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Journal articles on the topic 'Optical surface profiling'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

See, Chung Wah, Michael G. Somekh, and Richard D. Holmes. "Scanning optical microellipsometer for pure surface profiling." Applied Optics 35, no. 34 (December 1, 1996): 6663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.35.006663.

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2

FUKATSU, Hiroya. "Optical Profiling Techniques for Engineered Surface Topography." Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering 76, no. 9 (2010): 995–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.76.995.

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3

Golnabi, H. "Surface profiling using a double-fiber optical design." Optics and Lasers in Engineering 48, no. 4 (April 2010): 421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2009.09.007.

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4

Juškaitis, R., and T. Wilson. "Surface profiling with scanning optical microscopes using two-mode optical fibers." Applied Optics 31, no. 22 (August 1, 1992): 4569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.31.004569.

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5

Kane, D. M., A. M. Joyce, G. R. Staib, and M. E. Herberstein. "Optical surface profiling of orb-web spider capture silks." Bioinspiration & Biomimetics 5, no. 3 (August 16, 2010): 036004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-3182/5/3/036004.

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6

Chauhan, B. S., K. Thirumalaivelu, M. P. Kothiyal, and R. S. Sirohi. "Confocal Scanning Optical Microscope and its Use for Surface Profiling." Journal of Optics 23, no. 4 (December 1994): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03549278.

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7

Downing, R. G., and G. P. Lamaze. "Near-surface profiling of semiconductor materials using neutron depth profiling." Semiconductor Science and Technology 10, no. 11 (November 1, 1995): 1423–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0268-1242/10/11/001.

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8

Ruschin, S., J. Y. Xu, W. S. C. Chang, and H. Chung. "A filtered-transform scanning microscopic method for refractive-index profiling of optical waveguides and surface profiling." Journal of Lightwave Technology 8, no. 11 (1990): 1703–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/50.60569.

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9

Hung, Min-Hsiung, en-Tzong Jeng, Chia-Lun Shu, and Jia-Chiang Wang. "Optical Body-Surface Profiling with Coded Markers for Medical Image Registration." International Journal of Automation and Smart Technology 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5875/ausmt.v3i2.193.

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10

FUKATSU, Hiroya, and Kazuhisa YANAGI. "Development of an Optical Stylus Displacement Sensor for Surface Profiling Measurement." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 70, no. 694 (2004): 1737–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.70.1737.

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11

Xie, Hongbo, Min Jiang, Yao Wang, Xiaotian Pang, Chao Wang, Yongpeng Su, and Lei Yang. "Aspheric optical surface profiling based on laser scanning and auto-collimation." Review of Scientific Instruments 88, no. 11 (November 2017): 113106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4995685.

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12

Eix, Ilos, Andrei V. Zvyagin, and David D. Sampson. "HIGH-SPEED GATED SURFACE PROFILING WITH CLOSED-LOOP OPTICAL COHERENCE TOPOGRAPHY." Biomedizinische Technik/Biomedical Engineering 47, s1a (2002): 189–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmte.2002.47.s1a.189.

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13

Fukatsu, Hiroya, and Kazuhisa Yanagi. "Development of an optical stylus displacement sensor for surface profiling instruments." Microsystem Technologies 11, no. 8-10 (August 2005): 582–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00542-005-0558-9.

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14

Costa, Sílvia, and Manuel Abreu. "Simulation and development of a prototype for high precision surface metrology." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2407, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2407/1/012017.

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Abstract Optical techniques are used in many applications in the metrology field, namely for high accuracy surface profiling. Although there many techniques are available, a specific measurement methodology must be correctly chosen according to the specifications of the range of measurement, field, and surface characteristics. In this work we simulate and develop a small prototype capable of measuring surfaces of circa 10 by 10 cm with an uncertainty of 20 µm in all directions, using the astigmatic method as baseline. The aim of this paper is then to show a dedicated and optimized optical setup that allow the surface characterization of a sample surface.

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15

HIRABAYASHI, Akira. "Fast Surface Profiling by White-Light Interferometry Using Symmetric Spectral Optical Filter." IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences E93-A, no. 2 (2010): 542–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transfun.e93.a.542.

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16

Mohamed-Kassim, N. Syafiqah, and M. Kamil Abd-Rahman. "Plastic optical fibre power splitter for surface profiling of 3-D object." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 767 (March 21, 2020): 012055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/767/1/012055.

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17

SHEN, YANTAO, YONGXIONG WANG, and NING XI. "A MULTIFUNCTIONAL AND PORTABLE OPTICAL SENSOR FOR QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF 3D SURFACE TEXTURE PROPERTIES." International Journal of Information Acquisition 07, no. 04 (December 2010): 269–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219878910002282.

