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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Optical ground wire

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Academic literature on the topic 'Optical ground wire'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Optical ground wire"

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Leeson, Jesse, Xiaoyi Bao, and Alain Côté. "Polarization dynamics in optical ground wire network." Applied Optics 48, no. 12 (April 13, 2009): 2214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.48.002214.

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Ebrahimi, Esmaeil, Masoud Abdolhosseinpour, Davood Moradi, and Faramarz Ghelichi. "GUI Based Optimal Drumming Algorithm for Optical Ground Wire (OPGW) Cables." Universal Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering 1, no. 1 (June 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/ujeee.2013.010101.

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Ghannoum, E., J. P. Chouteau, M. Miron, S. Yaacoub, and K. Yoshida. "Optical ground wire for Hydro-Quebec's telecommunication network." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 10, no. 4 (1995): 1724–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.473388.

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Egamnazarov, Georgiy. "The Way of Reducing Current Values in Optical Ground Wires at Asymmetrical Faults on Overhead Transmission Lines." Electrical, Control and Communication Engineering 11, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ecce-2016-0007.

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Abstract Given the fact that the installing costs of an optical ground wire on overhead lines directly depend on its cross-section, which in turn depends on the level of fault current it should withstand, in order to reduce these current values in the optical ground wire, I suggested performing its isolated descents from the end towers of the line with its transition to an optical cable. The research was carried out on the example of a 500 kV overhead line in the National Electric Power Grid. The Method of Symmetrical Components for calculating asymmetrical fault currents was not used; therefore, calculations were carried out on the base of presenting the line as a multi-wire system for the considered case as a five-wire system (optical ground wire, steel ground wire, and three phase wires). Such approach allows taking into account the initial asymmetry of the line parameters and modeling any kind of asymmetrical faults. The analyses of calculated results were performed. The conclusive evidence that the optical ground wire isolated descents from the end towers of the line give the possibility of reducing the level of maximal fault current distribution values in it and therefore its cross section, is presented.

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Parker, Henry F., Alan D. Privette, and Earl P. Harding. "Testing of Composite Overhead Ground Wire Containing Optical Fibers." IEEE Power Engineering Review PER-5, no. 6 (June 1985): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.1985.5526664.

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Madge, R. C., J. S. Barrett, and C. G. Maurice. "Considerations for fault current testing of optical ground wire." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 7, no. 4 (1992): 1786–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.156979.

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Parker, Henry, Alan Privette, and Earl Harding. "Testing of Composite Overhead Ground Wire Containing Optical Fibers." IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems PAS-104, no. 6 (June 1985): 1564–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpas.1985.319173.

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Miao Chunsheng, 苗春生. "Distributed Optical Fiber Vibration Sensing in Optical Fiber Composite Overhead Ground Wire." Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 55, no. 4 (2018): 040604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop55.040604.

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Grunvalds, R., A. Ciekurs, J. Porins, and A. Supe. "Evaluation of Fibre Lifetime in Optical Ground Wire Transmission Lines." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 54, no. 3 (June 27, 2017): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lpts-2017-0019.

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Abstract In the research, measurements of polarisation mode dispersion of two OPGWs (optical ground wire transmission lines), in total four fibres, have been carried out, and the expected lifetime of the infrastructure has been assessed on the basis of these measurements. The cables under consideration were installed in 1995 and 2011, respectively. Measurements have shown that polarisation mode dispersion values for cable installed in 1995 are four times higher than that for cable installed in 2011, which could mainly be explained by technological differences in fibre production and lower fibre polarisation mode dispersion requirements in 1995 due to lack of high-speed (over 10 Gbit/s) optical transmission systems. The calculation methodology of non-refusal work and refusal probabilities, using the measured polarisation mode dispersion parameters, is proposed in the paper. Based on reliability calculations, the expected lifetime is then predicted, showing that all measured fibres most likely will be operational within minimum theoretical service life of 25 years accepted by the industry.

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Roshan Fekr, M., G. McClure, and M. Farzaneh. "Application of ADINA to stress analysis of an optical ground wire." Computers & Structures 72, no. 1-3 (July 1999): 301–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-7949(99)00037-1.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Optical ground wire"

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Roshan, Fekr Masoud. "Stress analysis of an optical ground wire." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0034/NQ64657.pdf.

