Journal articles: 'Optical fibered networks'

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Bouhadida, Maha, Pierre-Enguerrand Verdier, Philippe Delaye, and Sylvie Lebrun. "Operating range of efficient Raman converters based on nanofibers immersed in different liquids." EPJ Web of Conferences 266 (2022): 11004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202226611004.

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We present the operating range of Raman wavelength converters based on silica nanofibers immersed in liquids for the design of all fibered wavelength converters. This range is bounded on the lower limit by the pump energy necessary to reach the Raman threshold and on the upper limit by the laser induced breakdown of the nanofiber. These breakdown energies are measured in the ns regime for different liquids (water, ethanol, isopropanol) and for air. We finally define guidelines that open the way to a new family of low-cost compact and efficient all-fibered Raman converters that can be directly inserted in optical fibered networks with very low losses.

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WEN, HAO, ZHENG-FU HAN, GUANG-CAN GUO, and PEI-LIN HONG. "QKD NETWORKS WITH PASSIVE OPTICAL ELEMENTS: ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT." International Journal of Quantum Information 07, no. 06 (September 2009): 1217–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749909005730.

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Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) networks are the trends toward multiple users' unconditional secure communication. Based on several passive optical devices, such as beam splitter, optical switch or wavelength divided multiplexer, various types of fiber-based QKD networks have been proposed. However, it is still hard to accurately assess these networks. To find the optimal solution, a general assessment that would not involve detailed schemes is quite necessary. In this paper, we introduce an evaluation method and analyze optical-device-based QKD networks including two rational aspects: (i) network connectivity and network bandwidth which reflect the network's flexibility and performance in theory; (ii) network cost that brings pragmatic restriction on the network construction in practice. Applying this model, we compare five typical types of optical-device-based QKD networks. The explicit results demonstrate the above networks' characteristics and some valuable conclusions.

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Shi Lingpeng, 施凌鹏, 冯天波 Feng Tianbo, 卢士达 Lu Shida, 赵修旻 Zhao Xiumin, 陈晓露 Chen Xiaolu, and 崔昊杨 Cui Haoyang. "基于边缘云计算的光纤无线网络优化设计." Infrared and Laser Engineering 51, no. 10 (2022): 20210938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/irla20210938.

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Mihály, András, and László Bacsárdi. "Optical transmittance based store and forward routing in satellite networks." Infocommunications journal 15, no. 2 (2023): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36244/icj.2023.2.2.

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Quantum computing will play a crucial part in our security infrastructure for the coming years. Quantum networks can consist of direct optical fiber or free-space links. With the use of satellite channels, we can create a quantum network with higher coverage than using optical fibers where the distances are limited due to the properties of the fiber. One of the highest drivers of cost for satellite networks, apart from the cost of the technology needed for such systems, are the costs of launching and maintaining said satellites. By minimizing the satellites needed for a well-functioning quantum network, we can decrease said network’s cost, thus enabling a cheaper quantum internet. In this paper, we present an optical transmittance-based routing algorithm with which it is possible to conduct successful quantum entanglement transfer between terrestrial nodes.

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Chen, Xin Rui, and Guang Yong Chu. "10 Gb/s Bidirectional Transmission with an Optimized SOA and a SOA-EAM Based ONU." Applied Sciences 10, no. 24 (December 15, 2020): 8960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10248960.

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We investigated the application of a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) and an SOA electro-absorption modulator (SOA-EAM) as attractive, low-cost solutions in passive optical networks (PONs). The main characteristics of an SOA with optimal performance for phase and amplitude modulation were tested. Additionally, a 10 Gb/s bidirectional transmission with an optical network unit (ONU) transmitter integrated with a distributed feedback (DFB) laser, electro-absorption modulator (EAM), and SOA was designed. The upstream (US) and downstream (DS) receiver sensitivities at the forward error correction (FEC) level reached −29.5 dBm and −33.5 dBm for back-to-back (BtB) fiber and −28.9 dBm and −33.1 dBm for 20 km fiber. For multichannel transmission, the US receiver sensitivities reached −28.8 dBm and −28.2 dBm for BtB and 20 km fibers, and the DS receiver sensitivities reached −33 dBm and −32.6 dBm for BtB and 20 km fibers, respectively.

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Ibrahimov, Bayram. "Research and analysis of the efficiency fiber-optic communication lines using DWDM technologies." International Robotics & Automation Journal 9, no. 1 (March 28, 2023): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/iratj.2023.09.00260.

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The performance indicators fiber-optic communication lines using spectral technology with separation communication channels are analyzed. The effectiveness of the use network resources optical telecommunication systems using spectral technologies based on the architectural concept of the next NGN (NGN, Next Generation Network) and future FN (FN, Future Network) networks has been studied. This work is devoted to the construction methods for calculating the indicators optical networks and the study methods and tools for improving the efficiency using network and channel resources fiber-optic communication lines using dense spectral multiplexing optical signals with separation communication channels. The problem ensuring effective management channel and network resources in optical communication networks are considered. As a result of the study technology spectral multiplexing, a new approach to the construction of a calculation method is proposed that describes the efficiency managing network and channel resources in fiber-optic communication lines, taking into account the numerous requirements their parameters and transfer characteristics. On the basis of the calculation method, analytical expressions are obtained that allow estimating the resources of the system, indicators informational and spectral efficiency of the functioning fiber-optic communication lines. The results of the research can be applied by cellular operators when designing an optical telecommunications network, in particular, to determine the optimal value of the capacity optical systems based on wavelength multiplexing technology and modulation spectral efficiencies.

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Klinkowski, Mirosław, and Marek Jaworski. "Planning of Optical Connections in 5G Packet-Optical xHaul Access Network." Applied Sciences 12, no. 3 (January 22, 2022): 1146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12031146.

