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Luo, Haitao. "Snapshot Imaging Polarimeters Using Spatial Modulation." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193905.
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The recent demonstration of a novel snapshot imaging polarimeter using the fringe modulation technique shows a promise in building a compact and moving-parts-free device. As just demonstrated in principle, this technique has not been adequately studied. In the effort of advancing this technique, we build a complete theory framework that can address the key issues regarding the polarization aberrations caused by using the functional elements. With this model, we can have the necessary knowledge in designing, analyzing and optimizing the systems. Also, we propose a broader technique that uses arbitrary modulation instead of sinusoidal fringes, which can give us more engineering freedom and can be the solution of achromatizing the system. In the hardware aspect, several important progresses are made. We extend the polarimeter technique from visible to middle wavelength infrared by using the yttrium vanadate crystals. Also, we incorporate a Savart Plate polarimter into a fundus camera to measure the human eye's retinal retardance, useful information for glaucoma diagnosis. Thirdly, a world-smallest imaging polarimeter is proposed and demonstrated, which may open many applications in security, remote sensing and bioscience.
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Yeatman, Eric Morgan. "Surface plasmon applications : microscopy and spatial light modulation." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/47722.
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Kelly, Thu-Lan. "Liquid crystal spatial light modulators as computer controlled optical elements /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phk298.pdf.
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Abelard, Clément. "Micro modulateur spatial de lumière transmissif pour modulation de phase et d’amplitude." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAT092/document.
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Le LETI possède un savoir-faire permettant de réaliser des micro modulateurs spatiaux de lumière (Spatial Light Modulators, SLMs) réalisés en technologie microélectronique sur silicium, ayant des très grandes résolutions et de très petits pas de pixels. Le LETI souhaite utiliser une technologie LCD particulière (la technologie IPS) dont d’une part les performances électro-optiques dans le domaine des micro-écrans ne sont pas connues mais d’autre part permet de garder des coûts réduits et de réduire le nombre d’étapes de fabrication. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’évaluer sur la base de simulations puis de réalisations techniques, les performances d’un micro-SLM IPS utilisé en modulation de phase et d’amplitude.Les recherches effectuées au cours de cette thèse portent sur 4 axes d’études. Le premier axe consiste à la recherche et à l’essai d’un logiciel spécifique (LCDMaster) permettant de simuler des cellules à cristaux liquides ainsi que des électrodes flottantes. Le second axe consiste à étudier en fonction du design du pixel et des différents modes d’alignements des cristaux liquides (Homogène, vertical et twisté) avec un pilotage de type IPS, les performances en modulation de phase. Les meilleurs résultats sont obtenus pour un alignement vertical fournissant un déphasage de 2 Pi. De plus, les performances d’un dispositif d’optique adaptative intégrant le SLM étudié ont été investiguées. Le troisième axe d’étude, consiste avec le même logiciel à investiguer sur les performances d’un SLM à cristaux liquide avec un pilotage de type IPS utilisant un alignement homogène en modulation d’amplitude (étude statique et dynamique). Cette étude permet également d’étudier les possibilités de diminution du temps de réponse de la cellule. Cette étude a aboutie à deux designs de SLM. Le premier design avec deux niveaux d’électrodes séparés par un isolant permettant de reproduire un effet type « cage de faraday ». La seconde a permis de diminuer de manière drastique le temps de réponse. Le quatrième axe de recherche consiste à tester des prototypes basés sur ces deux designs pour vérifier les performances obtenues en simulation grâce à un banc de caractérisation électro-optique. Des résultats concordants ont étés obtenus et de nouveaux types de SLM à pilotage IPS proposant un temps de rafraichissement rapides se rapprochant de l’état de l’art ont donc pu être désignés et caractérisésLETI possesses an expertise allowing to realize Spatial Light Modulators (SLMs) made in microelectronic technology on silicon, having very high resolutions and very small pixel steps. LETI wishes to use a specific LCD technology (IPS technology), on the one hand the electro-optical performances in the field of micro-display had to be investigated but on the other hand allows to keep costs down and reduce the number of manufacturing steps. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate on the basis of simulations and technical achievements, the performance of a micro-SLM IPS used in phase modulation and amplitude.Our investigations have been carried out on four major areas of study. The first axis is the search and testing of a specific software (LCDMaster) to simulate liquid crystal cells and floating electrodes. The second axis according to different designs of pixel and the different liquid crystal alignment modes (Homogeneous, vertical and twisted) with an IPS type control, to investigate the performances in modulation phase. The best results were obtained for a vertical alignment providing a phase shift of 2π. In addition, the performance of an adaptive optics device integrating the studied SLM has been investigated. The third axis of study focused on the performance investigation of a liquid crystal SLM with an IPS-type control using a homogeneous alignment in amplitude modulation (static and dynamic study). This study also makes it possible to study the possibilities of reducing the response time of the cell. It resulted in two SLM designs. The first design with two levels of electrodes separated by an insulator to reproduce a Faraday type effect. The second has drastically reduced the response time. The fourth area of research consists in testing prototypes based on these two designs to validate the performances obtained in simulation. Concordant results have been obtained and new types of IPS-controlled SLMs with state-of-the-art refreshing times have thus been designated and characterized
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Mustonen, Juvi K. "Spatial contrast sensitivity and external noise: applications to optical and neural modulation transfer functions." Thesis, Aston University, 1995. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/14551/.
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The thesis will show how to equalise the effect of quantal noise across spatial frequencies by keeping the retinal flux (If-2) constant. In addition, quantal noise is used to study the effect of grating area and spatial frequency on contrast sensitivity resulting in the extension of the new contrast detection model describing the human contrast detection system as a simple image processor. According to the model the human contrast detection system comprises low-pass filtering due to ocular optics, addition of light dependent noise at the event of quantal absorption, high-pass filtering due to the neural visual pathways, addition of internal neural noise, after which detection takes place by a local matched filter, whose sampling efficiency decreases as grating area is increased. Furthermore, this work will demonstrate how to extract both the optical and neural modulation transfer functions of the human eye. The neural transfer function is found to be proportional to spatial frequency up to the local cut-off frequency at eccentricities of 0 - 37 deg across the visual field. The optical transfer function of the human eye is proposed to be more affected by the Stiles-Crawford -effect than generally assumed in the literature. Similarly, this work questions the prevailing ideas about the factors limiting peripheral vision by showing that peripheral optical acts as a low-pass filter in normal viewing conditions, and therefore the effect of peripheral optics is worse than generally assumed.
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Gardner, Mark Charles. "Phase object pattern recognition by optical correlation using a liquid crystal display for spatial phase modulation." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.409700.
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Blancon, Jean-Christophe. "Optical absorption and electronic properties of individual carbon nanotubes." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10164/document.
