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Journal articles on the topic 'Optical phased array (OPA)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 November 2024

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1

Liu, Qiankun, Tom Smy, Ahmad Atieh, Pavel Cheben, Alejandro Sánchez-Postigo, and Winnie N. Ye. "Integrated circular optical phased array." EPJ Web of Conferences 255 (2021): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125501004.

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Existing OPAs are typically based on 2D rectangular arrays or 1D linear arrays. Both approaches present a limited field-of-view (FOV) due to the presence of the grating lobes when the element spacing is larger than λ/2. To address the need for an increased steering range, we propose a new design strategy of an OPA system utilizing a 2D circular phased array, with a substantially increased FOV. We present a circular OPA using a demonstrated antenna element design, with an 820-element array. A steering range ΩSR calculated as a solid angle of 0.51π sr, and an angular beamwidth of 0.22°, was achieved. The array exhibits a sidelobe suppression larger than 10 dB, and a FOV of 2π sr. Although the performance is limited by the far field pattern of the individual antenna we chose, our circular OPA achieved, to the best of our knowledge, the largest steering range reported to date compared to the state-of-the-art integrated optical phased arrays reported in literature.

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2

Wang, Zheng, Yibo Yang, Ruiting Wang, Guangzhen Luo, Pengfei Wang, Yanmei Su, Jiaoqing Pan, and Yejin Zhang. "Improved SPGD Algorithm for Optical Phased Array Phase Calibration." Applied Sciences 12, no. 15 (August 5, 2022): 7879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12157879.

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A chip-level optical beam steerer is an inevitable choice for next-generation light detection and ranging (LiDAR). The research on optical phased array (OPA) is the most intriguing. However, the complexity of control and calibration speed limit the full potential as the number of channels increases. In this paper, an improved stochastic parallel gradient-descent algorithm combined with the Nesterov accelerated gradient method (NSPGD) is presented and applied in a 512-channel OPA. This algorithm can reduce the phase calibration time of large-scale OPA and demonstrates a better convergence performance than traditional SPGD. Compared with the traditional SPGD and hill-climbing (HC) algorithm, optimized convergence performance of NSPGD is shown. The side mode suppression ratio (SMSR) of over 10dB for 512-channel OPA is obtained with the NSPGD algorithm, and the convergence speed is twice that of traditional SPGD. In addition, a temperature-controlled OPA is also studied to stabilize the whole calibration system.

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3

Yue, Jian, Anqi Cui, Fei Wang, Lei Han, Jinguo Dai, Xiangyi Sun, Hang Lin, Chunxue Wang, Changming Chen, and Daming Zhang. "Design of Monolithic 2D Optical Phased Arrays Heterogeneously Integrated with On-Chip Laser Arrays Based on SOI Photonic Platform." Micromachines 13, no. 12 (November 30, 2022): 2117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13122117.

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In this work, heterogeneous integration of both two-dimensional (2D) optical phased arrays (OPAs) and on-chip laser arrays based on a silicon photonic platform is proposed. The tunable multi-quantum-well (MQW) laser arrays, active switching/shifting arrays, and grating antenna arrays are used in the OPA module to realize 2D spatial beam scanning. The 2D OPA chip is composed of four main parts: (1) tunable MQW laser array emitting light signals in the range of 1480–1600 nm wavelengths; (2) electro-optic (EO) switch array for selecting the desired signal light from the on-chip laser array; (3) EO phase-shifter array for holding a fixed phase difference for the uniform amplitude of specific optical signal; and (4) Bragg waveguide grating antenna array for controlling beamforming. By optimizing the overall performances of the 2D OPA chip, a large steering range of 88.4° × 18° is realized by tuning both the phase and the wavelength for each antenna. In contrast to the traditional thermo-optic LIDAR chip with an external light source, the overall footprint of the 2D OPA chip can be limited to 8 mm × 3 mm, and the modulation rate can be 2.5 ps. The ultra-compact 2D OPA assembling with on-chip tunable laser arrays using hybrid integration could result in the application of a high-density, high-speed, and high-precision lidar system in the future.

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4

Nguyen, Anh-Hang, and Hyuk-Kee Sung. "Improving the Performance of Optical Phased Array by Reducing Relative Intensity Noise of Optically Injection-Locked Laser Array." Photonics 9, no. 11 (November 17, 2022): 868. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9110868.

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Relative intensity noise (RIN) is an important factor that determines the performance of optical phased arrays (OPA) that are configured using semiconductor lasers as light emission sources. This study proposes a method of improving the optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) of an OPA by reducing the RIN and using high coherence of optically injection-locked (OIL) laser arrays. We numerically demonstrated a laser RIN reduction of 22.7 dB by the OIL laser compared to a free-running laser. We achieved an OPA RIN reduction of 13.2 dB by combining the coherent outputs with the uncorrelated noise of 21 OIL lasers, compared to a single OIL laser RIN. Consequently, we demonstrated an OPA OSNR increase of approximately 13.8 dB based on the OIL-based OPA compared to that of the conventional noise-correlated OPA configuration. Additionally, we confirmed the maintenance of OPA OSNR improvement during OPA operations.

