Journal articles: 'Optical Frequency Comb (OFC)'

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Sadiek, Ibrahim, Tommi Mikkonen, Markku Vainio, Juha Toivonen, and Aleksandra Foltynowicz. "Optical frequency comb photoacoustic spectroscopy." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 44 (2018): 27849–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp05666h.

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D. Lakshmijayasimha, Prajwal D., Prince M. Anandarajah, Pascal Landais, and Aleksandra Kaszubowska-Anandarajah. "Optical Frequency Comb Expansion Using Mutually Injection-Locked Gain-Switched Lasers." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (July 31, 2021): 7108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11157108.

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We propose a novel scheme for the expansion and comb densification of gain-switched optical frequency combs (GS-OFC). The technique entails mutual injection locking of two gain-switched lasers with a common master to generate a wider bandwidth OFC. Subsequently, the OFC is further expanded and/or densified using a phase modulator with optimum drive conditions. We experimentally demonstrate the generation of an OFC with 45 highly correlated lines separated by 6.25 GHz with an expansion factor ~3. In addition, operating in comb densification mode, the channel spacing of the OFC is tuned from 6.25 GHz to 390.625 MHz. Finally, a detailed characterization of the lines, across the entire expanded comb, is reported highlighting the excellent spectral purity with linewidths of ~40 kHz, a relative intensity noise better than –152 dB/Hz, and a high degree of phase correlation between the comb lines. The proposed method is simple, highly flexible and the architecture is suitable for photonic integration, all of which make such an OFC extremely attractive for the employment in a multitude of applications.

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Ren, Huiping, Li Fan, Na Liu, Zhengmao Wu, and Guangqiong Xia. "Generation of Broadband Optical Frequency Comb Based on a Gain-Switching 1550 nm Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser under Optical Injection." Photonics 7, no. 4 (October 23, 2020): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics7040095.

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In this work, broadband optical frequency comb (OFC) generation by a gain-switching vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) subject to optical injection is investigated experimentally. During implementing the experiment, a 1550 nm VCSEL under a large signal current modulation is driven into the gain-switching state with a broad noisy spectrum. By further introducing an optical injection, a high performance OFC can be produced. The experimental results demonstrate that the power and wavelength of the injection light seriously affect the performance of the produced OFC. Under proper optical injection parameters, two sub-combs originating from two orthogonal polarization components of the VCSEL can splice into a broadband total-OFC. By selecting optimized operation parameters, a high quality total-OFC can be acquired, with stable comb lines, high coherence, wide bandwidth of 70.0 GHz (56.0 GHz) within 10 dB (3 dB) amplitude variation and low single sideband phase noise at the fundamental frequency below −120.6 dBc/Hz @ 10 kHz.

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Tan, Zeyu, and Lirong Huang. "Optical-Frequency-Comb Generation Based on Single-Tone Modulation and Four-Wave Mixing Effect in One Single Semiconductor Optical Amplifier." Photonics 9, no. 10 (October 9, 2022): 746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9100746.

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We propose a novel optical-frequency-comb (OFC) generation scheme based on single-tone modulation and the four-wave mixing (FWM) effect in one single semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) modulated by a radio frequency (RF) current. A comprehensive broad-band dynamic model, which considers single-tone modulation and the FWM effect, is presented. The simulated results show that, although only one single continuous-wave light is input into the SOA, an OFC with a large number of frequency components can be achieved as a result of single-tone modulation and the FWM effect in the SOA. The number of comb lines and the spectral bandwidth of the OFC increase by raising the amplitude of the RF modulation current. Increasing the input light power can increase the average optical power of the OFC. The frequency interval is tunable within a certain range by tuning the frequency of the RF modulation current injected into the SOA.

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Chen, Bo, Qunfeng Dong, Biao Cao, Weile Zhai, and Yongsheng Gao. "Broadband Microwave Photonic Channelizer with 18 Channels Based on Acousto-Optic Frequency Shifter." Photonics 10, no. 2 (January 20, 2023): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10020107.

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A microwave photonic channelizer can achieve instantaneous reception of ultra-wideband signals and effectively avoid electronic bottleneck; therefore, it can be perfectly applied to a wideband radar system and electronic warfare. In channelization schemes based on an optical frequency comb (OFC), the number of comb lines usually depends on that of the sub-channels. In order to improve the utilization rate of the comb lines of OFC, we propose a scheme to shift the frequency of OFC by using an acousto-optic frequency shifter (AOFS), which can obtain three times the number of sub-channels of the comb lines of an OFC. In order to simplify the experiment, only a three-line OFC is used in the experiment. A three-line local oscillator (LO) OFC is frequency-shifted up and down by two AOFSs, and nine optical LO signals with different frequencies are obtained, thereby realizing the simultaneous reception of eighteen sub-channels. The proposed scheme enjoys a large number of sub-channels and minimal channel crosstalk. Experimental results demonstrate that a 9-GHz bandwidth RF signal covering 10–19 GHz is divided into 18 sub-channels with a sub-bandwidth of 500 MHz. The image rejection ratio of the sub-channels is about 23 dB, and the spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) of the receiver can reach 98 dB·Hz2/3.

