Relevant bibliographies by topics / Optical measuring systems

Academic literature on the topic 'Optical measuring systems'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Optical measuring systems"

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Melnikov, R. M., A. N. Kondrashov, M. A. Davydov, and B. S. Seletkov. "Approaches to modeling optical measuring systems." Russian Fiber Lasers 2, no. 1 (2022): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.31868/2782-2354-rfl2022-2-1-106.

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Maerz, Norbert H., and Wei Zhou. "Calibration of optical digital fragmentation measuring systems." Fragblast 4, no. 2 (June 1, 2000): 126–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/frag.4.2.126.7450.

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Simonović, Milan, Dragan Lazarević, Marko Simonović, and Bogdan Nedić. "Comparison of measurement using optical measuring systems and coordinate measuring machine." IMK-14 - Istrazivanje i razvoj 26, no. 2 (2020): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/imk2002035s.

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The paper presents the results of measuring the gearbox housing with the ATOS optical measuring system, the TRITOP system and the "TESA micro-hit 4-5-4" coordinate measuring machine. The aim of the study was to determine the differences in modern measuring systems and whether these differences affect the final measurement result when controlling parts of a complex configuration. At the beginning of the paper, the way of functioning of the used measuring systems and the results of research in this area are described. GOM Inspect software used for the ATOS and TRITOP measuring systems, while PC DMIS software used for the coordinate measuring machine. The analysis of the obtained results showed that there are significant differences in the measurement results and that the measuring systems used can't be applied with the same success to the measurement of parts of complex configuration such as the gearbox housing.
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Loderer, A., and T. Hausotte. "Qualification concept for optical multi-scale multi-sensor systems." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 5, no. 1 (January 14, 2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-5-1-2016.

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Abstract. This article describes a new qualification concept for dimensional measurements on optical measuring systems. Using the example of a prototypical multi-scale multi-sensor fringe projection system for production-related inspections of sheet-bulk metal-formed parts, current measuring procedures of the optical system are introduced. Out of the shown procedures' deficiencies, a new concept is developed for determining the orientations and positions of the sensors' measuring ranges in a common coordinate system. The principle element of the concept is a newly developed flexible reference artefact, adapted to the measuring task of the fringe projection system. Due to its dull surface, the artefact is optimized for optical measuring systems, like the used fringe projection sensors. By measuring the reference artefact with each fringe projection sensor and aligning the resulting data sets on a digital reference model of the artefact, sensor-specific transformation matrices can be calculated which allow transformation of the sensors' data sets into a common coordinate system, without the need for any overlapping areas. This approach is concluded in an automated measuring procedure, using alignment algorithms from commercial available software where necessary. With the automated measuring procedure, geometrical relations between individual measured features can be determined and dimensional measuring beyond the measuring range of a sensor became possible. Due to a series of experiments, the advantages of the new qualification concept in comparison with the current measuring procedures are finally revealed.
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Zaacks, M., U. Mahlab, M. Horowitz, and S. Stepanov. "Online measuring dispersion sign in optical communication systems." Electronics Letters 39, no. 16 (2003): 1198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20030739.

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Budai, B. T., I. V. Myakutina, and N. V. Kasatkin. "Reduction of the Distortions in Optical Measuring Systems." Measurement Techniques 58, no. 6 (September 2015): 640–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11018-015-0768-1.

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Wójcik, Waldemar, Aliya Kalizhanova, Gulzhan Kashaganova, Ainur Kozbakova, Zhalau Aitkulov, and Zhassulan Orazbekov. "RESEARCH OF PARAMETERS OF FIBER-OPTICAL MEASURING SYSTEMS." Informatyka Automatyka Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska 9, no. 2 (June 21, 2019): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2543.