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One of the main challenges in dense 5G radio access networks (RANs) is provisioning of low-cost connectivity between a large number of antennas, located at remote sites, and a central site (hub) in which baseband processing functions are performed. Packet-switched Ethernet and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) are two principal transport network technologies enabling the reduction of the demand for direct optical fiber connections between the antennas and the hub. Whereas Ethernet allows for statistical multiplexing of multiple xHaul (fronthaul/midhaul/backhaul) flows and their aggregation in a high-capacity transmission link, WDM makes it possible to establish a number of such links (using different wavelengths) in a single optical fiber. Additional savings in the amount of fibers required can be achieved by means of optical add-drop multiplexers (OADMs) that allow for obtaining access to unused wavelengths by intermediate remote nodes, whenever the capacity on the WDM system is not fully utilized by the end remote node. In this work, we focus on the problem of planning optimal fiber connections, including the placement of OADMs for a set of wavelength demands at remote sites, with the aim of minimizing the amount of fibers used in a packet-optical xHaul access network carrying 5G traffic. We consider a passive WDM system in which the maximum transmission distance, estimated using an optical power-budget model, depends on the number of OADMs that are present on the transmission path. To formulate and solve the optimization problem, we make use of integer linear programming (ILP). We apply the ILP model in network analysis. In particular, by means of numerical experiments performed for two different network topologies, we study the impact of traffic load (in terms of the number of requested wavelengths) and optical multiplexer loss on the number of transmission paths that have to be established in the network. Obtained results show that the savings in fiber connections of up to 65% can be achieved in a packet-optical xHaul network if OADMs are used when compared to the scenario without OADMs.

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Braunfelds, Janis, Elvis Haritonovs, Ugis Senkans, Inna Kurbatska, Ints Murans, Jurgis Porins, and Sandis Spolitis. "Designing of Fiber Bragg Gratings for Long-Distance Optical Fiber Sensing Networks." Modelling and Simulation in Engineering 2022 (October 5, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8331485.

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Most optical sensors on the market are optical fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors with low reflectivity (typically 7-40%) and low side-lobe suppression (SLS) ratio (typically SLS <15 dB), which prevents these sensors from being effectively used for long-distance remote monitoring and sensor network solutions. This research is based on designing the optimal grating structure of FBG sensors and estimating their optimal apodization parameters necessary for sensor networks and long-distance monitoring solutions. Gaussian, sine, and raised sine apodizations are studied to achieve the main requirements, which are maximally high reflectivity (at least 90%) and side-lobe suppression (at least 20 dB), as well as maximally narrow bandwidth (FWHM<0.2 nm) and FBGs with uniform (without apodization). Results gathered in this research propose high-efficiency FBG grating apodizations, which can be further physically realized for optical sensor networks and long-distance (at least 40 km) monitoring solutions.

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Kaczmarek, Sylwester. "Multistage optical switching networks." Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, no. 2 (June 30, 2002): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2002.2.127.

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The backbone networks evolution to high-speed DWDM networks generates new problems for switching. This function element must be also based on optical technology. For large capacity this cannot be realized by a single matrix, but by multistage switching networks. In the paper three types of optical matrices have been described: fiber switch FX, wavelength fiber switch WSX and wavelength interchanging fiber switch WIX. Based on these matrices, four switching network constructions were considered. The connection properties of these switching networks were evaluated, determining the electronic equivalent switching network for which these properties are well known.

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Li, Chung-Yi, Ching-Hung Chang, and Zih-Guei Lin. "Single-Line Bidirectional Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer for Ring Topology Optical Fiber Networks." Sensors 21, no. 8 (April 9, 2021): 2641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21082641.

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A new type of passive single-line bidirectional optical add/drop multiplexer (SBOADM) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. When the proposed SBOADM is placed as a node of a ring topology optical fiber network, the special routing function of the SBOADM can always drop down the desired downstream signals whether the signals are injected into the SBOADM in either the clockwise (CW) or counterclockwise (CCW) direction and can upload and send back the upstream signals via the reversed optical pathway of the downstream signals. Once fiber link failure occurs in the optical network, the blocked network connections can be recovered immediately by sending out the downstream signals in both the CW and CCW directions of the fiber ring. As in all passive devices, the SBOADM needs no power supply or complicated network management to achieve the bidirectional function. Thus, the proposed device is an optimal solution to enhance the stability and reliability of rapidly developed optical fiber networks.

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Pires, João J. O. "On the Capacity of Optical Backbone Networks." Network 4, no. 1 (March 11, 2024): 114–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/network4010006.

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Optical backbone networks, characterized by using optical fibers as a transmission medium, constitute the fundamental infrastructure employed today by network operators to deliver services to users. As network capacity is one of the key factors influencing optical network performance, it is important to comprehend its limitations and have the capability to estimate its value. In this context, we revisit the concept of capacity from various perspectives, including channel capacity, link capacity, and network capacity, thus providing an integrated view of the problem within the framework of the backbone tier. Hence, we review the fundamental concepts behind optical networks, along with the basic physical phenomena present in optical fiber transmission, and provide methodologies for estimating the different types of capacities, mainly using simple formulations. In particular, we propose a method to evaluate the network capacity that relies on the optical reach to account for physical layer aspects, in conjunction with capacitated routing techniques for traffic routing. We apply this method to three reference networks and obtain capacities ranging from tens to hundreds of terabits/s. Whenever possible, we also compare our results with published experimental data to understand how they relate.

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Borzycki, Krzysztof, and Tomasz Osuch. "Hollow-Core Optical Fibers for Telecommunications and Data Transmission." Applied Sciences 13, no. 19 (September 26, 2023): 10699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app131910699.

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Hollow-core optical fibers (HCFs) have unique properties like low latency, negligible optical nonlinearity, wide low-loss spectrum, up to 2100 nm, the ability to carry high power, and potentially lower loss then solid-core single-mode fibers (SMFs). These features make them very promising for communication networks and similar applications. However, this class of fibers is still in development. Current applications are almost exclusively limited to low-latency data links for High-Speed Trading (HST); other uses are in the trial stage now. In this paper, we comprehensively review the progress in the development of HCFs including fiber design, fabrication and parameters (with comparisons to conventional single-mode fibers) and support technologies like splicing and testing. A variety of HCF applications in future telecom networks and systems is analyzed, pointing out their strengths and limitations. Additionally, we review the influence of filler gas and entry of contaminants on HCF attenuation, and propose a new fusion splicing technique, avoiding the destruction of the fiber’s photonic cladding at high temperature.

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Xu, Dandan, and Haitao Cao. "Family of Optimal Multiple-Weight Optical Orthogonal Codes for Fiber-Optic Networks." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (May 23, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2499606.