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Zhu, Song, Lei Shi, Linhao Ren, Yanjing Zhao, Bo Jiang, Bowen Xiao, and Xinliang Zhang. "Controllable Kerr and Raman-Kerr frequency combs in functionalized microsphere resonators." Nanophotonics 8, no. 12 (November 6, 2019): 2321–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2019-0342.

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AbstractOptical frequency comb (OFC) based on the whispering-gallery-mode microresonator has various potential applications in fundamental and applied areas. Once the solid microresonator is fabricated, its structure parameters are generally unchanged. Therefore, realizing the tunability of the microresonator OFC is an important precondition for many applications. In this work, we proposed and demonstrated the tunable Kerr and Raman-Kerr frequency combs using the ultrahigh-quality-factor (Q) functionalized silica microsphere resonators, which are coated with iron oxide nanoparticles on their end surfaces. The functionalized microsphere resonator possesses Q factors over 108 and large all-optical tunability due to the excellent photothermal performance of the iron oxide nanoparticles. We realized a Kerr frequency comb with an ultralow threshold of 0.42 mW and a comb line tuning range of 0.8 nm by feeding the control light into the hybrid microsphere resonator through its fiber stem. Furthermore, in order to broaden the comb span, we realized a Raman-Kerr frequency comb with a span of about 164 nm. Meanwhile, we also obtained a comb line tuning range of 2.67 nm for the Raman-Kerr frequency comb. This work could find potential applications in wavelength-division multiplexed coherent communications and optical frequency synthesis.

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Niu, Qiong, Mingyu Song, Jihui Zheng, Linhua Jia, Junchen Liu, Lingman Ni, Ju Nian, Xingrui Cheng, Fumin Zhang, and Xinghua Qu. "Improvement of Distance Measurement Based on Dispersive Interferometry Using Femtosecond Optical Frequency Comb." Sensors 22, no. 14 (July 20, 2022): 5403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22145403.

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Since the dispersive interferometry (DPI) based on optical frequency combs (OFCs) was proposed, it has been widely used in absolute distance measurements with long-distance and high precision. However, it has a serious problem for the traditional DPI based on the mode-locked OFC. The error of measurements caused by using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm to process signals cannot be overcome, which is due to the non-uniform sampling intervals in the frequency domain of spectrometers. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a new mathematical model with a simple form of OFC to simulate and analyze various properties of the OFC and the principle of DPI. Moreover, we carry out an experimental verification, in which we adopt the Lomb–Scargle algorithm to improve the accuracy of measurements of DPI. The results show that the Lomb–Scargle algorithm can effectively reduce the error caused by the resolution, and the error of absolute distance measurement is less than 12 μm in the distance of 70 m based on the mode-locked OFC.

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Anashkina, Elena A., Maria P. Marisova, Alexey V. Andrianov, Rinat A. Akhmedzhanov, Rihards Murnieks, Mikhail D. Tokman, Laura Skladova, et al. "Microsphere-Based Optical Frequency Comb Generator for 200 GHz Spaced WDM Data Transmission System." Photonics 7, no. 3 (September 11, 2020): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics7030072.

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Optical frequency comb (OFC) generators based on whispering gallery mode (WGM) microresonators have a massive potential to ensure spectral and energy efficiency in wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) telecommunication systems. The use of silica microspheres for telecommunication applications has hardly been studied but could be promising. We propose, investigate, and optimize numerically a simple design of a silica microsphere-based OFC generator in the C-band with a free spectral range of 200 GHz and simulate its implementation to provide 4-channel 200 GHz spaced WDM data transmission system. We calculate microsphere characteristics such as WGM eigenfrequencies, dispersion, nonlinear Kerr coefficient with allowance for thermo-optical effects, and simulate OFC generation in the regime of a stable dissipative Kerr soliton. We show that by employing generated OFC lines as optical carriers for WDM data transmission, it is possible to ensure error-free data transmission with a bit error rate (BER) of 4.5 × 10−30, providing a total of 40 Gbit/s of transmission speed on four channels.

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Shen, Ze-Min, Xiao-Long Zhou, Dong-Yu Huang, Yu-Hao Pan, Li Li, Jian Wang, Chuan-Feng Li, and Guang-Can Guo. "Continuously and widely tunable frequency-stabilized laser based on an optical frequency comb." Review of Scientific Instruments 94, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 023001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0120119.

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Continuously and widely tunable lasers, actively stabilized on a frequency reference, are broadly employed in atomic, molecular, and optical (AMO) physics. The frequency-stabilized optical frequency comb (OFC) provides a novel optical frequency reference, with a broadband spectrum that meets the requirement of laser frequency stabilization. Therefore, we demonstrate a frequency-stabilized and precisely tunable laser system based on it. In this scheme, the laser frequency locked to the OFC is driven to jump over the ambiguity zones, which blocks the wide tuning of the locked laser, and tuned until the mode hopping happens with the always-activated feedback loop. Meanwhile, we compensate the gap of the frequency jump with a synchronized acoustic optical modulator to ensure the continuity. This scheme is applied to an external cavity diode laser (ECDL), and we achieve tuning at a rate of about 7 GHz/s, with some readily available commercial electronics. Furthermore, we tune the frequency-stabilized laser only with the feedback of diode current, and its average tuning speed can exceed 100 GHz/s. Due to the resource-efficient configuration and the simplicity of completion, this scheme can be referenced and can find wide applications in AMO experiments.

