Relevant bibliographies by topics / Optical Line Terminal (OLT)

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Optical Line Terminal (OLT)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Optical Line Terminal (OLT)"

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Abbas, Huda Saleh, and Mark A. Gregory. "Passive Optical Network Survivability: Protection, Detection and Restoration." International Journal of Information, Communication Technology and Applications 1, no. 1 (March 9, 2015): 128–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17972/ajicta20151115.

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Passive optical network (PON) technologies have received increasing attention as demand for fibre access networks has grown. Enhancing fibre access network reliability provides lower operational costs, and improves customer satisfaction. This paper discusses PON survivability including protection schemes for the fiber link and the Optical Line Terminal (OLT), the exciting monitoring techniques of the fiber link, and the effect of reducing the restoration time on the network availability. The main contribution of this study is to provide two protection schemes namely OLT-only-protected and OLT-and-ring protected. The proposed schemes are designed to handle instances of single failure affecting all customers in the network. This work considers three key performance metrics- Failure Impact Robustness (FIR), cost, and availability. The objective of the proposed protection architectures is to guarantee high quality of service at low costs by protecting critical network elements such as OLT and fiber ring. The proposed architectures have been compared with other well-known protection schemes. The results postulate that OLT-and-ring protected approach has 99.993% availability with a 0.09% increase in cost compared to the ring-only protection architecture.
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Salleh, M. S., A. S. M. Supa’at, S. M. Idrus, S. Yaakob, and Z. M. Yusof. "Wavelength Tuning Free Transceiver Module in OLT Downstream Multicasting4λ × 10 Gb/s TWDM-PON System." Journal of Computer Networks and Communications 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/483249.

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We propose a new architecture of dynamic time-wavelength division multiplexing-passive optical network (TWDM-PON) system that employs integrated all-optical packet routing (AOPR) module using4λ×10 Gbps downstream signal to support 20 km fiber transmission. This module has been designed to support high speed L2 aggregation and routing in the physical layer PON system by using multicasting cross-gain modulation (XGM) to route packet from any PON port to multiple PON links. Meanwhile, the fixed wavelength optical line terminal (OLT) transmitter with wavelength tuning free features has been designed to integrate with the semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) and passive arrayed waveguide grating (AWG). By implementing hybrid multicasting and multiplexing, the system has been able to support a PON system with full flexibility function for managing highly efficient dynamic bandwidth allocation to support the4λ×10 Gb/s TWDM-PON system used to connect 4 different PON links using fixed wavelength OLT transceivers with maximum 38 dB link loss.
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Zhang, Chun Lei, Cai Hua Yan, and Hai Ling Chen. "Integrated Wireless and Wired Signal in the Hybrid Access System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 303-306 (February 2013): 2058–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.303-306.2058.

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To meet the demands of different high bandwidth services, we demonstrated a hybrid access network simultaneously transmitting wired and wireless signals. In the downstream, wireless signals are modulated and transmitted in phase modulation format at the optical carrier and wired signals are re-modulated in intensity modulation format, different de-modulation schemes are used at optical network unit (ONU) side; In the upstream, carrier reuse technology are adopted to re-modulate and transmit uplink signals to the optical line terminal (OLT). Simulation results show user ends could get acceptable performance of the wirless and wired signals.
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Kang, Wen Hui, Xiao Hang Huang, Shi Cai Zhang, and Xiao Yuan Zhang. "Realization of RIP Module on GPON OLT System." Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (July 2014): 4962–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.4962.

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As networks to be flattened, a direction has been put forward clearly by Telecom operators that Optical Line Terminals (OLT) of Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) should become aggregation [1] OLTs, which makes them to work as both aggregation switches and edge access devices. According to this requirement, a scheme that realizes Routing [2] Information Protocol (RIP) on GPON OLT is put forward after deep analysis of GPON system [3] [4] [5] and RIP. Results shows that IP routing on GPON OLT is realized, which allows OLTs to work on the network layer, at the same time simplifies the broadband network levels and increases the reliability of the network.
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Yeh, Bih-Chyun. "Noncoherent Spectral Optical CDMA System Using 1D Active Weight Two-Code Keying Codes." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3724843.

