Relevant bibliographies by topics / Optical waveguides

Academic literature on the topic 'Optical waveguides'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Optical waveguides"

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Mushahid, Husain, and Raman Swati. "Chalcogenide Glass Optical Waveguides for Optical Communication." Advanced Materials Research 679 (April 2013): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.679.41.

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The present research work is focused on fabricating the chalcogenide glass optical waveguides keeping in mind their application in optical communication. The propagation loss of the waveguides is also studied at three different wavelengths. The waveguides were fabricated by dry etching using ECR Plasma etching and the propagation loss is studied using Fabry-Perot technique. The waveguides having loss as low as 0.35 dB/cm at 1.3m is achieved. The technique used to fabricate waveguide is simple and cost effective.
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Savotchenko, S. E. "Models of waveguides combining gradient and nonlinear optical layers." Russian Technological Journal 11, no. 4 (August 1, 2023): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2500-316x-2023-11-4-84-93.

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Objectives. Theoretical studies of the waveguide properties of interfaces between nonlinear optical and graded-index media are important for application in optoelectronics. Waveguides combining layers with different optical properties seem to be the most promising, since they can be matched to optimal characteristics using a wide range of control parameters. The paper aims to develop a theory of composite optically nonlinear gradedindex waveguides with an arbitrary profile, within which it is possible to obtain exact analytical expressions for surface waves and waveguide modes in an explicit form. The main feature of the theory proposed in this paper is its applicability for describing surface waves and waveguide modes, in which the field is concentrated inside the gradient layer and does not exceed its boundary, avoiding contact with the nonlinear layer.Methods. Analytical methods of the theory of optical waveguides and nonlinear optics are used.Results. A theoretical description of the waveguide properties of the interface between two media having significantly different optical characteristics is carried out. The formulated model of a plane waveguide is applicable to media having an arbitrary spatial permittivity profile. An analytical expression describing a surface wave propagating along the interface between a medium having stepwise nonlinearity and a gradient layer with an arbitrary permittivity profile is obtained. Additionally, analytical expressions for surface waves propagating along the interface between a medium with Kerr nonlinearity (both self-focusing and defocusing), as well as graded-index media characterized by exponential and linear permittivity profiles, are obtained.Conclusions. The proposed theory supports a visual description in an explicit analytical form of a narrowly localized light beam within such waveguides. It is shown that by combining different semiconductor crystals in a composite waveguide, it is possible to obtain a nonlinear optical layer on one side of the waveguide interface and a layer with a graded-index dielectric permittivity profile on the other.
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En, De, Jie Yu Feng, Ning Bo Zhang, Ning Ning Wang, and Xiao Bin Wang. "Research on Transmission Loss of Optical Waveguide in Three-Component Acceleration Seismic Geophone." Applied Mechanics and Materials 143-144 (December 2011): 644–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.143-144.644.

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The optical waveguides are produced in LiNbO3 substrate of three-component acceleration seismic geophone by lithography. Three-component acceleration seismic geophone detects changes in the external acceleration by detecting phase changes in the optical waveguides. The performance of optical waveguide directly affects the performance of three-component acceleration seismic geophone. Therefore, it is critical to measure and reduce the transmission loss of waveguides. The advantages and disadvantages of LiNbO3 crystal are introduced. The production process of Ti:LiNbO3 optical waveguide and its performance are presented. Some information about the types of transmission loss of optical waveguide and the measurement methods of optical waveguide loss are provided.
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Yan, Min, and Min Qiu. "Compact Optical Waveguides Based on Hybrid Index and Surface-Plasmon-Polariton Guidance Mechanisms." Active and Passive Electronic Components 2007 (2007): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/52461.