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Au cours de ce travail de thèse à caractère expérimental, nous nous sommes attachés à mesurer les spectres absolus de section efficace d’absorption de nanotubes de carbone individuels placés dans différents environnements. Pour ce faire, nous avons développé un dispositif expérimental basé sur la technique de spectroscopie à modulation spatiale qui permet d’accéder de manière directe à la section efficace d’absorption de nano-objets individuels. Cette méthode ne requière aucun a priori sur les propriétés des nanotubes, et très important nous affranchit des effets d’ensemble. Ainsi, nous avons pu étudier les propriétés d’absorption de nanotubes individuels simple et double parois dans les environnements suivants : suspendus librement, agrégés en petit fagot, et déposés sur substrat. Plus précisément, l’évolution de l’absorption excitonique des nanotubes est analysée en fonction des paramètres structuraux (diamètre, nombre de parois, chiralité) et de l’environnement de ces derniers. Un autre aspect de cette thèse a pour objet l’analyse des propriétés de transport électronique des nanotubes de carbone soumis à des pressions hydrostatiques de gaz de l’ordre du gigapascal, avec la possibilité d’accéder au régime des basses températures. Ici, nous nous sommes concentrés sur l’étude de transistors à effet de champ composés de petits fagots de nanotubes de carbone contactés à leurs extrémités par des électrodes en palladium. Dans ce cadre, nous avons notamment réalisé la première observation de l’effet de blocage de Coulomb sous pression. Au final, ce travail de thèse a permis d’analyser les propriétés optiques et électroniques intrinsèques aux nanotubes de carbone et leur évolution sous l’effet de différents environnements (écrantage diélectrique, dopage chimique, contrainte mécanique et pression hydrostatique). Ce travail a pu être réalisé grâce au développement de nouvelles techniques permettant de sonder ces propriétés au niveau du nanotube individuelIn this dissertation, we report on the experimental investigation of the optical properties of single- and double-wall carbon nanotubes. Despite numerous studies performed using photoluminescence or Raman and Rayleigh scattering, knowledge of their optical response is still partial. In particular direct quantitative measurement of their absorption cross-section has not been achieved yet. Using spatial modulation spectroscopy we have determined, over a broad optical spectral range, the spectrum and amplitude of the absorption cross-section of identified individual single- and double-wall carbon nanotubes. These quantitative measurements permit the determination of the oscillator strength of the different excitonic resonances. Furthermore, investigation of the same nanotube, either a single-wall or double-wall nanotube, freestanding or deposited on a substrate shows large broadening with increase of oscillator strength of the excitonic resonances, as well as stark weakening of polarization dependent antenna effects, due to nanotube-substrate interaction. Similar study on nanotube bundles and double-wall nanotubes demonstrate the importance of inter-tube and inter-wall exciton coupling effects which seem to be of different nature in these two types of sample. The second part of this thesis studies electrical transport in carbon nanotube bundles under high pressure condition and low temperature. The behavior of nanotubebased field-effect transistors has been investigated, in the classical and Coulomb blockade regime, under gas-pressure up to 0.9 GPa. Overall, this dissertation communicates on the quantitative analysis of the absorption and electronic properties of carbon nanotubes and how they are influenced by various environmental effects such as dielectric screening, stress induced strain, hydrostatic pressure, or chemical doping. The novelty of this work is to address these issues at the single nanotube level
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Rye, Jan-Michael. "Spatial Modulation Spectroscopy Of Single Nano-Objects In A Liquid Environment For Biosensing Applications." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1053/document.
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Le développement de méthodes rapides, précises et ultra-sensibles pour la détection d'analytes cibles en solution est crucial pour la recherche et les applications potentielles en médecine ou biologie moléculaire. Une approche très prometteuse consiste à développer des nano-capteurs à partir de nano-objets métalliques (NOM) qui présentent une résonance d'extinction dans leur réponse optique. Cette résonance nommée résonance de plasmon de surface localisée (RPSL) peut être ajustée spectralement en jouant sur la nature, la morphologie et l'environnement du NOM. Mesurer des modifications sur la RPSL de nano-objets individuels en présence d'analytes cibles doit permettre de s'affranchir des effets de moyennes dans les mesures d'ensemble. De plus, cela ouvre la voie vers le développement d'échantillons micrométriques pour des tests multicibles sans étiquette (« label-free »).Dans ce travail on a développé un nouveau dispositif expérimental basé sur la technique de spectroscopie à modulation spatiale (SMS) permettant de sonder la réponse optique de NOM individuels en milieu liquide. En parallèle des méthodes de synthèse ont été mises au point pour obtenir des échantillons sondes stables permettant des mesures sur NOM unique, en particulier sur des bipyramides d'or qui présentent de nombreuses qualités intrinsèques faisant d'elles de bonnes candidates pour le « bio-sensing ».Des mesures ont été réalisées dans des environnements d'indice variable et les changements détectés sont en bon accord avec les simulations théoriques. De plus, de nombreuses études ont été réalisées pour comprendre l'influence des nombreux paramètres agissant sur la réponse optique des systèmes étudiésAdvances in the development of rapid, accurate and highly sensitive methods for detecting target analytes in solution will provide crucial tools for research and applications in medicine and molecular biology. One of the currently most promising approaches is the development of nanosensors based on the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of noble metal nano-objects (MNOs), which is an optical response that depends on their size, shape, composition and local environment. The ability to measure the modification of the reponse of a single MNO in the presence of a target analyte would allow each object to act as an independent probe with increased sensitivity as the signal would be isolated from the averaging effects of ensemble measurements. Furthermore it would allow the development of micrometric, functionalized multiprobe samples for multitarget label-free assays.In this work, a novel experimental setup based on the spatial modulation spectroscopy (SMS) technique has been developed to measure the optical response of individual nano-objects in a liquid environment. In parallel, a new technique has also been developed to elaborate stable probes for measurements with the new setup, with a focus on gold bipyramids due to numerous qualities that make them excellent candidates for biosensing probes. The setup has been used to measure the response of individual objects in environments of different real refractive indices and the detected changes have been shown to be in good agreement with theoretical calculations. Numerical studies have also been performed to investigate the influence on the optical response of numerous factors encountered in the studied systems
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Mmbaga, Paul Fahamuel. "Study, analysis and application of optical OFDM, Single Carrier (SC) and MIMO in Intensity Modulation Direct Detection (IM/DD)." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15952.
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With the rapid growth of wireless data demands and saturation of radio frequency (RF) capacity, visible light communication (VLC) has become a promising candidate to complement conventional RF communication, especially for indoor short range applications. However the performance of the system depends on the propagation and type of system used. An optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (O-OFDM) together with multiple input multiple output (MIMO) in different scenario and modulation techniques are studied in the thesis. A novel optical wireless communication (OWC) multi-cell system with narrow field of view (FOV) is studied. In this system the intensity modulated beam from four light sources are used for communication. The system allows beams to be concentrated in specific areas of the room to serve multiple mobile devices with low interference and hence increase system capacity. The performance of asymmetrically clipped optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (ACO-OFDM), direct current biased optical OFDM (DCO-OFDM) and single carrier (SC) modulation are then compared in this system considering single user and multiusers scenarios. The performance of the multi-cell is compared with single cell with wide FOV. It is shown that the capacity for multi-cell system increases with the number of users to 4 times the single user capacity. Also the findings show that multi-cell system with narrow beams can outperform a single wide beam system in terms of coverage area and hence average throughput of about 2.7 times the single wide beam system capacity. One of the impairments in line of sight (LOS) OWC systems is coverage which degrades the performance. A mobile receiver with angular diversity detectors in MIMO channels is studied. The objective is to improve the rank of the channel matrix and hence system throughput. Repetition coding (RC), spatial multiplexing (SMP) and spatial modulation (SM) concepts are used to evaluate throughput across multiple locations in a small room scenario. A novel adaptive spatial modulation (ASM) which is capable of combating channel rank deficiency is devised. Since the receiver is mobile, the channel gains are low in some locations of the room due to the lack of LOS paths between transmitters and receivers. To combat the situation adaptive modulation and per antenna rate control (PARC) is employed to maximise spectral efficiency. The throughputs for fixed transmitters and receivers are compared with the oriented/inclined detectors for different cases. Angular diversity detectors offer a better throughput improvement than the state of the art vertical detectors, for example in ASM angular diversity receiver gives throughput of about 1.6 times that of vertical detectors. Also in SMP the angular detectors offer throughput about 1.4 times that of vertical detectors. SMP gives the best performance compared to RC, SM and ASM, for example SMP gives throughput about 2.5 times that of RC in both vertical detectors and angular diversity receivers. Again SMP gives throughput about 6 times that of SM in both vertical detectors and angular diversity receivers. Also SMP provides throughput about 2 times that of ASM in both vertical detectors and angular diversity receivers. ASM exhibit improvement in throughput about average factor of 3.5 times SM performance in both vertical detectors and angular diversity detectors. As the performance of the system may be jeopardized by obstructions, specular and diffuse reflection models for indoor OWC systems using a mobile receiver with angular diversity detectors in MIMO channels are considered. The target is to improve the MIMO throughput compared to vertically oriented detectors by exploiting reflections from different reflecting surfaces in the room. The throughput across multiple locations in the small room by using RC, SMP and SM approaches is again evaluated. The results for LOS only channels against LOS with specular or diffuse reflection conditions, for both vertical and angular oriented receivers are then compared. The results show that exploiting specular and diffuse reflections provide significant improvements in link performance. For example the reflection coefficient (α) of 0.9 and the antenna separation of 0.6 m, RC diffuse model shows throughput improvement of about 1.8 times that of LOS for both vertical detectors and angular diversity receivers. SM diffuse model shows throughput improvement of about 3 times that of LOS for both vertical detectors and angular diversity receivers. ASM diffuse model shows throughput improvement of about 2 times that of LOS for both vertical detectors and angular diversity receivers. SMP diffuse model shows throughput improvement of about 1.5 times that of LOS for both vertical detectors and angular diversity receiver.