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We propose a new family of one-dimensional (1D) active weight two-code keying (TCK) in spectral amplitude coding (SAC) optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) networks. We use encoding and decoding transfer functions to operate the 1D active weight TCK. The proposed structure includes an optical line terminal (OLT) and optical network units (ONUs) to produce the encoding and decoding codes of the proposed OLT and ONUs, respectively. The proposed ONU uses the modified cross-correlation to remove interferences from other simultaneous users, that is, the multiuser interference (MUI). When the phase-induced intensity noise (PIIN) is the most important noise, the modified cross-correlation suppresses the PIIN. In the numerical results, we find that the bit error rate (BER) for the proposed system using the 1D active weight TCK codes outperforms that for two other systems using the 1D M-Seq codes and 1D balanced incomplete block design (BIBD) codes. The effective source power for the proposed system can achieve −10 dBm, which has less power than that for the other systems.
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Hwang, I.-Shyan, Jhong-Yue Lee, and Zen-Der Shyu. "A Novel Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation Mechanism for Star-Ring-Based EPON." ISRN Communications and Networking 2011 (April 27, 2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/837453.

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Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON) is proposed as a simple, cost-effective and scalable solution for bandwidth bottlenecks in access networks which can enhance the system performance because it transmits the aggregated high-speed traffic from hundreds of subscribers. Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (DBA) mechanism has not yet been seriously considered for use in star-ring EPON architecture. In this paper, a distributed QoS-based dynamic bandwidth allocation (DQ-DBA) scheduling mechanism for the star-ring-based EPON architecture including optical line terminal (OLT), Sub-OLT and ONUs has been proposed to improve the system performance of traditional tree-based EPON architecture. In DQ-DBA, the highest-priority traffic of each ONU is directed to the OLT by the tree structure; moreover, the lower-priority traffic on each ONU is transmitted to the Sub-OLT by ring architecture. This approach can effectively resolve the idle period problem and reduce the overloading of OLT in conventional DBA mechanisms. Exhaustive simulation experiments are performed to compare the system performance between the tree and the star-ring architectures and validate the effectiveness of the proposed mechanism. Simulation results show that the proposed DQ-DBA mechanism in star-ring architecture can reduce packet delay and jitter for the high-priority traffic, thus ensuring the quality of service (QoS) regardless of subscriber numbers.
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Usman, Auwalu, Nadiatulhuda Zulkifli, Mohd Rashidi Salim, and Kharina Khairi. "AN ENHANCED G-PON FAULT MONITORING TECHNIQUE USING OPTICAL SENSOR." Science Proceedings Series 1, no. 2 (April 24, 2019): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/sps.v1i2.621.

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In this study a technique for a centralized fault monitoring and detection in Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network (G-PON) using fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor is proposed. The technique detects fault once it occurs at the vulnerable locations in the fiber optic distribution link by the proposed FBG devices. Monitoring signal in the C-band is reflected by a uniform FBG with different Bragg wavelengths and reflectivities. The FBGs serve as branch identifiers in the network. The reflected signal from the FBGs is analyzed at the Optical Line Terminal (OLT) in the Central Office (CO) by an Optical Spectrum Analyzer (OSA), to identify the branch with rupture in the network. The simulated result obtained shows that the system can monitor, and detect a fault in the physical layer of the optical distribution network with negligible effects on data signal transmission.
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Butt, Rizwan A., Sevia M. Idrus, Shahid-Ur Rehman, Pir Meher Ali Shah, and Nadiatulhuda Zulkifli. "Comprehensive Polling and Scheduling Mechanism for Long Reach Gigabit Passive Optical Network." Journal of Optical Communications 40, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2017-0026.