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Surface-plasmon-polariton (SPP) waveguides made of materials available in nature have, in general, been found to suffer from very high absorption loss when light confinement is beyond diffraction limit. In this paper, the possibility of combining both the conventional index-guiding and the SPP-guiding mechanisms together into one single waveguide is being explored. Such waveguides, expectedly, inherent the low-loss feature of all-dielectric waveguides as well as the superior mode field confinement possessed by SPP waveguides. By using experimentally ready materials, it is theoretically shown that compact metallodielectric waveguides can be designed with a∼500×500 nm2core size around the 1550 nm telecommunication wavelength. The examined waveguides can be interpreted as a gap SPP waveguide with an inner dielectric core. Compared to pure SPP waveguides, such hybrid waveguides have a comparable mode field size, but with significantly lower loss (∼0.05 dB/μmfor either quasi-TE or quasi-TM operation). Therefore they can be potentially deployed for a range of integrated photonic applications.
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Lijing, Zhong, Roman A. Zakoldaev, Maksim M. Sergeev, Andrey B. Petrov, Vadim P. Veiko, and Alexander P. Alodjants. "Optical Sensitivity of Waveguides Inscribed in Nanoporous Silicate Framework." Nanomaterials 11, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11010123.

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Laser direct writing technique in glass is a powerful tool for various waveguides’ fabrication that highly develop the element base for designing photonic devices. We apply this technique to fabricate waveguides in porous glass (PG). Nanoporous optical materials for the inscription can elevate the sensing ability of such waveguides to higher standards. The waveguides were fabricated by a single-scan approach with femtosecond laser pulses in the densification mode, which resulted in the formation of a core and cladding. Experimental studies revealed three types of waveguides and quantified the refractive index contrast (up to Δn = 1.2·10−2) accompanied with ~1.2 dB/cm insertion losses. The waveguides demonstrated the sensitivity to small objects captured by the nanoporous framework. We noticed that the deposited ethanol molecules (3 µL) on the PG surface influence the waveguide optical properties indicating the penetration of the molecule to its cladding. Continuous monitoring of the output near field intensity distribution allowed us to determine the response time (6 s) of the waveguide buried at 400 µm below the glass surface. We found that the minimum distinguishable change of the refractive index contrast is 2 × 10−4. The results obtained pave the way to consider the waveguides inscribed into PG as primary transducers for sensor applications.
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Lijing, Zhong, Roman A. Zakoldaev, Maksim M. Sergeev, Andrey B. Petrov, Vadim P. Veiko, and Alexander P. Alodjants. "Optical Sensitivity of Waveguides Inscribed in Nanoporous Silicate Framework." Nanomaterials 11, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11010123.

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Laser direct writing technique in glass is a powerful tool for various waveguides’ fabrication that highly develop the element base for designing photonic devices. We apply this technique to fabricate waveguides in porous glass (PG). Nanoporous optical materials for the inscription can elevate the sensing ability of such waveguides to higher standards. The waveguides were fabricated by a single-scan approach with femtosecond laser pulses in the densification mode, which resulted in the formation of a core and cladding. Experimental studies revealed three types of waveguides and quantified the refractive index contrast (up to Δn = 1.2·10−2) accompanied with ~1.2 dB/cm insertion losses. The waveguides demonstrated the sensitivity to small objects captured by the nanoporous framework. We noticed that the deposited ethanol molecules (3 µL) on the PG surface influence the waveguide optical properties indicating the penetration of the molecule to its cladding. Continuous monitoring of the output near field intensity distribution allowed us to determine the response time (6 s) of the waveguide buried at 400 µm below the glass surface. We found that the minimum distinguishable change of the refractive index contrast is 2 × 10−4. The results obtained pave the way to consider the waveguides inscribed into PG as primary transducers for sensor applications.
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Solomashenko, Artem, Dmitrii Lushnikov, Maria Shishova, Olga Afanaseva, and Evgenii Zlokazov. "Image Quality for Near-Eye Display Based on Holographic Waveguides." Applied Sciences 12, no. 21 (November 2, 2022): 11136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122111136.