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Surface characterization technologies are generally sorted into two categories: noncontact and contact-based technologies. Among these technologies, no one can stand out to simultaneously and rapidly measure both surface patterns/textures and mechanical properties such as softness, friction, and mechanical impedance. In this paper, we have addressed this problem and developed a multifunctional and portable surface texture sensor through combination of both contact and noncontact optical surface profiling mechanisms. The developed sensor relying on an optomechanical principle can be efficiently used for quantitative characterization of surface texture properties including 3D texture pattern, roughness, and even mechanical properties like softness, etc. As one of the important applications, we have used the sensor to measure and analyze texture properties of extensive automotive interior leather sample surfaces. The results demonstrate that the sensor can effectively assist the interior designer to quantify and classify essential texture features of automobile interior surfaces.

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18

Son, Sungmin, Sho C. Takatori, Brian Belardi, Marija Podolski, Matthew H. Bakalar, and Daniel A. Fletcher. "Molecular height measurement by cell surface optical profilometry (CSOP)." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 25 (June 8, 2020): 14209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1922626117.

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The physical dimensions of proteins and glycans on cell surfaces can critically affect cell function, for example, by preventing close contact between cells and limiting receptor accessibility. However, high-resolution measurements of molecular heights on native cell membranes have been difficult to obtain. Here we present a simple and rapid method that achieves nanometer height resolution by localizing fluorophores at the tip and base of cell surface molecules and determining their separation by radially averaging across many molecules. We use this method, which we call cell surface optical profilometry (CSOP), to quantify the height of key multidomain proteins on a model cell, as well as to capture average protein and glycan heights on native cell membranes. We show that average height of a protein is significantly smaller than its contour length, due to thermally driven bending and rotation on the membrane, and that height strongly depends on local surface and solution conditions. We find that average height increases with cell surface molecular crowding but decreases with solution crowding by solutes, both of which we confirm with molecular dynamics simulations. We also use experiments and simulations to determine the height of an epitope, based on the location of an antibody, which allows CSOP to profile various proteins and glycans on a native cell surface using antibodies and lectins. This versatile method for profiling cell surfaces has the potential to advance understanding of the molecular landscape of cells and the role of the molecular landscape in cell function.

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19

Ivanov, A. S., and A. E. Medvedev. "Optical surface plasmon resonance biosensors in molecular fishing." Biomeditsinskaya Khimiya 61, no. 2 (2015): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18097/pbmc20156102231.

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An optical biosensor employing surface plasmon resonance is a highly efficient instrument applicable for direct real time registration of molecular interactions without additional use of any labels or coupled processes. As an independent approach it is especially effective in analysis of various ligand receptor interactions. SPR-biosensors are used for validation of studies on intermolecular interactions in complex biological systems (affinity profiling of various groups of proteins, etc.). Recently, potential application of the SPR-biosensor for molecular fishing (direct affinity binding of target molecules from complex biological mixtures on the optical biosensor surface followed by their elution for identification by LC-MS/MS) has been demonstrated. Using SPR-biosensors in such studies it is possible to solve the following tasks: (a) SPR-based selection of immobilization conditions required for the most effective affinity separation of a particular biological sample; (b) SPR-based molecular fishing for subsequent protein identification by mass spectrometry; (c) SPR-based validation of the interaction of identified proteins with immobilized ligand. This review considers practical application of the SPR technology in the context of recent studies performed in the Institute of Biomedical Chemistry on molecular fishing of real biological objects.

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20

Zayats, Sergey, John Alexander, Sergei Magonov, and Dmitry Kazantsev. "Practical Realization of Apertureless Scanning Near-field Optical Microscopy Using Hybrid Mode Atomic Force Microscopy." MRS Proceedings 1754 (2015): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.257.

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ABSTRACTThe local detection of optical response at the sub-wavelength scale on a materials’ surface is an invaluable characterization capability of apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy (ASNOM). The technique is traditionally realized in amplitude modulation (AM) AFM mode. We have expanded this method by employing an alternative scheme for the detection of the near-field and far-field responses with the use of Hybrid (HD) AFM mode. In HD mode the sample is brought to the intermittent contact with the tip in a periodic oscillation at a frequency (1-2 kHz) much smaller than the probe resonance. In every oscillation cycle the probe deflection to a set-point value is used for surface profiling. For optical measurements the metal coated AFM tip was top-illuminated by visible laser. Simultaneously with surface profiling the light scattered from tip-sample junction was collected by a sensitive photomultiplier (PMT). The homodyne optical signal detection scheme was applied to discriminate near- and far-field optical components. Our method was verified by the studies of various materials (semiconductors, metals, polymers, etc.). The presented results show that the contrast of ASNOM images can be used for compositional mapping of heterogeneous systems.

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21

Zvyagin, Andrei V., Ilos Eix, and David D. Sampson. "High-speed, high-sensitivity, gated surface profiling with closed-loop optical coherence topography." Applied Optics 41, no. 11 (April 8, 2002): 2179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.41.002179.