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5

Lei, Yufang, Lingxuan Zhang, Yulong Xue, Yangming Ren, Qihao Zhang, Wenfu Zhang, and Xiaochen Sun. "Suppressing grating lobes of large-aperture optical phased array with circular array design." Applied Optics 62, no. 15 (May 18, 2023): 4110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.488916.

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An optical phased array (OPA), especially a two-dimensional (2D) OPA, suffers from the trade-off among steering range, beam width, and the number of antennas. Aperiodic 2D array designs currently aimed to reduce the number of antennas and reduce grating lobes within a wide range fall short when an aperture approaches millimeter size. A circular OPA design is proposed to address this issue. The circular design substantially reduces the number of antennas while achieving the same wide steering range and narrow beam width of optimized aperiodic 2D OPA designs. Its efficient suppression of grating lobes, the key to a wide steering range with minimal number of antennas and large antenna spacing, is theoretically studied and validated by simulation. The novel, to the best of our knowledge, design allows less than 100 antennas, orders of magnitude reduction, for millimeter size aperture OPA designs. It paves the way for commercialization by significantly reducing control complexity and power consumption.

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6

Chen, Jingye, Shi Zhao, Wenlei Li, Xiaobin Wang, Xiang’e Han, and Yaocheng Shi. "Silicon Optical Phased Array Hybrid Integrated with III–V Laser for Grating Lobe-Free Beam Steering." Photonics 11, no. 10 (October 10, 2024): 952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics11100952.

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A silicon photonics-based optical phased array (OPA) is promising for realizing solid-state and miniature beam steering. In our work, a 1 × 16 silicon optical phased array (OPA) hybrid integrated with a III–V laser is proposed and demonstrated. The III–V laser chip is vertically coupled with a silicon OPA chip based on a chirped grating coupler with a large bandwidth. The coupling efficiency reaches up to 90% through utilizing the metal reflector underneath the silicon oxide layer. The one-dimensional antenna array comprising silicon waveguides with half-wavelength spacing enables beam steering with none high-order grating lobes in a 180° field of view. The measured beam steering angle of the hybrid integrated OPA chip is ±25°, without grating lobes, and the suppression ratio of the side-lobes is larger than 9.8 dB with phase calibration.

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7

Wang, Zhicheng, Junbo Feng, Haitang Li, Yuqing Zhang, Yilu Wu, Yuqi Hu, Jiagui Wu, and Junbo Yang. "Ultra-Compact and Broadband Nano-Integration Optical Phased Array." Nanomaterials 13, no. 18 (September 8, 2023): 2516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13182516.

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The on-chip nano-integration of large-scale optical phased arrays (OPAs) is a development trend. However, the current scale of integrated OPAs is not large because of the limitations imposed by the lateral dimensions of beam-splitting structures. Here, we propose an ultra-compact and broadband OPA beam-splitting scheme with a nano-inverse design. We employed a staged design to obtain a T-branch with a wavelength bandwidth of 500 nm (1300–1800 nm) and an insertion loss of −0.2 dB. Owing to the high scalability and width-preserving characteristics, the cascaded T-branch configuration can significantly reduce the lateral dimensions of an OPA, offering a potential solution for the on-chip integration of a large-scale OPA. Based on three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (3D FDTD) simulations, we demonstrated a 1 × 16 OPA beam-splitter structure composed entirely of inverse-designed elements with a lateral dimension of only 27.3 μm. Additionally, based on the constructed grating couplers, we simulated the range of the diffraction angle θ for the OPA, which varied by 0.6°–41.6° within the wavelength range of 1370–1600 nm.

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8

Nguyen, Anh-Hang, Jun-Hyung Cho, and Hyuk-Kee Sung. "Theoretical Demonstration of Security Improvement of Optical Phased Array Based on Optically Injection-Locked Lasers." Photonics 8, no. 11 (October 23, 2021): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8110469.

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The high security of optical phased array (OPA) signals is an important requirement for OPA-based optical wireless communication (OWC). We propose a method for improving the security of OPA-based OWC systems using optically injection-locked (OIL) semiconductor lasers. We theoretically demonstrate the amplitude and phase modulation of OIL-OPA elements by controlling the injection-locking parameters of the OIL lasers. When a Taylor window function is applied as the amplitude profile of the OPA transmitter, the sidelobe level decreases by 22 dB and the unsecured distance reduces 10 times compared to the case without the Taylor window function. In addition, the unsecured area factor becomes 0.8%.

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9

Liu, Qiankun, Daniel Benedikovic, Tom Smy, Ahmad Atieh, Pavel Cheben, and Winnie N. Ye. "Circular Optical Phased Arrays with Radial Nano-Antennas." Nanomaterials 12, no. 11 (June 6, 2022): 1938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12111938.

