Relevant bibliographies by topics / Optical polarization and confocal laser microscopy

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers
  5. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Optical polarization and confocal laser microscopy'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Optical polarization and confocal laser microscopy"

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Turner, JN, DH Szarowski, DP Barnard, JS Deitch, JW Swann, and K. Smith. "Confocal laser scanned microscopy: Optimized reflection mode." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 47 (August 6, 1989): 142–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100152689.

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Most biological applications of confocal laser scanned microscopy (CLSM) involve the use of selective stains. Some of these stains provide image contrast by reflecting more light than the background. Unfortunately, reflected light from internal optical surfaces can also reach the detector, and the resultant spurious signal be superimposed on the image. When the specimen signal approaches or is less than that of the internal reflections, image degradation results. Due to the low reflectivity of biological stains, this situation is common. The image signal is also reduced as a function of depth in the specimen due to attenuation by surrounding tissue (stained or unstained), making the problem more severe because the internal reflections remain constant. This attenuation can limit the maximum depth at which optical sections are recorded. The spurious signals from these internal reflections can saturate parts of the field suppressing image information, and/or adversely influencing digital processing by establishing unrealistic intensity baselines and scales. Polarization optics have been proposed to reduce the effect of internal reflections. We report the installation of such components, and their use in imaging three important selective stains.
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Lakkakorpi, J. T., and H. J. Rajaniemi. "Application of the immunofluorescence technique and confocal laser scanning microscopy for studying the distribution of the luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin (LH/CG) receptor on rat luteal cells." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 39, no. 4 (1991): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/39.4.2005369.

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We used confocal scanning microscopy to study the semi-quantitative distribution of luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin (LH/CG) receptors on rat luteal cells at both the two- and the three-dimensional level. The receptors were visualized in 6-microns sections of pseudopregnant rat ovaries using polyclonal rabbit antiserum to hCG-affinity-purified LH/CG receptor in conjunction with rhodamine-conjugated anti-rabbit immunoglobulins. Twenty to 30 optical sections were taken at different focal planes from representative luteal cells with a confocal laser scanning microscope and then processed digitally to two- and three-dimensional pseudocolored images. Distinct differences in fluorescence intensity could be demonstrated at both the two- and the three-dimensional level on the luteal cell surfaces, suggesting an uneven distribution of the LH/CG receptors on the cell membranes. This probably results in the compartmentalization and polarization of luteal cell function.
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Campagnola, P. J., and L. M. Loew. "Second Harmonic Generation Imaging (SHG) in the Non-Linear Optical Microscopy of Living Cells." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, S2 (1998): 414–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600022194.

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In recent years there has been considerable interest in two and three-photon excited fluorescence in laser scanning optical microscopy. Because absorption is confined tot he focal plane of the objective, these techniques provide intrinsic optical sectioning without the use of a confocal aperture. In addition, photobleaching and phototoxicity are greatly reduced above and below the focal plane. We have adapted a two-photon microscope to utilize surface second harmonic generation (SHG) as a new contrast mechanism for nonlinear optical biological imaging.Surface SHG was first described by Shen [1] and arises from the second order nonlinear susceptibility, χ(2). Signal will only arise from a non-centrosymmetric environment such as an interfacial region. Thus this technique has the potential to probe cellular membranes at high specificity. Further, since SHG results from an induced polarization and not absorption, photobleaching considerations are greatly reduced over fluorescence based methods.
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He, Yaling, Xiaomin Wang, Jie Hu, Qiang Zhou, and Hui Chen. "Effect of Cu content on exfoliation corrosion and electrochemical corrosion of A7N01 aluminum alloy in EXCO solution." International Journal of Modern Physics B 31, no. 16-19 (2017): 1744005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979217440052.

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The exfoliation corrosion (EXCO) sensitivities and electrochemical corrosions of A7N01 aluminum (Al) alloys with 0.074% and 0.136% Cu contents were investigated in EXCO solution. The exfoliation corrosion developed more rapidly for the alloy with 0.136% Cu by expressing higher exfoliation rate and deeper corrosion pits as observed by SEM and laser confocal scanning microscopy (LCSM). In EXCO solution, the alloy with 0.136% Cu content showed lower open-circuit potential (OCP) than the alloy with 0.074% Cu content. The alloy with 0.136% Cu content had bigger “hysteresis loop” in cyclic polarization curve which meant lower self-passivation ability. In electrochemical impedance spectroscopy plot, its curvature radius and capacitance index were lower. The electrochemical test results revealed that the alloy with 0.136% Cu content showed more severe electrochemical corrosion than the alloy with 0.074% Cu content, consistent with the exfoliation corrosion results. The microstructures of two alloys were observed through optical microscopy (OM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The continuous distribution of the equilibrium precipitate [Formula: see text]-MgZn2 on grain boundaries, the decreasing of the width of precipitate-free zone (PFZ) and the coarse Cu–Fe–Si–rich phase were responsible for the higher corrosion sensitivity of the Al alloy with 0.136% Cu than that of Al alloy with 0.074% Cu content in EXCO solution.
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Stremplewski, Patrycjusz, Maciej Nowakowski, Dawid Borycki, and Maciej Wojtkowski. "Fast method of speckle suppression for reflection phase microscopy." Photonics Letters of Poland 10, no. 4 (2018): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v10i4.850.