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At present there exist a lot of technical devices, the failure of which can be connected not only with huge financial losses, but with the treat to the environment as well. Therefore, an important problem is the effective devices conditions diagnostics, including electronic components and check of their operation. Timely faults detecting allows introducing the prevention measures and avoiding serious consequences. Fiber-optic sensors have several advantages, more important of which include the immunity to electromagnetic disturbances, little weight and possibility to be included into the structure being measured. The most perspective are the sensors based on the Bragg fiber gratings. Bragg fiber gratings have several advantages, for instance, they allow creating the distributed measuring massifs, which contain several sensors. As well, they are insensitive to the optic power source vibrations. Variety of using the fiber sensors based on the Bragg fiber gratings has led to producing the Bragg fiber gratings with different spectral characteristics. Homogeneous Bragg fiber gratings have the spectra with solid side lobes, which can influence at the temperature sensor processing characteristics. To level the side lobes there is applied the apodization method, which is one of the means to affect the spectral form. The article herein considers the issues of the Bragg fiber gratings mathematical and computer modeling using the transfer matrix method. Transfer matrix method allows defining the optical components spectral characteristics based on the bound modes theory and description of electromagnetic wave, passing through an optic fiber. In the article there have been analyzed the Bragg fiber gratings in compliance with spectral features, such as transmission and reflectance spectra. As well, there has been carried out the experiment with influence of various parameters at the Bragg fiber gratings spectral characteristics. There have been studied the Bragg fiber gratings spectral features and selected the grating optimal parameters for designing the fiber-optic sensors based on the Bragg fiber gratings.
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Balle, Bernd. "Measuring means knowledge." Advanced Technologies in Mechanics 3, no. 1(6) (March 2, 2017): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17814/atim.2016.1(6).37.

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Optical designers, physicists and engineers at FISBA develop, analyze and optimize optical components on behalf of their customers. Thanks to its innovative production techniques, the Swiss company is widely renowned as a manufacturer of highquality optical components and systems. A ZEISS MICURA coordinate measuring machine is among the tools used by the company to ensure the quality that is valued around the globe.
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Galanulis, Konstantin. "Optical Measuring Technologies in Sheet Metal Processing." Advanced Materials Research 6-8 (May 2005): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.6-8.19.

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During recent years, optical measuring technologies in sheet metal forming and tooling have been used more and more in the industry. Main applications are the digitizing of metal sheet parts and tools, forming analysis of metal sheets as well as the determination of material properties. Good interfaces to conventional CAD/CAM and numerical simulation systems made such optical measuring systems a part of complex process chains. These process chains mainly focus on optimizing the development of products and production processes and on improving the product quality. Using optical systems considerably decreases the development time for products and production while improving the quality.
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Meshcheryakov, V. I., M. I. Sinelnikov, and O. K. Filippov. "Measuring the focal lengths of long-focus optical systems." Journal of Optical Technology 66, no. 5 (May 1, 1999): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/jot.66.000458.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Optical measuring systems"

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Zobrist, Tom L. "Application of laser tracker technology for measuring optical surfaces." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195326.

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The pages of this dissertation detail the development of an advanced metrology instrument for measuring large optical surfaces. The system is designed to accurately guide the fabrication of the Giant Magellan Telescope and future telescopes through loose-abrasive grinding. The instrument couples a commercial laser tracker with an advanced calibration technique and a set of external references to mitigate a number of error sources. The system is also required to work as a verification test for the GMT principal optical interferometric test of the polished mirror segment to corroborate the measurements in several low-order aberrations. A set of system performance goals were developed to ensure that the system will achieve these purposes. The design, analysis, calibration results, and measurement performance of the Laser Tracker Plus system are presented in this dissertation.
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Berglund, Martin. "Optical measuring system using a camera and laser fan-out for narrow mounting on a miniaturized submarine." Thesis, Uppsala University, Ångström Space Technology Centre, ÅSTC, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-112681.