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On-chip optical phased arrays (OPAs) are the enabling technology for diverse applications, ranging from optical interconnects to metrology and light detection and ranging (LIDAR). To meet the required performance demands, OPAs need to achieve a narrow beam width and wide-angle steering, along with efficient sidelobe suppression. A typical OPA configuration consists of either one-dimensional (1D) linear or two-dimensional (2D) rectangular arrays. However, the presence of grating sidelobes from these array configurations in the far-field pattern limits the aliasing-free beam steering, when the antenna element spacing is larger than half of a wavelength. In this work, we provide numerical analysis for 2D circular OPAs with radially arranged nano-antennas. The circular array geometry is shown to effectively suppress the grating lobes, expand the range for beam steering and obtain narrower beamwidths, while increasing element spacing to about 10 μm. To allow for high coupling efficiency, we propose the use of a central circular grating coupler to feed the designed circular OPA. Leveraging radially positioned nano-antennas and an efficient central grating coupler, our design can yield an aliasing-free azimuthal field of view (FOV) of 360°, while the elevation angle FOV is limited by the far-field beamwidth of the nano-antenna element and its array arrangement. With a main-to-sidelobe contrast ratio of 10 dB, a 110-element OPA offers an elevation FOV of 5° and an angular beamwidth of 1.14°, while an 870-element array provides an elevation FOV up to 20° with an angular beamwidth of 0.35°. Our analysis suggests that the performance of the circular OPAs can be further improved by integrating more elements, achieving larger aliasing-free FOV and narrower beamwidths. Our proposed design paves a new way for the development of on-chip OPAs with large 2D beam steering and high resolutions in communications and LIDAR systems.

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10

Zhao, Shi, Jingye Chen, and Yaocheng Shi. "All-Solid-State Beam Steering via Integrated Optical Phased Array Technology." Micromachines 13, no. 6 (June 3, 2022): 894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13060894.

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Light detection and ranging (LiDAR), combining traditional radar technology with modern laser technology, has much potential for applications in navigation, mapping, and so on. Benefiting from the superior performance, an all-solid-state beam steering realized by integrated optical phased array (OPA) is one of the key components in the LiDAR system. In this review, we first introduce the basic principle of OPA for beam steering. Then, we briefly review the detailed advances of different solutions such as micro-electromechanical system OPA, liquid crystal OPA, and metasurface OPA, where our main focus was on the recent progress of OPA in photonic integrated chips. Finally, we summarize the different solutions and discuss the challenges and perspectives of all-solid-state beam steering for LiDAR.

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11

Yi, Yasha, Dachuan Wu, Venus Kakdarvishi, Bowen Yu, Yating Zhuang, and Alireza Khalilian. "Photonic Integrated Circuits for an Optical Phased Array." Photonics 11, no. 3 (March 7, 2024): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics11030243.

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Optical phased arrays (OPAs) are renowned for their exceptional ability to manipulate and direct light beams, positioning them as an ideal choice for solid-state light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technologies. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the current research landscape for photonic integrated circuit (PIC)-based OPAs. It begins by addressing the critical design elements at the component level necessary for optimal functionality. This review then delves into phase calibration techniques and the overarching architecture of OPAs. It concludes by emphasizing the innovative 3-D OPA design, which stands out for its enhanced optical efficiency.

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12

Nguyen, Anh Hang, Jun-Hyung Cho, Ho-Jun Bae, and Hyuk-Kee Sung. "Side-lobe Level Reduction of an Optical Phased Array Using Amplitude and Phase Modulation of Array Elements Based on Optically Injection-Locked Semiconductor Lasers." Photonics 7, no. 1 (February 24, 2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics7010020.

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The side-lobe level (SLL) in optical phased array (OPA) systems should be reduced to ensure their high performance. We investigate theoretically the performance of an OPA based on optically injection-locked (OIL) semiconductor lasers. The phase and amplitude of the OIL laser are modulated by controlling the injection-locking parameters to reduce the SLL as well as to achieve beam steering. We successfully achieved an SLL reduction of >16 dB when compared with the uniform amplitude profile based on the application of the Taylor window function profile to the injection-locked OPA elements. The reduced SLL and high power efficiency achieved in this study can expedite the use of OPA in real field applications, such as free-space communication, imaging, and light detection and ranging (LIDAR).

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13

Kim, Youngin, Hyeonho Yoon, Jong-Bum You, Minchul Kim, and Hyo-Hoon Park. "Wide-Angle Beam-Steering Using an Optical Phased Array with Non-Uniform-Width Waveguide Radiators." Photonics 7, no. 3 (August 3, 2020): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics7030056.

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We demonstrate wide-angle beam-steering using an optical phased array (OPA) with waveguide radiators designed with non-uniform widths to reduce the crosstalk between waveguides. The OPA consists of a silicon based 1 × 16 array of electro-optic phase shifters and end-fire radiators. The 16 radiators were configured with four different widths and a half-wavelength spacing, which can remove the higher-order diffraction patterns in free space. The waveguides showed a low crosstalk of −10.2 dB at a wavelength of 1540 nm. With phase control, the OPA achieved wide beam-steering of over ±80° with a side-lobe suppression of 7.4 dB.

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14

Xue, Yulong, Qihao Zhang, Yangming Ren, Yufang Lei, Xiaochen Sun, and Lingxuan Zhang. "Two-dimensional single-lobe Si photonic optical phased array with minimal antennas using a non-uniform large spacing array design." Applied Optics 61, no. 24 (August 15, 2022): 7158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.463542.

