Journal articles: 'Optical fiber detectors'

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JANG, KYOUNG WON, DONG HYUN CHO, SANG HUN SHIN, BONGSOO LEE, SOON-CHEOL CHUNG, GYE-RAE TACK, JEONG HAN YI, SIN KIM, and HYOSUNG CHO. "MEASUREMENTS OF HIGH ENERGY X-RAY DOSE DISTRIBUTIONS USING MULTI-DIMENSIONAL FIBER-OPTIC RADIATION DETECTORS." Modern Physics Letters B 22, no. 11 (May 10, 2008): 797–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984908015401.

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In this study, we have fabricated multi-dimensional fiber-optic radiation detectors with organic scintillators, plastic optical fibers and photo-detectors such as photodiode array and a charge-coupled device. To measure the X-ray dose distributions of the clinical linear accelerator in the tissue-equivalent medium, we have fabricated polymethylmethacrylate phantoms which have one-dimensional and two-dimensional fiber-optic detector arrays inside. The one-dimensional and two-dimensional detector arrays can be used to measure percent depth doses and surface dose distributions of high energy X-ray in the phantom respectively.

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Trunov, D. N., V. N. Marin, R. A. Sadykov, E. V. Altynbaev, and T. I. Glushkova. "Simulation of Optical Parameters of Scintillation Position-Sensitive Detectors with Organic Light Guide." Поверхность. Рентгеновские, синхротронные и нейтронные исследования, no. 4 (April 1, 2023): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s1028096023040209.

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A new method for determining the coordinates in position-sensitive detectors with an organic fiber and silicon photomultipliers is described. This method differs from previously used spectrum-shifting fibers or an array of light-sensitive elements. It is based on the absorption of photons in the volume of the fiber and the reduction in the number of photons. Depending on the path length, the number of photons incident on the surface of the silicon photomultiplier varies. The optical parameters of a one-dimensional position-sensitive detector are simulated and the effect of the fiber coating on the amount of light is shown. Simulation of a two-dimensional position-sensitive detector of two types has been also carried out, optical parameters and intensity ratios from different ends of the fiber have been determined. A technique for obtaining maps of intensity ratios and features of their use for determining the coordinates are described. The main features of the manufacture of this type detectors and their influence on the resolution of the final detector are outlined.

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Davis, A. J., P. L. Hink, W. R. Binns, J. W. Epstein, J. J. Connell, M. H. Israel, J. Klarmann, V. Vylet, D. H. Kaplan, and S. Reucroft. "Scintillating optical fiber trajectory detectors." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 276, no. 1-2 (March 1989): 347–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(89)90651-7.

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Yan, Yulu, Lei Zhang, Yu Liu, Shin-Ted Lin, Jingjun Zhu, Shukui Liu, Changhao Fang, Changjian Tang, and Haoyang Xing. "Design of high-light-collection-efficiency optical fiber for germanium detectors immersed in liquid argon." Journal of Instrumentation 19, no. 05 (May 1, 2024): P05026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/05/p05026.

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Abstract The implementation of Slicon Photon-Multipliers (SiPMs) wave-length shifting (WLS) fibers light response system in liquid argon (LAr) is a promising technology for suppressing background in rare event experiments. Moreover, it is particularly relevant for experiments that utilize high-purity germanium (HPGe) detectors directly operated in LAr, such as the direct detection of dark matter and neutrinoless double beta decay. In this work, we exhibit a designed WLS fiber for the LAr detector, verify the feasibility of the manufacturing technology, and simulation research about its light collection performance. The novel fiber incorporates two materials, styrene and 1,1,4,4-tetraphenyl-1,3-butadiene (TPB). The pre-experiments proved that the fiber has good WLS and light-conducting properties for ultraviolet light. In addition, the effect of different light collection methods on detection efficiency was assessed by Geant4 simulation. Our results show that adding optical fibers can significantly increase light collection efficiency. Compared with the design of TPB coating with commercial fiber, the new structure of WLS fiber can improve the light collection efficiency by 50%. The simulation results indicate that the new fiber structure can enhance the light collection efficiency of the LAr detection system, thereby improving the anti-coincidence system's performance in rare event experiments.