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Light propagating in turbid medium is randomly altered by optical inhomogeneities, which not only change the momentum and polarization of light but also generate a speckle pattern. All these effects strongly limit capabilities of laser based, quantitative phase–sensitive optical biomedical imaging modalities by hindering a reconstruction of phase distribution. Here we introduce the method of rapid incident light modulation, which allows to suppress speckle noise and preserve the spatial phase distribution. We implement this approach in the full-field Michelson interferometer, where the incident light is modulated using the digitalmicromirror device (DMD). Full Text: PDF ReferencesF. Zernike, "Phase contrast, a new method for the microscopic observation of transparent objects part II," Physica 9, 974-986 (1942). CrossRef M. C. Pitter, C. W. See, and M. G. Somekh, "Full-field heterodyne interference microscope with spatially incoherent illumination," Opt. Lett. 29, 1200-1202 (2004). CrossRef N. B. E. Sawyer, S. P. Morgan, M. G. Somekh, C. W. See, X. F. Cao, B. Y. Shekunov, and E. Astrakharchik, "Wide field amplitude and phase confocal microscope with parallel phase stepping," Review of Scientific Instruments 72, 3793-3801 (2001). CrossRef G. W. John and I. H. Keith, "A diffuser-based optical sectioning fluorescence microscope," Measurement Science and Technology 24, 125404 (2013). CrossRef S. Lowenthal and D. Joyeux, "Speckle Removal by a Slowly Moving Diffuser Associated with a Motionless Diffuser," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 61, 847-851 (1971). CrossRef S. Kubota and J. W. Goodman, "Very efficient speckle contrast reduction realized by moving diffuser device," Applied Optics 49, 4385-4391 (2010). CrossRef Y. Li, H. Lee, and E. Wolf, "The effect of a moving diffuser on a random electromagnetic beam," Journal of Modern Optics 52, 791-796 (2005). CrossRef C.-Y. Chen, W.-C. Su, C.-H. Lin, M.-D. Ke, Q.-L. Deng, and K.-Y. Chiu, "Reduction of speckles and distortion in projection system by using a rotating diffuser," Optical Review 19, 440-443 (2012). CrossRef J. Lehtolahti, M. Kuittinen, J. Turunen, and J. Tervo, "Coherence modulation by deterministic rotating diffusers," Opt. Express 23, 10453-10466 (2015). CrossRef J.-W. Pan and C.-H. Shih, "Speckle reduction and maintaining contrast in a LASER pico-projector using a vibrating symmetric diffuser," Opt. Express 22, 6464-6477 (2014). CrossRef J. I. Trisnadi, "Hadamard speckle contrast reduction," Optics Letters 29, 11-13 (2004). CrossRef M. Szkulmowski, I. Gorczynska, D. Szlag, M. Sylwestrzak, A. Kowalczyk, and M. Wojtkowski, "Efficient reduction of speckle noise in Optical Coherence Tomography," Opt. Express 20, 1337-1359 (2012). CrossRef J. W. Goodman, Speckle phenomena in optics: theory and applications (Roberts and Company Publishers, 2006). DirectLink Y. Choi, P. Hosseini, W. Choi, R. R. Dasari, P. T. C. So, and Z. Yaqoob, "Dynamic speckle illumination wide-field reflection phase microscopy," Opt. Lett. 39, 6062-6065 (2014). CrossRef Y. Choi, T. D. Yang, K. J. Lee, and W. Choi, "Full-field and single-shot quantitative phase microscopy using dynamic speckle illumination," Opt. Lett. 36, 2465-2467 (2011). CrossRef R. Zhou, D. Jin, P. Hosseini, V. R. Singh, Y.-h. Kim, C. Kuang, R. R. Dasari, Z. Yaqoob, and P. T. C. So, "Modeling the depth-sectioning effect in reflection-mode dynamic speckle-field interferometric microscopy," Optics Express 25, 130-143 (2017). CrossRef M. Schmitz, T. Rothe, and A. Kienle, "Evaluation of a spectrally resolved scattering microscope," Biomedical optics express 2, 2665-2678 (2011). CrossRef P. Judy, The line spread function and modulation transfer function of a computer tomography scanner, Med. Phys (1976), Vol. 3, pp. 233-236. CrossRef
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Xie, Xiang, Ju Tan, Dangheng Wei, et al. "In vitro and in vivo investigations on the effects of low-density lipoprotein concentration polarization and haemodynamics on atherosclerotic localization in rabbit and zebrafish." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 10, no. 82 (2013): 20121053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2012.1053.