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Abstract Dynamic bandwidth assignment (DBA) schemes for long reach PONs face a suffer from higher upstream channel idle time due to long round trip time (RTT). In ITU PONs, the DBA schemes; Immediate allocation with colorless grant (IACG), Efficient bandwidth utilization (EBU) and GPON redundancy eraser algorithm (GREAL) minimize idle time by sending bandwidth grants to the optical network units (ONUs) every downstream frame (DF). EBU further improves IACG by utilizing unused bandwidth (UBW) of other traffic classes. Sending the grant results every DF requires optical line terminal (OLT) to remember all previous grants sent to ONU during RTT and subtract them from the received queue reports. Since, both IACG and EBU assign the excess bandwidth equally to ONUs. Therefore, the OLT is actually not aware of the complete grant to each traffic class and thus do not subtract these completely from receiving reports. This leads to wastage of bandwidth and higher US delays due to over granting. GREAL resolves this problem by not utilizing the excess bandwidth which also leads to increased US delays. The proposed scheme in this study eliminates this shortcoming by allocating excess bandwidth to each traffic class completely at the OLT. Moreover, the UBW assignment mechanism of EBU is also improved. Simulation results show a 50–85 % reduction in delays of type-2 (T2) and type-3 (T3) traffic classes versus GREAL and IACG and up to 40 % reduction in delays for type-4 (T4) versus EBU.
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Chakraborty, Meenakshi, and Taraprasad Chattopadhyay. "A Novel Scheme for UDWDM-PON Broadband Access Network Using Injection-Locked Phase-to-Intensity Modulation Converter." Journal of Optical Communications 40, no. 4 (October 25, 2019): 369–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2017-0085.

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Abstract In this paper, we have proposed and analyzed a novel cost-effective ultradense wavelength division multiplexed (UDWDM) passive optical network (PON) which uses phase modulation (PM) of the optical carriers in the optical line terminal (OLT) in order to achieve inherent noise immunity in the network. In the demodulation of the optical PM signal at the optical network unit (ONU), we have proposed to use a simple injection–locked Fabry–Perot (FP) laser diode (LD) for achieving PM to intensity modulation (IM) converter which is followed by a photodiode to recover the specific channel information. A detailed analysis of PM–IM conversion in an injection–locked FPLD has been carried out and the viability of the proposed scheme has been established. The proposed UDWDM–PON which is a broadband access network is cost-effective and long reach.
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Radoš, Katarina, and Ivan Radoš. "Availability Analysis of Different PON Models." Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology 4 (December 20, 2017): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2017.116517.

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Due to the increasing demands of individual users, Passive Optical Networks (PON) are a promising technology for future broadband access networks. Reliable access to network services is a very important feature, so the availability of the connection is becoming one of the most important requirements. Failure of the optical fiber occurring between the Optical Line Terminal (OLT) and the passive optical splitter can cause the services becoming unavailable for a large number of users, so it is necessary to prevent such an occurrence by providing backup resources – in this case a spare optical fiber. When constructing the spare path (protection fiber), it is important to keep in mind that, if possible, the working and the spare fiber should not be positioned within the same cable. Failure of the optical fiber between the passive splitter and the individual user also means a loss of service for that user. In that case, protection may be offered by adding spare fibers. The question is, however, whether such a solution is cost-effective, as it would lead to a significant cost increase in the construction of the access network. This paper presents the availability analysis conducted for different PON models.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Optical Line Terminal (OLT)"

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Kakkar, Aditya. "Theoretical Investigation of a new OFDM Access-Network Topology (OTONES)." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-128712.