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Nedoma, Jakub. "Vliv samonosného optického kabelu na mechaniku venkovního vedení VN." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442472.

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This thesis is focused on assessing the impact of retrofitting dielectric All Dielectric Self-Supporting Cable (ADSS) to existing MV overhead line. This type of optical cable is a means of future strengthening of the communication infrastructure of the distribution network. However, its mechanical properties are significantly different from the properties ACSR cable, due to which its installation can be problematic in terms of meeting the requirements of the PNE 33 3301 standard. In practical part, this work deals with the design of the ADSS installation on the existing MV line and the determination of its impact based on the assessment of the results of this design.

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Books on the topic "Optical ground wire"

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Newnham, Robert E. Properties of Materials. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198520757.001.0001.

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Crystals are sometimes called 'Flowers of the Mineral Kingdom'. In addition to their great beauty, crystals and other textured materials are enormously useful in electronics, optics, acoustics and many other engineering applications. This richly illustrated text describes the underlying principles of crystal physics and chemistry, covering a wide range of topics and illustrating numerous applications in many fields of engineering using the most important materials today. Tensors, matrices, symmetry and structure-property relationships form the main subjects of the book. While tensors and matrices provide the mathematical framework for understanding anisotropy, on which the physical and chemical properties of crystals and textured materials often depend, atomistic arguments are also needed to quantify the property coefficients in various directions. The atomistic arguments are partly based on symmetry and partly on the basic physics and chemistry of materials. After introducing the point groups appropriate for single crystals, textured materials and ordered magnetic structures, the directional properties of many different materials are described: linear and nonlinear elasticity, piezoelectricity and electrostriction, magnetic phenomena, diffusion and other transport properties, and both primary and secondary ferroic behavior. With crystal optics (its roots in classical mineralogy) having become an important component of the information age, nonlinear optics is described along with the piexo-optics, magneto-optics, and analogous linear and nonlinear acoustic wave phenomena. Enantiomorphism, optical activity, and chemical anisotropy are discussed in the final chapters of the book.

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Eller, Jonathan R. Bradbury Beyond Apollo. University of Illinois Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043413.001.0001.

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This book completes the biography trilogy begun in Becoming Ray Bradbury and continued in Ray Bradbury Unbound. Bradbury Beyond Apollo begins in the early 1970s, as Bradbury found himself fully established as a witness and celebrant of the Space Age. His storytelling powers were turning to stage, screen, and television adaptations of his classic midcentury titles, including The Martian Chronicles, Fahrenheit 451, Dandelion Wine, and Something Wicked This Way Comes. Although he was no longer producing a high volume of masterful tales, Bradbury Beyond Apollo chronicles how the last four decades of his life produced the playful fantasies of The Halloween Tree, his award-winning television series The Ray Bradbury Theater, a collaboration with Disney Imagineers on EPCOT’s Spaceship Earth, and significant essays on the common ground between science and religion represented by humanity’s Space Age achievements. The book also documents how Bradbury’s influential lectures, interviews, and essays explored the history of ideas, the nature of creativity, and his own evolving work ethic of optimal behaviorism. Mid-book chapters analyze Bradbury’s significant late-life achievements in fictionalized autobiography and his completion of books that originated decades earlier, including Somewhere a Band Is Playing, perhaps his most significant late-life reflection on time and memory. The book’s overarching contention is that Bradbury’s wide range of ventures were largely sustained by his ever-increasing prominence as a Space Age visionary.

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Lopez-Arvizu, Carmen, Carmel Bogle, and Harolyn M. E. Belcher. Neurobiology of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0179.