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I. Hammadi, Yousif, and Tahreer S. Mansour. "Relationship between the voltage applied to MZM arms and the generation of optical frequency comb." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.15 (October 7, 2018): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.15.23026.

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In this study, an optical frequency comb source (OFCS) based on a dual-drive Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) is constructed and theoretically demonstrated. A mathematical model of the constructed OFCS is then built to investigate the effect of the peak-to-peak radio frequency (RF) signals applied to the MZM arms on the generated optical frequency comb (OFC) lines at the MZM output. A dual-drive MZM, a continuous wave laser source, and an RF signal source are included in the OFCS. The chirp parameter can be controlled and 64 comb lines generated at a comb spacing of 25 GHz by regulating voltages applied to the MZM arms. The developed OFCS is relatively simple but valuable. The generated OFC lines can be used for high data-rate transmission.

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I. Hammadi, Yousif, and Tahreer S. Mansour. "Relationship between the voltage applied to MZM arms and the generation of optical frequency comb." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.15 (October 7, 2018): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.15.23591.

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In this study, an optical frequency comb source (OFCS) based on a dual-drive Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) is constructed and theoretically demonstrated. A mathematical model of the constructed OFCS is then built to investigate the effect of the peak-to-peak radio frequency (RF) signals applied to the MZM arms on the generated optical frequency comb (OFC) lines at the MZM output. A dual-drive MZM, a continuous wave laser source, and an RF signal source are included in the OFCS. The chirp parameter can be controlled and 64 comb lines generated at a comb spacing of 25 GHz by regulating voltages applied to the MZM arms. The developed OFCS is relatively simple but valuable. The generated OFC lines can be used for high data-rate transmission.

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Francis, Henry, Si Chen, Kai-Jun Che, Mark Hopkinson, and Chaoyuan Jin. "Photonic Crystal Cavity-Based Intensity Modulation for Integrated Optical Frequency Comb Generation." Crystals 9, no. 10 (September 25, 2019): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9100493.

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A simple scheme to generate an integrated, nanoscale optical frequency comb (OFC) is numerically studied. In this study, all optical intensity modulators based on photonic crystal (PhC) cavities are cascaded both in series and parallel. By adjusting the modulation parameters, such as the repetition rate, phase, and coupling efficiency of the modulating wave, it is possible to produce combs with a variety of different characteristics. Unique to PhC intensity modulators, in comparison with standard lithium niobate modulators, is the ability to control the amplitude of the light via a cavity rather than controlling the phase through one arm of a Mach–Zehnder interferometer. This opens up modulation-based OFC generation to new possibilities in both nanoscale operation and cavity-based schemes.

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Xu, Mingyang, Hanzhong Wu, Yurong Liang, Dan Luo, Panpan Wang, Yujie Tan, and Chenggang Shao. "Weak-Light Phase-Locking Time Delay Interferometry with Optical Frequency Combs." Sensors 22, no. 19 (September 28, 2022): 7349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22197349.

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In the future space-borne gravitational wave (GW) detector, the optical transponder scheme, i.e., the phase-locking scheme, will be utilized so as to maintain the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this case, the whole constellation will share one common laser equivalently, which enables the considerable simplification of time-delay interferometry (TDI) combinations. Recently, and remarkably, the unique combination of TDI and optical frequency comb (OFC) has shown a bright prospect for the future space-borne missions. When the laser frequency noise and the clock noise are synchronized using OFC as the bridge, the data streams will be reasonably simplified. However, in the optical transponder scheme, the weak-light phase-locking (WLPL) loops could bring additional noises. In this work, we analyze the phase-locking scheme with OFC and transfer characteristics of the noises including the WLPL noise. We show that the WLPL noise can be efficiently reduced by using the specific TDI combination, and the cooperation of phase-locking and frequency combs can greatly simplify the post-processing.

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Yan, Yang, Jinpeng Yuan, Lirong Wang, Liantuan Xiao, and Suotang Jia. "Tailoring the pulse train of an optical frequency comb with a magnetized atomic medium." Laser Physics Letters 19, no. 10 (September 16, 2022): 105207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1612-202x/ac9062.

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Abstract Selecting specific modes from the complete pulse train of optical frequency comb (OFC) is helpful in ultra-narrow linewidth laser preparation. Here, the mode selector for a commercial OFC based on the magnetized atomic medium is demonstrated in both theory and experiment. Only the comb modes with specific frequencies experience polarization rotation because of the Faraday effect, thus the mode tailoring can be realized by eliminating unchanged OFC modes via polarization selection. The theory study demonstrates the rich tunability of this device, and three specifically chosen operating conditions validate the system’s characteristics. The selected pulse group is distinguished in both optical and frequency spectrum, where spectral differences and bandwidth can be observed accordingly. Further, the selected pulse group and a continuous-wavelength laser stimulate an electromagnetically induced transparency spectrum in the hyperfine Paschen–Back regime to show the pulse group characteristics in detail. The method proposed provides the experimental foundation for producing narrow linewidth lasers from a polychromatic source with tailored results retaining the excellent characteristics of the original.