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The aim was to develop, manufacture and evaluate diffractive lenses, or diffractive optical elements (DOE), for use in correlation with a camera to add perspective in pictures. The application is a miniaturized submarine developed in order to perform distant exploration and analysis in harsh and narrow environments. The idea is to project a laser pattern upon the observed structure and thereby add geometrical information to pictures acquired with an onboard CMOS camera. The design of the DOE-structures was simulated using the optimal rotational angle method (ORA). A set of prototype DOEs were realized using a series of microelectromechanical system (MEMS) processes, including photolithography, deposition and deep reactive-ion etching (DRIE). The projected patterns produced by the manufactured DOEs were found to agree with the simulated patterns except for the case where the DOE feature size was too small for the available process technology to handle. A post-processing software solution was developed to extract information from the pictures, called Laser Camera Measurement (LCM). The software returns the x, y and z coordinate of each laser spot in a picture and provides the ability to measure a live video stream from the camera. The accuracy of the measurement is dependent of the distance to the object. Some of the patterns showed very promising results, giving a 3-D resolution of ~0.6 cm, in each dot, at a distance of 1 m from the camera. Lengths can be resolved up til 3 m distance from the submarine.


Tillämpningen finns i en miniatyriserad ubåt framtagen för utforskning och analys av svåråtkomliga och trånga håligheter. Målet var att designa, tillverka och utvärdera en diffraktiv lins (DOE) för användning tillsammans med en kamera för att skapa perspektiv i bilder. Idén var att projicera ett lasermönster på objektet och därmed lägga till geometrisk information till bilderna tagna med CMOS kameran. Utformningen av DOE-strukturerna simulerades med the optimal rotational angle method (ORA). En uppsättning av prototyp DOE-linser tillverkades med hjälp av en serie mikrostrukturteknikprocesser, bland annat fotolitografi, deponering och plasmaetsning. Mönster projicerade med de tillverkade DOE-linserna stämde väl överens med önskade mönster, med undantag för de DOEs där strukturstorleken underskred processens begränsningar. En programvara, kallad Laser Camera Measurement (LCM), utvecklades för att extrahera information från bilderna. Programvaran returnerar x, y, och z koordinaterna för varje laserpunkt i en bild och ger möjlighet att mäta i en kontinuerlig videoström från kameran.  Mätosäkerheten är beroende av avståndet till objektet. Vissa mönster gav mycket lovande resultat, med en 3-D upplösning på ~0.6 cm, i varje punkt, på ett avstånd av 1 m från kameran. Längder kan upplösas upp till 3 m från kameran där ett så kallat far-field uppstår.


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Godun, Rachel M. "Beam splitting mechanisms for a caesium atom interferometer." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343474.

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He, Zaiqian. "Investigation of a multi-purpose optical measurement system /." View abstract or full-text, 2005. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?IEEM%202005%20HE.

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Ingraham, John. "Model automatic focusing system for linewidth measuring instruments /." Online version of thesis, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/11372.

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Maldonado, Alejandro V. "High Resolution Optical Surface Metrology with the Slope Measuring Portable Optical Test System." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/337294.

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New optical designs strive to achieve extreme performance, and continually increase the complexity of prescribed optical shapes, which often require wide dynamic range and high resolution. SCOTS, or the Software Configurable Optical Test System, can measure a wide range of optical surfaces with high sensitivity using surface slope. This dissertation introduces a high resolution version of SCOTS called SPOTS, or the Slope measuring Portable Optical Test System. SPOTS improves the metrology of surface features on the order of sub-millimeter to decimeter spatial scales and nanometer to micrometer level height scales. Currently there is no optical surface metrology instrument with the same utility. SCOTS uses a computer controlled display (such as an LCD monitor) and camera to measure surface slopes over the entire surface of a mirror. SPOTS differs in that an additional lens is placed near the surface under test. A small prototype system is discussed in general, providing the support for the design of future SPOTS devices. Then the SCOTS instrument transfer function is addressed, which defines the way the system filters surface heights. Lastly, the calibration and performance of larger SPOTS device is analyzed with example measurements of the 8.4-m diameter aspheric Large Synoptic Survey Telescope's (LSST) primary mirror. In general optical systems have a transfer function, which filters data. In the case of optical imaging systems the instrument transfer function (ITF) follows the modulation transfer function (MTF), which causes a reduction of contrast as a function of increasing spatial frequency due to diffraction. In SCOTS, ITF is shown to decrease the measured height of surface features as their spatial frequency increases, and thus the SCOTS and SPOTS ITF is proportional to their camera system's MTF. Theory and simulations are supported by a SCOTS measurement of a test piece with a set of lithographically written sinusoidal surface topographies. In addition, an example of a simple inverse filtering technique is provided. The success of a small SPOTS proof of concept instrument paved the way for a new larger prototype system, which is intended to measure subaperture regions on large optical mirrors. On large optics, the prototype SPOTS is light weight and it rests on the surface being tested. One advantage of this SPOTS is stability over time in maintaining its calibration. Thus the optician can simply place SPOTS on the mirror, perform a simple alignment, collect measurement data, then pick the system up and repeat at a new location. The entire process takes approximately 5 to 10 minutes, of which 3 minutes is spent collecting data. SPOTS' simplicity of design, light weight, robustness, wide dynamic range, and high sensitivity make it a useful tool for optical shop use during the fabrication and testing process of large and small optics.
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Palásek, Vítězslav. "Souřadnicové měřicí stroje (CMM) s optickým snímacím systémem a optické CMM." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-228384.