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Prenatal exposure to ethanol can result in a wide range of clinical presentations that are grouped under the term “Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders” (FASD). The direct cellular teratogenic effects of ethanol on fetal neurodevelopment include damage to cell survival, proliferation, and migration mechanisms. Dysregulation of neurotransmission and alteration of genetic transcription have also been implicated in the neurotoxic effects of prenatal ethanol exposure. These deleterious events lead to brain volume reduction, corpus callosum dysgenesis, cerebellar, and other neuroanatomical anomalies that have been observed in individuals with FASD. Beyond direct ethanol-induced insults, the impact that ethanol has on maternal nutrition, metabolism, hormonal regulation, and placental physiology also adversely effects fetal development. The complex interactions between numerous neurobiological and psychosocial mechanisms that hinder optimal fetal neurodevelopment are reflected by the heterogeneous clinical presentation of FASD, including impaired growth, dysmorphic facial features, and cognitive and behavioral disorders.

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Clarke, Andrew. Temperature regulation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199551668.003.0009.

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For many organisms there is a fitness advantage to being warm. Many organisms use behavioural thermoregulation to maintain a high body temperature during the day, basking in the sun to warm up and retreating to the shade to avoid overheating. This option is not open to most aquatic organisms, or those living in soil or sediment. It is also generally not possible for small or nocturnal organisms. A small number of active predatory fish utilise a counter-current heat exchanger (rete mirabile) to retain metabolic heat and warm their muscles, brain or eyes. A few have modified optical muscles as heater organs, and a range of plants generate heat to aid dispersal of scent and attract pollinators. A wide range of larger insects use rapid but unsynchronised muscle contraction to elevate their body temperature prior to flight, or other activity. In hot climates organisms may need to dissipate heat to avoid overheating. The major behavioural mechanism is shade-seeking, or for small organisms stilting or climbing onto objects such as plants to move out of the hottest air net to the ground. Larger mammals may tolerate a limited degree of warming during the day, releasing this in the cool of the night. Evaporative cooling is very effective at losing heat, but because it loses valuable water it can only be used sparingly in arid areas.

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Sandler, Todd. Terrorism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190845841.001.0001.

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The causes and consequences of terrorism are matters of considerable debate and great interest. Spectacular events are recognized by their dates, including the 9/11 attacks in New York and Washington and the 7/7 London bombings. Many other attacks, including those in non-Western countries, receive far less attention even though they may be more frequent and cumulatively cause more casualties. In Terrorism: What Everyone Needs to KnowRG, leading economist Todd Sandler provides a broad overview of a persistently topical topic. The general issues he examines include what terrorism is, its causes, the roles of terrorist groups, how governments seek to counter terrorism, its economic consequences, and the future of terrorism. He focuses on the modern era and how specific motivations, ranging from nationalism/separatism to left- or right-wing extremism or religious ideals, and general conditions, such as poverty and inequality or whether a country is democratic or authoritarian, affect the frequency and costs of terrorism. The diversity of terrorist groups and type of attacks can be overwhelming, and Sandler provides a unifying framework to generate insight: strategic interaction. That is, like other organizations, terrorist groups organize to pursue goals and respond in an optimal fashion to a risky environment that can influence the group's size, its diversity of attacks, its regional location, its host country's characteristics, and the group's ideology. Terrorists also responded to enhanced security measures by altering their tactics, targets, and location. As such, they are formidable opponents to their stronger government adversaries. Governments, in turn, pursue various costly strategies to prevent terrorism, including passive barriers and active attacks against terrorists, their resources, and those who support them. Terrorism covers numerous questions on the subject and sheds lights on a wide-range of theoretical and empirical research.

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Book chapters on the topic "Optical ground wire"

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Shi, Wenzhong. "Introduction to Urban Sensing." In Urban Informatics, 311–14. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8983-6_19.

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AbstractThis chapter overviews the urban sensing technologies for unban informatics to be introduced in the subsequent chapters under Part III of this book. To be covered is a wide range of technologies for urban sensing from the space, the air, the ground, the underground, and on individuals, including optical remote sensing, interferometric synthetic aperture radar, light detection and ranging, photogrammetry, underground sensing, mobile mapping, indoor positioning, ambient sensing, and the use of user-generated content.

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Efremenko, Elena, and Il'ya Lyagin. "Enzymatic detection of organophosphorus compounds." In ORGANOPHOSPHORUS NEUROTOXINS, 183–204. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/31_183-204.