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22

Schweitzer, M. A., and J. F. Power. "Optical Depth Profiling of Thin Films by Impulse Mirage Effect Spectroscopy. Part I: Theory." Applied Spectroscopy 48, no. 9 (September 1994): 1054–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702944029550.

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Impulse mirage effect/photothermal deflection spectrometry may be used to detect depth-dependent optical absorption in materials, through the time dependence of the probe beam deflection signal occurring in response to sample irradiation with a short excitation pulse. In this work a theoretical expression was derived for the normal and transverse photothermal deflection signals which occur in a sample with homogeneous thermal properties but where optical absorptivity varies with depth from the surface. An analytical solution of moderate simplicity is obtained for several cases of experimental interest, with three-dimensional heat conduction effects included. The depth profile resolution obtained with the mirage effect method is critically dependent on the distance between the sample layer probed and the offset position of the probe beam in the fluid layer above the sample. Saturation conditions and conditions for obtaining optimal depth resolution of continuous and discrete optical profiles are examined in detail.

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23

Pereira, Tânia, Mariana Sequeira, Pedro Vaz, Ana Tomé, Helena C. Pereira, Carlos Correia, and João Cardoso. "Submicron Surface Vibration Profiling Using Doppler Self-Mixing Techniques." Advances in Optics 2014 (July 23, 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/576380.

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Doppler self-mixing laser probing techniques are often used for vibration measurement with very high accuracy. A novel optoelectronic probe solution is proposed, based on off-the-shelf components, with a direct reflection optical scheme for contactless characterization of the target’s movement. This probe was tested with two test bench apparatus that enhance its precision performance, with a linear actuator at low frequency (35 µm, 5–60 Hz), and its dynamics, with disc shaped transducers for small amplitude and high frequency (0.6 µm, 100–2500 Hz). The results, obtained from well-established signal processing methods for self-mixing Doppler signals, allowed the evaluation of vibration velocity and amplitudes with an average error of less than 10%. The impedance spectrum of piezoelectric (PZ) disc target revealed a maximum of impedance (around 1 kHz) for minimal Doppler shift. A bidimensional scan over the PZ disc surface allowed the categorization of the vibration mode (0, 1) and explained its deflection directions. The feasibility of a laser vibrometer based on self-mixing principles and supported by tailored electronics able to accurately measure submicron displacements was, thus, successfully demonstrated.

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24

Zeng, Quan Ren, Geng Liu, Lan Liu, and Rui Ting Tong. "Surface Texture’s Role in Assessing Surface Integrity of Machined Parts." Applied Mechanics and Materials 34-35 (October 2010): 1145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.34-35.1145.

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Surface texture, as one of the typical surface integrity characteristics, plays a vital part in efficiently and systematically evaluating the surface integrity and relevant mechanical properties of machined parts. Commonly used 2D surface roughness parameters are formularized and discussed in this paper. And 3D characterization technique is also illustrated through measuring and describing a machined surface with an optical profiling system. The relationship between surface texture and the fatigue property of final machined parts are discussed by employing the quantity of effective stress concentration factor which could be expressed by the standard surface roughness parameters and measured averaged root radius of surface texture’s valleys. This research emphasizes the indispensable role of the surface texture in evaluating surface integrity and corresponding functional performance of machined parts.

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25

Łętocha, Aneta. "Study the influence of selected new filtration methods on roughness of standard surfaces." Mechanik 90, no. 3 (March 6, 2017): 224–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17814/mechanik.2017.3.43.

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Paper presents the results of research in order to determine the impact of selected new filtration methods on roughness results of standard surfaces – sinusoidal (C type) and random (D type). Three filtering methods were chosen: robust Gaussian filter, spline filter, morphological filters. Studies with use contact method and confocal profiling method (optical) were made. Results of selected height roughness profile and surface parameters were analysed.

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26

PARK, SEUNG-KYU, SUNG-HOON BAIK, HYUNG-KI CHA, YONG-MOO CHEONG, WOON-IL KIM, CHANG-HO CHO, and YOUNG-JUNE KANG. "LASER ULTRASONIC INSPECTION SYSTEM WITH A 3D SURFACE PROFILOMETRY TO DETECT SURFACE CRACKS." Modern Physics Letters B 22, no. 11 (May 10, 2008): 1051–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984908015826.

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We have developed a nondestructive surface-crack detection system by using laser ultrasound and optical 3D surface profilometry. The system can robustly acquire crack information by using the laser ultrasonic analysis data with visual surface profiling data where both data are produced by the same line-shaped pulse laser beam. By the help of the visual 3D shape data for a surface crack, this ultrasonic inspection system can provide reliable surface crack information. In this paper, the hardware configuration of the combined nondestructive laser inspection system to detect surface cracks will be described. Also, the experimental results to detect multi surface cracks by using the developed system will be presented.