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Optical orthogonal codes (OOCs) were designed for multimedia optical CDMA systems with quality of service requirements in optical fiber networks. Two-dimensional (2-D) multiple-weight optical orthogonal codes have been invested as they can overcome the drawbacks of nonlinear effects in large spreading sequences. In this paper, we reveal the combinatorial properties of optimal 2-D OOCs and focus our attention on the constructions for a family of optimal 2-D multiple-weight optical orthogonal codes by combinatorial methods, such as incomplete difference matrix, h-perfect cyclic packing, and skew starter. In particular, an improved construction of skew starters with multiple weights is also proposed to solve the existence of optimal multiple-weight optical orthogonal codes. Our numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed construction is very helpful for optimizing the utilization of optical network effectively.

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Peng, Yiran, Xinyi Wu, and Yuxin Zhan. "Study of U Band Optical Fiber Amplifiers (1600 - 1700 nm)." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 72 (December 15, 2023): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ewtrme82.

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In recent years, with the digital transformation of various industries, the demand for network data transmission has been growing exponentially. Optical networks, as the underlying bearer networks, are crucial for network development, so there is an urgent need to improve the capacity of optical fibre communication systems, and the development of U-band has become one of the important ways to expand the capacity of the system. The development of U-band (1650-1700 nm) optical amplifiers based on doped rare-earth ion optical fibres has become an optimal solution for the development of U-band active devices and the expansion of communication system capacity. This paper mainly introduces the background and working principle of fibre-optic amplifiers, focuses on the research direction and progress of U-band fibre-optic amplifiers, and introduces the working wavelength and working principle of this band fibre-optic amplifiers, as well as the current domestic and international research status. Finally, the development trend of U-band fibre optic amplifier is summarized.

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Iyer, Sridhar, and Shree Prakash Singh. "Effect of Channel Spacing on the Design of Mixed Line Rate Optical Wavelength Division Multiplexed Networks." Journal of Optical Communications 40, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2016-0127.

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Abstract The ever increasing heterogeneity and growing traffic volume has resulted in significant innovations and paradigm shifts within the telecom backbone networks. In order to cost-effectively respond to the diverse variety of traffic requirements having heterogeneous service demands, wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) optical networks have adopted the mixed line rate (MLR) strategy. In MLR networks, many wavelength channels with various line rates can co-exist within the same fiber which, however, raises many important design issues; one of them being the choice of the channel spacing. The quality of signal is affected by the channel spacing in terms of the bit-error rate (BER), which in turn affects the maximum optical reach of the lightpaths that depends on the line rates. In regard to the aforementioned, different methods can be adopted in order to set the width of the channel spacing, viz., (a) choice of a 50 GHz uniform fixed channel spacing specified by the ITU-T grid, (b) exploring various channel spacing values for different line rates so as to optimize the usage of the fiber spectrum, or (c) seek for an optimal value of the channel spacing which results in the minimum network cost. In the current work, we evaluate the MLR network cost for various channel spacings; hence, we find an optimal value of the channel spacing that leads to the minimum MLR network cost. The simulation results reveal that, for a MLR network, even with the assumption of uniform channel spacing, optimal values of the channel spacing for a minimum cost network can be identified.

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Le, Hoang Nghia. "FTTH Network Optimization." Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, no. 4 (December 30, 2014): 88–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2014.4.1051.

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Fiber To The Home (FTTH) is the most ambitious among optical technologies applied in the access segment of telecommunications networks. The main issues of deploying FTTH are the device price and the installation cost. Whilst the costs of optical devices are gradually decreasing, the cost of optical cable installation remains challenging. In this paper, the problem of optimization that has practical application for FTTH networks is presented. Because the problem is Non-deterministic polynomial-time hard (NP-hard), an approximation algorithm to solve it is proposed. The author has developed the algorithm in a C# program in order to analyze its performance. The analysis confirms that the algorithm gains near-optimal results with acceptable time consumption. Therefore, the algorithm to be applied in a network design tool for FTTH network planning is proposed.

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álvaro Morales, álvaro Morales, Idelfonso Tafur Monroy Idelfonso Tafur Monroy, Fredrik Nordwall Fredrik Nordwall, and Tommi Srensen Tommi Srensen. "50 GHz optical true time delay beamforming in hybrid optical/mm-wave access networks with multi-core optical fiber distribution." Chinese Optics Letters 16, no. 4 (2018): 040603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201816.040603.

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Bahleda, Miroslav, and Karol Blunar. "The Gain of Performance of Optical WDM Networks." Journal of Computer Systems, Networks, and Communications 2008 (2008): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/289690.

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We study the blocking probability and performance of single-fiber and multifiber optical networks with wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). We extend the well-known analytical blocking probability model by Barry and Humblet to the general model, which is proposed for both single-fiber and multifiber network paths with any kind of wavelength conversion (no, limited, or full wavelength conversion) and for uniform and nonuniform link loads. We investigate the effect of the link load, wavelength conversion degree, and the number of wavelengths, fibers, and hops on blocking probability. We also extend the definition of the gain of wavelength conversion by Barry and Humblet to the gain of performance, which is fully general. Thanks to this definition and implementation of our model, we compare different WDM node architectures and present interesting results.

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Khanis, Vladislav Andreevich, Sergey Valeryevich Bespalko, Igor Alexeevich Klyuchikov, Andrey Leonidovich Khanis, and Anna Andreevna Khanis. "Мodel for detecting and evaluating the fire hazard of spark discharges in the electrical networks of passenger cars based on the use of fiber- optic sensors." Transport of the Urals, no. 3 (2021): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20291/1815-9400-2021-3-46-51.

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The paper substantiates an approach to assessing the fire hazard of spark discharges in the electrical equipment elements of passenger cars of rolling stock based on the detection of optical flashes using fiber-optic sensors. The presented numerical model makes it possible to realize the possibility of detecting and evaluating optical flashes of weak spark discharges on potentially fire-hazardous electrical contacts in the electrical networks of passenger cars. To solve this problem, it seems appropriate to place sensors of electrical discharges using optical fibers to deliver to them the radiation of optical flashes of spark discharges from fire-hazardous spatially remote elements of the electrical network.

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Li, Jingyao. "The application of optical fiber in network communication." Applied and Computational Engineering 35, no. 1 (January 22, 2024): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/35/20230384.

