Vyshnevyy, Aleksey Arsenin, and Valentyn Volkov. "Reduction in Crosstalk between Integrated Anisotropic Optical Waveguides." Photonics 10, no. 1 (January 5, 2023): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10010059.

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The minimization of waveguide crosstalk is a long-standing challenge for optical engineers. Nowadays, the most popular technique to suppress crosstalk is anisotropic nanostructures, realized as subwavelength stripes between waveguides. However, the influence of material anisotropy on the efficiency of such structures remains unknown. In this work, we consider MoS2 waveguides separated by MoS2 stripes because this material has the record value of optical anisotropy. We discover that the use of MoS2 instead of Si results in a several-orders-of-magnitude-larger crosstalk distance. Therefore, we envision that by combining the extraordinary material properties with the known crosstalk-suppression methods, one can make the integration density of photonic devices close to electronics.
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48

Bai, Jing, Jin Wang, Ji Li, Xue-Wen Long, Chun-Xiao Liu, Peng Xie, and Wei-Qiang Wang. "Strip waveguides in Yb3+-doped silicate glass formed by combination of He+ ion implantation and precise ultrashort pulse laser ablation." Open Physics 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 1295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phys-2022-0220.

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Abstract Strip optical waveguides were realized in Yb3+-doped silicate glass with ultrashort pulse laser ablation assisted He+ ion implantation. Planar waveguides were first prepared near the glass surface by He+ ion implantation (450 keV + 500 keV + 550 keV), followed by annealing at 260℃. After that, under the processing parameters of 3 μJ energy and 50 μm/s ablation velocity, two parallel tracks with separation of 15, 20, and 25 μm were, respectively, inscribed on the sample, which confine the light in lateral direction to form a strip waveguide. The near-field intensity measurement indicates that the strip waveguides maintain the single-mode propagation characteristics with 976 nm laser injection, and present the multi-mode characteristics with 632.8 nm laser injection, showing that the guided modes are well supported in the strip waveguides. The minimum propagation loss of strip waveguide is 1.35 dB/cm. Fluorescence emission spectra indicate that the gain properties of waveguide core were maintained well after waveguide preparation, revealing that the strip waveguide device in Yb3+-doped silicate glass has the potential to become an active device as waveguide laser or waveguide amplifier.
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Perrey-Debain, Emmanuel, and I. David Abrahams. "TE Mode Mixing Dynamics in Curved Multimode Optical Waveguides." Communications in Computational Physics 11, no. 2 (February 2012): 525–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4208/cicp.211209.200710s.

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AbstractPropagation of light through curved graded index optical waveguides supporting an arbitrary high number of modes is investigated. The discussion is restricted to optical wave fields which are well confined within the core region and losses through radiation are neglected. Using coupled mode theory formalism, two new forms for the propagation kernel for the transverse electric (TE) wave as it travels along a curved two-dimensional waveguide are presented. One form, involving the notion of “bend” modes, is shown to be attractive from a computational point of view as it allows an efficient numerical evaluation of the optical field for sharply bent waveguides.
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Su, Xiao-Xing, Zi-Long Dou, and Heow Pueh Lee. "Stimulated Brillouin scattering in a sub-wavelength anisotropic waveguide with slightly-misaligned material and structural axes: misalignment-sensitive behaviors and underlying physics." Journal of Optics 24, no. 4 (March 7, 2022): 045002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2040-8986/ac432b.

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Abstract The stimulated Brillouin scatterings (SBSs) in sub-wavelength rutile waveguides with slightly misaligned material and structural axes are numerically studied. The misalignment is introduced between the extraordinary material axis and longitudinal axis of the waveguide only. Four nanowire waveguides with different cross-sectional geometries are considered. They consist of a circular waveguide, two elliptical waveguides with different cross-sectional orientation angles, and a trapezoidal waveguide with a completely unsymmetrical cross-sectional shape. As previously reported, the resonant peaks emerge rapidly in response to the introduced small misalignment angle and can also be observed in the calculated Brillouin gain spectra of the considered waveguides. But these misalignment-sensitive resonant peaks further exhibit some extraordinary behaviors, which may not be intuitively understandable. For instance, despite a plausible absence of symmetry breaking, many misalignment-sensitive resonant peaks can still be observed in the forward SBS gain spectrum of the trapezoidal waveguide. Based on the symmetry properties of the considered waveguides, the physics underlying the observed extraordinary phenomena are revealed. The obtained results highlight the effectiveness of introducing symmetry breakings for activating/harnessing opto-mechanical couplings in photonic-phononic micro structures, which would enable us to gain some deeper insights into the sub-wavelength opto-mechanics in anisotropic media.
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