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We report a two-dimensional Si photonic optical phased array (OPA) optimized for a large optical aperture with a minimal number of antennas while maintaining single-lobe far field. The OPA chip has an optical aperture of ∼ 200 µ m by 150 µm comprising a 9 × 9 antenna array. The two-dimensional spacings between these antennas are much larger than the wavelength and are highly non-uniform optimized by the genetic deep learning algorithm. The phase of each antenna is independently tunable by a thermo-optical phase shifter. The experimental results validate the design and exhibit a 0.39 ∘ × 0.41 ∘ beamwidth within the 3 dB steering range of 14 ∘ × 11 ∘ limited by the numerical aperture of the far-field camera system. The method can be easily extended to a larger aperture for narrower beamwidth and wider steering range.

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15

Wang, Jinyu, Ruogu Song, Xinyu Li, Wencheng Yue, Yan Cai, Shuxiao Wang, and Mingbin Yu. "Beam Steering Technology of Optical Phased Array Based on Silicon Photonic Integrated Chip." Micromachines 15, no. 3 (February 26, 2024): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi15030322.

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Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) is widely used in scenarios such as autonomous driving, imaging, remote sensing surveying, and space communication due to its advantages of high ranging accuracy and large scanning angle. Optical phased array (OPA) has been studied as an important solution for achieving all-solid-state scanning. In this work, the recent research progress in improving the beam steering performance of the OPA based on silicon photonic integrated chips was reviewed. An optimization scheme for aperiodic OPA is proposed.

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16

Mohammad, Tarek, Siyuan He, and Ridha Ben Mrad. "Analysis of Optical Diffraction Profiles Created by Phase-Modulating MEMS Micromirror Arrays." Micromachines 12, no. 8 (July 28, 2021): 891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12080891.

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This paper presents modeling and analysis of light diffraction and light-intensity modulation performed by an optical phased array (OPA) system based on metal-coated silicon micromirrors. The models can be used in the design process of a microelectromechanical system (MEMS)-based OPA device to predict its optical performance in terms of its field of view, response, angular resolution, and long-range transmission. Numerical results are derived using an extended model for the 1st-order diffracted light intensity modulation due to phase shift. The estimations of the optical characteristics are utilized in the designs of an OPA system capable of active phase modulation and an OPA system capable of array pitch tuning. Both designs are realized using the Multi-User MEMS Processes (PolyMUMPs) in which polysilicon is used as structural material for the MEMS-actuated mirrors. The experiments are performed to evaluate the optical performance of the prototypes. The tests show that the individually actuated micromirrors, which act as phase shifters, can transmit the most optical power along the 1st-order diffracted beam by actively changing their out-of-plane positions. In addition, the 1st-order diffracted beam with high optical intensity can be steered for distance measurement.

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17

He, Xinyu, Tao Dong, Jingwen He, and Yue Xu. "A Design Approach of Optical Phased Array with Low Side Lobe Level and Wide Angle Steering Range." Photonics 8, no. 3 (February 25, 2021): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8030063.

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In this paper, a new design approach of optical phased array (OPA) with low side lobe level (SLL) and wide angle steering range is proposed. This approach consists of two steps. Firstly, a nonuniform antenna array is designed by optimizing the antenna spacing distribution with particle swarm optimization (PSO). Secondly, on the basis of the optimized antenna spacing distribution, PSO is further used to optimize the phase distribution of the optical antennas when the beam steers for realizing lower SLL. Based on the approach we mentioned, we design a nonuniform OPA which has 1024 optical antennas to achieve the steering range of ±60°. When the beam steering angle is 0°, 20°, 30°, 45° and 60°, the SLL obtained by optimizing phase distribution is −21.35, −18.79, −17.91, −18.46 and −18.51 dB, respectively. This kind of OPA with low SLL and wide angle steering range has broad application prospects in laser communication and lidar system.

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18

Wang, Xiangru, Liang Wu, Man Li, Shuanghong Wu, Jiyang Shang, and Qi Qiu. "Theoretical and Experimental Demonstration on Grating Lobes of Liquid Crystal Optical Phased Array." International Journal of Optics 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7175809.

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High deflection efficiency is one of the urgent requirements for practical liquid crystal optical phased array (LC-OPA). In this paper, we demonstrate that high order grating lobes induced from fringe effect are the most important issue to reduce occupation of main lobe. A novel theoretical model is developed to analyze the feature of grating lobes when the device of LC-OPA is working on the scheme of variable period grating (VPG) or variable blazing grating (VBG). Subsequently, our experiments present the relevant results showing a good agreement with the theoretical analysis.

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19

Nguyen, Anh-Hang, Hyo-Sang Jeong, Hyungsik Shin, and Hyuk-Kee Sung. "Theoretical Study on Dual-Function Optical Phased Array of LiDAR and Optical Wireless Communication Based on Optically Injection-Locked Semiconductor Lasers." Photonics 10, no. 5 (April 26, 2023): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10050498.