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This graduation work is about co-ordinal measuring machines (CMM) with optical reader system and optical CMM. In accordance with submission and in terms of survival well known contactless systems the direction is to make methodology objective classification of rating with granting summary of these systems. The first part contains optical principles for visual scanner in CMM and optical CMM. Ist is described there principle of contactless obtaining steric digital version of measured object with using laser and optical facilities. The second part contains brief makes survey of these contactless systems and their component which are used for co-ordinal measuring. The survey is devided into optical readers, which are put on CMM brake or on mobile measuring brake and on optical CMM, which localize position measuring/sensing head in the space or they read measured object from specific distance – fotogrammetric. Characteristic of offered systems and chart with technical data are mentioned with each maker. The third and fourth part is about submission methodology for objective choice suitable sort of reader, optical CMM in target of characteristic reader system quality. And from this methodology is given the choice of suitable exponent stationary measuring machine with contact and contactless way of reading and their comparison.
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Wang, Na 1982. "System of measuring mechanical properties of colloidal gels with optical tweezers." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=101662.

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Due to the unique rheological properties of colloidal gels, gelation of colloidal suspensions has become increasingly important to fundamental investigations, as well as to technological applications. Recent experimental approaches are mainly focused on the bulk properties of colloidal gels, using methods of static and dynamic light scattering and shear rheometry. This thesis describes the development of a system for measuring the mechanical properties of colloidal gels with optical tweezers.
We make colloidal gels out of polystyrene beads of two different sizes, diameters of 3.5mum or 62nm respectively. Investigation of the colloidal gels under the light microscope shows the fractal nature of the gel structure while macroscopic study confirms that the gelation process of the smaller polystyrene beads is faster than that of the bigger polystyrene beads. We were also able to generate a phase diagram of the gelation process.
We successfully assembled the main instrument, a time-sharing single beam optical tweezers, and calibrated the lateral stiffness of the optical trap. Our optical tweezers setup is used to study the polystyrene gel and it has many more applications in colloidal samples. The strong 3D optical trapping highlights the optical tweezers as a powerful technique suitable for further investigation of colloidal samples.
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Al-Rjoub, Bashar Ahmed. "Structured light optical non-contact measuring techniques : system analysis and modelling." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.438765.

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Gedemer, L. A. "A new method for measuring and calibrating cinema audio systems for optimal sound quality." Thesis, University of Salford, 2017. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/42005/.