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In recent years, optical fiber communication has gained widespread use in daily life due to its robust communication and transmission capabilities, strong confidentiality, anti-interference properties, and the availability of convenient and accessible materials. This technology has made remarkable strides in network communication and integrated device design, among other areas. This article will commence by discussing the fundamental structure of optical fibers and illustrating the propagation of optical signals within them. It will then analyze the benefits, such as higher transmission rates, wider frequency bands, and the low loss characteristics of optical fibers. Subsequently, the article will enumerate two of the most commonly utilized Optical Fiber Communication (OFC) technologies: Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technology and optical amplifier technology. It will summarize their principles and strengths. Finally, the article will showcase the practical applications of optical fiber communication, particularly focusing on its role in 5G mobile communication, military operations, and radio and television communication.

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Li Dongliang, 李东亮, and 卢贝 Lu Bei. "基于深度神经网络的光纤传感识别算法." Infrared and Laser Engineering 51, no. 9 (2022): 20210971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/irla20210971.

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Harrison, M. T., S. V. Kershaw, M. G. Burt, A. L. Rogach, A. Kornowski, Alexander Eychmüller, and H. Weller. "Colloidal nanocrystals for telecommunications. Complete coverage of the low-loss fiber windows by mercury telluride quantum dot." Pure and Applied Chemistry 72, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2000): 295–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200072010295.

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Optical fibers have revolutionized the telecommunications industry to such an extent that the network capacity available today was unthinkable 20 years ago. Even so, with the advent of the datawave, and the exponential increase of network traffic predicted to continue indefinitely, the generation of bandwidth remains a challenge. One of the major limitations to the implementation of future high-capacity, ultra-broadband optical networks is the expansion of the fiber bandwidth beyond that available from the current state-of-the-art signal amplification device--the erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). Although there is currently a large effort to expand the flat-gain bandwidth of the EDFA, most of these efforts involve sophisticated engineering, exotic glass fibers, or multicomponent cascaded systems. In a radically different approach, we are attempting to use the unique properties of semiconductor nanocrystals, or quantum dots, as "designer atoms" in order to produce an ultra-broadband optical amplifier with complete coverage of the telecommunications wavelengths. In this paper we review the synthesis of thiol-stabilized mercury chalcogenide nanocrystals via an aqueous colloidal route, which demonstrate extremely intense photoluminescence all the way across the spectral region of interest, i.e., from 1000 to over 1700 nm.

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Ramadani, R., S. A. Khairunisa, and M. Khoiro. "Characteristics Analysis of Hybrid Optical Amplifier with Doped Fiber Variations for Fiber Optic Communications Network." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2623, no. 1 (November 1, 2023): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2623/1/012022.

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Abstract Optical communication networks are vital in the digital era, but data transmission becomes weak the longer the distance traveled by light. Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) technology is commonly used as an optical amplifier, but it still produces a small gain, Q-factor, and a significant noise figure. This study characterized the Hybrid Optical Amplifier (HOA) combinations that contain EDFA with various doped fibers. The characterization was performed through Optisystem software simulation by observing and analyzing the gain, noise of figure, and Q-factor generated by each doped fiber variant. The results showed that the combination of Ytterbium-doped Fiber produced the most significant gain of 15.83 dB, less noise figure of 5,661 dB, and a relatively high Q-factor of 35,615 at 1,550 nm. It indicates that the HOA combination is suitable and ideal for long-distance transmission in fiber optic communication network applications.

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Jihad, Noor J., and Murooj A. Abd Almuhsan. "Future trends in optical wireless communications systems: Review." Technium: Romanian Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology 13 (September 15, 2023): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/technium.v13i.9474.

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Optical fibers are frequently used in data transmission systems, Because of their ability to transmit large amounts of information and dielectric nature. In central, metropolitan, or broad-area applications, network topologies incorporating many wavelengths per optical fiber are utilized to connect thousands of users with a wide variety of transmission rates and capacities. The simultaneous transmission of many wavelengths over a fiber with a nm range of 1300 to 1600 is a potent characteristic of an Optical communication network. Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) is a method for combining various wavelengths onto a single fiber. The WDM concept, when combined with optical amplifiers, produces communication lines that enable quick communication between users across national borders. An overview of the difficulties with fiber-optic communication is provided in this paper. The areas that will be most important for the development of optical communications in the future are outlined in this study. Modern optical fibers and integrated optics were both developed in the dominion of optical machinery and parts. Optical fiber communication systems are widely used for high-speed data transmission over long distances. There are some specific details and examples of optical fiber communication systems such as Fiber Optic Cables, Light Sources, optical modulator, optical amplifier, optical receivers, fiber optical network, medical applications.

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Putri, Rahadian Dwi Oktavia, Elang Rimba Briantoko, Rohim Aminullah Firdaus, and Dzulkiflih Dzulkiflih. "Simulation of Coherent Electromagnetic Waves in Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) Transmission." Prisma Sains : Jurnal Pengkajian Ilmu dan Pembelajaran Matematika dan IPA IKIP Mataram 11, no. 3 (July 30, 2023): 860. http://dx.doi.org/10.33394/j-ps.v11i3.8215.

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This study analyzes the application of Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) in fiber optic networks which aims to find the wavelength, WDM optical spectrum and modes, as well as the CPR estimated phase and modes. In this study WDM allows the simultaneous transmission of different data streams through a single optical fiber, using different wavelengths. This research was conducted using the python OptiCommPy module. This module is used to perform modeling of complex optical fiber transmission systems by considering the various parameters and disturbances involved in optical transmission. The results obtained from this study are that WDM networks can use full or limited wavelength conversion, depending on the wavelength conversion capability of each network node. Whereas multifiber networks use fiber pools between network nodes, and multifiber WDM networks can be implemented without or with full wavelength conversion. This research can be a guide for designing coherent electromagnetic waves in WDM transmissions using the OptiCommPy python module.

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Bhalaik, Swati, Ashutosh Sharma, Rajiv Kumar, and Neeru Sharma. "Performance Modeling and Analysis of WDM Optical Networks under Wavelength Continuity Constraint using MILP." Recent Advances in Electrical & Electronic Engineering (Formerly Recent Patents on Electrical & Electronic Engineering) 13, no. 2 (April 27, 2020): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2352096512666190214105927.