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Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and optical wireless communication (OWC) are in high demand and rapidly developing owing to the explosive growth of smart systems that require automotive and mobile devices. Optical phased arrays (OPA) have become a key technology in LiDAR and OWC owing to their nonmechanical beam steering capabilities. However, using separate LiDAR and OWC platforms in one system creates problems, such as spectrum congestion, resource consumption, and high complexity. We propose a dual-function OPA that enables LiDAR and OWC to function on a single platform based on the simultaneous amplitude and phase modulation of optically injection-locked semiconductor lasers. We numerically demonstrated that the primary LiDAR and secondary OWC function simultaneously by independent control of the main and side lobes in the OPA signal. The variation in side lobe levels is controlled at 20 or 25 dB to realize low- and high-level data for OWC function as well as maintaining the main beam LiDAR function. We successfully achieved wide-opening eye patterns of 10 Gbps data transmission of the OWC operation.

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20

Chi, Hsun-Yuan, Wei Hong, Hsuan Lai, Shih-Hsiang Hsu, and Che-Chang Chang. "Silicon Ribbon-Based Dual-Beam Optical Phased Array with Low Crosstalk and Large FoV." Applied Sciences 12, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12010505.

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In this paper, a silicon ribbon (SR)-based microstructure is developed and added to a 32-channel optical phased array (OPA) to reduce the crosstalk between the antennas of grating waveguides. The spacing between the chirped grating antennas can be as close as 600 nm to effectively improve the field of view (FoV) of the OPA in the horizontal direction to 95 degrees. This SR-based approach substantially reduces the side lobe by 10 dB, effectively suppressing the noise and increasing the main lobe by 6 dB and considerably expanding the grating length with linear energy decay. The full width at the half maximum of the light spot reaches about 0.24 degrees. The antenna sites can simultaneously be scanned vertically by bi-directional inputs, effectively increasing the FoV to 30 degrees in the vertical direction.

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21

Benedikovic, Daniel, Qiankun Liu, Alejandro Sanchez-Postigo, Ahmad Atieh, Tom Smy, Pavel Cheben, and Winnie N. Ye. "Integrated optical phased arrays with circular architecture on a silicon platform." EPJ Web of Conferences 266 (2022): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202226601002.

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Optical phased arrays (OPAs) are now at the forefront of photonic research as a key beam steering technology for myriad of photonic applications, including in light detection and ranging (LIDAR), communications, and metrology, among others. Integrated OPAs with narrow beam widths and wide-angle steering are in critical need, especially for LIDARs in autonomous vehicle, drone and airplane navigation, or satellites. In this work, we numerically study the performances of OPAs having a circular layout arrangement. Compared to recently available solutions with 1D linear or 2D rectangular arrays, the proposed circular OPAs are poised to deliver effective suppression of the grating sidelobes, while improving beam steering range and obtaining narrower beamwidths. We demonstrate 110-element circular arrays with sidelobe suppression better than 10 dB and an angular beamwidth of 0.5°. Under a monochromatic operation at a 1550 nm wavelength, such array provides a solid angle steering range of 0.21π-sr, with a perspective for performance improvement by using large number of OPA elements and operating under broader spectral range.

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22

Yoon, Hyeonho, Hyun-Woo Rhee, Nam-Hyun Kwon, Jae-Yong Kim, Junhyeong Kim, Jinhyeong Yoon, and Hyo-Hoon Park. "Demonstration of Two-Dimensional Beam Steering through Wavelength Tuning with One-Dimensional Silicon Optical Phased Array." Photonics 9, no. 11 (October 28, 2022): 812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9110812.

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We demonstrate two-dimensional beam steering through wavelength control using a one-dimensional optical phased array (OPA) in which a path difference is built up in each channel to allocate a phase delay sequentially. Prior to the beam steering through wavelength tuning, phase initialization was performed to form a single beam using electro-optic p-i-n phase shifters to compensate for the phase error due to fabrication imperfections. With a 79.6 μm path difference in the phase-feeding lines and a 2 μm pitch in the grating radiators, we achieved a continuous transversal steering of about 46° through a wavelength tuning of about 7 nm. By extending the wavelength tuning range to 90 nm, longitudinal steering was attained near 13° with a discrete interval of about 1°. The beam was maintained during full two-dimensional steering and experienced only a small degree of degradation in the beam divergences and in the side lobe level. We analyzed the parameters to be able to induce the degradation of beam quality considering the fabrication errors of the geometric parameters of the OPA. The results indicated that the scanning scheme employing wavelength tuning after initialization with phase shifters can greatly reduce the realignment process of the beam pattern, even in the presence of some effective index perturbation during the fabrication.

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23

Wang, Chenxi, Hongliang Li, Jinke Li, and Sang-Shin Lee. "Compact On-Chip Metalens-Assisted Optical Switch Enabling Efficient and Scalable Beam Switching." Photonics 11, no. 7 (June 27, 2024): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics11070611.

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We propose and demonstrate an integrated optical switch that leverages an optical phased array (OPA) and an on-chip metalens, highlighting its potential for efficient and scalable beam switching across multiple ports within a compact footprint. The device consists of an input multimode interference (MMI) coupler, a phase modulator (PM) array, a beam-transformation region featuring an on-chip metalens layer, and a tapered waveguide array serving as the output ports. The PM array, engineered to effectively manipulate multiple phases for a waveguide array using a single voltage, utilizes metal strips of varying lengths to streamline operation. The on-chip metalens, characterized by varying slot lengths, facilitates the wavefront manipulation of the fast Fourier transform, resulting in beam deflection with a focusing length of 20 µm. The simulated validation of the proposed compact optical switch demonstrated efficient beam deflection, yielding a 1 × 8 beam switching at a wavelength of 1550 nm. Combinations of diverse OPAs and metalens configurations resulted in potential scalability, allowing for the realization of optical switches with pathway numbers ranging from 4 to 16. This development of a metalens-assisted optical switch on a compact chip presents significant practical implications for enhancing data transmission efficiency and scalability in photonic integrated circuits.