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Organophosphorus compounds (OPC) are capable of affecting a wide variety of biological targets, including enzymes. At the same time, there is a large group of enzymes that modify these OPC, mainly by hydrolysis. In total, both those and other enzymes can be involved in determining the content of various OPC. This chapter presents the latest scientific developments in the field of enzyme biosensors for the analysis of OPC in a wide variety of environmental objects. For these purposes, soluble and immobilized forms of enzymes, their various combinations, as well as crude enzymes as a components of microorganisms’ cells can be used. Modern methods make it possible to reach the detection limits of OPC of 10–12 g/L with optical or electrochemical registration of the signal, which opens up enormous prospects for the use of such biosensors in practice. Special examples of commercially available enzyme biosensors for OPC determining are provided.

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Efremenko, Elena, and Il'ya Lyagin. "Enzymatic detection of organophosphorous compounds." In Organophosphorous Neurotoxins, 177–98. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/chapter_5e4132b6069765.69067744.

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Organophosphorus compounds (OPC) are capable of affecting a wide variety of biological targets, including enzymes. At the same time, there is a large group of enzymes that modify these OPC, mainly by hydrolysis. In total, both those and other enzymes can be involved in determining the content of various OPC. This chapter presents the latest scientific developments in the field of enzyme biosensors for the analysis of OPC in a wide variety of environmental objects. For these purposes, soluble and immobilized forms of enzymes, their various combinations, as well as crude enzymes as a components of microorganisms’ cells can be used. Modern methods make it possible to reach the detection limits of OPC of 10–12 g/L with optical or electrochemical registration of the signal, which opens up enormous prospects for the use of such biosensors in practice. Special examples of commercially available enzyme biosensors for OPC determining are provided

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Bao, Xiaoyi, Jesse Leeson, Jeff Snoddy, and Liang Che. "Fiber Sensor Applications in Dynamic Monitoring of Structures, Boundary Intrusion, Submarine and Optical Ground Wire Fibers." In Optical Fiber New Developments. InTech, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/7580.

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Hawa Jasni, Ainil, Azirah Akbar Ali, Suresh Sagadevan, and Zaharah Wahid. "Silver Nanoparticles in Various New Applications." In Silver Micro-Nanoparticles - Properties, Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96105.

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The use of silver in antimicrobial management is very ancient. Silver-based materials have proven interesting, practical, and promising for various applications. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been one of the nanostructures most studied and investigated over the past several years. AgNPs have greater specific properties depending on their size and form. These noble synthesised metrics have numerous optical, electrical, catalytic, and optical characteristics. These properties are ideal for many fields, depending on their size and shape. The outbreak of multiple infectious diseases has been a major strain on global economies and the public health sector. Extensive treatments have been suggested for disease control in environments containing infectious diseases through advanced disinfectant nanomaterials. This chapter investigates the application and mechanism of silver nanoparticles in certain nanobiotechnology sectors as a useful nanomaterial. In the sense of the market statistical survey research, AgNPs are emerging as one of the fastest developing product groups in the nanotechnology industry, providing a wide variety of nanosilver products in various applications. Lastly, due to the massive use of AgNPs in products recently, there are many concerns about AgNPs toxicity and safety had also been discussed.

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Ahmad, Muneer, Noor Zaman, Low Tang Jung, and Fausto Pedro García Márquez. "A Software Engineering Approach for Access Control to Multi-Level-Security Documents." In Software Development Techniques for Constructive Information Systems Design, 345–53. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-3679-8.ch019.

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Access control to multi level security documents is very important and challenging issue. Millions of organizations around the globe intend to apply security levels over their confidential documents to protect from unauthorized use. Some numbered access control approaches have been proposed and an optimal solution is the need of the time. This chapter presents an overview of a robust software engineering approach for access control to multi-level security documents. The access control system incorporates stages including data refinement, text comprehension, and understanding of multi-stage protection and application levels. It will scan the document, tag the sections of certain text, understand the meaning of various levels, group-up the text using bottom-up approach, and then classify the levels as per protection norms (set as organization wise) defined. This approach will be very helpful for multi-level protection of precious information. Only authorized users would be able to access the information relevant to them as defined by the authorities.