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Atherosclerosis (AS) commonly occurs in the regions of the arterial tree with haemodynamic peculiarities, including local flow field disturbances, and formation of swirling flow and vortices. The aim of our study was to confirm low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentration polarization in the vascular system in vitro and in vivo , and investigate the effects of LDL concentration polarization and flow field alterations on atherosclerotic localization. Red fluorescent LDL was injected into optically transparent Flk1: GFP zebrafish embryos, and the LDL distribution in the vascular lumen was investigated in vivo using laser scanning confocal microscopy. LDL concentration at the vascular luminal surface was found to be higher than that in the bulk. The flow field conditions in blood vessel segments were simulated and measured, and obvious flow field disturbances were found in the regions of vascular geometry change. The LDL concentration at the luminal surface of bifurcation was significantly higher than that in the straight segment, possibly owing to the atherogenic effect of disturbed flow. Additionally, a stenosis model of rabbit carotid arteries was generated. Atherosclerotic plaques were found to have occurred in the stenosis group and were more severe in the stenosis group on a high-fat diet. Our findings provide the first ever definite proof that LDL concentration polarization occurs in the vascular system in vivo . Both lipoprotein concentration polarization and flow field changes are involved in the infiltration/accumulation of atherogenic lipids within the location of arterial luminal surface and promote the development of AS.
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Łosiewicz, Bożena, Patrycja Osak, Joanna Maszybrocka, Julian Kubisztal, and Sebastian Stach. "Effect of Autoclaving Time on Corrosion Resistance of Sandblasted Ti G4 in Artificial Saliva." Materials 13, no. 18 (2020): 4154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13184154.

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Titanium Grade 4 (Ti G4) is the most commonly used material for dental implants due to its excellent mechanical properties, chemical stability and biocompatibility. A thin, self-passive oxide layer with protective properties to corrosion is formed on its surface. However, the spontaneous TiO2 layer is chemically unstable. In this work, the impact of autoclaving time on corrosion resistance of Ti G4 in artificial saliva solution with pH = 7.4 at 37 °C was studied. Ti G4 was sandblasted with white Al2O3 particles and autoclaved for 30–120 min. SEM, EDS, 2D roughness profiles, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and a Kelvin scanning probe were used for the surface characterization of the Ti G4 under study. In vitro corrosion resistance tests were conducted using open circuit potential, polarization curves, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. It was found that Sa parameter, electron work function, and thickness of the oxide layers, determined based on impedance measurements, increased after autoclaving. The capacitive behavior and high corrosion resistance of tested materials were revealed. The improvement in the corrosion resistance after autoclaving was due to the presence of oxide layers with high chemical stability. The optimal Ti G4 surface for dentistry can be obtained by sandblasting with Al2O3 with an average grain size of 53 µm, followed by autoclaving for 90 min.
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Ohkubo, Shinya. "Development of Birefringence Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope and its Application to Sample Measurements." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 31, no. 6 (2019): 926–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2019.p0926.

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A new laser microscope is developed to obtain depth-direction birefringence information of optically anisotropic samples, which cannot be obtained by a conventional polarization microscope. As a result, birefringence tomographic images are now available and the method should be helpful for sample evaluations.
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Steinbach, Gábor, István Pomozi, Ottó Zsiros, László Menczel, and Győző Garab. "Imaging anisotropy using differential polarization laser scanning confocal microscopy." Acta Histochemica 111, no. 4 (2009): 317–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2008.11.021.

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Turner, JN, DP Barnard, DH Szarowski, JW Swann, and K. Smith. "Confocal laser scanned microscopy: Analog preprocessing." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 47 (August 6, 1989): 150–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100152720.

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Confocal laser scanned images often have such a large dynamic range that interpretation is hampered. We employed analog preprocessing to overcome this limitation, using a homomorphic filter and a differentiator. Individual neurons in thick brain slices were injected with a fluorescent dye, and imaged as test objects. The dye density varied for different subcellular regions, and the specimen acted as an attenuater as a function of depth. Thus, each “optical section” had a large signal range that was extreme when the sections were stack to form projections or stereo pairs. Images of either the fine processes (low signal) with a saturated cell body, or a cell body (high signal) with loss of the fine processes resulted from standard methods, but the homomorphic filter and differentiator produced high quality images of both in the same field.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Optical polarization and confocal laser microscopy"

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Yildiz, Bilge Can. "Imaging Of Metal Surfaces Using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613641/index.pdf.