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The paper analyzes the image quality in augmented reality display based on holographic waveguides. Brightness, brightness non-uniformity, image noise, etc., depend on the parameters of the waveguide substrate, the configuration, and the relief shape of diffraction optical elements. The optimal structure of holographic waveguides obtained by analog holography has been studied. The presented recommendations to achieve the best image quality are based on experimental results for different configurations of holographic waveguides.
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YOON, KEUN BYOUNG, BYEONG-SOO BAE, and MICHAEL POPALL. "FABRICATION OF LOW-LOSS WAVEGUIDES USING ORGANIC-INORGANIC HYBRID MATERIALS." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 14, no. 03 (September 2005): 399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863505002852.

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The fabrication of single and multimode waveguides and optical characteristics were investigated. The singlemode waveguide was fabricated by a laser direct writing technique and a multimode waveguide was produced by means of a direct UV patterning technique using organic-inorganic hybrid materials. The fabrication of waveguide channels with these techniques are of interest for simple processes. The resulting single and multimode waveguides exhibited a near rectangular shape and low optical loss. The average propagation losses of these waveguides were 0.07 dB/cm (at 850 nm) and 0.3 dB/cm (at 1310 nm), respectively.
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Huong, Nguyen Thanh, Nguyen Van Chinh, and Chu Manh Hoang. "Wedge Surface Plasmon Polariton Waveguides Based on Wet-Bulk Micromachining." Photonics 6, no. 1 (February 27, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics6010021.

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In this paper, we propose and investigate the modal characteristics of wedge surface plasmon polariton (SPP) waveguides for guiding surface plasmon waves. The wedge SPP waveguides are composed of a silver layer deposited onto the surface of a wedge-shaped silicon dielectric waveguide. The wedge-shaped silicon dielectric waveguides are explored from the anisotropic wet etching property of single crystal silicon. The wedge SPP waveguides are embedded in a dielectric medium to form the metal–dielectric interface for guiding the surface plasmon waves. The propagation characteristics of the wedge SPP waveguides at the optical telecommunication wavelength of 1.55 μm are evaluated by a numerical simulation. The influence of the physical parameters such as the dimensions of the wedge SPP waveguide and the refractive index of the dielectric medium on the propagation of the surface plasmon wave is investigated. In addition, by comparing the propagation characteristics, we derive the wedge SPP waveguide with the optimal performance.
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Radzievskaya, T. "Analysis of Optical Losses in Polymer Optoelectronic Bus of a New Generation Printed Circuit Boards." Proceedings of Telecommunication Universities 8, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31854/1813-324x-2022-8-1-84-90.

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The article considers individual factors of loss growth in polymer planar optical waveguides, which are included in the composition of optical-electronic buses, introduced in perspective new generation printing boards. The article proposes several approaches to reducing losses in optical radiation, which include losses at the end of the optical waveguide and the light transition to the input/output element of the optoelectronic bus of the printed circuit board. According to the results of modelling the modal structure of a polymer planar optical waveguide, made from a polymer material, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), in the software environment of Comsol Multiphysics, the dimensions of the core optical waveguide are determined, providing a single-mode structure of an optical waveguide. A measuring stand was developed and assembled for calculating the transmission losses in polymer planar optical waveguides of the optoelectronic bus of a printed circuit board, which meets the requirements of IEC 62596-2: 2017. The minimum measured loss in the manufactured polymer planar optical waveguides was 20 dB, which corresponds to foreign analogues of the optical-electronic bus of the printed circuit board.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Optical waveguides"

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Kim, Jinkee. "Analysis of optical waveguide discontinuities and design of planar prisms in waveguides." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/13878.

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Lambkin, Paul Martin. "Semiconductor nonlinear optical waveguides." Thesis, University of Bath, 1990. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.253981.

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Lu, Junjie. "Modelling optical waveguide bends and applications to plasmon-polariton waveguides." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26516.