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24

Shekel, Eyal. "Dynamic beam shaping with coherent beam combining." PhotonicsViews 21, no. 3 (May 29, 2024): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/phvs.202400023.

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AbstractCoherent beam combining (CBC) is a method of enhancing laser power. It has recently transitioned to industrial applications, unveiling new possibilities in laser technology. CBC merges multiple laser channels from a single source, controlling their phase to create constructive or destructive interference. The optical phased array (OPA) and filled aperture methods exemplify CBC's advancements, enabling dynamic and precise beam manipulation. This technological evolution opens avenues for versatile applications in various industries, significantly advancing our capability to harness laser technology for complex tasks.

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25

Wei, Jinmei, Yan Li, Yuejun Zhang, Tingge Dai, Xiangyu Li, Xiaowei Zhang, and Ying Wang. "High-Directionality Silicon Nitride Antenna Based on Distributed Bragg Reflector for Optical Phased Array." Photonics 10, no. 8 (July 27, 2023): 871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10080871.

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Optical phased arrays (OPAs) have great potential in the fields of integrated solid-state light detection and ranging. The ranging distance of an OPA can be further enlarged by improving the directionality of the grating antenna. A high-directionality silicon nitride grating antenna with a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) is proposed. The DBR consists of a stack of silicon nitride and silicon dioxide layers, which are utilized as the bottom reflectors to further reduce downward radiation. In a simulation, the directionality of the antenna exceeded 71.6% within the wavelength range of 1420–1740 nm. Additionally, the directionality of the antenna can achieve 97.6% at 1550 nm. Compared to a grating antenna without a DBR, the directionality is improved by 1.52 dB. Moreover, the proposed silicon nitride grating antenna has a large fabrication tolerance and is compatible with CMOS fabrication techniques, showing great potential for enhancing the performance of the integrated optical phased array.

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Sun, Xiaochen, Lingxuan Zhang, Qihao Zhang, and Wenfu Zhang. "Si Photonics for Practical LiDAR Solutions." Applied Sciences 9, no. 20 (October 10, 2019): 4225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9204225.

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In the article the authors discuss light detection and ranging (LiDAR) for automotive applications and the potential roles Si photonics can play in practice. The authors review published research work on Si photonics optical phased array (OPA) and other relevant devices in the past decade with in-depth technical analysis with respect to practical system design considerations. The commercialization status of certain LiDAR technologies is briefly introduced.

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Wang, Yue, Yu Wang, Guohui Yang, Qingyan Li, Yu Zhang, Shiyu Yan, and Chunhui Wang. "All-Solid-State Optical Phased Arrays of Mid-Infrared Based Graphene-Metal Hybrid Metasurfaces." Nanomaterials 11, no. 6 (June 11, 2021): 1552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11061552.

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Optical phased arrays (OPAs) are essential optical elements in applications that require the ability to manipulate the light-wavefront, such as beam focusing and light steering. To miniaturize the optical components, active metasurfaces, especially graphene metasurfaces, are used as competent alternatives. However, the metasurface cannot achieve strong resonance effect and phase control function in the mid-infrared region only relying on a single-layer graphene. Here we present a graphene-metal hybrid metasurface that can generate a specific phase or a continuous sweep in the range of a 275°-based single-layer graphene structure. A key feature of our design is that the phase adjustment mainly depends on the combination mechanism of resonance intensity and frequency modulation. An all-solid-state, electrically tunable, and reflective OPA is designed by applying the bias voltage to a different pixel metasurface. The simulation results show that the maximum deflection angle of the OPA can reach 42.716°, and the angular resolution can reach 0.62°. This design can be widely applied to mid-infrared imaging, optical sensing, and optical communication systems.

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Wang, Peiyang, Jialin Ai, Wenbin Yan, and Yudian An. "Generation Method Of Laser Beam Riding Guidance Information Field Based On Optical Phased Array." MATEC Web of Conferences 232 (2018): 04045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823204045.

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Laser beam riding guidance was a new concept of guidance technology put forward in 1970s. It is widely used in various laser guided weapon systems. The technology of generating information field in the laser beam riding guidance system is the key of the system. However, the traditional laser beam riding guidance technology needs complex mechanical devices for the generation of guidance information field, optical zoom control and so on. There are many problems, such as the complex structure and it is difficult to guarantee the precision. In this paper, Optical Phased Array (OPA) is used to explore a new method of generating laser beam riding information field, which can realize the non-inertia and rapid deflection control of the beam.

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Lei, Yufang, Lingxuan Zhang, Zhiyuan Yu, Yulong Xue, Yangming Ren, and Xiaochen Sun. "Si Photonics FMCW LiDAR Chip with Solid-State Beam Steering by Interleaved Coaxial Optical Phased Array." Micromachines 14, no. 5 (May 5, 2023): 1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14051001.