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27

Lorenzo, Juárez P., Moisés Cywiak, Bernardino Barrientos, and J. M. Flores Moreno. "Three Gaussian beam heterodyne interferometer for surface profiling." Optics Communications 268, no. 2 (December 2006): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2006.07.021.

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28

Chen, Liang-Chia, Duc-Hieu Duong, and Chin-Sheng Chen. "Optical 3-D Profilometry for Measuring Semiconductor Wafer Surfaces with Extremely Variant Reflectivities." Applied Sciences 9, no. 10 (May 19, 2019): 2060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9102060.

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A new surface profilometry technique is proposed for profiling a wafer surface with both diffuse and specular reflective properties. Most moiré projection scanning techniques using triangulation principle work effectively on diffuse reflective surfaces, on which the reflected light beams are assumed to be well captured by optical sensors. In reality, this assumption is no longer valid when measuring a semiconductor wafer surface having both diffuse and specular reflectivities. To resolve the above problem, the proposed technique uses a dual optical sensing configuration by engaging two optical sensors at two different viewing angles, with one acquiring diffuse reflective light and the other detecting at the same time specular surface light for achieving simultaneous full-field surface profilometry. The deformed fringes measured by both sensors could be further transformed into a 3-D profile and merged seamlessly for full-field surface reconstruction. Several calibration targets and industrial parts were measured to evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of the developed technique. Experimental results showed that the technique can effectively detect diffuse and specular light with repeatability of one standard deviation below 0.3 µm on a specular surface and 2.0 µm on a diffuse wafer surface when the vertical measuring range reaches 1.0 mm. The present findings indicate that the proposed technique is effective for 3-D microscale surface profilometry in in-situ semiconductor automated optical inspection (AOI).

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29

Li, Boren, and Tomonari Furukawa. "Microtexture Road Profiling System Using Photometric Stereo." Tire Science and Technology 43, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 117–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.15.430204.

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ABSTRACT This paper presents the design and development of a stationary microtexture road profiling system using the photometric stereo (PS) technique. The structure of the developed system is simple, mainly consisting of a digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera with a macro lens and multiple light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The camera with the lens is oriented perpendicularly to the pavement texture and takes images each with a different LED turned on at a time. With the pavement texture images with diverse shadings, the PS technique is applied by inverting the image-forming process locally (pixel-wise) to associate the measured image intensities with the known lighting directions to estimate the gradients for each pixel-corresponding surface patch of the pavement texture. Surface normal integration (SNI) is then employed to reconstruct the three-dimensional (3D) road surface in the microtexture scale. The PS-based system has several intrinsic advantages. First, it could achieve high accuracy for surfaces with most diffuse reflection. Second, the measurement speed is fast because of its area-scanning nature. Third, the spatial resolution is high because of the usage of a high-resolution complementary metal-oxide semiconductor DSLR camera. In addition, it can be less sensitive to effects from specularities and shadows compared with most optical-based methods, since images captured under diverse lighting directions in PS provide more cues for detection purposes. Last but not least, the hardware of the system can be made compact at low cost because of its simple structure and can be adapted for direct measurement on the pavement. Parametric studies for the Lambertian-based PS technique were first investigated analytically and numerically, and these investigations yielded the design of the system having eight LEDs with the same zenith angle of 30 degrees and uniformly distributed azimuth angles in 360 degrees. Several experimental results on various types of surfaces have demonstrated that the developed system could achieve the accuracy in the order of 10 microns.

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30

Ekgasit, Sanong, and Hatsuo Ishida. "Optical Depth Profiling by Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy: A New Approach." Applied Spectroscopy 50, no. 9 (September 1996): 1187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702963905178.

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A new analytical technique for depth profiling using multiple-angle attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy has been developed. The analysis does not require prior knowledge of the profile of the complex refractive indices with respect to depth from the surface for the depth profiling calculation. This depth profiling analysis consists of two steps. First, the estimated complex refractive index profile is obtained by solving a set of linear equations of absorptance. Second, the reflectances from experiment are non-linearly fitted with those from exact optical theory. The estimated complex refractive index profile from the first step is used as a trial profile for the fitting. The converged complex refractive index profile from the fitting is then defined as the reconstructed complex refractive index profile of the film. The noise-added reflectances are used as experimental data to show the applicability of the new analytical approach.

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31

FUKATSU, Hiroya, Kazuhisa YANAGI, and Atsushi SHIMAMOTO. "P-IM-02 DEVELOPMENT OF A NOVEL OPTICAL STYLUS SENSOR FOR SURFACE PROFILING INSTRUMENT." Proceedings of JSME-IIP/ASME-ISPS Joint Conference on Micromechatronics for Information and Precision Equipment : IIP/ISPS joint MIPE 2003 (2003): 337–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemipe.2003.337.