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Optical imaging techniques have improved much over the last fifty years since the invention of the laser. With a high brightness source many imaging applications which were once inaccessible to researchers have now become a reality. Among these techniques, the most beneficial one is the use of lasers for both wide-field and confocal imaging systems. The aim of this study was to design a laser imaging system based on the concept of laser scanning confocal microscopy. Specifically the optical system was based on optical fibers allowing the user to image remote areas such as the inner surface of rifled gun barrels and/or pipes with a high degree of precision (+/- 0.01 mm). In order to build such a system, initially the theoretical foundation for a confocal as well as a wide-field imaging system was analyzed. Using this basis a free-space optical confocal system was built and analyzed. The measurements support the fact that both the objective numerical aperture and pinhole size play an important role in the radial and axial resolution of the system as well as the quality of the images obtained. To begin construction of a confocal, optical-fiber based imaging system first an all fiber wide-field imaging system was designed and tested at a working wavelength of 1550 nm. Then an all fiber confocal system was designed at a working wavelength of 808 nm. In both cases results showed that while lateral resolution was adequate, axial resolution suffered since it was found that the design of the optical system needs to take into account under-filling of the objective lens, a result common with the use of laser beams whose divergence is not at all like that of a point source. The work done here will aid technology that will be used in the elimination process of faulty rifling fabrication in defense industry. The reason why the confocal technique is preferred to the conventional wide-field one is the need for better resolution in all directions. Theoretical concepts and mathematical background are discussed as well as the experimental results and the practical advantages of such a system.
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Esposito, Elric. "Nonlinear optical frequency conversion based soures for improved confocal laser scanning microscopy." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.510907.

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Červený, Ľuboš. "Kinetika neizotermické krystalizace polylaktidu s přídavkem vybraných činidel." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-444212.

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The aim of submitted diploma thesis is the study of non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of polylactide (PLA) with selected agents (1 %) and observation of the emerging crystalline structure under polarizing optical microscope. The agents were talc, a mixture of organic salts with the addition of amorphous SiO2 (HPN 68L) and zinc stearate (HPN 20E) and LAK-301 (potassium salt of 5-dimethylsulfoisophtalate), which is a nucleating agent developer for PLA. The PLA matrix served as a reference. Non-isothermal crystallization took place on a differential scanning calorimeter at cooling rates () 0,3; 0,5; 0,7; 1; 1,5; 2 °C/min After non-isothermal crystallization, the crystalline fraction (Xc) od PLA was evaluated from X-ray diffraction analysis, and the supramolecular structure was observed after chemical degradative etching using confocal laser scanning microscope. The crystallization kinetics were evaluated by the methods of Jeziorny and Mo and the activation energy of the crystallization was determined according to the Friedmann method. All prepared materials were amorphous (Xc 40 % for up to 1,5 °C/min). However, for LAK-301, Xc decreased to 30 % already at the = 2 °C/min and it can be assumed that with increasing its nucleation activity will decrease. A spherulitic structure was observed in all samples, but the number and size of spherulites decreased with increasing and the appearance varied according to the type of agent. Both kinetic models proved to be unsuitable for materials with low Xc and the highest because the rate of crystallization did not change. With the Jeziorny method, it was possible to evaluate the kinetics only for the relative crystallinity Xt = 29–50 % and with the Mo method it was not possible to evaluate the data for the highest for PLA matrix and sample with HPN 68L. The samples with LAK-301 and HPN 68L showed the lowest activation energy.
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Powell, Rock Allen. "On-line depth measurement of micro-scale laser drilled holes." Diss., Rolla, Mo. : Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2009. http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/pdf/Powell_09007dcc806b6dfc.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2009.<br>Vita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed August 14, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 16-17).
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Sheikh, Mumtaz. "SILICON CARBIDE AND AGILE OPTICS BASED SENSORS FOR POWER PLANT GAS TURBINES, LASER BEAM ANALYSIS AND BIOMEDICINE." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2207.

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Proposed are novel sensors for extreme environment power plants, laser beam analysis and biomedicine. A hybrid wireless-wired extreme environment temperature sensor using a thick single-crystal Silicon Carbide (SiC) chip embedded inside a sintered SiC probe design is investigated and experimentally demonstrated. The sensor probe employs the SiC chip as a Fabry-Perot (FP) interferometer to measure the change in refractive index and thickness of SiC with temperature. A novel temperature sensing method that combines wavelength-tuned signal processing for coarse measurements and classical FP etalon peak shift for fine measurements is proposed and demonstrated. This method gives direct unambiguous temperature measurements with a high temperature resolution over a wide temperature range. An alternative method using blackbody radiation from a SiC chip in a two-color pyrometer configuration for coarse temperature measurement and classical FP laser interferometry via the same chip for fine temperature measurement is also proposed and demonstrated. The sensor design is successfully deployed in an industrial test rig environment with gas temperatures exceeding 1200 C. This sensor is proposed as an alternate to all-electrical thermocouples that are susceptible to severe reliability and lifetime issues in such extreme environments. A few components non-contact thickness measurement system for optical quality semi-transparent samples such as Silicon (Si) and 6H SiC optical chips such as the one used in the design of this sensor is proposed and demonstrated. The proposed system is self-calibrating and ensures a true thickness measurement by taking into account material dispersion in the wavelength band of operation. For the first time, a 100% repeatable all-digital electronically-controlled pinhole laser beam profiling system using a Texas Instruments (TI) Digital Micro-mirror Device (DMD) commonly used in projectors is experimentally demonstrated using a unique liquid crystal image generation system with non-invasive qualities. Also proposed and demonstrated is the first motion-free electronically-controlled beam propagation analyzer system using a TI DMD and a variable focus liquid lens. The system can be used to find all the parameters of a laser beam including minimum waist size, minimum waist location and the beam propagation parameter M2. Given the all-digital nature of DMD-based profiling and all-analog motion-free nature of the Electronically Controlled Variable Focus Lens (ECVFL) beam focus control, the proposed analyzer versus prior-art promises better repeatability, speed and reliability. For the first time, Three Dimensional (3-D) imaging is demonstrated using an electronically controlled Liquid Crystal (LC) optical lens to accomplish a no-moving parts depth section scanning in a modified commercial 3-D confocal microscope. The proposed microscopy system within aberration limits has the potential to eliminate the sample or objective motion-caused mechanical forces that can distort the original sample structure and lead to imaging errors. A signal processing method for realizing high resolution three dimensional (3-D) optical imaging using diffraction limited low resolution optical signals is also proposed.<br>Ph.D.<br>Optics and Photonics<br>Optics and Photonics<br>Optics PhD
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CHEN, WEIBIN. "Focus Engineering with Spatially Variant Polarization for Nanometer Scale Applications." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1259871061.