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Recent studies on growth of telecomm sector depict an ever rising demand for high bandwidth applications such as on-line gaming, high definition television and many more. This demand is coupled with increase in internet connected utilities per house hold - each requiring a portion of bandwidth. The fast development of broadband telecommunication services calls for an upgrade of access infrastructure. This challenge could be met by technologies such as Fiber-To-The-Home/Building (FTTH/B) point-to-multipoint (P2MP) optical access networking. Further, FTTH is also widely regarded as a future proof solution for broadband telecommunication services within scientific and industrial sectors. This has encouraged large amount of research and development throughout the globe to find optimal topologies for FTTH. OFDM based optical access network topology abbreviated as OTONES is an ongoing EU FP 7 project under the PIANO+ framework. The OTONES project addresses the next generation optical access networking on the basis of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Orthogonal Frequency Multiple Access (OFDMA), with special provision for reduced complexity and signal processing aspects of the subscriber side terminals (ONUs). This thesis focuses on the theoretical investigation of OFDM based optical access network topology OTONES. The thesis provides an in depth view of the salient aspects of the topology and formulates the key requirements of OTONES topology. The investigation primarily delves on two important aspects of the topology. First, finding the optimal analog circuitry for the optical network unit (ONU). Second, finding the optimal operation regime for the topology and hence optimizing the system level concept. In this thesis, we show that the requirement of an analog circuitry originates from the need of successive up-conversions in OTONES topology which also produces image spectrum. This image spectrum causes a 3 dB loss in power and spectral efficiency in absence of a proper image rejection circuitry. Thus, we discuss the generic SSB generation methods for efficient image rejection. Novel Bedrosian method based on Bedrosian Theorem is established as a promising method for image rejection. We show that this method is an analog implementation of Hilbert Transform Method and does not involve any approximation. Both generic methods for SSB along with the Novel Bedrosian method are evaluated based on the criterion established for OTONES topology. Finally, optical filtering from the set of generic SSB method is proposed for the downstream path and Novel Bedrosian method is proposed for the upstream path. The tolerance limits for Novel Bedrosian method, are also established for its physical implementation. We further discuss the realistic implementation of various components of the OTONES topology. We also establish the optimal operation regime of the full concurrent topology based on parameters such as input optical power, pilot tone separation and many more. Finally as a key feature of the thesis, we optimize the system level concept of the topology with the use of the proposed Novel Bedrosian Method as the optimal analog circuitry for OTONES topology and provide a region of optimal operation of the topology.
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Takeuti, Paulo. "Projeto e dimensionamento de redes ópticas passivas (PONs)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18133/tde-22092005-205226/.

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Redes ópticas passivas são redes de acesso que utilizam fibras ópticas interligadas na topologia estrela e na configuração ponto-multiponto, sendo constituídas apenas por componentes ópticos passivos entre o terminal de linha óptica (optical line terminal - OLT) e a unidade de rede óptica (optical network unit - ONU). Como estratégia de evolução tecnológica, podem ser utilizadas para aproveitar a base instalada de cabos de cobre e cabos coaxiais na rede de acesso, servindo como cabo alimentador para uso das tecnologias digital subscriber line (DSL), cable modem e local multipoint distribution system (LMDS), e, no futuro, para disponibilizar a fibra óptica até às instalações do usuário. O principal mérito da arquitetura das redes ópticas passivas está na redução dos custos de implantação e de manutenção, pela ampliação da largura de banda disponível sem a necessidade de aumento no número de componentes ópticos ativos na rede, como lasers e amplificadores ópticos. Neste contexto, este trabalho define as redes ópticas passivas, apresenta o histórico de seu desenvolvimento, seu princípio de funcionamento e suas aplicações como forma de acesso a serviços de banda larga, identifica fornecedores visando à implementação de um teste de campo e discute as perspectivas para o futuro dessa tecnologia
Passive optical networks (PONs) are access networks which use interconnected optical fibers configured in a point to multipoint star topology having only passive optical components between the optical line terminal (OLT) and the optical network unit (ONU). As a strategy for technological evolution they can be used to take advantage of copper and coax base cables installed in the access network, serving as a feeder cable for the use of DSL, cable modem and LMDS technologies, in order to allow optical fibers to reach customers' facilities. The main merit of the passive optical networks architecture consists on the cost reduction involved on its implantation and maintenance, offering bandwidth enlargement without increasing the number of active optical components, such as lasers and optical amplifiers, in the network. In this context, this text defines PONs, presents its development history, operation principle and their applications as a way to provide broadband access services, identifies suppliers for field test implementation and discusses the perspectives for the future
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方建和. "Optical line terminal design for novel distributed control hybrid passive optical network." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/42702150022571015628.

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碩士
國立交通大學
光電工程系所
95
More and more people require more and more bandwidth. It can not supply enough bandwidth by xDSL, so passive optical network (PON) is widespread little by little. TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) PON and WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) PON are both bandwidth inefficient because the free slots and wavelength can not be shared. So someone use “Dynamic Bandwidth Control (DBA)" to solve this problem. The prevailing method of centralized control DBA is Interleaved Polling with Adaptive Cycle Time. But the distance from the ONU to the OLT is over 20 km, the round trip time is too long. The DBA can not be update immediately. So we let the calculation of DBA is near the splitter. The splitter is closer to the ONU and far from the OLT. So it can update DBA immediately. And we use mixed structure including TDM and WDM. Then we call it “Hybrid". So the name of our architecture is “Distributed Control DBA Hybrid PON".
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Lee, Min Han, and 李旻翰. "NonCoherent Spectral Optical CDMA System using 1-D Subtracted Square Codes of all Transmitters in one Optical Line Terminal." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/sc4z88.