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32

Zhu, Yun Hu, Jie Fu, Chao Zheng, and Zhong Ji. "Fabrication and Characterization of Micro-Dent Produced by Laser Shock Peening on Zr-Based Bulk Metallic Glass." Materials Science Forum 849 (March 2016): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.849.14.

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A Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5 (vit1) bulk metallic glass was processed by Nd: Glass laser pulses with duration 30ns and energy in the range 20 to 30J. The surface morphology and surface micro-hardness of the vit1 metallic glass, treated with varying laser energy, had been studied in detail. Laser shock peening induced plastic deformation and caused a micro-dent to be generated on the vit1 surface. The optical profiling tests showed that laser pulse energy greatly influenced the diameter and depth of the micro-dents. The surface roughness which was caused by various laser pulse energy was assessed and characterized. The three-dimensional surface topography of the laser treated region on vit1 surfaces had been characterized. In addition the plastic deformation features were also studied.

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33

Jiang, Jing Bo, Zuo Tao Ni, Si Ren Li, and De Jun Gong. "A Wave-Powered Technique for Water Column Profiling." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 1739–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.1739.

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A technique using surface wave energy to move a sensor platform up and down a mooring wire is introduced in this paper. It permits a complete vertical profile to be obtained with a single sensor, eliminating the need for multiple sensors on the mooring line. The sensor platform can be pre-programmed to dwell at depth for set periods of time. The platform can be configured to carry a variety of payloads including CTD, optical and acoustic sensors.

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34

Onodera, Ribun, Hiroki Wakaumi, and Yukihiro Ishii. "Measurement technique for surface profiling in low-coherence interferometry." Optics Communications 254, no. 1-3 (October 2005): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2005.05.019.

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35

Thakur, M., C. Quan, and C. J. Tay. "Surface profiling using fringe projection technique based on Lau effect." Optics & Laser Technology 39, no. 3 (April 2007): 453–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2005.12.002.

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36

Polyakova, V. V., I. N. Kots, V. A. Smirnov, and O. A. Ageev. "Nanoscaled Profiling of Silicon Surface via Local Anodic Oxidation." Russian Microelectronics 48, no. 2 (March 2019): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063739719020082.

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37

Matousek, P., N. Everall, M. Towrie, and A. W. Parker. "Depth Profiling in Diffusely Scattering Media Using Raman Spectroscopy and Picosecond Kerr Gating." Applied Spectroscopy 59, no. 2 (February 2005): 200–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702053085115.

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We demonstrate how pulsed laser Raman excitation (∼1 ps) followed by fast optical Kerr gating (∼4 ps) can be used to effectively separate Raman signals originating from different depths in heterogeneous diffusely scattering media. The diffuse scattering slows down photon propagation through turbid samples enabling higher depth resolution than would be obtained for a given instrumental time resolution in an optically transparent medium. Two types of experiments on two-layer systems demonstrate the ability to differentiate between surface and sub-surface Raman signals. A Raman spectrum was obtained of stilbene powder buried beneath a 1 mm over-layer of PMMA (poly(methyl methacrylate)) powder. The signal contrasts of the lower stilbene layer and upper PMMA layer were improved by factors ≥5 and ≥180, respectively, by rejecting the Raman component of the counterpart layer. The ability to select the Raman signal of a thin top surface layer in preference to those from an underlying diffusely scattering substrate was demonstrated using a 100 μm thick optically transparent film of PET (poly(ethylene terephthalate)) on top of stilbene powder. The gating resulted in the suppression of the underlying stilbene Raman signal by a factor of 1200. The experiments were performed in back-scattering geometry using 400 nm excitation wavelength. The experimental technique should be well suited to biomedical applications such as disease diagnosis.

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38

Vander Rhodes, G. H., J. M. Pomeroy, M. S. Ünlü, B. B. Goldberg, K. J. Knopp, and D. H. Christensen. "Pump intensity profiling of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers using near-field scanning optical microscopy." Applied Physics Letters 72, no. 15 (April 13, 1998): 1811–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.121192.

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39

Pasqueron de Fommervault, Orens, Paula Perez-Brunius, Pierre Damien, Victor F. Camacho-Ibar, and Julio Sheinbaum. "Temporal variability of chlorophyll distribution in the Gulf of Mexico: bio-optical data from profiling floats." Biogeosciences 14, no. 24 (December 15, 2017): 5647–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5647-2017.