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Le, Gratiet Aymeric. "Développement d'un polarimètre de Mueller à codage spectral utilisant une Swept-source : application à la microscopie à balayage laser." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0120/document.

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La polarimétrie de Mueller est une technique optique qui mesure la réponse polarimétrique complète d’un milieu sous la forme d’une seule matrice de Mueller afin de remonter à ses propriétés optiques comme le dichroïsme, la biréfringence et la dépolarisation. Le couplage avec la microscopie non-linéaire (SHG par exemple) permet d’avoir accès à des informations précises sur un milieu biologique (structure, organisation, . . .). Cela impose de passer à une modalité d’imagerie à balayage laser, qui nécessite de mesurer la réponse polarimétrique du milieu pixel-par-pixel en des temps relativement courts (de l’ordre de la microseconde). Le but de cette thèse est de mettre en oeuvre un polarimètre de Mueller dont les cadences d’acquisition sont compatibles avec l’imagerie à balayage laser. Dans un premier temps, un polarimètre de Mueller inédit est proposé, basé sur le codage spectral de la polarisation dont toute l’information polarimétrique de l’échantillon est mesurée sous la forme d’un seul signal d’intensité en un temps record (10 μs). Ce dispositif est constitué d’une source à balayage rapide en longueur d’onde à 100 kHz (ou swept-source), de lames de phase d’ordre élevé et d’un détecteur monocanal. Les erreurs systématiques qui entachent la mesure sont évaluées et des méthodes de correction permettent de les prendre en compte dans une étape d’étalonnage qui utilise la réponse de deux milieux étalons.Ensuite, le polarimètre est implémenté dans un microscope commercial à balayage laser, utilisé initialement pour réaliser de l’imagerie non-linéaire (SHG). Cela requiert un redimensionnement du montage, ainsi que la synchronisation entre les deux systèmes. Par ailleurs, un protocole de calibration du dispositif est développé et permet de tenir compte de l’ensemble des erreurs systématiques du polarimètre indépendamment des anisotropies optiques engendrées par le microscope. Enfin, les premières images polarimétriques de Mueller en microscopie à balayage laser ont été acquises sur des échantillons inhomogènes spatialement (rubans adhésifs et cristaux de roches). La potentialité de la microscopie multimodale est démontrée sur des échantillons de fibroses de foie, en couplant l’imagerie polarimétrique de Mueller et la microscopie non-linéaire au sein d’un seul instrument<br>Mueller polarimetry is an optical technique allowing the acquisition of the full polarimetric signature of a medium with a single Mueller matrix, and leading to its polarimetric parameters such as dichroism, birefringence and depolarization. Coupling Mueller polarimetry with nonlinear microscopy techniques (SHG for example), more precise information about the medium could be obtained (structure, organization . . .). This imaging technique uses a laser scanning system to measure the Mueller matrix of a medium point-to-point quickly (of the order of the microsecond). The aim of this thesis is to develop a Mueller polarimeter compatible with the laser scanning system. First, a new Mueller polarimeter is proposed using spectral encoding of the polarization and measuring the full polarimetric signature of a sample with a single channeled spectrum in a fast way (10 μs). This setup is composed of a 100 kHz swept-source laser, high order retarders and a single channel detector. Systematic errors on the Mueller matrix measurement are evaluated and correction methods take into account these errors in a calibration step that uses polarimetric signature of two references medium. Then, the polarimeter is implemented on a commercial laser scanning microscope that usually images non-linear contrasts (SHG). The update needs to reduce the dimension of the polarimeter and ensure an electronic synchronization between these two systems. However, a new calibration step is proposed and takes into account all the systematic errors of the polarimeter, independently of the optical anisotropy induced by the microscope. Finally, the images with the first Mueller scanning microscope are obtained with spatially inhomogeneous samples (cellophane tapes, rocks). The potentiality of the multimodal scanning microscopy Mueller/SHG on the same instrument is demonstrated in the case of hepatic fibrosis
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Bibikova, O. (Olga). "Plasmon-resonant gold nanoparticles for bioimaging and sensing applications." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2018. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526219974.