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Rouxel, Romain. "Ultrafast thermo-optical dynamics of single plasmonic nanoparticles." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE1306.
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Les changements de propriétés dynamiques de nanodisques d'or individuels supportés sur un substrat de saphir ont été étudiés sur des échelles de temps allant de la femtoseconde à la nanoseconde par la combinaison des techniques de spectroscopie par modulation spatiale et de spectroscopie optique résolue en temps. Les nanodisques sont mis hors-équilibre par l’absorption d’une impulsion optique de pompe, et leur relaxation est sondée optiquement par la mesure de la transmission d’une seconde impulsion. Dans la première partie de ce travail, la dynamique du transfert de chaleur du nano-objet au substrat a été mesurée de manière systématique pour des nanodisques de différentes dimensions. Les refroidissements observés sont quasi-exponentiels, avec une constante de temps dépendant principalement de l'épaisseur du disque, et faiblement de son diamètre. La comparaison des signaux expérimentaux avec les résultats de calculs par éléments finis indique que la dynamique de refroidissement est principalement limitée par la résistance thermique de Kapitza à l'interface nanodisque-substrat, dont la valeur a pu être extraite. En outre, la sensibilité des mesures pompe-sonde aux changements de température du nano-objet a été déterminée expérimentalement en fonction de la longueur d'onde de la sonde, ses valeurs et variations spectrales présentant un bon accord quantitatif avec les résultats d'un modèle thermo-optique par éléments finis. La deuxième partie de cette thèse se concentre sur les phénomènes ultra-rapides consécutifs à la photo-excitation d’un nano-objet, qui conduisent à sa thermalisation interne par des échanges d’énergie électron-électron et électron-phonon. En particulier, la sensibilité à ces phénomènes de l’extinction optique de nanodisques individuels a été étudiée expérimentalement en fonction de la longueur d'onde de la sonde. Ces mesures ont été comparées aux résultats d'un modèle numérique complet basé notamment sur la résolution de l'équation de Boltzmann et prenant également en compte l'effet du chauffage du réseau ionique, conduisant à un bon accord quantitatif. Une version simplifiée de ce modèle a également permis de mettre en évidence les rôles respectifs de l’évolution des températures des électrons et du réseau, clarifiant ainsi grandement les dépendances temporelle et spectrale des signaux résolus en tempsThe ultrafast dynamics of individual gold nanodisks supported on a sapphire substrate occurring at femtosecond to nanosecond timescales have been investigated using the combination of single-particle spatial modulation and time-resolved optical spectroscopies. Nanodisks are excited out of equilibrium by the absorption of an optical pump pulse, and their relaxation is optically probed by measuring the transmission of a second probe pulse. In the first part of this work, the dynamics of heat transfer from the nano-object to the substrate have been systematically measured for nanodisks of various dimensions. Quasi-exponential cooling kinetics were found, with a time constant mainly depending on the disk thickness and weakly on its diameter. Comparison of experimental signals with the results of finite-element calculations indicates that the cooling dynamics are primarily limited by the Kapitza thermal boundary resistance at the nanodisk-substrate interface, whose value could be extracted. Additionally, the sensitivity of pump-probe measurements to transient temperature changes in the nano-object was experimentally determined as a function of the probe wavelength, its values and spectral variations presenting a good quantitative agreement with the results of a thermo-optical finite-element model. The second part of this thesis focuses on the ultrafast phenomena immediately following the nano-object photo-excitation, leading to its internal thermalization through electron-electron and electron-phonon energy exchanges. In particular, the sensitivity of the optical extinction of individual nanodisks to these phenomena has been experimentally investigated as a function of the probe wavelength. These measurements were compared with the results of a complete numerical model based notably on the resolution of the Boltzmann equation and also taking into account the effect of lattice heating, yielding a good quantitative agreement. A simplified version of this model also allowed to highlight the respective roles of the temperature evolutions of the electrons and of the ionic lattice, greatly clarifying the temporal and spectral dependences of the measured time-resolved signals
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Roth, Matthias, Jörg Heber, and Klaus Janschek. "Concept for the fast modulation of light in amplitude and phase using analog tilt-mirror arrays." SPIE, 2017. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A35124.
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The full complex, spatial modulation of light at high frame rates is essential for a variety of applications. In particular, emerging techniques applied to scattering media, such as Digital Optical Phase Conjugation and Wavefront Shaping, request challenging performance parameters. They refer to imaging tasks inside biological media, whose characteristics concerning the transmission and reflection of scattered light may change over time within milliseconds. Thus, these methods call for frame rates in the kilohertz range. Existing solutions typically offer frame rate capabilities below 100 Hz, since they rely on liquid crystal spatial light modulators (SLMs). We propose a diffractive MEMS optical system for this application range. It relies on an analog, tilt-type micro mirror array (MMA) based on an established SLM technology, where the standard application is grayscale amplitude control. The new MMA system design allows the phase manipulation at high-speed as well.
The article studies properties of the appropriate optical setup by simulating the propagation of the light. Relevant test patterns and sensitivity parameters of the system will be analyzed. Our results illustrate the main opportunities of the concept with particular focus on the tilt mirror technology. They indicate a promising path to realize the complex light modulation at frame rates above 1 kHz and resolutions well beyond 10,000 complex pixels.
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Štolzová, Hana. "Analýza limitů zobrazování multimodovými optickými vlákny." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-392838.
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Multimódová vlákna jsou zobrazovacím prostředkem s významným potenciálem v in-vivo mikroendoskopii. V poslední době tato metoda zaznamenala velký rozvoj, a to díky zdokonalování výpočetní a jiné techniky, například prostorové modulace světla. Cílem této práce bylo nalézt specifické limity zobrazování multimódovými vlákny a představit jejich počítačovou simulaci. Byl zkoumán vliv způsobu osvětlení optického systému obsahujícího multimódové vlákno na jeho schopnost fokusace a zobrazování. Analýzou dat získaných ze simulací a experimentu bylo zjištěno, že různá míra omezení Gaussovského svazku a plnění apertury multimódového vlákna má za následek významnou změnu zobrazovacích schopností systému. Při pozorování kvality fokusace bylo zjištěno, že nejlépe se projevují svazky málo omezené aperturou vlákna. Tento fakt byl potvrzen i experimentálním měřením. Zobrazování za použití svazků s podobnými hodnotami omezení (50%) projevovalo i nejlepší schopnost přenosu kontrastu. Avšak při analýze rozlišení dvou bodových objektů se jako nejvhodnější projevily svazky významně přeplňující numerickou aperturu vlákna, 100% a více. Přítomnost tohoto rozdílu poukazuje na skutečnost, že multimódové vlákno není zcela náhodné médium, ale propagace světla skrz multimódové vlákno projevuje znaky závislosti na vnějších zobrazovacích podmínkách, jako je například změna omezení osvětlovacího svazku. V této práci bylo představeno několik způsobů vyhodnocení kvality zobrazování pomocí multimódového vlákna. Každé z těchto kritérií podalo dílčí charakteristiku chování optického systému obsahujícího multimódové optické vlákno. Jednotlivé výsledky se neshodují na jednom konkrétním řešení a nutí osobu využívající zobrazovací systém obsahující multimódové vlákno ke zvážení několika aspektů, a to v jakém prostředí bude daný optický systém využívat a který parametr kvality zobrazení bude považovat za nejdůležitější.
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LING, LAI-CHANG. "PHOTOEMITTER MEMBRANE SPATIAL LIGHT MODULATOR (SIGNAL PROCESSING, PHASE MODULATION)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/183921.