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LiDAR has attracted increasing attention because of its strong anti-interference ability and high resolution. Traditional LiDAR systems rely on discrete components and face the challenges of high cost, large volume, and complex construction. Photonic integration technology can solve these problems and achieve high integration, compact dimension, and low-cost on-chip LiDAR solutions. A solid-state frequency-modulated continuous-wave LiDAR based on a silicon photonic chip is proposed and demonstrated. Two sets of optical phased array antennas are integrated on an optical chip to form a transmitter–receiver interleaved coaxial all-solid-state coherent optical system which provides high power efficiency, in principle, compared with a coaxial optical system using a 2 × 2 beam splitter. The solid-state scanning on the chip is realized by optical phased array without a mechanical structure. A 32-channel transmitter–receiver interleaved coaxial all-solid-state FMCW LiDAR chip design is demonstrated. The measured beam width is 0.4° × 0.8°, and the grating lobe suppression ratio is 6 dB. Preliminary FMCW ranging of multiple targets scanned by OPA was performed. The photonic integrated chip is fabricated on a CMOS-compatible silicon photonics platform, providing a steady path to the commercialization of low-cost on-chip solid-state FMCW LiDAR.

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Lee, Eun-Su, Kwon-Wook Chun, Jinung Jin, and Min-Cheol Oh. "Frequency Response of Thermo-Optic Phase Modulators Based on Fluorinated Polyimide Polymer Waveguide." Polymers 14, no. 11 (May 27, 2022): 2186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14112186.

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Polymer waveguide phase modulators exhibit stable low-power phase modulation owing to their exceptional thermal confinement and high thermo-optic effect, and thus, have the merit of thermal isolation between channels, which is crucial for an optical phased array (OPA) beam scanner device. In this work, a waveguide phase modulator was designed and fabricated based on a high-refractive-index fluorinated polyimide. The propagation loss of the polyimide waveguide and the temporal response of the phase modulator were characterized. Moreover, the transfer function of the phase modulator including multiple poles and zeros was obtained from the measured frequency response. The polyimide waveguide modulator device demonstrated a fast response time of 117 μs for 1 kHz input signal, however, for 1 mHz step-function input, it exhibited an additional 5% phase change in 5 s.

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Calò, Giovanna, Gaetano Bellanca, Franco Fuschini, Marina Barbiroli, Davide Bertozzi, Velio Tralli, and Vincenzo Petruzzelli. "4 × 4 Integrated Switches Based on On-Chip Wireless Connection through Optical Phased Arrays." Photonics 10, no. 4 (March 25, 2023): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10040367.

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Optical Wireless Networks on-Chip are an emerging technology recently proposed to improve the interconnection between different processing units in densely integrated computing architectures. In this work, we propose a 4 × 4 optical wireless switch (OWS) based on optical phased arrays (OPAs) for broadband reconfigurable on-chip communication. The OPA and OWS design criteria are reported. Moreover, the performances of the OWS are analyzed and optimized considering the electromagnetic propagation in on-chip multilayer structures, with different thicknesses of the cladding layer. The effect on the OWS behavior of a non-ideal distribution of the power in input to the OPA is also investigated by designing a 1 × 7 beam splitter, based on a single-stage multi-mode interference (MMI) device to be used as a single element of the OWS. Then, the MMI output signals are considered in input to the transmitting OPAs and the OWS performances are evaluated.

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Qin, Siyi, Chen Liu, Jinyao Wang, Kexin Chen, Jingquan Xu, Songnian Fu, Deming Liu, and Yanli Ran. "Liquid crystal-optical phased arrays (LC-OPA)-based optical beam steering with microradian resolution enabled by double gratings." Applied Optics 58, no. 15 (May 20, 2019): 4091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.58.004091.

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NIU Qi-feng, 牛启凤, 王春阳 WANG Chun-yang, 张广平 ZHANG Guang-ping, and 史红伟 SHI Hong-wei. "Solution of liquid crystal phased array director and its beam deflection." Optics and Precision Engineering 26, no. 12 (2018): 2894–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/ope.20182612.2894.

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LIU Gui-xiong, 刘桂雄, 唐文明 TANG Wen-ming, and 谭大基 TAN Da-ji. "Focusing time delay of ultrasonic phased array based on multistage half-band filter." Optics and Precision Engineering 22, no. 6 (2014): 1571–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/ope.20142206.1571.

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TONG, Xin, Youyang QU, Jiebing LIU, Xinyu SONG, and Lu DAI. "Sunlight avoidance planning method for data transmission with phased array of low-earth orbit optical satellites." Optics and Precision Engineering 32, no. 6 (2024): 822–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37188/ope.20243206.0822.

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36

Xin, Yifan, Wenyuan Liao, Lei Yu, Pengfei Ma, Zheng Wang, Yibo Yang, Licheng Chen, Pengfei Wang, Yejin Zhang, and Jiaoqing Pan. "Analysis of the Influence of Fabrication Errors on the Far-Field Performance of Si and Si3N4 Antennas." Photonics 11, no. 1 (January 16, 2024): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics11010081.