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Abstract This thesis reports on studies of plasmonic nanoparticles and particularly gold nanostars as signal enhancers and contrast agents for biophotonic applications including visualisation, treatment of living cells and chemical sensing. In this thesis, the optical properties of nanoparticles of different size and morphology and their silica composites were compared. Because they are the most suitable plasmonic nanostructures, gold nanostars were utilised for optical imaging modalities such as confocal microscopy and Doppler optical coherence tomography. The ability of gold nanoparticles to enhance the signal in surface-enhanced vibrational spectroscopy, including Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was additionally studied. Finally, various gold nanoparticles were applied for cell optoporation to increase the penetration ability of exogeneous substances. In summary, significant advantages of nanostars such as their low-toxicity, high scattering and contrast abilities, in addition to a broad, tunable, plasmon resonance wavelength range, as well as the capability to enhance the signal of analyte molecules in vibrational spectroscopy were demonstrated in this thesis. The results of this study on the effectiveness of nanostars have a broad scope of utility and open a wide perspective for their utilisation in nanobiophotonics and biomedicine<br>Tiivistelmä Tämä opinnäytetyö kertoo tutkimuksista, joissa plasmoninanopartikkeleita ja erityisesti kultananotähtiä on käytetty signaalinvahvistimina biofotoniikan sovelluksissa, kuten visualisointi, elävien solujen käsittely ja kemiallinen tunnistus. Tässä työssä verrattiin eri kokoisten ja muotoisten nanopartikkeleiden ja niiden piioksidikomposiittien optisia ominaisuuksia. Sopivimpina plasmoninanorakenteina kultananotähtiä käytettiin optisiin kuvantamismenetelmiin, kuten konfokaalimikroskopiaan ja Doppler-optiseen koherenssitomografiaan. Lisäksi kuvattiin myös kultananopartikkelien kykyä parantaa pinta-aktivoidun värähtelevän spektroskopian signaalia, mukaan lukien Raman- ja Fourier-muunnos-infrapuna-spektroskopia. Lopuksi, eri kultananopartikkeleita käytettiin soluoptoporaatioon eksogeenisten aineiden läpäisevyyden lisäämiseksi. Yhteenvetona, työssä osoitettiin nanotähtien merkittävät edut, kuten matala-myrkyllisyys, suuret sironta- ja kontrastiominaisuudet, laaja plasmoniresonanssin aallonpituusalue ja sen viritettävyys, sekä kyky parantaa analyyttimolekyylien signaalia värähtelyspektroskopiassa. Niinpä tutkimustulokset nanotähtien tehokkuudesta ovat laajasti käyttökelpoisia ja ne avaavat laajan näkökulman niiden hyödyntämiseen nanobiofotoniikassa ja biolääketieteessä
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Khan, Sajjad. "Liquid Crystal Optics for Communications, Signal Processing and 3-D Microscopic Imaging." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2005. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3389.