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Abstract. Chlorophyll concentration is a key oceanic biogeochemical variable. In the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), its distribution, which is mainly obtained from satellite surface observations and scarce in situ experiments, is still poorly understood. In 2011–2012, eight profiling floats equipped with biogeochemical sensors were deployed for the first time in the GOM and generated an unprecedented dataset that significantly increased the number of chlorophyll vertical distribution measurements in the region. The analysis of these data, once calibrated, permits us to reconsider the spatial and temporal variability of the chlorophyll concentration in the water column. At a seasonal scale, results confirm the surface signal seen by satellites, presenting maximum concentrations in winter and low values in summer. It is shown that the deepening of the mixed layer is the primary factor triggering the chlorophyll surface increase in winter. In the GOM, a possible interpretation is that this surface increase corresponds to a biomass increase. However, the present dataset suggests that the basin-scale climatological surface increase in chlorophyll content results from a vertical redistribution of subsurface chlorophyll and/or photoacclimation processes, rather than a net increase of biomass. One plausible explanation for this is the decoupling between the mixed-layer depth and the deep nutrient reservoir since mixed-layer depth only reaches the nitracline in sporadic events in the observations. Float measurements also provide evidence that the depth and the magnitude of the deep chlorophyll maximum is strongly controlled by the mesoscale variability, with higher chlorophyll biomass generally observed in cyclones rather than anticyclones.

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40

Urbaniak, Mirosław, Ryszard Dębkowski, Marcin Gołąbczak, and Marcin Skowron. "Device of magnesium alloy grinding using periodic cleaning of the active surface of grinding wheel during machining." Mechanik 91, no. 11 (November 12, 2018): 1023–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17814/mechanik.2018.11.182.

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In the paper the range of requirements concerning grinded surface layers for deposition of protective PVD coatings on magnesium alloys has been presented. Also difficulties concerning the preparation of surface layer and literature review have been depicted. For solving of the problems concerning proper preparation of magnesium alloy surface layer the conventional grinding process using ceramic grinding wheels and the process of cleaning of CSGW during machining has been applied. The machining parameters has been determined and the surface geometrical structure has been assessed using optical profiling in 3D configuration.

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Hooker, Stanford B., Henry F. Houskeeper, Randall N. Lind, Raphael M. Kudela, and Koji Suzuki. "Verification and Validation of Hybridspectral Radiometry Obtained from an Unmanned Surface Vessel (USV) in the Open and Coastal Oceans." Remote Sensing 14, no. 5 (February 23, 2022): 1084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14051084.

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The hardware and software capabilities of the compact-profiling hybrid instrumentation for radiometry and ecology (C-PHIRE) instruments on an unmanned surface vessel (USV) are evaluated. Both the radiometers and USV are commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) products, with the latter being only minimally modified to deploy the C-PHIRE instruments. The hybridspectral C-PHIRE instruments consist of an array of 18 multispectral microradiometers with 10 nm wavebands spanning 320–875 nm plus a hyperspectral compact grating spectrometer (CGS) with 2048 pixels spanning 190–1000 nm. The C-PHIRE data were acquired and processed using two architecturally linked software packages, thereby allowing lessons learned in one to be applied to the other. Using standard data products and unbiased statistics, the C-PHIRE data were validated with those from the well-established compact-optical profiling system (C-OPS) and verified with the marine optical buoy (MOBY). Agreement between algorithm variables used to estimate colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorption and chlorophyll a concentration were also validated. Developing and operating novel technologies, such as the C-PHIRE series of instruments, deployed on a USV increase the frequency and coverage of optical observations, which are required to fully support the present and next-generation validation exercises in radiometric remote sensing of aquatic ecosystems.

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Evincent, Warwick E., Isabelle Laurion, and Reinhard Pienitz. "Arctic and Antarctic lakes as optical indicators of global change." Annals of Glaciology 27 (1998): 691–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/1998aog27-1-691-696.

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Lakes are a major feature of Arctic and Antarctic landscapes and are likely to be sensitive indicators ofclimate change. New bio-optical technologies for in situ measurements (e.g. UV-profiling) and remote sensing (e.g. light detection and ranging) now offer a suite of options for long-term monitoring at these sites. Certain properties of high-latitude lakes are highly responsive to changes in climate forcing and could be targeted within a monitoring strategy based on optical properties; these include lake levels, lake-ice dynamics, phytoplankton biomass and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM). High-latitude lakes are optically sensitive to changes in CDOM export from their surrounding catchments that could result from climate effects on hydrology and vegetation. Using a new model based on biologically weighted transparency, we show that a 20% change in GDOM concentration (as measured by dissolved organic carbon) can have a much greater effect on UV inhibition of phytoplankton than a similar percentage change in stratospheric ozone. Much of this effect is due to UV-A, because the reduced photodamaging effect per unit energy (i.e. low biological weighting) in this waveband is offset by its higher incident flux at the lake surface relative to UV-B and its deeper penetration into the water column. These transparency calculations also show that small changes in CDOM in polar lakes will have a large effect on underwater light availability for photosynthesis. The spectral absorption and fluorescence properties of CDOM lend themselves to a variety of optical monitoring approaches. Future research on the paleo-optics of GDOM will allow the interpretation of current optical trends in high-latitude lakes relative to the scales of natural variability in the past.