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The aim of this research is to utilize new methodologies and technology in order to gain insight into how the modern cinema audio system could be calibrated to provide improved audio performance. To this end, both objective and subjective measurements were developed to better understand the audio preferences of listeners, the requirements of the audio systems inclusive of the acoustic environment, and how the two are related. Part of the data for this research was derived from a survey of re-recording mixers regarding their use and opinion of the current SMPTE standard. The survey confirmed anecdotal information suggesting that re-recording mixers use high-end pre-emphasis to compensate for the severe roll-off induced by the SMPTE X-curve. It is also noted that the re-recording mixers' opinions of how well their mix translates from dub-stage to cinema is correlated to how many years they have spent in the industry. The aim of this research is to utilize new methodologies and technology in order to gain insight into how the modern cinema audio system could be calibrated to provide improved audio performance. To this end, both objective and subjective measurements were developed to better understand the audio preferences of listeners, the requirements of the audio systems inclusive of the acoustic environment, and how the two are related. Part of the data for this research was derived from a survey of re-recording mixers regarding their use and opinion of the current SMPTE standard. The survey confirmed anecdotal information suggesting that re-recording mixers use high-end pre-emphasis to compensate for the severe roll-off induced by the SMPTE X-curve. It is also noted that the re-recording mixers' opinions of how well their mix translates from dub-stage to cinema is correlated to how many years they have spent in the industry. To further understand listener preference to in-room responses curves, a series of listening tests utilizing the BRS system were conducted using various sized cinemas, seating positions within the cinemas, audio tracks (including those mixed on a SMPTE calibrated dub-stage) and target curves. The overwhelming outcome was that regardless of cinema size, seating position or audio track utilized; the "curve" that listeners preferred is a relatively flat 0.9dB/octave slope with a 6.5dB bass boost below 105Hz and a -2.5dB roll off above 2.5kHz. Of the 5 target curves presented, the SMPTE X-curve place fourth with scores very near the low-rated perceptual anchor. This calls into question the notion of the X-curve providing "ideal" translation between dub-stage and cinema and in fact, challenges the concept of translation all together. Research was completed in an effort to identifying the number of microphone positions required, along with their placement, in order to accurately capture a cinema's response for calibration purposes. A novel experiment utilizing anechoic loudspeaker data as a guideline for xxi analysis demonstrated that, with proper data, the number of microphones and their positions plays a less critical factor in determining the room response. The collected data shows that even with as few as 4 microphones at varied positions, the resultant room response will trend towards the anechoic data above 1kHz. From around 300Hz to 1kHz, there is evidence of seat effects that may be resolved through randomizing the microphone heights. Below 300Hz, the room becomes the dominating factor and more than 5 microphone positions will be required to properly identify any problems.
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Books on the topic "Optical measuring systems"

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Vezzetti, Carol F. Antireflecting-chromium linewidth standard, SRM 475, for calibration of optical microscope linewidth measuring systems. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1992.

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Vezzetti, Carol F. Bright-chromium linewidth standard, SRM 476, for calibration of optical microscope linewidth measuring systems. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1991.

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Potzick, James E. Antireflecting-chromium linewidth standard, SRM 473, for calibration of optical microscope linewidth measuring systems. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1997.

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Vezzetti, Carol F. Antireflecting-chromium linewidth standard, SRM 475, for calibration of optical microscope linewidth measuring systems. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1992.

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Vezzetti, Carol F. Bright-chromium linewidth standard, SRM 476, for calibration of optical microscope linewidth measuring systems. Gaithersburg, Md: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1991.

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Vezzetti, Carol F. Bright-chromium linewidth standard, SRM 476, for calibration of optical microscope linewidth measuring systems. Gaithersburg, Md: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1991.

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Vezzetti, Carol F. Antireflecting-chromium linewidth standard, SRM 475, for calibration of optical microscope linewidth measuring systems. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1992.

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Vezzetti, Carol F. Antireflecting-chromium linewidth standard, SRM 475, for calibration of optical microscope linewidth measuring systems. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1992.

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Potzick, James E. Antireflecting-chromium linewidth standard, SRM 473, for calibration of optical microscope linewidth measuring systems. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1997.

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Vezzetti, Carol F. Bright-chromium linewidth standard, SRM 476, for calibration of optical microscope linewidth measuring systems. Gaithersburg, Md: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Optical measuring systems"

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Torres-Torres, Carlos, and Geselle García-Beltrán. "Methods for Measuring Nonlinear Optical Properties." In Optical Nonlinearities in Nanostructured Systems, 1–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10824-2_1.

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Seewig, Jörg, Tobias Damm, Janick Frasch, David Kauven, Sebastian Rau, and Johannes Schnebele. "Reconstruction of Shape using Gradient Measuring Optical Systems." In Fringe 2009, 1–7. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03051-2_65.