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Wit, Jan M., and Wilma Oostdijk. "Growth hormone therapy for the growth-hormone deficient child." In Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes, 1073–83. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199235292.003.7065.

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In the five decades in which growth hormone has been prescribed for children with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) there has been definite progress, but on the other hand there is still insufficient evidence to answer many basic questions. From an evidence-based perspective the present situation with respect to growth hormone treatment for GHD is therefore far from optimal. First, the diagnosis GHD cannot be defined precisely, because there is a wide range of growth hormone secretion in normally growing individuals, which overlaps with the range observed in children clinically suspected of GHD. Furthermore, all test parameters available have serious drawbacks (1). Therefore, the term GHD stands for a heterogeneous group of congenital or acquired deficiencies (or apparent deficiency). Most patients have an idiopathic isolated GHD, but particularly in that subgroup retesting at the end of growth often shows a normal stimulated growth hormone peak. Of the acquired (organic) GHD, malignancies are the most frequent aetiology, but the incidence of traumatic brain injury may be underestimated.

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Kwaśnicki, Paweł. "IIIrd Generation Solar Cell." In Solar Cells [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95289.

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Light harvesting for generation of electric energy is one of the most important research topics in applied sciences. First, for an efficient harvesting one needs a material with a broad light absorption window having a strong overlap with the sunlight spectrum. Second, one needs an efficient conversion of photoexcited carriers into produced current or voltage which can be used for applied purposes. The maximum light conversion coefficient in semiconductor systems is designated by so called Shockley-Queisser law, which is around 32% for an optimal bandgap value of 1,2–1,3 eV. However the efficiency may be increased using a solutions based on semiconductor nano materials such as quantum dots. Solar cells based on such a structures are included in the group of 3rd generation solar sell. 3rd generation solar cell encompasses multiple materials as a base of cell, such as: perovskite, organic, polymers and biomimetics. The most promising and in the same time most discussed are quantum dots and perovskite. Both material has a potential to revolutionize the solar cell industry due to their wide absorption range and high conversion coefficient. Nonetheless before the most common used material in photovoltaic namely silicon is replace one must overcome few major issues such as: stability and lifetime for at least 5 to 10 years or more, manufacturing process for a large surfaces and low production cost as well as recycling after the time of optimal use.

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Szabo, Arthur G. "Fluorescence principles and measurement." In Spectrophotometry and Spectrofluorimetry. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199638130.003.0006.

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Fluorescence spectrometry is the most extensively used optical spectroscopic method in analytical measurement and scientific investigation. During the past five years more than 60000 scientific articles have been published in which fluorescence spectroscopy has been used. The large number of applications ranges from the analytical determination of trace metals in the environment to pH measurements in whole cells under physiological conditions. In the scientific research laboratory, fluorescence spectroscopy is being used or applied to study the fundamental physical processes of molecules; structure-function relationships and interactions of biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids; structures and activity within whole cells using such instrumentation as confocal microscopy; and DNA sequencing in genomic characterization. In analytical applications the use of fluorescence is dominant in clinical laboratories where fluorescence immunoassays have largely replaced radioimmunoassay techniques. There are two main reasons for this extensive use of fluorescence spectroscopy. Foremost is the high level of sensitivity and wide dynamic range that can be achieved. There are a large number of laboratories that have reported single molecule detection. Secondly, the instrumentation required is convenient and for most purposes can be purchased at a modest cost. While improvements and advances continue to be reported fluorescence instrumentation has reached a high level of maturity. A review of the physical principles of the fluorescence phenomenon permits one to understand the origins of the information content that fluorescence measurements can provide. A molecule absorbs electromagnetic radiation through a quantum mechanical process where the molecule is transformed from a ‘ground’ state to an ‘excited’ state. The energy of the absorbed photon of light corresponds to the energy difference between these two states. In the case of light in the ultraviolet and visible spectral range of 200 nm to 800 nm that corresponds to energies of 143 to 35.8 kcal mol-1. The absorption of light results in an electronic transition in the atom or molecule. In atoms this involves the promotion of an electron from an outer shell orbital to an empty orbital of higher energy.