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Advantages of optics over electronics in signal processing derive from the fact that many operations, such as addition, multiplication, correlation, and filtering, can be performed in parallel on two-dimensional data samples. However, this advantage is attainable only if information can be input/output or processed at sufficient speed and space bandwidth. Although acousto-optic devices have been used to provide impressive throughput, they are inherently one-dimensional and do not possess any information-storage capability beyond the acoustic transit time (≤50 μs). Hence, a high-resolution high-speed two-dimensional transducer (or spatial light modulator, SLM) with real-time update capability is required. Unfortunately, none of the existing SLMs perform well enough to fully utilize the inherent speed and parallelism of the optics. This dissertation addresses the development of an SLM that has the potential to meet most of the performance requirements of advanced optical information-processing applications--the photoemitter membrane light modulator (PEMLM). At the heart of the PEMLM is a microchannel plate (MCP) with a flexible membrane covering each pore. In operation, the write image incident on a photocathode, which is placed on the input side of the MCP, creates an electron image. This electron image is then amplified by the MCP and deposited onto the membrane array. The membrane elements, which are electrically and mechanically isolated from each other, are deflected by the induced electrostatic forces. These deflections represent the stored information. Readout of stored information is accomplished by sensing the phase changes induced in an optical-readout beam reflected from the deformed membrane array. A sandwich-type electrostatic grid structure positioned between the MCP and membrane greatly enhances the versatility of the PEMLM by facilitating the use of secondary emission for active electron removal and various intrinsic operations. The theoretical analysis and experimental characterizations performed on prototype devices indicates that PEMLM is capable of higher throughput than most other SLMs, with expected resolutions approaching 50 lp/mm over 10⁷ resolution elements and framing rates greater than 1 KHz. MCP gains provides quantum-limited sensitivity. The PEMLM also promises information-storage times of minutes to hours, greater than 2π phase modulation, good image quality, and an option for serial addressing. In addition, the PEMLM can intrinsically perform operations such as intensity thresholding, contrast modification, edge enhancement, binary logic, synchronous detection, and image addition/subtraction.
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Ranshaw, M. J. "Phase-modulating spatial light modulators." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14252.
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McKnight, Douglas J. "An electronically addressed spatial light modulator." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/281.
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Coherent optical data processing is recognised to be a natural solution to certain information processing problems. Attempts to exploit the benefits of optical processing are limited by the quality of available Spatial Light Modulators. Spatial Light Modulators are devices which controllably impress information onto the amplitude or phase of an optical wavefront. They are used both to input data into an opticaI system and as modulating elements within the system (often in the Fourier plane of a Fourier transform processor). This thesis describes the successful development of an electronically addressed spatial light modulator using liquid crystal as the light modulating material and a silicon integrated circuit as the addressing medium. It is a pixelated binary spatial light modulator operating in reflection. Each pixel contains a memory element which stores the programmed logical state of the pixel. The addressing and pixel circuits were fabricated in a 1.5m nMOS technology on a 10 mm square chip. Th e pixels are arranged on a square array containing 50 x 50 elements. The liquid crystal was configured to modulate the light amplitude using the hybrid field effect in a nematic liquid crystal. The spatial light modulator is used as a Fourier plane filter in a coherent optical processing system. Its performance is assessed and the direction of future research into this type of spatial light modulator is discussed.
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Shaddock, Daniel Anthony, and Daniel Shaddock@jpl nasa gov. "Advanced Interferometry for Gravitational Wave Detection." The Australian National University. Faculty of Science, 2001. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20020227.171850.
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In this thesis we investigate advanced techniques for the readout and control of various interferometers. In particular, we present experimental investigations of interferometer configurations and control techniques to be used in second generation interferometric gravitational wave detectors. We also present a new technique, tilt locking, for the readout and control of optical interferometers.
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We report the first experimental demonstration of a Sagnac interferometer with resonant sideband extraction (RSE). We measure the frequency response to modulation of the length of the arms and demonstrate an increase in signal bandwidth of by a factor of 6.5 compared to the Sagnac with arm cavities only. We compare Sagnac interferometers based on optical cavities with cavity-based Michelson interferometers and find that the Sagnac configuration has little overall advantage in a cavity-based system.
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A system for the control and signal extraction of a power recycled Michelson interferometer with RSE is presented. This control system employs a frontal modulation scheme requiring a phase modulated carrier field and a phase modulated subcarrier field. The system is capable of locking all 5 length degrees of freedom and allows the signal cavity to be detuned over the entire range of possibilities, in principle, whilst maintaining lock. We analytically investigate the modulation/demodulation techniques used to obtain these error signals, presenting an introductory explanation of single sideband modulation/demodulation and double demodulation.
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This control system is implemented on a benchtop prototype interferometer. We discuss technical problems associated with production of the input beam modulation components and present several solutions. Operation of the interferometer is demonstrated for a wide range of detunings. The frequency response of the interferometer is measured for various detuned points and we observe good agreement with theoretical predictions. The ability of the control system to maintain lock as the interferometer is detuned is experimentally demonstrated.
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Tilt locking, a new technique to obtain an error signal to lock a laser to an optical cavity, is presented. This technique produces an error signal by efficient measurement of the interference between the TEM00 and TEM10 modes. We perform experimental and theoretical comparisons with the widely used Pound-Drever-Hall (PDH) technique. We derive the quantum noise limit to the sensitivity of a measurement of the beam position, and using this result calculate the shot noise limited sensitivity of tilt locking. We show that tilt locking has a quantum efficiency of 80%, compared to 82% for the PDH technique.
We present experimental demonstrations of tilt locking in several applications including frequency stabilisation, continuous-wave second harmonic generation, and injection locking of a Nd:YAG slab laser. In each of these cases, we demonstrate that the performance of tilt locking is not the limiting factor of the lock stability, and show that it achieves similar performance to the PDH based system.
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Finally, we discuss how tilt locking can be effectively applied to two beam interferometers. We show experimentally how a two beam interferometer typically gives excellent isolation against errors arising from changes in the photodetector position, and experimentally demonstrate the use of tilt locking as a signal readout system for a Sagnac interferometer.
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Wilson, Rebecca Anne. "The electron-beam tunable interference filter spatial light modulator." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/1494.
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Underwood, Ian. "An nMOS addressed liquid crystal spatial light modulator." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/1542.
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Coherent optical data processing is recognised, for many applications, as a viable alternative to digital electronic signal processing; the case for using coherent optics is particularly strong when the data to be processed is two dimensional in nature. It has long been accpeted that, in order for coherent optical processing to achieve its full performance potential, two dimensional spatial light modulators - capable of operating in real time - are essential at both the object plane (where the data is input to the system) and the Fourier plane (where the operation carried out on the data is determined). Most previous research in the field of spatial modulators has concentrated on optically addressed devices for use in the object plane. This thesis describes a prototype liquid crystal over silicon spatial light modulator built to test the feasibility of using such devices in a coherent optical processor. Optically, the device operates as a binary amplitude modulator, consisting of a square array of 16x16 pixels, each of size 100x100 m^2 and located at 200m centres. The integrated circuit is designed for a 6m wafer fabrication process. Each pixel of the IC contains a static memory element (which stores a digital logic voltage corresponding to the optical state of that pixel) and provides a stable square wave voltage signal to drive the liquid crystal layer. The component parts of the spatial light modulator are tested individually: the liquid crystal, in test cells, for contrast and switching speed; the IC for electrical performance and optical (flatness) characteristics. The effect of pixellation on optical performance is investigated. The performance of live devices is demonstrated. The results indicate the feasibility of using such a device as a binary amplitude spatial light modulator.
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Whitson, Michael J. (Michael Joshua). "Fourier-based optical analysis of a membrane mirror spatial light modulator." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/113448.
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Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2017.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 209-214).
This thesis presents the operational theory and engineering numerical models for the operation of a schlieren-like Fourier optical system, used to read out a phase-only spatial light modulator (SLM) for phase to intensity conversion. The computational model, based on discrete cosine transforms, is lightweight enough to be run on standard desktop computers, and flexible enough to allow engineering simulations of arbitrary pixel phase profiles, including empirical datasets. We apply these models to case studies of the design and simulation of pixel geometries and readout system designs for a MEMS-based membrane mirror spatial light modulator (MMSLM), for use as a projection display at a range of visible and infrared wavelengths. Output images, contrast curves and pixel uniformities are simulated for each case study. Simulation results indicate the use of a zero-order blocking spatial filter when high contrast is prioritized, while a zero-order passing spatial filter provides enhanced uniformity of arrays of many pixels. Key engineering rules of thumb and a sample design flow are provided for the design of future phase-contrast projection systems.
by Michael J. Whitson.
M. Eng.
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Luo, Ming. "Optical Analysis and Opto-Mechanical Design for Miniaturized Laser Illumination Module in 3D Areal Mapper." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33169.