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Durst, Franz. "Employment of Light Scattering Information to Lay out Optical Measuring Systems for Measurements of Particle Properties." In Optical Particle Sizing, 193–215. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1983-3_16.

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Labilloy, D., H. Benisty, C. Weisbuch, T. F. Krauss, C. J. M. Smith, R. M. De La Rue, D. Cassagne, C. Jouanin, R. Houdré, and U. Oesterle. "Measuring the optical properties of two-dimensional photonic crystals in the near infrared." In Confined Photon Systems, 406–25. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0104391.

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Phuong, Hoang Anh, Alexey A. Gorbachev, Igor A. Konyakhin, and Tong Minh Hoa. "Optical-Electronic System for Measuring Spatial Coordinates of an Object by Reference Marks." In Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, 217–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32710-1_17.

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Tkach, Mykhaylo, Yuri Zolotoy, Yurii Halynkin, Arkadii Proskurin, Irina Zhuk, Volodymyr Kluchnyk, and Igor Bobylev. "Improving the Noise Immunity of the Measuring and Computing Coherent-Optical Vibrodiagnostic Complex." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 277–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66717-7_23.

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de Graaf, G., and R. F. Wolffenbuttel. "Smart Optical Sensor Systems in CMOS for Measuring Light Intensity and Colour." In Sensor Technology in the Netherlands: State of the Art, 229–34. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5010-1_37.

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Turgalieva, Tatiana V., Aleksandr S. Vasilev, Alexander N. Timofeev, Alexander I. Yakovlev, Aleksei A. Gorbachev, Igor A. Konyakhin, and Anna V. Vasileva. "Potential Accuracy of Measuring Spatial Coordinates Methods for Active Optical Mark in the SEMS." In Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, 157–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97004-8_12.

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Stover, R. J., M. Wei, and Y. Li. "CCD Flatness Measuring System at UCO/Lick Observatory." In Optical Detectors for Astronomy, 279–80. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5262-4_42.

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Zaman, M., K. Kleineidam, L. Bakken, J. Berendt, C. Bracken, K. Butterbach-Bahl, Z. Cai, et al. "Methodology for Measuring Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agricultural Soils Using Non-isotopic Techniques." In Measuring Emission of Agricultural Greenhouse Gases and Developing Mitigation Options using Nuclear and Related Techniques, 11–108. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55396-8_2.

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AbstractSeveral approaches exist for measuring greenhouse gases (GHGs), mainly CO2, N2O, and CH4, from soil surfaces. The principle methods that are used to measure GHG from agricultural sites are chamber-based techniques. Both open and closed chamber techniques are in use; however, the majority of field applications use closed chambers. The advantages and disadvantages of different chamber techniques and the principal steps of operation are described. An important part of determining the quality of the flux measurements is the storage and the transportation of the gas samples from the field to the laboratory where the analyses are carried out. Traditionally, analyses of GHGs are carried out via gas chromatographs (GCs). In recent years, optical analysers are becoming increasingly available; these are user-friendly machines and they provide a cost-effective alternative to GCs. Another technique which is still under development, but provides a potentially superior method, is Raman spectroscopy. Not only the GHGs, but also N2, can potentially be analysed if the precision of these techniques is increased in future development. An important part of this chapter deals with the analyses of the gas concentrations, the calculation of fluxes, and the required safety measures. Since non-upland agricultural lands (i.e. flooded paddy soils) are steadily increasing, a section is devoted to the specificities of GHG measurements in these ecosystems. Specialised techniques are also required for GHG measurements in aquatic systems (i.e. rivers), which are often affected by the transfer of nutrients from agricultural fields and therefore are an important indirect source of emission of GHGs. A simple, robust, and more precise methodof ammonia (NH3) emission measurement is also described.
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Conference papers on the topic "Optical measuring systems"

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Kulchin, Yuri N., Oleg T. Kamenev, and Igor V. Denisov. "Neural processing system for optical informational measuring systems." In Distributed Fiber Optical Sensors and Measuring Networks, edited by Yuri N. Kulchin. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.417875.