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Optical waveguide bends are key building blocks in many integrated optical components. Accurate numerical modelling of these bends is of great practical value to the design of the integrated optical technology. Analyzed in this thesis are the propagation characteristics of optical waveguide bends based on the method of lines (MoL), not only for its good numerical performances (accuracy, speed of computation and minimal memory requirements), but also for its high suitability for the analysis of waveguide structures. This thesis gives the detailed formulation for the calculation of the waveguide-bending radiation loss and the transition loss due to modal mismatch at the junctions. Besides, the 1D and 2D spatial field distribution algorithms are also covered in the formulation. The code based on the formulation has been implemented successfully. To validate the code, we applied it to three typical waveguide structures appearing in other literatures and compared the results. The comparison shows that our code works very well, and can be used not only for the lossless dielectric media, but also for the lossy media at the optical frequency. This thesis also explores the application of the developed code to metal waveguide bends. The numerical results of the propagation characteristics of the metal waveguide bends at the optical frequencies are presented for what is believed to be the first time.
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Huang, Xuefeng. "Ion implanted optical waveguides and laser ablated Bragg waveguide gratings." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364140.

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Agapiou, George S. "Mode index transitions in planar optical waveguides." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15404.

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Tomljenovic-Hanic, Snjezana. "Propagation effects in optical waveguides, fibres and devices /." View thesis entry in Australian Digital Theses Program, 2003. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20040921.104741/index.html.

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Herrera, Oscar Dario. "Nonlinear Photonics in Waveguides for Telecommunications." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/338755.

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Bandwidth demands in global telecommunication infrastructures continue to rise and new optical techniques are needed to deal with massive data flows. Generating high bandwidth signals (> 40 GHz) using conventional modulation techniques is hindered by material limitations and fabrication complexities. Similarly, controlling such high bandwidths in both the temporal and spectral domain becomes more problematic using conventional electronic processes. Advances in electro-optic organic materials, fibers/micro-fluidics integration, and nonlinear optics have significant potential for higher bandwidth modulation and temporal/spectral control. The work presented in this dissertation demonstrates the use of various nonlinear optical effects in new photonic device and system designs towards the generation and manipulation of highspeed optical pulses. First, an all fiber-based system utilizing an integrated carbon disulfide-filled liquidcore optical fiber (i-LCOF) and co-propagating pulses of comparable temporal lengths is presented. The slow light effect was observed in 1-meter of i-LCOF, where 18 ps pulses were delayed up to 34 ps through the use of stimulated Raman scattering. Delays greater than a pulse width indicate a potential application as an ultrafast controllable delay line for time division multiplexing in multi-Gb/s telecommunication systems. Similarly, an optically tunable frequency shift was observed using this system. Pulses experienced a full spectral bandwidth shift at low peak pump powers when utilizing the Raman-induced frequency shift and slow light effects. Numerical simulations of the pulse-propagation equations agree well with the observed shifts. Included in our simulations are the contributions of both the Raman cross-frequency shift and slow light effects to the overall frequency shift. These results make the system suitable for numerous applications including low power wavelength converters. Second, a silica/electro-optic (EO) polymer phase modulator with an embedded bowtie antenna is proposed for use as a microwave radiation receiver. The detection of high-frequency electromagnetic fields has been heavily studied for wireless data transfer. Recently there has been growing interest in the field of microwave photonics. We present the design and optimization of a waveguide with an EO polymer core and silica/sol-gel cladding. The effect of electrodes on the insertion losses and poling efficiency are also analyzed, and conditions for low-loss and high poling efficiency are established. Experimental results for a fabricated device with microwave-response between 10 - 14 GHz are presented. Finally, we present the design for a fast optical switch incorporating silicon as the passive waveguide structure and EO polymer as the active material. The design uses a simple directional coupler with coplanar electrodes and promises to have low cross-talk and high switching speed (on the order of nanoseconds). An initial design for a 1x2 switch is fabricated and tested, and future optimization processes are also presented.
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Loyo-Maldonado, Valentin. "Optical rectification in semiconductor waveguides." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2002. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/788/.