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Objective: Optical networks exploit the Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) to meet the ever-growing bandwidth demands of upcoming communication applications. This is achieved by dividing the enormous transmission bandwidth of fiber into smaller communication channels. The major problem with WDM network design is to find an optimal path between two end users and allocate an available wavelength to the chosen path for the successful data transmission. Methods: This communication over a WDM network is carried out through lightpaths. The merging of all these lightpaths in an optical network generates a virtual topology which is suitable for the optimal network design to meet the increasing traffic demands. But, this virtual topology design is an NP-hard problem. This paper aims to explore Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) framework to solve this design issue. Results: The comparative results of the proposed and existing mathematical models show that the proposed algorithm outperforms with the various performance parameters. Conclusion: Finally, it is concluded that network congestion is reduced marginally in the overall performance of the network.

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Kozdrowski, Stanisław, Mateusz Żotkiewicz, and Sławomir Sujecki. "Ultra-Wideband WDM Optical Network Optimization." Photonics 7, no. 1 (January 21, 2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics7010016.

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Ultra-wideband wavelength division multiplexed networks enable operators to use more effectively the bandwidth offered by a single fiber pair and thus make significant savings, both in operational and capital expenditures. The main objective of this study is to minimize optical node resources, such as transponders, multiplexers and wavelength selective switches, needed to provide and maintain high quality of network services, in ultra-wideband wavelength division multiplexed networks, at low cost. A model based on integer programming is proposed, which includes a detailed description of optical network nodal resources. The developed optimization tools are used to study the ultra-wideband wavelength division multiplexed network performance when compared with the traditional C-band wavelength division multiplexed networks. The analysis is carried out for realistic networks of different dimensions and traffic demand sets.

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Huang, Bin, Jiaqi Wang, and Xiaopeng Shao. "Fiber-Based Techniques to Suppress Stimulated Brillouin Scattering." Photonics 10, no. 3 (March 7, 2023): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10030282.

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Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) is the major factor that limits the maximum optical fiber output power in narrow linewidth applications, which include important fields such as passive optical networks (PONs), high-power fiber amplifiers, and lasers. Great efforts have been dedicated to suppressing the SBS effect and increasing the maximum optical fiber output power. This paper focuses on key fiber-based techniques to suppress SBS. These techniques take advantages of the properties of optical fibers. We present how these properties (electric modes, acoustic modes, and material properties) could be utilized to suppress SBS. The fiber-based techniques are divided into transverse optical fiber design, longitudinal variant fiber design, and external perturbations (strain and temperature) on optical fibers. Transverse optical fiber design focuses on the mechanism electro-acoustic interaction. Large effective area fiber design and acoustic tailoring techniques have been discussed. Longitudinal variant fiber design considers the nonlinear SBS interaction along propagation distance, and various techniques related have been presented. External perturbations (strain and temperature) on optical fibers emphasize on how external static perturbations could modify the SBS effect.

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Iyer, Sridhar, and Shree Prakash Singh. "Performance Analysis of Translucent Space Division Multiplexing Based Elastic Optical Networks." International Journal of Advances in Telecommunications, Electrotechnics, Signals and Systems 8, no. 1 (February 12, 2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.11601/ijates.v8i1.270.

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The required upgradation of the network capacity of the single-mode fiber which is constrained by the non-linear Shannon’s limit, and the capacity provisioning needed by the future diverse Internet traffic can be resolved by the adoption of the Space Division Multiplexing (SDM) based Elastic Optical Networks (EONs) (SDM-b-EONs). In the current work, we focus on the performance analysis of a SDM-b-EON in which translucent lightpaths are routed through the spectral super-channels over the spatial single-mode fiber(s) bundle(s) links. In regard to regeneration, we investigate three scenarios which differ in their regeneration variability level in addition to the adjustment of modulation formats according to transmission route characteristics. We conduct extensive simulations considering an online traffic case and two realistic network topologies with different numbers of (i) fibers in every link, and (ii) transceivers available within SDM-b-EON. The obtained results demonstrate that when regeneration is conducted with complete flexibility and simultaneously the modulation format conversion is also permitted at every SDM-b-EON node both, largest traffic volume amounts can be provisioned, and significant SDM-b-EON performance scaling can be obtained with a corresponding increase in the utilized fibers amount.

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Liagkou, Vasiliki, Vasileios Kavvadas, Spyridon K. Chronopoulos, Dionysios Tafiadis, Vasilis Christofilakis, and Kostas P. Peppas. "Attack Detection for Healthcare Monitoring Systems Using Mechanical Learning in Virtual Private Networks over Optical Transport Layer Architecture." Computation 7, no. 2 (May 5, 2019): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computation7020024.

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Data security plays a crucial role in healthcare monitoring systems, since critical patient information is transacted over the Internet, especially through wireless devices, wireless routes such as optical wireless channels, or optical transport networks related to optical fibers. Many hospitals are acquiring their own metro dark fiber networks for collaborating with other institutes as a way to maximize their capacity to meet patient needs, as sharing scarce and expensive assets, such as scanners, allows them to optimize their efficiency. The primary goal of this article is to develop of an attack detection model suitable for healthcare monitoring systems that uses internet protocol (IP) virtual private networks (VPNs) over optical transport networks. To this end, this article presents the vulnerabilities in healthcare monitoring system networks, which employ VPNs over optical transport layer architecture. Furthermore, a multilayer network architecture for closer integration of the IP and optical layers is proposed, and an application for detecting DoS attacks is introduced. The proposed application is a lightweight implementation that could be applied and installed into various remote healthcare control devices with limited processing and memory resources. Finally, an analytical and focused approach correlated to attack detection is proposed, which can also serve as a tutorial oriented towards even nonprofessionals for practical and learning purposes.

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GOLDSTEIN, EVAN L., and LARS ESKILDSEN. "ERBIUM-DOPED FIBER AMPLIFIERS FOR MULTIWAVELENGTH LIGHTWAVE NETWORKS: IMPACT OF THE NON-FLAT GAIN SPECTRUM." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 07, no. 01 (March 1996): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156496000037.