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Powell, Ian P. "Cable length measuring device." In Optical Systems Design and Production, edited by Fritz Merkle. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.360022.

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Brenci, M., G. Conforti, R. Falciai, A. G. Mignani, and A. M. Scheggi. "Optical Fiber Temperature Measuring Instrument." In 1986 Int'l European Conf on Optics, Optical Systems, and Applications, edited by Stefano Sottini and Silvana Trigari. SPIE, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.937055.

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Schreiber, Horst. "Measuring wavefront tilt using shearing interferometry." In Optical Systems Design 2005. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.625247.

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Schuth, Michael, and Frank Vössing. "Optical Measuring Speckle Systems for NDT." In SAE 2006 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-0767.

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Chugui, Yuri V. "3D optical measuring technologies and systems." In Merida - DL Tentative, edited by R. Rodriguez-Vera and F. Mendoza-Santoyo. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.611832.

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Shore, P., P. Morantz, X. Luo, X. Tonnellier, R. Collins, A. Roberts, R. May-Miller, and R. Read. "Big OptiX ultra precision grinding/measuring system." In Optical Systems Design 2005. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.624166.

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van Amstel, Willem D., Stefan M. B. Baumer, and Fred C. M. Couweleers. "Minideflectometer for measuring optical finish quality." In Optical Systems Design and Production, edited by Roland Geyl and Jonathan Maxwell. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.360167.

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Chugui, Yu V. "3D optical measuring technologies and systems for industrial applications." In Optical Metrology, edited by Wolfgang Osten, Christophe Gorecki, and Erik L. Novak. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.621589.

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Birnbaum, Uwe, and Roland Schreiner. "Machining and measuring of an off-axis paraboloid." In Optical Systems Design 2005. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.625114.

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Reports on the topic "Optical measuring systems"

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Larson, Lee E., Donald R. Larson, and Robert J. Phelan. System for measuring optical waveguide intensity profiles. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.ir.88-3092.

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Corriveau, Elizabeth, Ashley Mossell, Holly VerMeulen, Samuel Beal, and Jay Clausen. The effectiveness of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) as a quantitative tool for environmental characterization. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40263.

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Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a rapid, low-cost analytical method with potential applications for quantitative analysis of soils for heavy metal contaminants found in military ranges. The Department of Defense (DoD), Army, and Department of Homeland Security (DHS) have mission requirements to acquire the ability to detect and identify chemicals of concern in the field. The quantitative potential of a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) hand-held LIBS device and a classic laboratory bench-top LIBS system was examined by measuring heavy metals (antimony, tungsten, iron, lead, and zinc) in soils from six military ranges. To ensure the accuracy of the quantified results, we also examined the soil samples using other hand-held and bench-top analytical methods, to include Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). The effects of soil heterogeneity on quantitative analysis were reviewed with hand-held and bench-top systems and compared multivariate and univariate calibration algorithms for heavy metal quantification. In addition, the influence of cold temperatures on signal intensity and resulting concentration were examined to further assess the viability of this technology in cold environments. Overall, the results indicate that additional work should be performed to enhance the ability of LIBS as a reliable quantitative analytical tool.
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Hart, Carl R., and Gregory W. Lyons. A Measurement System for the Study of Nonlinear Propagation Through Arrays of Scatterers. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/38621.

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Various experimental challenges exist in measuring the spatial and temporal field of a nonlinear acoustic pulse propagating through an array of scatterers. Probe interference and undesirable high-frequency response plague typical approaches with acoustic microphones, which are also limited to resolving the pressure field at a single position. Measurements made with optical methods do not have such drawbacks, and schlieren measurements are particularly well suited to measuring both the spatial and temporal evolution of nonlinear pulse propagation in an array of scatterers. Herein, a measurement system is described based on a z-type schlieren setup, which is suitable for measuring axisymmetric phenomena and visualizing weak shock propagation. In order to reduce directivity and initiate nearly spherically-symmetric propagation, laser induced breakdown serves as the source for the nonlinear pulse. A key component of the schlieren system is a standard schliere, which allows quantitative schlieren measurements to be performed. Sizing of the standard schliere is aided by generating estimates of the expected light refraction from the nonlinear pulse, by way of the forward Abel transform. Finally, considerations for experimental sequencing, image capture, and a reconfigurable rod array designed to minimize spurious wave interactions are specified. 15.
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Mizrach, Amos, Sydney L. Spahr, Ephraim Maltz, Michael R. Murphy, Zeev Schmilovitch, Jan E. Novakofski, Uri M. Peiper, et al. Ultrasonic Body Condition Measurements for Computerized Dairy Management Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568109.bard.