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Dan, Lin, Hao Xu, Ping Guo, and Jianye Zhao. "Dynamics in direct two-photon transition by frequency combs." Europhysics Letters 137, no. 2 (January 1, 2022): 25001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/ac47f4.

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Abstract Based on the proposed theoretical model of a three-level system, the optical Bloch equations including the direct two-photon transition (DTPT) process using the optical frequency comb (OFC) were derived and the population distribution of particles in the upper states varying with the velocity of the atoms was obtained. Comparing to the resonance two-photon transition process, that population was increased by a factor of 1.4 without the Doppler shift, which is consistent with our previous experimental results. Simultaneously, the relationships between momentum transfers, and atomic velocity and pulse number were analyzed. When applied to a multi-level system it was found that the population of particles in the excited states increased by a few percentages. The novel approach of DTPT using OFC improved the utilization of comb teeth and atoms, increased the momentum transfer path, reduced the reachable Doppler temperature limit, and encouraged us to use OFC to cool multiple elements simultaneously through the DTPT process. By analyzing the Doppler temperature of 133Cs and 87Rb in one dimension, it was found that this process can lower a temperature below 100 mK and generate dipolar molecules 133Cs87Rb via photoassociation, which provides us with a new tool to create dipolar molecules and to investigate their complex rovibrational spectra in ultra-cold chemistry.

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Wen, Jin, Lina Duan, and Wei Fan. "Influences of pump power and high-order dispersion on dual-pumped silicon-on-insulator micro-ring resonator-based optical frequency combs." Modern Physics Letters B 33, no. 10 (April 10, 2019): 1950117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984919501173.

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We numerically investigate the effects of pump power and high-order dispersion (HOD) on the generation and evolution of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) micro-ring resonator-based optical frequency combs (OFCs). The observed bandwidth and number of comb modes increase as the pump power enhances, which demonstrates the pump power as low as 0 dBm is required to initiate in the dual-pumped scheme, while the optimized pump power distribution ratio is around 0.5. The HOD can also be introduced to analyze the nonlinear symmetry breaking of the OFC, especially the sign and amplitude of the third-order dispersion determines the variation of the output OFC. Through optimizing the parameters, broadband OFC spanning nearly from 1200 nm to 2100 nm can be realized. This work could give insight for exploring detail characteristics of SOI micro-ring OFCs influenced by pump power and HOD, as well as provide a viable route to delicate control of OFC generation through dispersion adjusting.

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Eltaif, Tawfig. "Broadband Enhancement of Optical Frequency Comb Using Cascaded Four-Wave Mixing in Photonic Crystal Fiber." Advances in OptoElectronics 2017 (July 12, 2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1365072.

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A cascaded intensity modulator (IM) and phase modulator (PM) are used to modulate a continuous-wave (CW) laser and generate an optical frequency comb (OFC). Thus, the generated comb is utilized as an initial seed and combined with another CW-laser to generate four-wave mixing (FWM) in photonic crystal fiber (PCF). Results show that an initial flat 30 GHz OFC of 29, 55 lines within power fluctuation of 0.8 dB and 2 dB, respectively, can be achieved by setting the ratio of the DC bias to amplitude of sinusoidal signal at 0.1 and setting the modulation indices of both IM and PM at 10. Moreover, the 1st order of FWM created through 14 m of PCF has over 68 and 94 lines with fluctuation of 0.8 dB and 2 dB, respectively. Hence, the generated wavelengths of 1st left and right order of FWM can be tuned in a range from ~1500 nm to ~1525 nm and ~1590 nm to ~1604 nm, respectively.

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Zhu, Wei, Jing Li, Miaoxia Yan, Li Pei, Tigang Ning, Jingjing Zheng, and Jianshuai Wang. "Photonic Multiple Microwave Frequency Measurement System with Single-Branch Detection Based on Polarization Interference." Electronics 12, no. 2 (January 15, 2023): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12020455.

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A photonic microwave frequency measurement system with single-branch detection based on polarization interference is proposed. In this scheme, a 15-line non-flat optical frequency comb (OFC) based on sawtooth signal modulation via a Mach–Zehnder modulator is generated. The intercepted microwave signal with multiple-frequency components can be measured by frequency down-conversion with this simple structure. This system can measure the multi-tone microwave signals in real time. The single-branch detection makes the system a simple and compact structure and avoids the unbalanced variation, as in a two-branches scheme. The blind area of the system can be solved by adjusting the comb-line spacing of the OFC. A simulation is carried out and related discussion is given. The result reveals that it can measure multi-tone microwave signals with a resolution of less than 2 MHz over 0.1–12 GHz.

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Xiong, Shilin, Yue Wang, Yawen Cai, Jiuli Liu, Jie Liu, and Guanhao Wu. "Calculating the Effective Center Wavelength for Heterodyne Interferometry of an Optical Frequency Comb." Applied Sciences 8, no. 12 (December 3, 2018): 2465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8122465.

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Heterodyne interferometry based on an optical frequency comb (OFC) is a powerful tool for distance measurement. In this paper, a method to calculate the effective center wavelength of wide spectrum heterodyne interference signal was explored though both simulation and experiment. Results showed that the effective center wavelength is a function of the spectra of the two interfered beams and time-delay of the two overlapped pulses. If the product of the spectra from two arms is symmetric, the effective center wavelength does not change with time-delay of the two pulses. The relative difference between the simulation and experiment was less than 0.06%.