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The effort to build amplified multiwavelength lightwave networks that are large and reconfigurable has raised a host of hard technological challenges, ranging from device-level difficulties to transmission engineering to network-management concerns. Not least of these are the challenges posed by the spectral gain nonuniformities, and the associated multiwavelength noise performance, of such a network's cascaded optical amplifiers. This paper catalogs the research challenges posed by multiwavelength amplification in networks, summarizes the theory underlying them, and describes approaches that are emerging to lessen their ill effects.

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Dasari, Anusha. "Optical Fiber Communication Evolution,Technology and Future Trends." Journal of Advance Research in Electrical & Electronics Engineering (ISSN: 2208-2395) 2, no. 8 (August 31, 2015): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/nneee.v2i8.181.

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Fiber optic systems are important telecommunication infrastructure for world-wide broadband networks. Wide bandwidth signal transmission with low delay is a key requirement in present day applications. Optical fibers provide enormous and unsurpassedtransmission bandwidth with negligible latency, and are now the transmission medium of choice for long distance and high data ratetransmission in telecommunication networks. This paper gives an overview of fiber optic communication systems including their keytechnologies, and also discusses their technological trend towards the next generation.

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Gorlov, N., I. Bogachkov, and I. Kvitkova. "Basic principles of information security monitoring in physical channels of optical access networks." Herald of the Siberian State University of Telecommunications and Informatics, no. 1 (March 18, 2021): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.55648/1998-6920-2021-15-1-78-86.

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The article presents theoretical information about the methods of information retrieval from optical fibers. The simplest analyzed method is the bending of the optical fiber when violating the conditions of total internal reflection. The functional dependence of the losses and the level of radiated power on the parameters and bending geometry of the optical fiber are given. In this case, the introduced losses are monitored in the monitoring system for detecting fiber bends. The structure, principles of operation, and trends in the development of monitoring systems are presented. The main technical characteristics of optical radiation detection devices are demonstrated.

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Liu Yunpeng, 刘云朋, 霍晓丽 Huo Xiaoli, and 刘智超 Liu Zhichao. "基于深度学习的光纤网络异常数据检测算法." Infrared and Laser Engineering 50, no. 6 (2021): 20210029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/irla20210029.

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Wang Wenjun, 王文君, and 徐娜 Xu Na. "一种面向光纤网络路径优化的机器学习改进算法." Infrared and Laser Engineering 50, no. 10 (2021): 20210185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/irla20210185.

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Li, Wenchao, Yonggui Yuan, Jun Yang, and Libo Yuan. "Review of Optical Fiber Sensor Network Technology Based on White Light Interferometry." Photonic Sensors 11, no. 1 (January 22, 2021): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13320-021-0613-x.

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AbstractOptical fiber sensor networks (OFSNs) provide powerful tools for large-scale buildings or long-distance sensing, and they can realize distributed or quasi-distributed measurement of temperature, strain, and other physical quantities. This article provides some optical fiber sensor network technologies based on the white light interference technology. We discuss the key issues in the fiber white light interference network, including the topology structure of white light interferometric fiber sensor network, the node connection components, and evaluation of the maximum number of sensors in the network. A final comment about further development prospects of fiber sensor network is presented.

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Iyer, Sridhar. "Power-Efficiency Comparison of Spectrum-Efficient Optical Networks." International Journal of Advances in Telecommunications, Electrotechnics, Signals and Systems 5, no. 3 (December 20, 2016): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.11601/ijates.v5i3.221.

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With steady traffic volume growth in the core networks, it is predicted that the future optical network communication will be constrained mainly by the power consumption. Hence, for future internet sustainability, it will be a mandate to ensure power-efficiency in the optical networks. Two paradigms known to support both, the traffic heterogeneity and high bandwidth requests are the: (i) next generation flexible (or elastic) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based networks which provide flexible bandwidth allocation per wavelength, and (ii) currently deployed mixed-line-rate (MLR) based networks which provision the co-existence of 10/40/100 Gbps on varied wavelengths within the same fiber. In this work, the power-efficiency of an OFDM, and a MLR based network has been compared for which, a mixed integer linear program (MILP) model has been formulated considering deterministic traffic between every network source-destination pair. The simulation results show that in regard to power-efficiency, the OFDM based network outperforms the MLR based network.

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Esmail, Maged Abdullah. "Performance Monitoring of Hybrid All-Optical Fiber/FSO Communication Systems." Applied Sciences 13, no. 14 (July 22, 2023): 8477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13148477.

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The demand for network capacity has increased due to the introduction of new digital applications and services, which rely heavily on optical communication networks. While fiber networks serve as the optical networks’ backbone, deploying fiber in certain scenarios is not feasible, making it necessary to use other technologies conjointly. A hybrid all-optical fiber/free space optic (FSO) link is proposed to avoid such a challenge. The all-optical system avoids using electronics that have limited bandwidth. Hence, it supports high-capacity communication. However, the all-optical system comes with challenges arising from fiber and FSO channel impairments. To monitor the amount and type of distortion in the optical channel, machine learning (ML) techniques are exploited. In this work, Gaussian process regression (GPR) is utilized as an ML technique to predict three main channel impairments that arise in the hybrid all-optical fiber/FSO channels, which are turbulence, optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR), and chromatic dispersion (CD). The model’s performance is evaluated using boxplot graphs, root mean square error (RMSE) metric, and R-squared metric. The results indicate that the model can predict the various impairments with high accuracy, except under strong amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise, where the model demonstrated lower accuracy in predicting light turbulence parameters. The proposed approach provides a self-aware and self-adaptive communication system and can optimize network resources in the future.

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Hu, Xingliu, Haifei Si, Junhui Mao, and Yizhi Wang. "Self-Healing and Shortest Path in Optical Fiber Sensor Network." Journal of Sensors 2022 (August 3, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5717041.

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In this study, a new square-based fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor network model is proposed to address possible link failures in FBG sensor networks and improve their reliability. Graph theory and optical switching are simultaneously applied to these sensor networks to improve their self-healing ability; the FBG sensor network is regarded as a directed graph. Three commonly used self-short-circuit algorithms are compared in terms of the self-healing capabilities that they provide to the optical fiber sensor network. Among these, the shortest-path faster algorithm achieved a high, nearly 90% repair accuracy and had an average repair time of 0.103 s, the shortest in this study. The newly designed FBG self-healing network can be reorganized and repaired when local damage occurs, thereby improving its reliability.