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HAMMAD, TALAAT MOUSSA. "ELECTRICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MULTILAYER SOL GEL ZnO COATINGS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 20, no. 23 (September 20, 2006): 3357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979206035473.

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Multilayer transparent conducting zinc oxide films have been prepared on boro-silicate substrates by the commercially sol gel dip coating process. Each layer was fired at 550°C in a conventional furnace for 15 min. The final coatings were then tempered under a flux of forming gas ( N 2/ H 2) at 400°C for 2 h. The coatings were characterized by surface stylus profiling and optical spectroscopy (UV-NIR). Results show that (1) ZnO films with electrical resistivity of 6×10-4 Ω· cm , free carrier mobility of approximately 77 cm 2/ V · s and free carrier density of approximately 6.14×1019 cm -3 are obtained for multilayers 310 nm and (2) the transmittance is approximately 60.4% and the reflectance is nearly 34.7% are obtained at a wavelength of 800 nm when the thickness of the ZnO multilayers is 310 nm. The crystal structure and grain orientation of ZnO films were determined by X-ray diffraction. SEM investigations revealed that the surface morphology of growing ZnO films on boro-silicate substrate is dominated by the smooth surface with a fine microstructure.

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Weng, Chun-Jen, Ken-Yuh Hsu, and Yung-Fu Chen. "Exploiting the image of the surface reflectivity to measure refractive index profiling for various optical fibers." Optics Express 23, no. 9 (April 24, 2015): 11755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.23.011755.

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Ogilvie, Steven, Evgeny Isakov, Colin Taylor, and Paul Glover. "A NEW HIGH RESOLUTION OPTICAL METHOD FOR OBTAINING THE TOPOGRAPHY OF FRACTURE SURFACES IN ROCKS." Image Analysis & Stereology 21, no. 1 (May 3, 2011): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5566/ias.v21.p61-66.

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Surface roughness plays a major role in the movement of fluids through fracture systems. Fracture surface profiling is necessary to tune the properties of numerical fractures required in fluid flow modelling to those of real rock fractures. This is achieved using a variety of (i) mechanical and (ii) optical techniques. Stylus profilometry is a popularly used mechanical method and can measure surface heights with high precision, but only gives a good horizontal resolution in one direction on the fracture plane. This method is also expensive and simultaneous coverage of the surface is not possible. Here, we describe the development of an optical method which images cast copies of rough rock fractures using in-house developed hardware and image analysis software (OptiProf™) that incorporates image improvement and noise suppression features. This technique images at high resolutions, 15-200 μm for imaged areas of 10 × 7.5 mm and 100 × 133 mm, respectively and a similar vertical resolution (15 μm) for a maximum topography of 4 mm. It uses in-house developed hardware and image analysis (OptiProf™) software and is cheap and non-destructive, providing continuous coverage of the fracture surface. The fracture models are covered with dye and fluid thicknesses above the rough surfaces converted into topographies using the Lambert-Beer Law. The dye is calibrated using 2 devices with accurately known thickness; (i) a polycarbonate tile with wells of different depths and (ii) a wedge-shaped vial made from silica glass. The data from each of the two surfaces can be combined to provide an aperture map of the fracture for the scenario where the surfaces touch at a single point or any greater mean aperture. The topography and aperture maps are used to provide data for the generation of synthetic fractures, tuned to the original fracture and used in numerical flow modelling.

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Jellison, G. E., D. H. Lowndes, and J. W. Sharp. "Time-resolved optical studies of oxide-encapsulated silicon during pulsed laser melting." Journal of Materials Research 3, no. 3 (June 1988): 498–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1988.0498.

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Nanosecond time-resolved reflectivity and ellipsometry experiments have been performed on (100) Si wafers encapsulated by 5.5–76.2 nm thick thermal oxides, using pulsed KrF (248 nm) laser energy densities sufficient to melt the Si beneath the oxide. Post-irradiation nulling ellipsometry, optical microphotography, and surface profiling measurements were carried out. It was found that the threshold energy density required to melt the Si varies with oxide thickness; this is explained primarily by the reflective properties of the oxide overlayer. The time-resolved reflectivity and ellipsometry measurements show that rippling of the SiO2 layer occurs on the 20–40 ns timescale and results in a decrease in specular reflectivity of the rippled silicon surface beneath. Optical model calculations suggest that pulsed laser annealing through a thick oxide layer results in a damaged near-surface silicon layer (∼ 30 nm thick); this layer contains defects that are probably responsible for the degraded performance of devices.

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Araguás Rodríguez, Silvia, Tomáš Jelínek, Jan Michálek, Álvaro Yáñez González, Fiona Schulte, Christopher Pilgrim, Jorg Feist, and Stephen J. Skinner. "Accelerated thermal profiling of gas turbine components using luminescent thermal history paints." Journal of the Global Power and Propulsion Society 2 (April 25, 2018): S3KTGK. http://dx.doi.org/10.22261/jgpps.s3ktgk.