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Khabarova, Ksenia, Denis Kryuchkov, Alexander Borisenko, Ilia Zalivako, Ilya Semerikov, Mikhail Aksenov, Ivan Sherstov, Timur Abbasov, Anton Tausenev, and Nikolay Kolachevsky. "Toward a New Generation of Compact Transportable Yb+ Optical Clocks." Symmetry 14, no. 10 (October 20, 2022): 2213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14102213.

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Optical atomic clocks are currently one of the most sensitive tools making it possible to precisely test the fundamental symmetry properties of spacetime and Einstein’s theory of relativity. At the same time, the extremely high stability and accuracy of compact transportable optical clocks open new perspectives in important fields, such as satellite navigation, relativistic geodesy, and the global time and frequency network. Our project aimed to develop a compact transportable optical clock based on a single ytterbium ion. We present the first prototype of the Yb+ clock (298 kg in 1 m3) and present several solutions aimed to improve the clock’s robustness to approach the demands of a space-qualified system. We present spectroscopic studies of a 435.5 nm quadrupole clock transition with Fourier-limited spectra of 25 Hz. The estimated instability of the output frequency at 1 GHz, which was down-converted with an optical frequency comb (OFC), is at the level of 9×10−15/τ, and the long-term instability and inaccuracy are at the level of 5×10−16. As the next steps, we present a new design for the clock laser and the OFC.

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Pan, Shujie, Hongguang Zhang, Zizhuo Liu, Mengya Liao, Mingchu Tang, Dingyi Wu, Xiao Hu, et al. "Multi-wavelength 128 Gbit s⁻¹ λ ⁻¹ PAM4 optical transmission enabled by a 100 GHz quantum dot mode-locked optical frequency comb." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 55, no. 14 (January 4, 2022): 144001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac4365.

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Abstract Semiconductor mode-locked lasers (MLLs) with extremely high repetition rates are promising optical frequency comb (OFC) sources for their usage as compact, high-efficiency, and low-cost light sources in high-speed dense wavelength-division multiplexing transmissions. The fully exploited conventional C- and L- bands require the research on O-band to fulfil the transmission capacity of the current photonic networks. In this work, we present a passive two-section InAs/InGaAs quantum-dot (QD) MLL-based OFC with a fundamental repetition rate of ∼100 GHz operating at O-band wavelength range. The specially designed device favours the generation of nearly Fourier-transform-limited pulses in the entire test range by only pumping the gain section while with the absorber unbiased. The typical integrated relative intensity noise of the whole spectrum and a single tone are −152 and −137 dB Hz−1 in the range of 100 MHz–10 GHz, respectively. Back-to-back data transmissions for seven selected tones have been realised by employing a 64 Gbaud four-level pulse amplitude modulation format. The demonstrated performance shows the feasibility of the InAs QD MLLs as a simple structure, easy operation, and low power consumption OFC sources for high-speed fibre-optic communications.

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Salgals, Toms, Janis Alnis, Oskars Ozolins, Alexey V. Andrianov, Elena A. Anashkina, Inga Brice, Roberts Berkis, et al. "Silica Microsphere WGMR-Based Kerr-OFC Light Source and Its Application for High-Speed IM/DD Short-Reach Optical Interconnects." Applied Sciences 12, no. 9 (May 7, 2022): 4722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12094722.

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Kerr optical frequency combs (OFCs) based on silica microsphere whispering gallery mode resonator (WGMR) have various applications where they are used as a light source. For telecommunication purposes, WGMR-based Kerr-OFC comb generators can be physically realized using silica microsphere resonators and can be used to replace multiple laser arrays. In such a realization, these novel light sources have the potential to demonstrate an attractive solution for intra-datacenter interconnects (DCI). In this paper, we show an experimental demonstration of a silica microsphere WGMR-based Kerr OFC light source where newly generated 400 GHz spaced carriers together with powerful linear equalization techniques, such as a linear symbol-spaced adaptive decision-feedback equalizer (DFE) with feed-forward (FF) and feedback (FB) taps, provide an alternative to individual lasers ensuring low-cost and low-complexity IM/DD scheme for the transmission of NRZ-OOK modulated signals at data rates up to 50 Gbps/λ over 2 km SMF link. Finally, we demonstrate a record 50 Gbps per λ transmission of NRZ-OOK modulated signals with a novel silica microsphere WGMR-based Kerr-OFC as a light source operating in the optical C-band, surpassing the previously demonstrated data rate record by five times.

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Anashkina, Elena A., Maria P. Marisova, Toms Salgals, Janis Alnis, Ilya Lyashuk, Gerd Leuchs, Sandis Spolitis, Vjaceslavs Bobrovs, and Alexey V. Andrianov. "Optical Frequency Combs Generated in Silica Microspheres in the Telecommunication C-, U-, and E-Bands." Photonics 8, no. 9 (August 25, 2021): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8090345.