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In this thesis, we study optical to microwave conversion and generation of ultrashort electrical pulses by the use of optical rectification at telecommunication wavelengths, λ = 1550 nm. By using optical rectification, an electromagnetic pulse is generated in a completely passive semiconductor waveguide. This pulse is coupled in a microwave transmission line with periodically loaded ground electrodes to create a velocity-matched structure. The optical waveguide and the microwave transmission line form the optical rectification device. Although in theory, the width of the electrical pulse in a travelling wave structure is limited only by the duration of the optical excitation pulse, imperfections in the velocity matching will attenuate and disperse most of the electrical pulse. The calculated effective optical refractive index of the rectification devices, nopt - 3.30, matches the measured effective microwave index in one of our structures namely DevO68 (nmw = 3.30). If the structure is slightly velocity-mismatched, losses as high as 14 dB/mm at frequencies of 1 THz will affect the propagation of the electrical pulse. The optical rectification device was fabricated using conventional photolithography techniques and e-beam lithography techniques. The advantages of e-beam lithography are: better pattern definition, perfect alignment and easier lift-off process. The only disadvantage is the cost associated with running the e-beam writer and maybe the time it takes to complete a pattern. The semiconductor material system of choice for the rectification devices is GaAs / AlGaAs due to its well-known large nonlinear coefficient. The use of GaAs/AlGaAs with light at λ = 1550 nm, presents serious absorption effects. The absorption effects mask the pure optical rectification signal and therefore must be minimised. The most significant absorption effect at λ = 1550 nm is two-photon absorption (TPA), which in more than one experiment gave us pulses of a few nanosecons duration. Our rectification device is engineered to minimise TPA, and this is the perhaps the hardest challenge in the design of the device. This also maybe the reason why there is not rectification devices such as ours reported in the literature working at λ = 1550 nm. The reason why we wanted to work with GaAs/AlGaAs is the potential integration of the rectification device in optoelectronic systems. In the final rectification device, we could observe a clear polarization dependence of the generated signal indicating optical rectification. The signal detected was small in magnitude, ~75 dBm and on top of an offset signal which is believed to be TPA. Nevertheless, we proved that an optical rectification signal could be generated and detected by experimental means. Finally, Q-switched diode lasers in Al-quaternary material were fabricated and evaluated as possible sources for the rectification devices. The lasers produced a pulse train ranging from 1 GHz to 2 GHz depending on the bias current. We reckon that our measurement set-up is not ideal to characterize the rectification signal but is the simplest set-up capable of giving us an indicative result. The time domain observation of the optical rectification signal has still to be done and the integration of a photoconductive switch to the optical rectification device seems to be the most obvious solution to achieve this.
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Aitchison, J. Stewart. "Optical bistability in semiconductor waveguides." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/1025.

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Matin, Mohammad Abdul. "Semiconductor optical waveguides and lasers." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263554.

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Books on the topic "Optical waveguides"

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Franke, Jörg, Ludger Overmeyer, Norbert Lindlein, Karlheinz Bock, Stefan Kaierle, Oliver Suttmann, and Klaus-Jürgen Wolter, eds. Optical Polymer Waveguides. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92854-4.

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Fundamentals of optical waveguides. 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2005.

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Okamoto, Katsunari. Fundamentals of optical waveguides. 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2006.

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Fundamentals of optical waveguides. San Diego: Academic Press, 2000.

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Microwave and optical waveguides. Bristol: Institute of Physics Pub., 1995.

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G, Someda Carlo, and Stegeman George, eds. Anisotropic and nonlinear optical waveguides. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1992.

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American Telephone and Telegraph Company., ed. Theory of dielectric optical waveguides. 2nd ed. Boston: Academic Press, 1991.

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Dyott, R. B. Elliptical fiber waveguides. Boston: Artech House, 1995.

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Banerjee, Amal. Optical Waveguides Analysis and Design. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93631-0.

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Wang, Xianping, Cheng Yin, and Zhuangqi Cao. Progress in Planar Optical Waveguides. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48984-0.

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Book chapters on the topic "Optical waveguides"

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Young, Matt. "Optical Waveguides." In Optics and Lasers, 250–77. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02697-7_10.

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Ghandehari, Masoud. "Optical Waveguides." In Optical Phenomenology and Applications, 19–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70715-0_2.

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Young, Matt. "Optical Waveguides." In Optics and Lasers, 195–213. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-37456-5_9.