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Aulia, Hilmi Zaky, and Iwa Garniwa. "Analysis of ICONNET Fiber Optic Network Improvement in Cluster Rayon Panam at Strategic Business Unit Central Sumatra PT PLN ICON PLUS." Jurnal Pendidikan Teknologi Kejuruan 6, no. 2 (May 31, 2023): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/jptk.v6i2.33723.

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Optical fiber is a telecommunications transmission medium that has a large bandwidth and bit rate so that it can meet the needs of today's data services with great reliability and efficiency. Optical fiber applications continue to be broad and have included seabed networks, terrestrial networks, metropolitan and regional scope networks, and small-scale networks. Optical fiber communication systems have 2 factors that affect the quality of network performance, namely internal aspects and external aspects. These internal and external aspects can degrade the performance quality of the optical fiber used and can cause attenuation and other transmission losses. As an effort to prevent sudden and significant deterioration in the quality of a network, it is necessary to try regular maintenance activities such as scheduled fiber optic cable network service quality measurements. These maintenance activities can help ensure network capacity increase decisions. One of the quality of service parameters that is often measured is transmission attenuation and received signal energy (received power). This research examines increasing the bandwidth capacity of PT PLN ICON PLUS in the Central Sumatra region during a network anomaly, namely a slow internet connection in the Rayon Panam Cluster. The sample taken from one of the customers shows the results of measuring the internet speed of 4-5 Mbps only, while the service taken is 10 Mbps. The results of checking on the up-link side to OLT Rayon Panam found that the data output was close to its capacity, which was 940,919,000 bits/sec or 0.9 Gb/sec. Increasing bandwidth capacity is done by moving the OLT port on the up-link side from the gigabit ethernet port to the tengigabit ethernet port, then replacing the SR type SFP with SFP ER and adding fiber optic attenuators so that the speed test results on the customer side have returned to their original appearance., 10 Mbps.

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Fischer, Jakob, Timo Schuster, Christian Wächter, Michael Luber, Juri Vinogradov, Olaf Ziemann, and Rainer Engelbrecht. "Isolated sensor networks for high-voltage environments using a single polymer optical fiber and LEDs for remote powering as well as data transmission." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 7, no. 1 (March 27, 2018): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-193-2018.

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Abstract. Many applications in high voltage or explosive environments require sensors which are electrically isolated from other components of a system. These sensors need remote powering as well as wireless or isolated data transmission links. A possible solution can be based on optically powered optical sensor links. These typically employ four different photonic components: for the data communication a fast LED as a transmitter and a photo diode as a receiver, furthermore for sensor powering a high-power light source and a photonic power converter. Additionally, two optical fibers are required for optical remote powering and the optical data link. In this paper we demonstrate an optically powered optical sensor link using only low-cost high-brightness LEDs and a single polymer optical fiber (POF) for all of these tasks. Coupling efficiencies, power transmission and modulation bandwidths are analyzed for LEDs with different colors. Potentials for many mW of electrical remote powering and Mbit s−1 sensor data links are demonstrated over 10 m of POF. This approach can be used for almost any electronic sensor with moderate power requirements.

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Huszaník, Tomáš, Ján Turán, and Ľuboš Ovseník. "Demonstration of Multimode Optical Fiber Communication System using 1300 nm Directly Modulated VCSEL for Gigabit Ethernet." Infocommunications journal, no. 2 (2018): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36244/icj.2018.2.4.

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In the recent years, the optical networks have grown to unexpected dimensions. The growth of active users and growing demand for data services set high requirements to network providers. Driving forces of this growth are multimedia, cloud computing and web services which set high bandwith demand. The majority of currently deployed optical networks utilize passive or active network structure using dominantly singlemode optical fiber (SMF). SMF is believed to be the better choice over multimode optical fiber (MMF) for high speed optical fiber communication systems. And in some applications it definitely is. MMF has found use especially for short distance communication as it easily supports distances required for interconnecting building, data centres or campuses. In this paper we present a simulation model of 1000BASE-LX Ethernet with MMF using different optical modulation techniques. The aim of this article is to demonstrate possibilities of MMF based 1000BASE-LX Ethernet with directly modulated vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL).

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Huszaník, Tomáš, Ján Turán, and Ľuboš Ovseník. "Simulation of Downlink of 10G-PON FTTH in the city of Košice." Carpathian Journal of Electronic and Computer Engineering 11, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cjece-2018-0006.

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Abstract Optical fiber has the great advantages of capacity and reliability. That is why network providers started to deploy FTTx (Fiber-To-The-x) optical access using various PON (Passive Optical Network) architectures. The leading technology right now is Gigabit PON (GPON). However, with increasing amount of multimedia we need to further develop existing technologies to go on with these high demands. Fiber-To-The-Home (FTTH) using 10G-PON technology for broadband access application is effective solution for high speed networks with high capacity. In this paper, we look at the passive optical network in the city of Košice and based on the real network we created simulation model of downlink of 10G-PON based FTTH with triple-play service.

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Juraev, Nurmukhammad, Sanjarbek Ergashev, and Abrorjon Ismailov. "FIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND THE PRINCIPLES OF THEIR OPERATION." Oriental Journal of Technology and Engineering 02, no. 02 (November 1, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/supsci-ojte-02-02-01.

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the fact that most of the data around the world is transmitted over the network, the growing demand for online services requires improving the reliability of the network, placing more responsibility on industry personnel. To solve the above problems, building computer networks from fiberglass-optical cables is the most effective solution today.

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BRANDT, RUSSELL, and TEOFILO F. GONZALEZ. "WAVELENGTH ASSIGNMENT IN MULTIFIBER OPTICAL STAR NETWORKS UNDER THE MULTICASTING COMMUNICATION MODE." Journal of Interconnection Networks 06, no. 04 (December 2005): 383–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219265905001484.

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This paper examines the wavelength assignment problem for single, dual, and multimessage multicasting over a star network with optical switching between fibers along the same wavelength. The specific problem we consider is given any star network, a predetermined number of fibers that connect its nodes, and a set of multicasts (or multidestination messages) to be delivered in one communication round, find a conflict free message transmission schedule that uses the least number of wavelengths per fiber. When the least number of wavelengths, λmin, exceeds the number available, λavl, one may transform the schedule into one with ⌈λmin/λavl⌉ communication phases or rounds over the same network, but restricted to λavl wavelengths per fiber.