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Optical frequency combs (OFCs) generated in microresonators with whispering gallery modes are demanded for different applications including telecommunications. Extending operating spectral ranges is an important problem for wavelength-division multiplexing systems based on microresonators. We demonstrate experimentally three spectrally separated OFCs in the C-, U-, and E-bands in silica microspheres which, in principle, can be used for telecommunication applications. For qualitative explanation of the OFC generation in the sidebands, we calculated gain coefficients and gain bandwidths for degenerate four-wave mixing (FWM) processes. We also attained a regime when the pump frequency was in the normal dispersion range and only two OFCs were generated. The first OFC was near the pump frequency and the second Raman-assisted OFC with a soliton-like spectrum was in the U-band. Numerical simulation based on the Lugiato–Lefever equation was performed to support this result and demonstrate that the Raman-assisted OFC may be a soliton.

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Rao, Bing-Jie, Pan Zhang, Ming-Kun Ling, Xi-Guang Yang, Lu-Lu Yan, Xin Chen, Shou-Gang Zhang, Yan-Yan Zhang, and Hai-Feng Jiang. "Multi-branch erbium fiber-based femtosecond optical frequency comb for measurement of cavity ring-down spectroscopy." Acta Physica Sinica 71, no. 8 (2022): 084203. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.71.20212162.

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<sec>In this paper, we demonstrate an optical frequency comb (OFC) based on an erbium-doped-fiber femtosecond laser, for the measurement of cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) with wavelengths of 1064, 1083, 1240, 1380, 1500, 1600, 1750 and 2100 nm. We adopt a multi-branch structure to produce high power at the specific wavelengths to meet the requirement for application in the spectral measurement. The OFC is developed by using a mode-locked fiber ring laser based on the nonlinear amplifying loop mirror mechanism. The laser is self-starting by introducing a nonreciprocal phase bias in the cavity and insensitive to the environmental perturbation. Using the chirped pulse amplification and highly nonlinear fibers, the broad spectra at the specific wavelengths are obtained. By optimizing the parameters of the pulses, the power of per mode at each target wavelength is greater than 300 nW.</sec><sec>The frep is obtained by detecting the output of the femtosecond laser directly, while the fceo is detected by f–2f interference. The signal-to-noise ratio of the fceo is about 35 dB with a 300-kHz resolution bandwidth. By controlling the intra-cavity electro-optic modulator and piezoactuator , the frep is stabilized with high bandwidth and large range (about megahertz bandwidth and 3 kHz range). The fceo is stabilized by using feedback to the pump current of the femtosecond laser dynamically. The in-loop frequency instability degree of the fceo, evaluated by the Allan deviation, is approximately 4.95 × 10–18/τ1/2 at 1 s and integrates down to 10–20 level after 2000 s, while that of the frep is well below 5.85 × 10–13/τ. The all polarization-maintaining erbium fiber-based femtosecond optical frequency comb with multi-application branches we demonstrate in this paper is efficient and reliable for many other applications including optical frequency metrology and optical atomic clocks.</sec>

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Han, Yishi, Changsheng Zeng, Yongming Zhong, Zhongguo Guo, Guanfeng Guo, Zhongkun Li, Hongyi Ren, Shaowu Xie, Hongxia Liang, and Gengxin Zheng. "Photonic Generation of Reconfigurable Ternary Modulated Microwave Signals with a Large Frequency Range." Applied Sciences 12, no. 12 (June 7, 2022): 5777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12125777.

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A photonic scheme generating ternary modulated signals, which include amplitude, phase, and frequency modulated signals, has been proposed and demonstrated. This scheme is based on a dual-polarization dual-parallel Mach-Zehnder modulator (DP-DPMZM), where the X-DPMZM is used to generate an optical frequency comb (OFC), and the Y-DPMZM is utilized to accomplish ternary modulation. The key feature of this scheme is that ternary modulated signals with eight wavebands can be obtained by using only the DP-DPMZM in situations of different input signals. In the simulation, a 2.5 Gbit/s amplitude shift keying (ASK), phase shift keying signal (PSK), or an 8 GHz bandwidth linearly frequency modulated (LFM) signal are obtained. The generated signals have eight wavebands with a large frequency range from 10 GHz to 80 GHz. Moreover, the recovery and pulse compression performances of the generated signals are evaluated.

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Nan Huo, Nan Huo, Chihua Zhou Chihua Zhou, Hengxin Sun Hengxin Sun, Kui Liu Kui Liu, and and Jiangrui Gao and Jiangrui Gao. "Generation of optical frequency comb squeezed light field with TEM01 transverse mode." Chinese Optics Letters 14, no. 6 (2016): 062702–62705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201614.062702.

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Yu, Ying, Cheng Lei, Minghua Chen, Hongwei Chen, Sigang Yang, and Shizhong Xie. "Generation and noise analysis of a wide-band optical -frequency comb based on recirculating frequency shifter." Chinese Optics Letters 12, no. 10 (2014): 100601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201412.100601.

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Ying Yu, Ying Yu, Cheng Lei Cheng Lei, Minghua Chen Minghua Chen, Hongwei Chen Hongwei Chen, Sigang Yang Sigang Yang, and Shizhong Xie Shizhong Xie. "Generation and noise analysis of a wide-band optical -frequency comb based on recirculating frequency shifter." Chinese Optics Letters 12, no. 10 (2014): 100601–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201412.100601.