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Book chapters on the topic "Optical Line Terminal (OLT)"

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Turna, Özgür Can, Muhammed Ali Aydin, and Tülin Atmaca. "A Dynamic Energy Efficient Optical Line Terminal Design for Optical Access Network." In Computer Networks, 260–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19419-6_25.

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Freire, Mário M., Paulo P. Monteiro, Henrique J. A. da Silva, and José Ruela. "Ethernet Passive Optical Networks." In Encyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking, Second Edition, 482–88. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-014-1.ch065.

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Recently, Ethernet Passive Optical Networks (EPONs) have received a great amount of interest as a promising cost-effective solution for next-generation high-speed access networks. This is confirmed by the formation of several fora and working groups that contribute to their development, namely the EPON Forum (http://www. ieeecommunities.org/epon), the Ethernet in the First Mile Alliance (http://www.efmalliance.org), and the IEEE 802.3ah working group (http://www.ieee802. org/3/efm), which is responsible for the standardization process. EPONs are a simple, inexpensive, and scalable solution for high-speed residential access capable of delivering voice, high-speed data, and multimedia services to end users (Kramer, Mukherjee, & Maislos, 2003; Kramer & Pesavento, 2002; Lorenz, Rodrigues, & Freire, 2004; McGarry, Maier, & Reisslein, 2004; Pesavento, 2003). An EPON combines the transport of IEEE 802.3 Ethernet frames over a low-cost and broadband point-to-multipoint passive optical fibre infrastructure connecting the optical line terminal (OLT) located at the central office to optical network units (ONUs) usually located at the subscriber premises. In the downstream direction, the EPON behaves as a broadcast and select shared medium, with Ethernet frames transmitted by the OLT reaching every ONU. In the upstream direction, Ethernet frames transmitted by each ONU will only reach the OLT, but an arbitration mechanism is required to avoid collisions. This article provides an overview of EPONs focused several issues: EPON architecture, multipoint control protocol (MPCP), quality of service (QoS), and operations, administration, and maintenance (OAM) capability of EPONs.
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Varpe, Øystein, and Maciej J. Ejsmond. "Semelparity and Iteroparity." In Life Histories, 98–124. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190620271.003.0004.

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Diversity in reproduction schedules is a central component of life history variability, with life span and age at maturity as key traits. Closely linked is the number of reproductive attempts and if organisms reproduce only once followed by death (semelparity) or spread reproduction over multiple and separated episodes during the reproductive lifespan (iteroparity). Amphipoda and Isopoda are two crustacean groups with many semelparous species, but semelparity is also part of other groups such as Decapoda, Copepoda, and Lepostraca. We briefly review theories posited for the evolution of semelparity and iteroparity, covering models on demography in both deterministic and fluctuating environments, and examine models on optimal resource allocation. We provide predictions of these theories, a guide on how to test them in crustaceans, and illustrate how theory can help us understand the diversity within this major taxon. We also point out a few shortcomings of these theories. One is that immediate recruitment is usually assumed in studies of semelparity, which is a poor assumption for the many crustaceans that form egg banks with prolonged recruitment. Another is the lack of models where iteroparity versus semelparity emerge as a consequence of life history trade-offs, rather than the more common approach that assumes demographic parameters. Furthermore, we argue that treating semelparity and iteroparity as a dichotomy is sometimes problematic and that viewing these strategies as a continuum can be useful. We discuss life history correlates and the particularly relevant links between the semelparity-iteroparity axis and capital breeding and seasonality, parental care, and terminal molts. We also discuss some of the indirect methods used to conclude if a crustacean is semelparous or not, such as a rapid drop in adult abundance after reproduction or signs of growth or storage after reproduction. A central message in the chapter is the high value of life history theory as a guide when formulating explanations and projecting evolutionary changes in reproductive lifespan of crustaceans.
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Conference papers on the topic "Optical Line Terminal (OLT)"

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Zhang, Jingjing, Ting Wang, and Nirwan Ansari. "Designing energy-efficient optical line terminal for TDM passive optical networks." In 2011 34th IEEE Sarnoff Symposium. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sarnof.2011.5876436.