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A miniaturized spatial light modulator (SLM)-based structured-light illumination module with optical fiber input is designed to generate a coded 256 x 256 spots pattern for 3-D areal mapping applications. The projector uses the light from a He-Ne laser coupled to a polarization-maintaining (PM) fiber to illuminate a specially made hologram so that four virtual point sources are regenerated. The interference pattern of the four sources are filtered and modulated by an SLM. The output intensity can thus be encoded to form any arbitrary pattern through the electronic input applied to the SLM with a high speed. In this thesis, a complete optical diffraction analysis of the system is presented to provide guidelines for the optimal design of the system parameters. Through the theoretical analysis for square beam array generation, the important parameters for fabricating a hologram are given. The final system optical design and arrangement based on optical analysis are described. The detailed opto-mechanical construction of the LIM and the associated alignment, the computer simulation and the preliminary test results of the developed LIM are also provided.Master of Science
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Sathian, Juna. "Investigation of the intensity dependence of amplitude noise in electro-optic phase modulators." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2013. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/63003/1/Juna_Sathian_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis studied the source of instability in optical phase modulators used in high accuracy laser measurement systems. The nonlinear origin of the amplitude noise helped further reducing this instability in applications that rely on phase modulators to function. This outcome will have positive impacts on the development of new methods in the amplitude noise suppression.
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Begbie, Mark. "Experimental development of liquid crystal spatial light modulator based coherent optical correlators." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/10774.
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This work describes an experimentally based investigation into the use of spatial light modulators in coherent optical processing systems. The initial stages of the work revolve around designing a VanderLugt type optical correlator based upon two spatial light modulator devices. The spatial light modulators employed in the design are 256 x 256 pixel displays previously designed within the research group. We present the design specification and projected optical performance for a coherent optical correlator designed around these modulators. Alongside the development of the optical processing system, we present an investigation into possible processing algorithms and applications of the system. We investigate optical correlation and its application in morphological image processing. This, together with the use of stereo imagery and novel range analysis methods, provides the basis for an optical processing strategy to be implemented using the optical processor. Simulation results are presented showing the performance benefits provided by range analysis over direct correlation for target recognition, specifically for a group of targets similar to appearance to road signs. Initial optical correlator results are presented, showing significant shortcomings in the performance of the optical system. An experimental process of analysis reveals the primary source of signal degradation to be caused by poor performance of the spatial light modulators. This forces a change of track in the flow of the project towards a detailed investigation of the display device properties.
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Claydon-Smith, Mark. "Development of a deformable membrane spatial light modulator." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316273.
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Zhou, Sichao. "Complex Optical Fields Generation Using a Vectorial Optical Field Generator." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1461689435.
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Clapham, Sarah Louise. "Real-time holographic display devices for image projection and spatial light modulation." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293148.
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Gan, Haiyong. "Electro-optic Polymer Based Fabry-Perot Interferometer Devices for Optoelectronic Applications." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195839.
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Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) devices are designed based on the electro-optic (EO) activities of nonlinear optical (NLO) polymer materials for tunable optical filters (TOFs) and spatial light modulators (SLMs). The performance of the EO polymer based FPI devices is theoretically modeled with first order approximation on the FPI cavity interface phase dispersion. NLO materials including TCBD coupled hybrid sol-gel, AJL8/amorphous polycarbonate (APC), and AJLS102/APC are incorporated in FPI structures with distributed Bragg reflector mirrors and transparent conducting oxide electrodes for TOFs. High finesse (over 200), low drive voltage (10 dB isolation ratio with 5 V), and fast settling time (about sub-millisecond) are achieved. The physical origin of the large tunabilities is explored and the contributions from EO effect and inverse piezoelectric effect are analyzed. EO polymer SWOHF3ME/APC is employed in FPI devices with simplified structures for SLMs. Modulation beyond megahertz level is achieved with constant modulation ratio from DC frequency to high operation speed. The operation speed can be potentially over gigahertz with improved device and drive circuit design. When the EO polymer based SLM is configured to work at near the resonance band of the NLO material, the spectral tunability is increased due to resonance enhanced EO activity and the SLM performance is significantly improved. The EO polymer based FPI devices can be further optimized and are promising candidates for many optoelectronic applications.
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Burns, Dwayne C. "Design and characterisation of a ferroelectric liquid crystal over silicon spatial light modulator." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/1541.
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Many optical processing systems rely critically on the availability of high performance, electrically-addressed spatial light modulators. Ferroelectric liquid crystal over silicon is an attractive spatial light modulator technology because it combines two well matched technologies. Ferroelectric liquid crystal modulating materials exhibit fast switching times with low operating voltages, while very large scale silicon integrated circuits offer high-frequency, low power operation, and versatile functionality. This thesis describes the design and characterisation of the SBS256 - a general purpose 256 x 256 pixel ferroelectric liquid crystal over silicon spatial light modulator that incorporates a static-RAM latch and an exclusive-OR gate at each pixel. The static-RAM latch provides robust data storage under high read-beam intensities, while the exclusive-OR gate permits the liquid crystal layer to be fully and efficiently charge balanced. The SBS256 spatial light modulator operates in a binary mode. However, many applications, including helmet-mounted displays and optoelectronic implementations of artificial neural networks, require devices with some level of grey-scale capability. The 2 kHz frame rate of the device, permits temporal multiplexing to be used as a means of generating discrete grey-scale in real-time. A second integrated circuit design is also presented. This prototype neuraldetector backplane consists of a 4 x 4 array of optical-in, electronic-out processing units. These can sample the temporally multiplexed grey-scale generated by the SBS256. The neurons implement the post-synaptic summing and thresholding function, and can respond to both positive and negative activations - a requirement of many artificial neural network models.
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Jukna, Vytautas. "Conical wave triggered transient spatio-temporal effects in Kerr media." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20121001_093530-53415.
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Thesis consists of introduction, followed by five main chapters and conclusions. Introduction is devoted to the explanation of filamentation process. The mechanisms responsible for filament generation and evolution are explained first and various models of the filamentation are presented as well. The second chapter is devoted to the study on supercontinuum spectrum dependence on the initial pulse diameter. The chapter 4 is devoted to the study of the filamentation in scattering medium, and covers the performed experiment, explanation of new developed numerical scheme, and finally comparison of the numerical and experimental results. The chapter 5 describes the multifilamentation with elliptical beam. The role of the four wave mixing to the filaments periodicity is briefly explained. The periodicity dependence on the wave of intensity as well the evolution of multifilamentation is shown. Three dimensional study of the modulation instability during multifilamentation process is also presented in chapter 5. The last chapter 6 is devoted to the origin of the rogue wave statistics in supercontinuum generation, and comparison of the numeric results with experimental. At the end (chapter 7) the main conclusions of the current work are presented.Disertaciją sudaro įvadas, penki pagrindiniai skyriai ir išvados. Įvade aiškinamas sudėtingas šviesos gijų formavimosi procesas. Paaiškinami fizikiniai reiškiniai, lemiantys šviesos gijų generacijos bei evoliucijos ypatybes, supažindinama su įvairiais šviesos gijų susidarymo ir sklidimo modeliais. Antrajame skyriuje nagrinėjama pradinio pluošto diametro įtaka superkontinuumo spektrui. Trečias skyrius, skirtas šviesos gijų generacijos sklaidančioje terpėje tyrimui, apima atlikto eksperimento bei sukurtos naujos skaitmeninio modeliavimo schemos pristatymą, ir, galiausiai, skaitmeninio modeliavimo ir eksperimentinių rezultatų palyginimą. Ketvirtame skyriuje nagrinėjama daugelio gijų generacija elipsiniais pluoštais. Trumpai paaiškinta kaskadinio keturbangio maišymo įtaka šviesos gijų periodiškumui. Ištirta šviesos gijų periodo priklausomybė nuo bangos intensyvumo, ir atskleista daugelio gijų generacijos dinamika. Moduliacinio nestabilumo analizė ir jos įtaka taip pat pateikiama ketvirtame skyriuje. Penktajame skyriuje nagrinėjama ekstremalių įvykių tūrinėje Kerro terpėje atsiradimas. Palyginami plataus spektro generacijos kompiuterinio modeliavimo ir eksperimento metu surinkti statistiniai duomenys. Pabaigoje pateikti pagrindiniai darbo rezultatai ir išvados.