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Abstract Environmental requirements to reduce CO2 emissions and the drive towards higher efficiencies have resulted in increased operating temperatures in gas turbines. Subsequently, Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEMs) require improved component design and material selection to withstand the harsher conditions. This demands rapid evaluation of new components and their surface temperature to accelerate their market entry. Accurate temperature information proves key in the design of more efficient, longer-lasting machinery and in monitoring thermal damage. A number of traditional temperature measurement techniques are available, but can incur a number of limitations. Online temperature measurements, such as pyrometry or phosphor thermography, often require optical access to the component during operation and are therefore not suitable for inaccessible components. Other options including thermocouples can only provide point measurements and cannot deliver profiles across the surface. Offline techniques store temperature information that can be measured and analysed following operation. Several of these, however, are of destructive nature, can affect local thermal gradients and only provide point measurements. This article discusses an innovative offline measurement technique: luminescent Thermal History Paints (THPs). THPs are comprised of ceramic pigments in a binder matrix that can be applied to any hot component as a thin coating. These pigments are doped with optically active ions, which will phosphoresce when excited with a light source. The coating material experiences irreversible structural changes depending on the temperature it is exposed to. Changes in the material structure are reflected in its phosphorescent properties, which are measured with standard optical instrumentation at any surface location. Since the changes are permanent, the temperature information is stored in the coating and can be extracted after operation. Following calibration, it is therefore possible to relate phosphorescent behaviour to the past maximum temperature experienced at each location. This is done with Sensor Coating Systems Ltd. (SCS)’s portable instrumentation, which can provide rapid, automated and objective measurements across a component surface. Unlike the more traditional thermal paints, THPs are non-toxic, and provide a continuous measurement capability across the range 150°C–900°C with significantly improved durability. This article describes the underlying principles behind this novel technology and the advantages it provides over existing state-of-the-art methods. The benefits will be demonstrated through measurements on nozzle guide vanes (NGVs), with the view to compare and validate them against thermocouple measurements. The results show that the THP extends the limited information from thermocouples to provide a more complete view of the thermal processes on the component.

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Chen, Liang-Chia, and Ching-Wen Liang. "Novel Boundary Edge Detection for Accurate 3D Surface Profilometry Using Digital Image Correlation." Applied Sciences 8, no. 12 (December 7, 2018): 2541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8122541.

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Digital image correlation (DIC) has emerged as a popular full-field surface profiling technique for analyzing both in-plane and out-of-plane dynamic structures. However, conventional DIC-based surface 3D profilometry often yields erroneous contours along surface edges. Boundary edge detection remains one of the key issues in DIC because a discontinuous surface edge cannot be detected due to optical diffraction and height ambiguity. To resolve the ambiguity of edge measurement in optical surface profilometry, this study develops a novel edge detection approach that incorporates a new algorithm using both the boundary subset and corner subset for accurate edge reconstruction. A pre-calibrated gauge block and a circle target were reconstructed to prove the feasibility of the proposed approach. Experiments on industrial objects with various surface reflective characteristics were also conducted. The results showed that the developed method achieved a 15-fold improvement in detection accuracy, with measurement error controlled within 1%.

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Kim, Ju Wan, Jae Sung Ahn, Joo Beom Eom, and Byeong Ha Lee. "Magnification-invariant surface profiling technique for structured illumination imaging and microscopy." Optics Communications 434 (March 2019): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2018.10.052.

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Zhang, Rui, Xing Ai, Yi Wan, Zhanqiang Liu, Dong Zhang, and Sheng Feng. "Surface Corrosion Resistance in Turning of Titanium Alloy." International Journal of Corrosion 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/823172.

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This work addresses the issues associated with implant surface modification. We propose a method to form the oxide film on implant surfaces by dry turning to generate heat and injecting oxygen-rich gas at the turning-tool flank. The morphology, roughness, composition, and thickness of the oxide films in an oxygen-rich atmosphere were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, optical profiling, and Auger electron spectroscopy. Electrochemical methods were used to study the corrosion resistance of the modified surfaces. The corrosion resistance trends, analyzed relative to the oxide film thickness, indicate that the oxide film thickness is the major factor affecting the corrosion resistance of titanium alloys in a simulated body fluid (SBF). Turning in an oxygen-rich atmosphere can form a thick oxide film on the implant surface. The thickness of surface oxide films processed at an oxygen concentration of 80% was improved to 4.6 times that of films processed at an oxygen concentration of 21%; the free corrosion potential shifted positively by 0.357 V, which significantly improved the corrosion resistance of titanium alloys in the SBF. Therefore, the proposed method may (partially) replace the subsequent surface oxidation. This method is significant for biomedical development because it shortens the process flow, improves the efficiency, and lowers the cost.

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