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Krzempek, Karol, Dorota Tomaszewska, Aleksandra Foltynowicz, and Grzegorz Sobon. "Fiber-based optical frequency comb at 3.3 µm for broadband spectroscopy of hydrocarbons [Invited]." Chinese Optics Letters 19, no. 8 (2021): 081406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col202119.081406.

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Jianrui Li, Jianrui Li, Jiachuan Lin Jiachuan Lin, Xiaoguang Zhang Xiaoguang Zhang, Lixia Xi Lixia Xi, Xianfeng Tang Xianfeng Tang, and Yaojun Qiao Yaojun Qiao. "Scheme for generation of flat top and high signal-to-noise ratio optical frequency comb." Chinese Optics Letters 13, no. 1 (2015): 010605–10610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201513.010605.

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Jian Wang, Jian Wang, Haiwen Cai Haiwen Cai, Dijun Chen Dijun Chen, and Ronghui Qu Ronghui Qu. "Generation of ultra-flat optical frequency comb using a balanced driven dual parallel Mach–Zehnder modulator." Chinese Optics Letters 13, no. 6 (2015): 060604–60607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201513.060604.

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32

Liu Yu, 刘宇, 邓宜 Deng Yi, 卫航 Wei Hang, 吴春将 Wu Chunjiang, and 冯素春 Feng Suchun. "基于薄膜铌酸锂光波导的平坦光频率梳的设计." Chinese Journal of Lasers 48, no. 13 (2021): 1301001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/cjl202148.1301001.

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Pang Haiyue, 庞海越, 李沼云 Li Zhaoyun, 刘欢 Li Huan, 陶智勇 Tao Zhiyong, and 樊亚仙 Fan Yaxian. "500 GHz宽带双偏振光学频率梳的产生." Chinese Journal of Lasers 48, no. 9 (2021): 0901003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/cjl202148.0901003.

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34

Zhu Zhendong, 朱振东, 林平卫 Lin Pingwei, 孙朝阳 Sun Zhaoyang, 白本锋 Bai Benfeng, and 王雪深 Wang Xueshen. "氮化硅集成微腔光频梳器件关键制备技术(特邀)." Infrared and Laser Engineering 51, no. 5 (2022): 20220214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/irla20220214.

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35

Han Bing, 韩冰, 葛锦蔓 Ge Ginman, 任心仪 Ren Xinyi, 李小军 Li Xiaojun, 刘佳 Liu jia, 闫明 Yan Ming, and 曾和平 Zeng Heping. "基于光频梳的太赫兹器件面形测量技术研究." Chinese Journal of Lasers 49, no. 17 (2022): 1704001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/cjl202249.1704001.

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36

Sazonkin, Stanislav G., Ilya O. Orekhov, Dmitriy A. Dvoretskiy, Uliana S. Lazdovskaia, Almikdad Ismaeel, Lev K. Denisov, and Valeriy E. Karasik. "Analysis of the Passive Stabilization Methods of Optical Frequency Comb in Ultrashort-Pulse Erbium-Doped Fiber Lasers." Fibers 10, no. 10 (October 14, 2022): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib10100088.

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In this review paper, we describe the current state of the art to stabilize the output radiation of ultrashort-pulse (USP) fiber lasers and analyze passive methods to reduce the magnitude of fluctuations in the amplitude–frequency noise of output radiation. Regarding main noise characterization in mode-locked fiber lasers, we further consider the influence on laser operation of primary generation regimes starting up in cavities, such as solitons, stretched pulses, similaritons, and dissipative solitons. Then, we proceed to analyze the external and internal factors that affect the stability of the output radiation characteristics depending on the mode-locking mechanism and the resonator scheme.

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Lu Qijing, 卢启景, 廖令琴 Liao Lingqin, 舒方杰 Shu Fangjie, 李明 Li Ming, 谢树森 Xie Shusen, and 邹长铃 Zou Changling. "基于回音壁微腔的可见光波段光频梳研究进展（特邀）." Infrared and Laser Engineering 51, no. 5 (2022): 20220335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/irla20220335.

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Huang Yimin, 黄奕敏, 刘文杰 Liu Wenjie, 郭亚 Guo Ya, 刘俊彬 Liu Junbin, 张又文 Zhang Youwen, 孙粤辉 Sun Yuehui, 程良伦 Cheng Lianglun, and 王云才 Wang Yuncai. "利用游标效应的两非相干光频梳混频产生全波段毫米波白噪声." Acta Optica Sinica 42, no. 13 (2022): 1335001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos202242.1335001.

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39

Liu, Zhenxi, Jiamin Chen, Wuhao Yang, Tianyi Zheng, Qifeng Jiao, and Xudong Zou. "Dynamic behaviours of double-ended tuning fork based comb-driven microelectromechanical resonators for modulating magnetic flux synchronously." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 32, no. 1 (November 26, 2021): 014003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6439/ac388e.