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Nesrallah, Michael J. "Spatio-Temporal Theory of Optical Kerr Nonlinear Instability." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/34313.
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This work derives a nonlinear optical spatio-temporal instability. It is a perturbative analysis that begins from Maxwell’s equations and its constituent relations to derive a vectorial nonlinear wave equation. In fact, it is a new theoretical method that has been developed that builds on previous aspects of nonlinear optics in a more general way. The perturbation in the wave equation derived is coupled with its complex conjugate which has been taken for granted so far. Once decoupled it gives rise to a second-order equation and thus a true instability regime because the wavevector can become complex. The solution obtained for the perturbation that co-propagates with the driving laser is a generalization to modulation and filamentation instability, extending beyond the nonlinear Schrodinger and nonlinear transverse diffusion equations[1][2]. As a result of this new mechanism, new phenomena can be explored. For example, the Kerr Nonlinear Instability can lead to exponential growth, and hence amplification. This can occur even at wavelengths that are typically hard to operate at, such as into far infrared wave- lengths. This provides a mechanism for obtaining amplification in the far infrared from a small seed pulse without the need for population inversion. The analysis provides the basic framework that can be extended to many different avenues. This will be the subject of future work, as outlined in the conclusion of this thesis.
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Cordray, Jared M. "Investigation of Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulators to Simulate Speckle Fields." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1272472315.
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Lowell, David. "Fabrication and Study of the Optical Properties of 3D Photonic Crystals and 2D Graded Photonic Super-Crystals." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1404552/.
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In this dissertation, I am presenting my research on the fabrication and simulation of the optical properties of 3D photonic crystals and 2D graded photonic super-crystals. The 3D photonic crystals were fabricated using holographic lithography with a single, custom-built reflective optical element (ROE) and single exposure from a visible light laser. Fully 3D photonic crystals with 4-fold, 5- fold, and 6-fold symmetries were fabricated using the flexible, 3D printed ROE. In addition, novel 2D graded photonic super-crystals were fabricated using a spatial light modulator (SLM) in a 4f setup for pixel-by-pixel phase engineering. The SLM was used to control the phase and intensity of sets of beams to fabricate the 2D photonic crystals in a single exposure. The 2D photonic crystals integrate super-cell periodicities with 4-fold, 5-fold, and 6-fold symmetries and a graded fill fraction. The simulations of the 2D graded photonic super-crystals show extraordinary properties such as full photonic band gaps and cavity modes with Q-factors of ~106. This research could help in the development of organic light emitting diodes, high-efficiency solar cells, and other devices.
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Liu, Lichuan, and Lichuan Liu. "Holographic Cross-connection for Optical Ising Machine Based on Multi-core Fiber Laser." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626769.
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A method of holographic cross-connection is proposed for an Optical Ising machine system. The designed optical Ising machine based on multi-core fiber laser is introduced, including the theory of computation, history of optical computing, the concept of Ising model, the significance of optical Ising machine, the method to achieve Ising machine optically. The cross-connection part is based on computer-generated holograms (CGH), which is produced by Gerchburg-Saxton algorithm. The coupling coefficient between two channels as well as the phase change are controlled by CGHs. The design of holograms is discussed. The instrument used to display holograms is phase-only liquid crystal spatial light modulator (SLM) from HOLOEYE company. The optical system needed in this project, such as collimation lens and relay lens, is designed using Zemax. The system is first evaluated in Zemax simulation, and then constructed experimentally. The results show that we can control amplitude and phase of the reinjection beam at Multi-core fiber. Further experiment should be done to conclude that the control of the cross coupling between channels is achieved by displaying different holograms.
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Shrauger, Vernon Eugene. "Development of a silicon VLSI optically addressed liquid crystal smart spatial light modulator." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10517.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1997.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 131-137).
by Vernon Eugene Shrauger.
Ph.D.
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Wu, Guimin. "Wavefront Control With Realistic Spatial Light Modulator in a Multi-aperture Imager." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1355243952.
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Aiken, John Charles. "The development of a colour liquid crystal display spatial light modulator and applications in polychromatic optical data processing." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326384.
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Milne, Graham. "Optical sorting and manipulation of microscopic particles." Thesis, St Andrews, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/334.
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Bolduc, Eliot. "Studies in Applied and Fundamental Quantum Mechanics: Duality, Tomography, Cryptography and Holography." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26291.
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This thesis encompasses a collection of four pieces of work on wave-particle duality, weak-value-assisted tomography, high-dimensional quantum key distribution, and phase-only holograms. In the work on duality, we derive a novel duality relation, and we sketch a thought experiment that leads to an apparent violation of the duality principle. In the project on tomography, we perform a state determination procedure with weak values, and we study the accuracy of the method. In the quantum cryptography project, we optimize an experimental implementation of a quantum cryptography system where two parties share information with the orbital angular momentum degree of freedom of entangled photon pairs. Finally, in the work on holography, we establish the exact solution to the encryption of a phase-only hologram, and experimentally demonstrate its application to spatial light modulators. The four projects provide improvements on measurement procedures in applied and fundamental quantum mechanics.
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Peigné, Arnaud. "Holographie adaptative pour la réalisation de capteurs à fibres optiques de très grande sensibilité : application à la détection d’ondes acoustiques sous-marines." Thesis, Nice, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NICE4005/document.
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Ces dernières années, des avancées considérables ont été obtenues dans le domaine des capteurs à fibres optiques, principalement grâce à l’élan des applications industrielles, de plus en plus diverses et nombreuses (monitoring de structures, surveillance, environnement, applications médicales, ….). Cette thèse concerne le domaine des antennes acoustiques SONAR en technologie « tout-optique » Dans ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’étude d’un capteur de contrainte longitudinale à fibre optique. La modulation de phase optique induite par la contrainte est démodulée par un interféromètre adaptatif basé sur le principe de l’holographie dynamique. Cet interféromètre permet, par essence, (i) le filtrage des perturbations basse fréquence de l’environnement, (ii) un fonctionnement en régime linéaire (iii) la démodulation d’un front d’onde complexe, type speckle issu d’une fibre optique multimode. L’holographie dynamique repose sur l’interaction entre deux ondes optiques dans un milieu non-linéaire. Pour notre application, le milieu non-linéaire retenu est un modulateur spatial de lumière adressé optiquement (OASLM) à 1,55 μm. Nous présentons tout d’abord nos travaux de conception, réalisation et caractérisation de l’interféromètre adaptatif. Nous démontrons ensuite un capteur de contrainte à fibre optique basé sur cet interféromètre. Nous étudions également l’augmentation de sensibilité du capteur par l’utilisation d’une fibre optique multimode. Nous discutons finalement nos résultats et le potentiel de la technologie étudiée au regard de l’application viséeFiber optic sensors are a key technology for future developments with a large field of applications ranging from structure health monitoring to medical applications. Due to its high compactness, its electromagnetic immunity and the low transmission losses in the telecom window, optical fibers are very promising for underwater acoustic waves detection. We present a method relying on adaptive holographic interferometry based on two beam coupling in an optically addressed spatial light modulator (OASLM). This method allows filtering the slow phase perturbations coming from the environment directly on the sensing optical fiber. In this work, we will first introduce the OASLM operating at 1,55 μm that we have manufactured and the realization of an adaptive holographic interferometer based on this component. Moreover, we will show that it is possible to associate this demodulation method with a multimode optical fiber to reach a better sensitivity. Finally, we will focus on sensors architectures to evaluate the benefit of this technology compared to conventional techniques
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Junique, Stéphane. "Surface-normal multiple quantum well electroabsorption modulators : for optical signal processing and asymmetric free-space communication." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Mikroelektronik och tillämpad fysik, MAP, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4532.