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Nishimoto, Keita, Yushi Koyasako, Takashi Yamada, Jun-ichi Kani, and Akihiro Otaka. "Software module-based 10G Optical Line Terminal for enhancing flexibility of access networks." In 2018 4th IEEE Conference on Network Softwarization and Workshops (NetSoft). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/netsoft.2018.8459913.

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Shimazu, Satoshi, Jun-ichi Kani, Naoto Yoshimoto, and Hisaya Hadama. "Novel Sleep Control for EPON Optical Line Terminal Employing Layer-2 Switch Functions." In GLOBECOM 2010 - 2010 IEEE Global Communications Conference. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/glocom.2010.5683958.

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Bauwelinck, J., C. Antony, F. Bonada, A. Caballero, S. Chatzi, A. M. Clarke, L. N. Costa, et al. "Optical Line Terminal and Remote Node Sub-Systems of Next-Generation Access Networks." In Access Networks and In-house Communications. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/anic.2010.awa5.

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Kang, Saekyoung, Sung-Hwan Hwang, Ki-Sung Park, and Hyo-Hoon Park. "155-Mb/s CMOS post amplifier for optical-line-terminal receiver in ATM-PON system." In Asia-Pacific Optical and Wireless Communications 2002, edited by WeiSheng Hu, Shoichi Sudo, and Peter Kaiser. SPIE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.480576.

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Okamoto, Satoru, Takehiro Sato, and Naoaki Yamanaka. "Logical optical line terminal technologies towards flexible and highly reliable metro- and access-integrated networks." In SPIE OPTO, edited by Atul K. Srivastava, Benjamin B. Dingel, and Youichi Akasaka. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2250693.

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Yong-Yuk Won, Dong-Hyeon Kim, Sang-Kil Roh, Yin-Xing Piao, and Sang-Kook Han. "Demonstration of optical line terminal for full colorless Bidirectional WDM-passive optical networks using injection-locked Fabry Perot laser and optical carrier suppression." In 2007 Asia Optical Fiber Communication and Optoelectronics Conference. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aoe.2007.4410894.

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Holland, Joseph P., Yesenia Tanner, Phillip A. Schinetsky, Semih Olcmen, and Stanley Jones. "On the Penetrator Nose Drag Measurements." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25074.

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In the current study, a rigid body penetrator nose shape that is optimized for minimum penetration drag [1] has been tested to determine the aerodynamic drag of such a penetrator in comparison to three additional nose shapes. Other nose shapes tested were an ogive cylinder, a 3/4 power series nose, and a standard cone. Fineness ratio for the studied nose geometries was chosen as l/d = 1 to maximize variation of the aerodynamic drag forces acting on the nose shapes. This paper discusses the measurements carried out in the University of Alabama’s 6″ × 6″ supersonic wind tunnel, using a 4 component force balance system. In separate experiments, drop tests were made in a viscous fluid to determine the skin-friction effects on these nose shapes. Supersonic wind-tunnel experiments were performed on each of the nose shapes at nine different Mach numbers ranging from 2 to 3.65. Results show that the nose shape optimized for penetration has the lowest drag coefficient of all the shapes at each Mach number within an uncertainty of 5.75%. In the viscous flow drop-test experiments, each nose shape was dropped from rest through water and then separately through viscous fluid (Nu-Calgon vacuum pump oil) under freefall conditions. Each drop was recorded via videotape, and the video was then analyzed to find the terminal velocity of each individual nose shape. Using classical dynamics equations, the weight, buoyant force, and experimentally determined terminal velocity are used to determine the drag force applied to each nose cone shape. Results indicate that while the optimal shape has a lesser drag coefficient than tangent ogive and the cone, the 3/4 power series shape is observed to have the least drag coefficient. In addition to the experiments performed, results on further investigation of the optimal nose shape for penetration are presented. The nose shape has been split into a series of line segments, and a program written has been utilized to search through numerical space for the combination of line segment slopes that produces the nose geometry with the lowest nose shape factor. The results of the numerical analysis in this study point to a different nose shape than the “optimal nose” shape tested in the current study.
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