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Numai, Takahiro. "Optical Waveguides." In Fundamentals of Semiconductor Lasers, 41–59. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55148-5_3.

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Rogers, Alan. "Optical waveguides." In Essentials of optoelectronics, 264–99. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3272-3_8.

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Fischer-Hirchert, Ulrich H. P. "Optical Waveguides." In Photonic Packaging Sourcebook, 23–55. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25376-8_2.

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Evans, with C. A. "Optical waveguides." In Quantum Wells, Wires and Dots, 441–82. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118923337.ch13.

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Yamada, Minoru. "Waveguides." In Springer Series in Optical Sciences, 49–64. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54889-8_4.

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Koshiba, Masanori. "Planar Optical Waveguides." In Optical Waveguide Theory by the Finite Element Method, 53–71. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1634-3_2.

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Koshiba, Masanori. "Optical Channel Waveguides." In Optical Waveguide Theory by the Finite Element Method, 73–111. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1634-3_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Optical waveguides"

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Gibbs, H. M., M. Warren, W. Gibbons, K. Komatsu, D. Sarid, D. Hendricks, and M. Sugimoto. "Electronic Optical Bistability in a GaAs/AlGaAs Strip-Loaded Waveguide." In Optical Bistability. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/obi.1988.wd.1.

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Previously reported work on optical waveguide bistability in GaAs/AlGaAs has included thermally induced dispersive and increasing-absorption bistability in a slab waveguide1 and increasing-absorption bistability utilizing the self-electro-optic effect in a slab waveguide.2 A more recent report claimed observation of optical switching and dispersive bistability of electronic origin in strain-induced channel waveguides.3 We report here an unambiguous observation of optical bistability of electronic origin in multiple-quantum-well (MQW) strip-loaded waveguides formed by reactive ion etching.
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Schlaak, H. F., A. Brandenburg, and G. Sulz. "Integrated optical couplers with circular waveguides." In Integrated and Guided Wave Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/igwo.1986.thcc8.

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Integrated optical directional couplers with parallel waveguides1 have large device lengths due to the guide separation regions. Curved/straight waveguide transitions cause excess loss. In this paper we present passive couplers with circular waveguides. We investigate the following structures shown in Fig. 1: an asymmetric coupler consisting of a curved and a straight guide (a); a symmetric coupler with two oppositely curved guides (b) with the coupling distance d0 (center to center) at z = 0. In contrast to parallel guides the phase fronts of both guides are tilted with respect to each other. Thus mode coupling occurs along curved phase planes with the effective distance d(z).2
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Silberberg, Yaron. "Nonlinear phenomena in optical waveguides." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1989.my1.

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This tutorial concentrates on third-order nonlinear effects in waveguides and waveguide structures and their applications to all-optical devices. The nonlinear response of few-mode guided wave structures is reviewed. In particular, the principles of operation of nonlinear interferometers, directional couplers, birefringent fibers, and waveguide junctions are explained and recent experimental demonstrations of these systems are reviewed.
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Chen, Y. J., G. M. Carter, G. J. Sonek, and J. M. Ballantyne. "Nonlinear optical coupling to planar GaAs/AlGaAs waveguides." In Integrated and Guided Wave Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/igwo.1986.thcc6.

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Nonlinear optical interactions in waveguides utilizing the material’s third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility X(3) is of interest for potential application, such as ultrafast optical signal processing1 and nonlinear optical switching.2,3 The X(3) can significantly modify the coupling via either a prism or grating between a radiative wave and guided mode.3 Previously, the experimental demonstrations have been limited to either poor quality waveguides4 or materials with a slow (thermal) response time.5 We report both linear and nonlinear optical grating coupling to good quality planar GaAs/AlGaAs waveguides and demonstrated nonlinear optical switching. The planar waveguides used in the experiments (1.7-µm GaAs on 3.0-µm AlGaAs) were epitaxially grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) techniques. A 3300-Å period sinusoidal grating of ≃500-Å amplitude was fabricated on the GaAs surface using holographic lithography and ion milling. The coupling to the guided modes was observed by monitoring the intensity of the reflected collimated beam as a function of incident angle. The propagation length of each waveguide mode was also measured by monitoring the output intensity at the cleaved edge of the waveguide as a function of the propagation distance (by moving the incident beam away from the cleaved edge). A cw mode-locked Q-switched Nd:YAG laser operating at 1.06 µm, which produced a mode-locked pulse train of 150-ps pulses, was the light source. The peak intensity of the unfocused optical pulses at the center of the pulse train is The peak intensity of the unfocused optical pulses at the center of the pulse train ≃1 MW/cm2, and the duration of the train is ≃300 ns.
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5