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Abstract Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) resonators have been widely used in the magneto-resistive (MR) sensor for modulating the magnetic flux to enhance the detection limit. However, the manufacturing tolerances in MEMS fabrication processes make it challenging to fabricate the identical resonators with the same vibration frequency, which greatly decreases the detection limit of the MR sensor. To synchronize the MEMS resonators and improve the performance of the MR sensor, the double-ended tuning fork (DETF) based comb-driven MEMS resonators is proposed in this paper, making the system operate at the out-of-phase mode to complete the synchronization. The dynamic behaviour of the resonators is investigated through theoretical analysis, numerical solution based on MATLAB code and Simulink, and experimental verification. The results show that the transverse capacitances in the comb will significantly affect the resonance frequency due to the second-order electrostatic spring constant. It is the first time to observe the phenomenon that the resonant frequency increases with the increase of the bias, and it can also decrease with increasing the bias through adjusting the initial space between the fixed finger and the moving mass, they are different from the model about spring softening and spring hardening. Besides, the proposed DETF based comb-driven resonators can suppress the in-phase and out-of-phase mode through adjusting the driving and sensing ports, and sensing method, meanwhile make the magnetic flux modulation fully synchronized, and maximize the modulation efficiency, and minimize the detection limit. These characteristics are appropriate for the MR sensor, even other devices that need to adjust the resonance frequency and vibration amplitude. Furthermore, the model and the design can also be extended to characteristic the single end tuning fork based MEMS resonator and other MEMS-based MR sensors.

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Tan Zhenkun, 谭振坤, 李瑶 Li Yao, 孔英秀 Kong Yingxiu, 吴鹏飞 Wu Pengfei, and 夏方圆 Xia Fangyuan. "双光学频率梳的多波长外差干涉测距方法的距离不确定度影响因素研究." Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 59, no. 19 (2022): 1906002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop202259.1906002.

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41

Foltynowicz, A., P. Masłowski, T. Ban, F. Adler, K. C. Cossel, T. C. Briles, and J. Ye. "Optical frequency comb spectroscopy." Faraday Discussions 150 (2011): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1fd00005e.

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42

Chang, Lin, Songtao Liu, and John E. Bowers. "Integrated optical frequency comb technologies." Nature Photonics 16, no. 2 (February 2022): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41566-021-00945-1.

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43

Bell, A. S., G. M. Mcfarlane, E. Riis, and A. I. Ferguson. "Efficient optical frequency-comb generator." Optics Letters 20, no. 12 (June 15, 1995): 1435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.20.001435.

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44

Papp, Scott B., Katja Beha, Pascal Del’Haye, Franklyn Quinlan, Hansuek Lee, Kerry J. Vahala, and Scott A. Diddams. "Microresonator frequency comb optical clock." Optica 1, no. 1 (July 22, 2014): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/optica.1.000010.

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45

MASUOKA, Takashi, Takashi OGURA, Takeo MINAMIKAWA, Yoshiaki NAKAJIMA, Yoshihisa YAMAOKA, Kaoru MINOSHIMA, and Takeshi YASUI. "Optical ultrasonic imaging with optical frequency comb." Proceedings of the JSME Conference on Frontiers in Bioengineering 2017.28 (2017): 1B16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmebiofro.2017.28.1b16.

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46

Aumiler, D., T. Ban, N. Vujičić, S. Vdović, H. Skenderović, and G. Pichler. "Characterization of an optical frequency comb using modified direct frequency comb spectroscopy." Applied Physics B 97, no. 3 (June 27, 2009): 553–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00340-009-3630-9.

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Hu, Hao, and Leif K. Oxenløwe. "Chip-based optical frequency combs for high-capacity optical communications." Nanophotonics 10, no. 5 (February 3, 2021): 1367–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0561.

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AbstractCurrent fibre optic communication systems owe their high-capacity abilities to the wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) technique, which combines data channels running on different wavelengths, and most often requires many individual lasers. Optical frequency combs, with equally spaced coherent comb lines derived from a single source, have recently emerged as a potential substitute for parallel lasers in WDM systems. Benefits include the stable spacing and broadband phase coherence of the comb lines, enabling improved spectral efficiency of transmission systems, as well as potential energy savings in the WDM transmitters. In this paper, we discuss the requirements to a frequency comb for use in a high-capacity optical communication system in terms of optical linewidth, per comb line power and optical carrier-to-noise ratio, and look at the scaling of a comb source for ultra-high capacity systems. Then, we review the latest advances of various chip-based optical frequency comb generation schemes and their applications in optical communications, including mode-locked laser combs, spectral broadening of frequency combs, microresonator-based Kerr frequency combs and electro-optic frequency combs.

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Chen Haojing, 陈豪敬, and 肖云峰 Xiao Yunfeng. "集成微腔光频梳在精密测量中的应用（特邀）." Infrared and Laser Engineering 50, no. 11 (2021): 20210560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/irla20210560.

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Yin Feifei, 尹飞飞, 尹子恺 Yin Zikai, 谢祥芝 Xie Xiangzhi, 戴一堂 Dai Yitang, and 徐坤 Xu Kun. "基于双光学频梳的超宽带射频信号信道化合成技术研究（特邀）." Infrared and Laser Engineering 50, no. 7 (2021): 20211054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/irla20211054.

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Benkler, Erik, Felix Rohde, and Harald R. Telle. "Endless frequency shifting of optical frequency comb lines." Optics Express 21, no. 5 (March 1, 2013): 5793. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.21.005793.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Optical Frequency Comb (OFC)'

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