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The body condition (BC) score is recognized in the dairy industry as an essential tool for managing the energy reserves of the dairy cow, which is essential for sustaining optimal and efficient production over several lactations. The current use of BC scoring depends on the accuracy of subjective visual estimates, and this limits its kusefulness as a management aid in the dairy industry. A measuring tool that would frequently provide objective data on the cow's body reserves would be a major contribution to efficient dairy herd management. Ultrasonic sensors have the potential to be developed into an efficient BC measuring device, and the experimental use of such sensors for subcutaneous fat thickness (SDFT) estimates, as an indication for BC in beef cattle, supports this assumption. The purposes of this project were: 1. To compare visual BC scoring and ultrasonic fat thickness with on-line automated body weight (BW) measurements as monitors of nutritional adequacy of dairy cows at various stages of lactation. 2. To determine the effects of variation in digestive fill in early and late lactation on the accuracy of body weight measurements in lactating cows. 3. To modify an existing ultrasonic system and develop a specialized, low-cost sensor for repeatable determination of body condition scores by users with minimal training and skill. 4. To develop a standard for the assignment of body condition scores based on ultrasonic measurements of subdermal fat thickness. The procedure to execute these objectives involved: 1. Frequent measurement of BW, milk yield (MY), BC (visually scored) and subdermal fat thickness ultrasonically measured of dairy cows, and data analysis on average and individual basis. 2. Testing and selection of an appropriate special-purpose sensor, finding an optimum body location for working an ultrasonic measurement, prcessing the signals obtained, and correlating the resulting measurements with performance responses in lactating cows. Linking the ultrasonic signals to BC scores, and developing a BC scoring data acquisition system are the first steps towards fulfilling the necessary requirements for incorporating this device into an existing dairy herd management system, in order to provide the industry with a powerful managment tool. From the results obtained we could conclude that: 1. BC does not correlate with BW changes during all stages of lactation, although in general terms it does. These results were confirmed by individual cow BW and BC data obtained during the course of lactation, that were supported by individual objective ultrasonic measurement of SDFT. 2. BW changes reflect energy metabolism reliably ony after peak milk yield; early in lactation, a decrease in BW expresses mobilization of body reserves only qualitatively, and not quantitatively. 3. Gastrointestinal content increases throughout the whole period during which dry matter intake (DMI) increases. The drastic increase very early in lactation prevents the use of BW changes as a basis for quantitative estimatio of energy meatabolism; at this stage of lactation, konly a BC score or any other direct measurements willl provide a quantitative estimate of energy metabolism. 4. Ultrasonic measurements of subdermal fat thickness can be used to quantify changes that correlate with the actual condition of the cow, as assessed by performance and the traditional way of scoring. 5. To find the best site on the cow's body at which to obtain responses to BC and its changes in the course of lactation, additional sites have to be examined. From the present study, it seems that the sites between ribs 12 and 13 have the potential for this purpose. 6. The use of templates made it easier to repeat measurements at a desired site and spot. However, the convenient easy-to-handle way to standardize the measurement, described in this study, koffers scope for improvement. 7. The RF peak values of the A-mode are better indicators of the location of fat layer borders than image analysis, from the point of view of future commercial development. 8. The distances between the RF peaks of the A-mode can be automatically measured by suitable software, for future commercial development. 9. Proper analysis of daily body weight and milk yield data can provide the necessary information on body condition changes during lactation, until a direct BC measurement device is developed. 10. In any case, at least one visual BC assessment has to be done, preferably immediately after calving, for calibration purposes.
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