Kim, Kyoung-Joon, and Avram Bar-Cohen. "Thermo-Optical Behavior of Passively-Cooled Polymer Waveguides." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-42342.

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Polymer waveguides offer considerable promise as cost-effective transmission channels for optical signals. However, thermo-optic effects induced by the intrinsic absorption of light in the waveguide material can compromise their performance. The present study seeks to define the thermo-optical issues in Bragg grating polymer waveguides, including the effects and relative importance of temperature change, thermal strain, and thermally-induced stresses. Analytical and numerical solutions are obtained for the temperature, strain, and stress fields in the core of a polymer waveguide, heated by intrinsic light energy absorption, and used to evaluate the resulting Bragg wavelength shift and reflectivity variance.
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Gibbons, Wayne M., Dror Sarid, and U. Arizona. "Numerical analysis of nonlinear semiconductor optical waveguides." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1986.tud4.

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The analytic solutions to the wave equation for linear optical waveguides are well established and understood. When one or more of the waveguide media is nonlinear, the solution to the wave equation is complex and requires more approximations. Several analytic solutions have been formalized for Kerr-type nonlinearities in the substrate and/or cover of a slab waveguide. Semiconductor waveguides are desired for some integrated optics applications. Important effects in semiconductor materials and waveguides that are neglected by the Kerr model are absorption, frequency dependence, and saturation of the nonlinearity, carrier diffusion, and surface recombination. Accounting for one or more of these effects makes an analytic solution to the wave equation complicated. As a result, numerical solutions become more attractive. We present the results of a numerical solution to the wave equation, including the above effects, for a nonlinear semiconductor waveguide. We discuss how these results can be used to design an optimum semiconductor waveguide.
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Stegeman, George I., and Roger H. Stolen. "Waveguides and Fibers for Nonlinear Optics." In Nonlinear Optical Properties of Materials. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/nlopm.1988.tha1.

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Optical waveguides are ideal for nonlinear interactions because they provide strong beam confinement over long propagation distances. They are characterized by regions of high refractive index bounded by regions of lower refractive index. Examples of such waveguides are shown in Figure 1. Two-dimensional confinement is provided by optical fibers in cylindrical geometries and by channel waveguides in quasi-rectangular waveguides. Although planar waveguides provide guiding in one dimension, the beam can focus, defocus, and diffract in the plane of the film. The propagation distances in fibers are usually limited by material attenuation, with kilometers being typical for silica-based fibers. Although material losses can also limit propagation distance for integrated-optics waveguides, fabrication techniques invariably limit propagation distances to at most 10 cm, and more typically a few centimeters. The guided-wave fields extend into all of the waveguiding media. For example, for a planar waveguide, the fields are maximum inside the high-index region (film) and decay exponentially from the boundary into the low-index media. Hence nonlinear interactions can occur in any of the media defining the waveguide. However, the high-index region carries most of the guided-wave power and hence, with the exception of a few cases that require strong nonlinearities in the bounding media, nonlinear interactions are optimized when the nonlinearity occurs inside the high-index medium.
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8

Valera, J. D., D. J. Goodwill, and A. C. Walker. "Nonlinear Optical Switching in GaAlAs Waveguides." In Nonlinear Guided-Wave Phenomena. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/nlgwp.1989.thb5.