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Ab-Rahman, Mohammad Syuhaimi, Zulhedry Abd Manaf, Iszan Hana Kaharudin, and I.-Shyan Hwang. "Customer Edge Downstream Detection for Automatic Restoration Scheme in FTTH-PON Distribution Network." Photonics 9, no. 8 (August 10, 2022): 560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9080560.

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Fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) networks are seen as the most future-proof technology to offer increasing bandwidth to customers. By utilizing passive optical network (PON) technology, they provide flexibility and capability to carry higher bandwidths as compared to the legacy copper-based access network. Optical performance monitoring could potentially enable higher stability, reconfigurability, and flexibility in a self-managed optical network. This paper will describe the specific fiber impairments that affect the quality of service for fiber-to-the-home networks. The impairment needs to be monitored and restored. The proposed solution will utilize a photodiode and optical switch as the main components, can easily be integrated with the ONU through the optical interface, and will be referred to as ‘PROMO’. With this scheme, the protection and restoration mechanisms are archived through the detection and availability of the downstream signal from the OLT. The results show that the received power, BER values, and maximum Q factor are acceptable for both simulation and experimental conditions in the case of normal and protection conditions.

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Chang, Xiang, Xuzhi Li, Jianhua He, Yonghua Ma, Gen Li, and Lu Lu. "Optical Wireless Fronthaul-Enhanced High-Throughput FC-AE-1553 Space Networks." Photonics 10, no. 12 (November 30, 2023): 1331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10121331.

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Existing space application networks in space stations are mainly fiber-optic cable-based networks due to their low size, weight, and power (SWaP) values. While fiber networks in space stations offer data transmission at high speeds with minimal signal loss, their major disadvantage is the lack of flexibility and mobility when new and unplanned space scientific equipment is added to the network. To enhance the flexibility of space networks while increasing their throughput, this paper introduces the hybrid space network (HSN), a new space network architecture that incorporates an optical wireless link, to meet the ever-increasing demands for larger bandwidth and higher mobile access capabilities in space scientific experiments. To best utilize the HSN’s system performance, we propose a multi-priority-based network scheduling scheme, which can dynamically adapt to the requirements of mass tasks and select the best transmission procedure. Through simulations, we find that by adding optical wireless communication (OWC) links to the state-of-the-art deterministic FC-AE-1553 space network, the HSN’s bandwidth can be increased by 20 times with an average latency reduction of 87.3%. We believe that the proposed HSN’s architecture may ultimately shape the future of space stations’ wireless connectivity, and in the meantime, innovate many advanced space applications with larger data rates and mobility requirements.

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Tosi, Daniele, Carlo Molardi, Wilfried Blanc, Tiago Paixão, Paulo Antunes, and Carlos Marques. "Performance Analysis of Scattering-Level Multiplexing (SLMux) in Distributed Fiber-Optic Backscatter Reflectometry Physical Sensors." Sensors 20, no. 9 (May 2, 2020): 2595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20092595.

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Optical backscatter reflectometry (OBR) is a method for the interrogation of Rayleigh scattering occurring in each section of an optical fiber, resulting in a single-fiber-distributed sensor with sub-millimeter spatial resolution. The use of high-scattering fibers, doped with MgO-based nanoparticles in the core section, provides a scattering increase which can overcome 40 dB. Using a configuration-labeled Scattering-Level Multiplexing (SLMux), we can arrange a network of high-scattering fibers to perform a simultaneous scan of multiple fiber sections, therefore extending the OBR method from a single fiber to multiple fibers. In this work, we analyze the performance and boundary limits of SLMux, drawing the limits of detection of N-channel SLMux, and evaluating the performance of scattering-enhancement methods in optical fibers.

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Philosof, Jonathan, Yevgeny Beiderman, Sergey Agdarov, Yafim Beiderman, and Zeev Zalevsky. "Optical Multimode Fiber-Based Pipe Leakage Sensor Using Speckle Pattern Analysis." Sensors 23, no. 20 (October 22, 2023): 8634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23208634.

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Water is an invaluable resource quickly becoming scarce in many parts of the world. Therefore, the importance of efficiency in water supply and distribution has greatly increased. Some of the main tools for limiting losses in supply and distribution networks are leakage sensors that enable real-time monitoring. With fiber optics recently becoming a commodity, along with the sound advances in computing power and its miniaturization, multipurpose sensors relying on these technologies have gradually become common. In this study, we explore the development and testing of a multimode optic-fiber-based pipe monitoring and leakage detector based on statistical and machine learning analyses of speckle patterns captured from the fiber’s outlet by a defocused camera. The sensor was placed inside or over a PVC pipe with covered and exposed core configurations, while 2 to 8 mm diameter pipe leaks were simulated under varied water flow and pressure. We found an overall leak size determination accuracy of 75.8% for a 400 µm covered fiber and of 68.3% for a 400 µm exposed fiber and demonstrated that our sensor detected pipe bursts, outside interventions, and shocks. This result was consistent for the sensors fixed inside and outside the pipe with both covered and exposed fibers.

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Borzycki, Krzysztof. "Influence of temperature and aging on polarization mode dispersion of tight-buffered optical fibers and cables." Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, no. 3 (September 30, 2005): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2005.3.319.

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This paper presents results of laboratory tests investigating influence of temperature on polarization mode dispersion (PMD) in variety of single mode optical fibers and cables. Research was focused primarily on tight-buffered fibers, where most pronounced effects resulting from buffer shrinkage or expansion were expected. The goal was to verify performance of optical fiber cable exposed to extreme temperatures and to compare behavior of different cables. Very strong temperature dependence of PMD was detected in standard single mode fibers with 0.9 mm tight buffer, commonly used in indoor cables, and in complete cable with such fiber. However, both nonzero dispersion-shifted fibers, spun during drawing and optical unit used in optical ground wire (OPGW), where 12 fibers are stranded showed good stability of PMD during thermal cycling. The same optical unit extracted from OPGW exhibited excellent PMD stability also during accelerated life test.

Journal articles on the topic 'Optical fibered networks'

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