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Antennas are important components in optical phased arrays. However, their far-field performance deteriorates when random phase noise is introduced because of fabricating errors. For the first time, we use a finite-difference time-domain solution to quantitatively analyze the far-field characteristics of Si and Si3N4 antennas considering process errors. Under rough surface conditions based on a fishbone structure, we find that the quality of the main lobe of the Si antenna deteriorates badly, with −0.87 dB and −0.51 dB decreases in the sidelobe level and 5.78% and 3.74% deteriorations in the main peak power in the φ (phase-controlled) and θ (wavelength-controlled) directions, respectively. However, the Si3N4 antenna is only slightly impacted, with mere 0.39% and 0.71% deteriorations in the main peak power in the φ and θ directions, respectively, which is statistically about 1/15 of the Si antenna in the φ direction and 1/5 in the θ direction. The decreases in the sidelobe level are also slight, at about −0.08 dB and −0.01 dB, respectively. Furthermore, the advantages of the Si3N4 antenna become more remarkable with the introduction of random errors into the waveguide width and thickness. This work is of great significance for the design and optimization of OPA chips.

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Sanyal, G. S. "Optical Phased Array." IETE Journal of Research 45, no. 5-6 (September 1999): 355–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03772063.1999.11416121.

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Montoya, Juan, Antonio Sanchez-Rubio, Robert Hatch, and Harold Payson. "Optical phased-array ladar." Applied Optics 53, no. 31 (October 30, 2014): 7551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.53.007551.

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39

McManamon, P. F., T. A. Dorschner, D. L. Corkum, L. J. Friedman, D. S. Hobbs, M. Holz, S. Liberman, et al. "Optical phased array technology." Proceedings of the IEEE 84, no. 2 (February 1996): 268–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/5.482231.

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40

Fukui, Taichiro, Ryota Tanomura, Kento Komatsu, Daiji Yamashita, Shun Takahashi, Yoshiaki Nakano, and Takuo Tanemura. "Non-redundant optical phased array." Optica 8, no. 10 (October 20, 2021): 1350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/optica.437453.

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41

Bowman, David J., Malcolm J. King, Andrew J. Sutton, Danielle M. Wuchenich, Robert L. Ward, Emmanuel A. Malikides, David E. McClelland, and Daniel A. Shaddock. "Internally sensed optical phased array." Optics Letters 38, no. 7 (March 29, 2013): 1137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.38.001137.

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42

Zheng, Yingjing, Hooi Sing Lee, Sascha Meyne, Alexander Yu Petrov, and Manfred Eich. "Waveguide-Based Optical Phased Array." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 25, no. 18 (September 2013): 1826–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2013.2276746.

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43

Yu, Lei, Pengfei Ma, Guangzhen Luo, Langlin Cui, Xuliang Zhou, Pengfei Wang, Yejin Zhang, and Jiaoqing Pan. "Adoption of large aperture chirped grating antennas in optical phase array for long distance ranging." Optics Express 30, no. 15 (July 15, 2022): 28112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.464358.

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Optical phased array can be widely used in many fields benefiting from its superior performance. We designed and fabricated chirped grating antennas and uniform grating antennas for the optical phased array. The effective aperture of the chirped grating antennas is about twice that of the uniform grating antennas. The chirped grating optical phased array can receive the reflected signal of the object at a distance of 100 m, while the uniform grating optical phased array can only receive 50 m under the same conditions. Additionally, a ranging distance of 25 m is achieved when two chirped grating optical phased arrays are set as the transmitter and receiver.

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Fukui, Taichiro, Ryota Tanomura, Kento Komatsu, Daiji Yamashita, Shun Takahashi, Yoshiaki Nakano, and Takuo Tanemura. "Non-redundant optical phased array: erratum." Optica 9, no. 2 (February 2, 2022): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/optica.453419.

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Ren, Yangming, Lingxuan Zhang, Wei Zhao, Guoxi Wang, NingNing Feng, Wei Wu, Xiaochen Sun, and Wenfu Zhang. "Compact 2D serpentine optical phased array." Applied Optics 60, no. 24 (August 12, 2021): 7158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.431942.

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Tsui, Jing M., Charles Thompson, and Jeffrey M. Roth. "Optical phased array power penalty analysis." Optics Express 15, no. 8 (2007): 5179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.15.005179.

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Shi, Jianru. "Broadband optical phased-array beam steering." Optical Engineering 44, no. 12 (December 1, 2005): 128004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.2149374.

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Wang, Y., and M. C. Wu. "An Optical Phased Array for LIDAR." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 772 (November 2016): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/772/1/012004.

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Zuev, V. S., and G. Ya Zueva. "Nanodipoles for an optical phased array." Journal of Russian Laser Research 28, no. 3 (May 2007): 272–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10946-007-0016-5.

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Vidal, B., T. Mengual, and J. Martí. "Fast Optical Beamforming Architectures for Satellite-Based Applications." Advances in Optical Technologies 2012 (October 15, 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/385409.

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Photonic technology offers an alternative implementation for the control of phased array antennas providing large time bandwidth products and low weight, flexible feeding networks. Measurements of an optical beamforming network for phased array antennas with fast beam steering operation for space scenarios are presented. Experimental results demonstrate fast beam steering between 4 and 8 GHz without beam squint.

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