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Previously reported observations of optical bistability in a GaAs/GaAlAs waveguide cavity included whole-sample thermally induced absorptive and refractive bistability [1] and localised (μs) thermally induced absorptive bistability [2]. Other groups have observed refractive bistability due to an optoelectronic mechanism in MQW GaAs/GaAlAs waveguides [3,4]. In this paper we report the observation of bistability due to thermally induced changes in leaky modes within a GaAs/GaAlAs waveguide and discuss the optimisation of optoelectronic nonlinearities in semiconductor guides of this type. A leaky planar waveguide consists of a low index layer bounded by two higher index layers. These exhibit radiative losses, where for the nth order mode the attenuation coefficient is proportional to (n+1)2 [5]. In this investigation the waveguides used were short enough to allow good transmission of the lower order modes.
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Xu, T., A. J. R. Brueck, and S. Y. Wu. "Optical attenuation in ferroelectric thin film channel waveguides." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1992.tuz28.

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We have attempted to measure the optical attenuation in ferroelectric and electro-optic thin film channel waveguides. Under the assumption that the scattering sites are homogeneous within the waveguide, we can trace the intensity variation inside the waveguide by measuring the intensity variation of the scattering. The measurement is carried out by using a thin fiber scanning along the waveguide to collect scattering. The fiber is held vertically and close to the waveguide surface, and the collected light is detected by PMT and then recorded by computer. The advantage of this method is that it avoids the coupling efficiency, which is hard to determine. The PLZT and BaTiO3 films are fabricated by using a rf sputtering technique, and channel waveguides about 6 to 20 µm in width are fabricated by using ion milling. The results are reported for both PLZT and BaTiO3 waveguides at 632 nm and 1064 nm.
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10

Goel, Sanjay, and David L. Naylor. "Self-aligning micromachined structures for optical fiber attachment to integrated-optical polymer waveguides." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1990.fd3.

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The coupling of an array of optical fibers with waveguides has become an important technique with the advent of integrated-optical devices and is a key issue in evaluating their manufacturability and reliability. So far, some techniques have been developed for LiNbO3 waveguides.1,2 We have designed structures for the coupling of single-mode optical fibers to polymer-based optical waveguides. A thin layerof polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is deposited on top of a silicon wafer coated with silicon dioxide to form a thin-film waveguide. An appropriate choice of cladding can suppress multimode loses in the waveguide by insuring singlemode operation. Matching the refractive indices of the fiber and the waveguide further reduces the reflection loses. The process of micromachining, the wet-chemical an- iosotropic etching of silicon, has been well developed.
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Reports on the topic "Optical waveguides"

1

Wathen, Jeremiah J. Optical Limiting Within Capillary Waveguides. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada403767.

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2

Kath, William L. The Stability and Dynamics of Optical Waveguides, Lasers, and Amplifiers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada336536.

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3

Mackenzie, John D. New Quantum Dot Waveguides for Nonlinear Optical Applications (An AASERT Award). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada371392.

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4

Gregory J Fetzer, Ph D. Turnable Semiconductor Laser Spectroscopy in Hollow Optical Waveguides, Phase II SBIR. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/842480.

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Stegeman, George, Patrick LikamWa, and Ramu Ramaswamy. Advanced Nonlinear Optical Waveguides, Switches, Lasers, and Modulators for Integrated Interconnects and Systems. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada296094.

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Thakur, Mrinal. Single Crystal Films and WaveGuides of Organic Materials; Preparation and Nonlinear Optical Properties. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada379801.

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Menyuk, C. R. Pulse propagation in inhomogeneous optical waveguides. Progress report, September 15, 1992--September 14, 1993. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10147591.

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Menyuk, C. R. Pulse propagation in inhomogeneous optical waveguides. Progress report, September 15, 1993--September 14, 1994. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10156358.

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9

Menyuk, C. R. Pulse propagation in inhomogeneous optical waveguides. Final report, September 15, 1992--March 14, 1996. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/666145.

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Ila, Daryush, E. K. Williams, R. L. Zimmerman, P. R. Ashley, and D. B. Poker. Fabrication of Optical Channel Waveguides in the GaAs/AlGaAs System by MeV Ion Beam Bombardment. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada379168.

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