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This dissertation proposes, studies and experimentally demonstrates novel liquid crystal (LC) optics to solve challenging problems in RF and photonic signal processing, freespace and fiber optic communications and microscopic imaging. These include free-space optical scanners for military and optical wireless applications, variable fiber-optic attenuators for optical communications, photonic control techniques for phased array antennas and radar, and 3-D microscopic imaging. At the heart of the applications demonstrated in this thesis are LC devices that are non-pixelated and can be controlled either electrically or optically. Instead of the typical pixel-by-pixel control as is custom in LC devices, the phase profile across the aperture of these novel LC devices is varied through the use of high impedance layers. Due to the presence of the high impedance layer, there forms a voltage gradient across the aperture of such a device which results in a phase gradient across the LC layer which in turn is accumulated by the optical beam traversing through this LC device. The geometry of the electrical contacts that are used to apply the external voltage will define the nature of the phase gradient present across the optical beam. In order to steer a laser beam in one angular dimension, straight line electrical contacts are used to form a one dimensional phase gradient while an annular electrical contact results in a circularly symmetric phase profile across the optical beam making it suitable for focusing the optical beam. The geometry of the electrical contacts alone is not sufficient to form the linear and the quadratic phase profiles that are required to either deflect or focus an optical beam. Clever use of the phase response of a typical nematic liquid crystal (NLC) is made such that the linear response region is used for the angular beam deflection while the high voltage quadratic response region is used for focusing the beam. Employing an NLC deflector, a device that uses the linear angular deflection, laser beam steering is demonstrated in two orthogonal dimensions whereas an NLC lens is used to address the third dimension to complete a three dimensional (3-D) scanner. Such an NLC deflector was then used in a variable optical attenuator (VOA), whereby a laser beam coupled between two identical single mode fibers (SMF) was mis-aligned away from the output fiber causing the intensity of the output coupled light to decrease as a function of the angular deflection. Since the angular deflection is electrically controlled, hence the VOA operation is fairly simple and repeatable. An extension of this VOA for wavelength tunable operation is also shown in this dissertation. A LC spatial light modulator (SLM) that uses a photo-sensitive high impedance electrode whose impedance can be varied by controlling the light intensity incident on it, is used in a control system for a phased array antenna. Phase is controlled on the Write side of the SLM by controlling the intensity of the Write laser beam which then is accessed by the Read beam from the opposite side of this reflective SLM. Thus the phase of the Read beam is varied by controlling the intensity of the Write beam. A variable fiber-optic delay line is demonstrated in the thesis which uses wavelength sensitive and wavelength insensitive optics to get both analog as well as digital delays. It uses a chirped fiber Bragg grating (FBG), and a 1xN optical switch to achieve multiple time delays. The switch can be implemented using the 3-D optical scanner mentioned earlier. A technique is presented for ultra-low loss laser communication that uses a combination of strong and weak thin lens optics. As opposed to conventional laser communication systems, the Gaussian laser beam is prevented from diverging at the receiving station by using a weak thin lens that places the transmitted beam waist mid-way between a symmetrical transmitter-receiver link design thus saving prime optical power. LC device technology forms an excellent basis to realize such a large aperture weak lens. Using a 1-D array of LC deflectors, a broadband optical add-drop filter (OADF) is proposed for dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) applications. By binary control of the drive signal to the individual LC deflectors in the array, any optical channel can be selectively dropped and added. For demonstration purposes, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) digital micromirrors have been used to implement the OADF. Several key systems issues such as insertion loss, polarization dependent loss, wavelength resolution and response time are analyzed in detail for comparison with the LC deflector approach. A no-moving-parts axial scanning confocal microscope (ASCM) system is designed and demonstrated using a combination of a large diameter LC lens and a classical microscope objective lens. By electrically controlling the 5 mm diameter LC lens, the 633 nm wavelength focal spot is moved continuously over a 48 [micro]m range with measured 3-dB axial resolution of 3.1 [micro]m using a 0.65 numerical aperture (NA) micro-objective lens. The ASCM is successfully used to image an Indium Phosphide twin square optical waveguide sample with a 10.2 [micro]m waveguide pitch and 2.3 [micro]m height and width. Using fine analog electrical control of the LC lens, a super-fine sub-wavelength axial resolution of 270 nm is demonstrated. The proposed ASCM can be useful in various precision three dimensional imaging and profiling applications.<br>Ph.D.<br>Optics and Photonics<br>Optics
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Chen, Cheng-Chi, and 陳政吉. "Study of Optical Characteristics of Nanostructure Thin Films Using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/69877780015809429452.

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碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>光電工程學研究所<br>92<br>In this thesis, we study of optical characteristics of AgOx nanostructure thin films with different thickness on the glass substrate using confocal laser scanning microscope and use surface plasmon properties to explain all the optical phenomenon of confocal images. Finally, we demonstrate successfully that the strong evanescence field resulting from surface plasmon resonance of AgOx nanostructure thin films will enhance the lateral resolution of the confocal microscope in the near field. Also, we observe that surface plasmon resonance will interrupt by objects in the near field.
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Book chapters on the topic "Optical polarization and confocal laser microscopy"

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Masters, Barry R. "Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy." In Handbook of Coherent Domain Optical Methods. Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-29989-0_21.

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Paddock, Stephen W., and Kevin W. Eliceiri. "Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy: History, Applications, and Related Optical Sectioning Techniques." In Confocal Microscopy. Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-847-8_2.

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Stelzer, Ernst H. K. "The Intermediate Optical System of Laser-Scanning Confocal Microscopes." In Handbook Of Biological Confocal Microscopy. Springer US, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-45524-2_9.

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Stelzer, Ernst H. K. "The Intermediate Optical System of Laser-Scanning Confocal Microscopes." In Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy. Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5348-6_9.

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Stelzer, Ernst H. K. "The Intermediate Optical System of Laser-scanning Confocal Microscopes." In Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy. Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7133-9_9.

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Jacques, Steven L. "Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy Using Scattering as the Contrast Mechanism." In Handbook of Coherent-Domain Optical Methods. Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5176-1_28.

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Neerken, Sieglinde, Gerald W. Lucassen, Tom A. M. Nuijs, Egbert Lenderink, and Rob F. M. Hendriks. "Comparison of Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy and Optical Coherence Tomography." In Handbook of Coherent Domain Optical Methods. Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-29989-0_22.

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Lemasters, John J., Enrique Chacon, George Zahrebelski, Jeffrey M. Reece, and Anna-Liisa Nieminen. "LASER SCANNING CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY OF LIVING CELLS." In Optical Microscopy. Elsevier, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-057139-3.50016-8.

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Kiziltoprak, Hasan, Dilara Ozkoyuncu, Kemal Tekin, and Mustafa Koc. "Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy in Medicine." In Biomedical Signal and Image Processing. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96771.