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Tabassum, Kahkashan, Asia Sultana, and Avula Damaodaram. "Ubiquitous, Mobile and Pervasive Services." In Strategic and Pragmatic E-Business, 203–16. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-1619-6.ch009.

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The growing demand for wireless technology and related applications has impelled companies to invest profoundly in a wide range of wireless products such as laptops, notebooks, cellular phones, etc., to meet needs of broad range of customers’ requirements while maintaining high efficiency and data integrity. The Mobile Customers (MC) should be able to access the desired information such as news, weather reports, traffic updates, financial information, stock prices, etc. whenever and wherever they desire, but it is possible that they may have inconsistent data as they are not physically connected to the servers and hence they maintain a local cache that stores some amount of data that has been sent by the server. They may also prefetch data from the server for caching, depending on history for future use. The cached data should be consistent with the data in the data server in order to correctly serve the user. The critical constraints of a mobile device like limited network bandwidth, low battery power and low processing power of mobile devices make them more susceptible to inconsistencies. Broadcasting is the natural method for disseminating information in media: namely, shared Ethernet, optical networks, short-range wireless and wireless links, including satellites. It has the highest priority to disseminate information on the wireless network. Multicasting supports an enormous range of applications within a network and is an effective method to guarantee scalability of bulk data transfer in wireless environment. In a Multicast scenario, a single source sends data items, which are then replicated within the network infrastructure to reach a large client population (group). Therefore, it can be used to guarantee scalability, reliable data dissemination, timely and consistent content distribution.

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Conference papers on the topic "Optical ground wire"

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Nassereddine, M., J. Rizk, A. Hellany, and M. Nagrial. "Refurbishing existing overhead earth wire with optical ground wire." In 2014 49th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/upec.2014.6934791.

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KAMATA, Y., M. OGAI, N. KATSUOKA, and A. IKEDA. "Winding optical cable around existing ground wire." In Optical Fiber Communication Conference. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ofc.1986.tul21.

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Kemp, John C., Mark F. Larsen, James Q. Peterson, and Steven D. Sargent. "Ground characterization of the Wide-field Infrared Explorer (WIRE) instrument." In SPIE's International Symposium on Optical Science, Engineering, and Instrumentation, edited by Marija Strojnik and Bjorn F. Andresen. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.331335.

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Zou, Lufan, Xiaoyi Bao, Fabien Ravet, and Liang Chen. "Identification of Damage on Optical Ground Wire Cable Using Distributed Brillouin Fiber Sensor." In Optical Fiber Sensors. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ofs.2006.the88.

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Nassereddine, M., A. Hellany, J. Rizk, and M. Nagrial. "Optical ground wire (OPGW) jointing and safety risk assessment: Earthing requirements." In 2014 49th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/upec.2014.6934792.

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McMaster, Ryan. "A Tutorial on Optical Ground Wire Ratings Analysis for Protection Engineers." In 2019 72nd Conference for Protective Relay Engineers (CPRE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cpre.2019.8765885.

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Andreyev, Vladimir A., Boris V. Popov, and Michael V. Dashkov. "Features of optical ground wire cable operation in hard climate conditions of Russia." In Optical Fiber for Telecommunication in Russia, edited by Vladimir A. Burdin. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.445678.

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Liu, Kai, and Yi Hu. "Analysis and Research of Grounding Modes of Optical Fiber Ground Composite Wire." In 2010 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/appeec.2010.5449340.

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Ikeda, Kensuke, Christina Lim, Ampalavanapillai Nirmalathas, and Chathurika Ranaweera. "A Comparison of Optical Transport Technologies for Wireless Communications Using Optical Ground Wire in Smart Grid." In 2019 7th International Conference on Smart Grid (icSmartGrid). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsmartgrid48354.2019.8990737.

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Kurono, Masahiro, K. Isawa, and Masayuki Kuribara. "Transient state of polarization in optical ground wire caused by lightning and impulse current." In International Symposium on Polarization Analysis and Applications to Device Technology, edited by Toru Yoshizawa and Hideshi Yokota. SPIE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.246231.

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