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Electroabsorption is the physical phenomenon by which the absorption of light in a medium can be controlled by applying an electric field. The Quantum–Confined Stark Effect, which makes the absorption band–edge in quantum wells very field–dependent, together with the strong absorption peak provided by excitons, are the physical foundations for the success of electroabsorption modulators based on quantum well structures in telecommunication networks. This thesis describes the design and fabrication of surface–normal electroabsorption modulation devices. The techniques needed to understand the design and fabrication of surface–normal multiple quantum well optical modulators are introduced, as are the various characterisation techniques used during and after the fabrication. Devices for several types of applications have been designed, fabricated, characterised and in some cases integrated into optical systems: – Two–dimensional arrays of 128´128 pixel amplitude modulators grown on GaAs substrates have been fabricated and characterised. Speeds of up to 11700 frames per second were demonstrated, limited by the output electronics of the computer interface. – Large–area modulators grown on GaAs substrates for free–space optical communication were developed, with an active area of 2cm2 and a modulation speed of several megahertz. Contrast ratios up to 5:1 on full modulator areas were measured. Problems limiting the yield and modulation speed of such devices have been studied, and solutions to overcome them have been demonstrated. – Large–area devices grown on InP substrates for free–space optical communication have been developed. Contrast ratios of up to 2:1 for transmissive types have been demonstrated. – Devices consisting of two rows of pixels, grown on GaAs substrates, with an active area of 22mm´5mm, divided into 64 or 128 pixels per row have been developed. These amplitude modulation devices were designed for optical signal processing applications. – One variant of these optical signal processing devices was also characterised as a ternary, binary amplitude and binary phase modulator array. – The use of GaAs multiple quantum well optical modulators in a free–space optical retro–communication system has been studied. An opto–mechanical design for a modulating retro–reflector is described, allowing a large field of view in one direction using reflecting, resonant–cavity modulators for high contrast ratios.QC 20100802
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Moncada, Javier Augusto Jurado. "Aplicação da técnica de contraste de fase da ordem zero na geração de pinças ópticas multi-feixe." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18155/tde-22122017-080731/.
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Um sistema multi-feixe de pinças ópticas baseado na técnica de contraste de fase da ordem zero pode apresentar vantagens significativas sobre sistemas mecanicamente complexos e sensíveis ao alinhamento, e sobre tecnologias que, apesar de serem similares, requerem a customização de componentes ópticos. Porém, ao nosso conhecimento, este sistema até agora não tem sido implementado experimentalmente. Neste trabalho tem-se desenvolvido, como prova de princípio, o primeiro sistema baseado na técnica de contraste de fase da ordem zero gerador de múltiplas pinças ópticas. Esta técnica da óptica de Fourier utiliza conceitos do contraste de fase de Zernike e técnicas de codificação de dois pixels para gerar padrões de intensidade no plano da imagem que são diretamente relacionados a distribuições de fase no plano de entrada do sistema, o qual é formado por um modulador espacial de luz (SLM). Esta dissertação de mestrado descreve detalhadamente os passos tomados com o propósito de utilizar os campos estruturados de luz gerados pelo sistema de contraste de fase da ordem zero para aprisionar esferas de 2 µm de diâmetro de sílica fundida. Neste trabalho apresentamos os fundamentos teóricos do aprisionamento óptico e da técnica de contraste de fase da ordem zero, seguidos pela implementação de experimentos independentes em cada modalidade, e finalmente apresentamos a integração de ambos os sistemas dentro um sistema único de pinças ópticas multi-feixe. Apesar da baixa eficiência óptica do sistema, foi possível implementar um sistema de pinças ópticas duplas. Finalizamos o nosso trabalho na discussão detalhada das limitações do nosso arranjo óptico e comentamos sobre potenciais melhorias para aumentar a rigidez das pinças ópticas e a qualidade geral do sistema.A multi-beam optical trapping system based on the zero order phase contrast technique may offer significant advantages over mechanically-complex, alignment-sensitive optical trapping systems, and over technologies that, though similar, require the customization of optics components. However, to our knowledge, such a system has not been yet implemented experimentally. We have developed, as a proof of principle, what we think is the first system based on the zero order phase contrast technique to successfully generate multiple optical traps. This Fourier optics technique makes use of existing concepts of Zernike phase contrast and two-pixel encoding techniques to generate intensity patterns in the image plane that are directly related to phase distributions in the input plane, which is comprised by a spatial light modulator (SLM). This master\'s dissertation describes in detail the steps taken towards using the structured light fields generated by a zero order phase contrast system to trap 2 µm diameter fused silica beads. We present the theoretical foundations of optical trapping and the zero order phase contrast technique, followed by the implementation of independent laboratory experiments in each modality, and finally integrate both systems into a single optical setup for multi-beam trapping. In spite of the low optical efficiency of the system, we were able to implement dual optical traps. We finalize by discussing in detail the limitations of our experimental setup in and comment on potential improvements to increase the stiffness of the optical traps and the overall quality of the system.
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Vargas, Martín Fernando. "Óptica adaptativa en oftalmoscopia: corrección de las aberraciones del ojo mediante un modulador espacial de cristal." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10846.
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Las aberraciones ópticas determinan la formación de imágenes en el ojo, tanto en el proceso de la visión como en las observaciones oftalmoscópicas del fondo de ojo. La corrección total de estas aberraciones permitiría una resolución limitada sólo por la difracción en las pupilas utilizadas. Las aberraciones del ojo difieren de un sujeto a otro y no responden a modelos sencillos. En este trabajo se propone el uso de técnicas de Óptica Adaptativa para el desarrollo de un sistema experimental para la medida y corrección de las aberraciones estáticas del ojo. Estas técnicas pueden ser igualmente útiles para obtener imágenes de alta resolución de la retina, utilizarse en el diseño de lentes oftálmicas, etc. Para la medida de la función aberración de onda, se han utilizado dos métodos no invasivos aplicables al ojo humano: La Recuperación de Fase a partir de dos imágenes de Doble Paso, y el Sensor de Hartmann-Shack. Para la corrección de la aberración se ha utilizado un Modulador Espacial de Cristal Líquido.Se han desarrollado los procedimientos de control y de calibrado de estos métodos, y se estudia la viabilidad de aplicación para el ojo. Finalmente, se han realizado medidas de la aberración, mediante ambos métodos, y su posterior corrección mediante el modulador espacial de cristal líquido, en un ojo artificial y en sujetos reales.The image formation properties of the eye are determined by the aberrations of the optics. The complete correction of the aberrations would allow diffraction-limited resolution. The aberrations of the eye are not easily modeled and are different for each subject.This thesis proposes the use of adaptive optics techniques to measure and correct the static aberrations of the eye. The principles and methods developed are useful in specific applications, i.e., high-resolution retinal imaging, ophthalmic lens design, etc.Two non-invasive methods have been used to measure the wave aberration function: Phase Retrieval Techniques from two double-pass retinal images; and the Hartmann-Shack sensor. A Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulator was used to adaptively correct the wave front aberration of the eye.This thesis also includes guidelines to calibrate and control the proposed techniques.Finally, experimental explorations of these methods are reported. Several results are presented, including the measure and the subsequent compensation of the wave aberration for artificial and human eyes.
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Kosmeier, Sebastian. "Optical eigenmodes for illumination & imaging." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3369.
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This thesis exploits so called “Optical Eigenmodes” (OEi) in the focal plane of an optical system. The concept of OEi is introduced and the OEi operator approach is outlined, for which quadratic measures of the light field are expressed as real eigenvalues of an Hermitian operator. As an example, the latter is employed to locally minimise the width of a focal spot. The limitations of implementing these spots with state of the art spatial beam shaping technique are explored and a selected spot with a by 40 % decreased core width is used to confocally scan an in focus pair of holes, delivering a two-point resolution enhanced by a factor of 1.3. As a second application, OEi are utilised for fullfield imaging. Therefore they are projected onto an object and for each mode a complex coupling coefficient describing the light-sample interaction is determined. The superposition of the OEi weighted with these coefficients delivers an image of the object. Compared to a point-by-point scan of the sample with the same number of probes, i.e. scanning points, the OEi image features higher spatial resolution and localisation of object features, rendering OEi imaging a compressive imaging modality. With respect to a raster scan a compression by a factor four is achieved. Compared to ghost imaging as another fullfield imaging method, 2-3 orders of magnitude less probes are required to obtain similar images. The application of OEi for imaging in transmission as well as for fluorescence and (surface enhanced) Raman spectroscopy is demonstrated. Finally, the applicability of the OEi concept for the coherent control of nanostructures is shown. For this, OEi are generated with respect to elements on a nanostructure, such as nanoantennas or nanopads. The OEi can be superimposed in order to generate an illumination of choice, for example to address one or multiple nanoelements with a defined intensity. It is shown that, compared to addressing such elements just with a focussed beam, the OEi concept reduces illumination crosstalk in addressing individual nanoelements by up to 70 %. Furthermore, a fullfield aberration correction is inherent to experimentally determined OEi, hence enabling addressing of nanoelements through turbid media.