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Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy (CSLM) offers high resolution morphological details and generates en-face images with excellent depth discrimination for visualizing different structures of the living human body non-invasively. There have been significant advances in technology since the CSLM was first defined. It has been used commonly, especially in ophthalmological area, in order to diagnose and give direction for the treatment of corneal pathologies. Ocular surface, corneal subbasal nerve plexus, filtering blebs of glaucoma surgery were also investigated widely by CSLM. With the improvements in CSLM technology over time, it is widely used in other fields than ophthalmology. The combined use of CSLM with the slit lamp biomicroscopy and optical coherence tomography will also lead to significant advances in the diagnosis and treatment of more diseases in the future.
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Krishnan, Kannan M. "Optics, Optical Methods, and Microscopy." In Principles of Materials Characterization and Metrology. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830252.003.0006.

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Propagation of light is described as the simple harmonic motion of transverse waves. Combining waves that propagate on orthogonal planes give rise to linear, elliptical, or spherical polarization, depending on their amplitudes and phase differences. Classical experiments of Huygens and Young demonstrated the principle of optical interference and diffraction. Generalization of Fraunhofer diffraction to scattering by a three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in crystals forms the basis of diffraction methods. Fresnel diffraction finds application in the design of zone plates for X-ray microscopy. Optical microscopy, with resolution given by the Rayleigh criterion to be approximately half the wavelength, works best when tailored to the optimal characteristics of the human eye (λ = 550 nm). Lenses suffer from spherical and chromatic aberrations, and astigmatism. Optical microscopes operate in bright-field, oblique, and dark-field imaging conditions, produce interference contrast, and can image with polarized light. Variants include confocal scanning optical microscopy (CSOM). Metallography, widely used to characterize microstructures, requires polished or chemically etched surfaces to provide optimal contrast. Finally, the polarization state of light reflected from the surface of a specimen is utilized in ellipsometry to obtain details of the optical properties and thickness of thin film materials.
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Conference papers on the topic "Optical polarization and confocal laser microscopy"

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Zinser, G., R. W. Wijnaendts-van-Resandt, and C. Ihriq. "Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy For Ophthalmology." In 1988 International Congress on Optical Science and Engineering. SPIE, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.950326.

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Tomáštík, Jan, Hana Šebestová, Radim Čtvrtlík, and Petr Schovánek. "Laser scanning confocal microscopy in materials engineering." In 18th Czech-Polish-Slovak Optical Conference on Wave and Quantum Aspects of Contemporary Optics, edited by Jan Peřina, Libor Nozka, Miroslav Hrabovský, Dagmar Senderáková, Waclaw Urbańczyk, and Ondrej Haderka. SPIE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2010259.

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Chou, D. R., and A. P. Wax. "Optical scattering of confocal laser scanning reflectance microscopy in turbid media." In 2005 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO). IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cleo.2005.202204.

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Jacques, S., R. Samatham, N. Choudhury, and D. S. Gareau. "Specifying tissue optical properties using axial dependence of confocal reflectance images: confocal scanning laser microscopy and optical coherence tomography." In Biomedical Optics (BiOS) 2007, edited by Adam Wax and Vadim Backman. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.716535.

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Minamikawa, T., E. Hase, S. Miyamoto, H. Yamamoto, and T. Yasui. "Development of confocal laser scanning microscopy by use of optical frequency comb." In CLEO: Science and Innovations. OSA, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_si.2017.sf2c.3.

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Abouraddy, Ayman F., and Kimani C. Toussaint. "Arbitrary focal-field polarization control for optical microscopy." In 2006 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and 2006 Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cleo.2006.4628648.

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Stanciu, Stefan G., Radu Hristu, Radu Boriga, and George Stanciu. "Feature based recognition of photonic devices in images obtained by confocal scanning laser microscopy." In 2009 11th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icton.2009.5185282.

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Tuohy, Simon, Adrian Bradu, Fabrice Harms, Nicolas Chateau, and Adrian G. Podoleanu. "Adaptive optics loop for en-face optical coherence tomography and laser scanning confocal microscopy." In 1st Canterbury Workshop and School in Optical Coherence Tomography and Adaptive Optics. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.817814.

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Beltrame, Francesco, Paola Ramoino, Marco Fato, Maria U. Delmonte Corrado, Giampiero Marcenaro, and Tina Crippa Franceschi. "Three-dimensional reconstruction of paramecium primaurelia oral apparatus through confocal laser scanning optical microscopy." In SPIE/IS&T 1992 Symposium on Electronic Imaging: Science and Technology, edited by Raj S. Acharya, Carol J. Cogswell, and Dmitry B. Goldgof. SPIE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.59598.

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Wang, Yajie, Han Cui, Yun Wang, Lirong Qiu, and Weiqian Zhao. "The method of axial drift compensation of laser differential confocal microscopy based on zero-tracking." In International Conference on Optical Instruments and Technology 2015, edited by Yongtian Wang, Xiaodi Tan, and Kimio Tatsuno. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2193289.

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Reports on the topic "Optical polarization and confocal laser microscopy"

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Wickramaratne, Chathuri, Emily Sappington, and Hanadi Rifai. Confocal Laser Fluorescence Microscopy to Measure Oil Concentration in Produced Water: Analyzing Accuracy as a Function of Optical Settings. Journal of Young Investigators, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22186/jyi.34.6.39-47.

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