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Wang, Xinghua. "Liquid Crystal Diffractive Optical Elements: Applications and Limitations." [Kent, Ohio] : Kent State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=kent1122499777.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Kent State University, 2005.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Sept. 14, 2006). Advisor: Philip J. Bos. Keywords: liquid crystal; diffractive optical element; optical phased array; spatial light modulator; high resolution wavefront control; aberration correction. Includes bibliographical references (p. 206-213).
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Peloux, Marius. "Nouveaux composants optiques pixellisés pour la correction visuelle : modélisation, optimisation et évaluation." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA112202/document.
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Ce manuscrit de thèse traite de l’étude de verres ophtalmiques microstructurés et plus particulièrement pixellisés, ces derniers pouvant présenter un intérêt particulier en optique active pour la correction de la presbytie. Une étude théorique est proposée, permettant d’analyser les performances optiques d’une lentille pixellisée en termes de transport d’image et d’identifier les paramètres qui ont un impact direct sur ces performances. Après validation expérimentale des résultats obtenus, nous constatons puis expliquons l’effet sur l’observation d’une scène de l’excentrement de l’œil par rapport à la fonction de phase du verre. Nous étudions l’effet du repliement de phase inhérent aux limites des technologies de fabrication, qui vient ajouter un chromatisme axial aux défauts visuels engendrés par la pixellisation. Nous nous intéressons ensuite aux applications possibles de la pixellisation en optique passive. Nous prouvons que pour une application visée, des lentilles binaires non pixellisées, dont nous optimisons la qualité optique, conduisent à de meilleurs résultats que les lentilles pixellisées. L’impact sur l’acuité visuelle des phénomènes diffractifs parasites induits par la pixellisation est évalué au moyen d’un banc de mesure utilisant la simulation de certaines images telles qu’elles seraient vues au travers de verres ophtalmiques pixellisés. Enfin, nous menons une étude de l’aspect esthétique d’un verre pixellisé vu par un observateur externe, à partir de modèles de calcul hybrides mêlant optique géométrique et optique de FourierThis thesis investigates microstructured and more particularly pixelated ophthalmic glasses, the latter raising some hope for the active correction of presbyopia. A theoretical study is developed for the analysis of the optical performances of a pixelated lens in terms of image transport and leads to the identification of the parameters which have an impact on these performances. After experimental validation of the results obtained, we note and then explain the effect on the observation of a scene of eye displacement with respect to the optical function of the eyeglass. We study the effect of phase wrapping, which is inherent in the limits of the technologies implied in the manufacturing process and adds an axial chromatism effect to the visual defects generated by pixelation. We are also interested in the potential applications of pixelation in the field of passive optics. We prove that for a given application, non pixelated binary lenses, the optical quality of which we optimize, lead to better results than pixelated lenses. The impact on visual acuity of the parasitic diffractive phenomena induced by pixelation is evaluated with an optical bench using the simulation of test images seen through pixelated lenses. Finally, we study the aesthetic aspect of a pixelated component as seen by an external observer, using hybrid calculation models based on both geometrical and Fourier optics
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Zimnicki, James John. "Spatial Heterodyne Imaging Using a Broadband Source." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1519143422981263.
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TUCOULOU, TACHOUERES REMI. "Modulation spatiale et temporelle d'un faisceau de rayons x par interaction avec des ondes acoustiques de surface." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10273.
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La reflexion d'un faisceau x ( 1 a) sur la surface d'un cristal piezoelectrique (linbo#3) excite par des ondes acoustiques s'accompagne de par et d'autre du faisceau reflechi de pics satellites intenses (15% de l'intensite du faisceau direct) dus a la rugosite sinusoidale de la surface. Un phenomene similaire s'observe autour des diffractions de bragg d'une multicouche deposee sur un cristal piezoelectrique dont la surface est parcourue par des ondes acoustiques. Nous avons montre que la position angulaire de ces pics satellites depend de l'angle d'incidence et du rapport des longueurs d'onde x et acoustique et pouvait donc etre modifiee en changeant la frequence acoustique. Ceci nous a conduit a developper une premiere application permettant le balayage spatial d'un faisceau x par variation de la frequence acoustique autour de la frequence de resonance de l'emetteur. Ce balayage a une ou deux dimensions si l'on associe deux deflecteurs acoustiques, peut atteindre 1 mm a une distance de 1 m du cristal avec une sensibilite de l'ordre du nanometre, bien inferieure aux dimensions actuelles des faisceaux (de l'ordre de 1 m#2). Nous avons mene une etude sur l'association d'un systeme electro-acoustique avec une optique focalisante (lentille de bragg-fresnel) pour obtenir des balayages de faisceaux focalises. Les utilisations possibles sont dans la microanalyse, la microscopie x et la lithogravure. La seconde application presentee dans cette these consiste a introduire une pulsation de la structure temporelle de l'onde acoustique afin d'obtenir une modulation temporelle de l'intensite des faisceaux x satellites. Une utilisation interessante est le selecteur haute frequence de pulses synchrotrons realise en synchronisant les pulses acoustiques sur la frequence des paquets d'electrons qui tournent dans l'anneau. Ce filtre temporel elimine 99% des photons indesirables. Ces faisceaux adaptables sont utiles pour les experiences resolues en temps
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Hassan, Safaa. "Optical Property Study of 2D Graded Photonic Super-Crystals for Photon Management." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2020. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1703318/.
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In this dissertation, we study the optical property of 2D graded photonic super-crystals (GPSCs) for photon management. We focused primarily on manipulation and control of light by using the newly discovered GPSCs which present great opportunity for electromagnetic wave control in photonic devices. The GPSC has been used to explore the superior capability of improving the light extraction efficiency of OLEDs. The enhancement of extraction efficiency has been explained in term of destructive interference of surface plasmon resonance and out-coupling of surface plasmon through phase matching provided by GPSC and verified by e-field intensity distributions. A large light extraction efficiency up to 75% into glass substrate has been predicted through simulation. We also study the light trapping enhancement in GPSCs. Broadband, wide incident angle, and polarization independent light trapping enhancement is achieved in silicon solar cells patterned with the GPSCs. In addition, novel 2D GPSCs were fabricated using holographic lithography through the interference lithography by two sets of multiple beams arranged in a cone geometry using a spatial light modulator (SLM). Finally, we also report a fabrication of GPSCs with a super-cell size of 12a×12a by using e-beam lithography. Diffraction pattern from GPSCs reveals unique diffraction properties. In an application aspect, light emitting diode arrays can be replaced by a single light emitting diode shinning onto the diffraction pattern for a uniform fluorescence.
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Tebow, Christopher. "A Tunable Snapshot Imaging Spectrometer." Diss., Tucson, Arizona : University of Arizona, 2005. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu%5Fetd%5F1023%5F1%5Fm.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Roth, Matthias, Jörg Heber, and Klaus Janschek. "System design of programmable 4f phase modulation techniques for rapid intensity shaping: A conceptual comparison." SPIE, 2016. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A35096.
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The present study analyses three beam shaping approaches with respect to a light-efficient generation of i) patterns and ii) multiple spots by means of a generic optical 4f-setup. 4f approaches share the property that due to the one-to-one relationship between output intensity and input phase, the need for time-consuming, iterative calculation can be avoided. The resulting low computational complexity offers a particular advantage compared to the widely used holographic principles and makes them potential candidates for real-time applications. The increasing availability of high-speed phase modulators, e.g. on the basis of MEMS, calls for an evaluation of the performances of these concepts.
Our second interest is the applicability of 4f methods to high-power applications. We discuss the variants of 4f intensity shaping by phase modulation from a system-level point of view which requires the consideration of application relevant boundary conditions. The discussion includes i) the micro mirror based phase manipulation combined with amplitude masking in the Fourier plane, ii) the Generalized Phase Contrast, and iii) matched phase-only correlation filtering combined with GPC. The conceptual comparison relies on comparative figures of merit for energy efficiency, pattern homogeneity, pattern image quality, maximum output intensity and flexibility with respect to the displayable pattern. Numerical simulations illustrate our findings.
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Hutsebaut, Xavier. "Etude expérimentale de l'optique non linéaire dans les cristaux liquides: solitons spatiaux et instabilité de modulation." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210786.
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