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Muslimov, Eduard, Nadezhda Pavlycheva, Emmanuel Hugot, Simona Lombardo, Ilnur Nureev, and Oleg Morozov. "Optical Designs with Curved Detectors for Fiber Bragg Grating Interrogation Monitors." Sensors 21, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21010034.

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In this paper, we evaluate the application of curved detectors and freeform optics technologies for fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) interrogation monitors design. It is shown that, in a high-dispersion spectrograph scheme, the camera part operates in special conditions, which result in a field curvature change. This field curvature can be compensated by the use of a curved detector. When used together with freeform optics, the curved detectors allow for reduction of the number of optical components to two or even one element by merging their functions. Three design examples for the range of 810–860 nm reaching the spectral resolution limit of 89–139 pm at NA=0.14 are presented to demonstrate the achieved performance and the technological trade-offs.

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SCHMIDT, OLIVER, PETER KIESEL, MICHAEL BASSLER, and NOBLE JOHNSON. "CHIP-SIZE WAVELENGTH DETECTORS." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 17, no. 04 (December 2007): 661–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156407004862.

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Chip-size wavelength detectors are described that can resolve the spectrum of the incident light with high accuracy over a broad spectral range. The devices can be configured either as compact spectrometers or precise wavelength shift detectors. Applications that are anticipated to benefit from the spectrometers include reagentless optical identification of analytes in fluidic and aerosol samples. The wavelength shift detector is widely applicable as read-out instrument for optical sensors in which a stimulus (e.g., temperature, strain, PH-value, etc.) results in a wavelength shift of an optical output signal, examples include the interrogation system for Fiber Bragg Grating sensors, photonic crystal sensors, Fabry-Perot type sensors, and sensors in which an analyte influences a laser cavity and thereby its emission wavelength.

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Bendali, M., R. Mastrippolito, Y. Charon, M. Leblanc, B. Martin, H. Tricoire, and L. Valentin. "Scintillating optical fiber detectors for DNA sequencing." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 310, no. 1-2 (December 1991): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(91)91063-2.

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Chen, Chong, Yuki Shimizu, Ryo Sato, Hiraku Matsukuma, and Wei Gao. "An Off-Axis Differential Method for Improvement of a Femtosecond Laser Differential Chromatic Confocal Probe." Applied Sciences 10, no. 20 (October 16, 2020): 7235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10207235.

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This paper presents an off-axis differential method for the improvement of a femtosecond laser differential chromatic confocal probe having a dual-detector configuration. In the proposed off-axis differential method employing a pair of single-mode fiber detectors, a major modification is made to the conventional differential setup in such a way that the fiber detector in the reference detector is located at the focal plane of a collecting lens but with a certain amount of off-axis detector shift, while the fiber detector in the measurement detector is located on the rear focal plane without the off-axis detector shift; this setup is different from the conventional one where the difference between the two confocal detectors is provided by giving a defocus to one of the fiber detectors. The newly proposed off-axis differential method enables the differential chromatic confocal setup to obtain the normalized chromatic confocal output with a better signal-to-noise ratio and approaches a Z-directional measurement range of approximately 46 μm, as well as a measurement resolution of 20 nm, while simplifying the optical alignments in the differential chromatic confocal setup, as well as the signal processing through eliminating the complicated arithmetic operations in the determination of the peak wavelength. Numerical calculations based on a theoretical equation and experiments are carried out to verify the feasibility of the proposed off-axis differential method for the differential chromatic confocal probe with a mode-locked femtosecond laser source.

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Roby, R. J., A. J. Hamer, E. L. Johnson, S. A. Tilstra, and T. J. Burt. "Improved Method for Flame Detection in Combustion Turbines." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 117, no. 2 (April 1, 1995): 332–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2814099.

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A fast response chemiluminescent flame detection approach is presented along with field test results from a fiber optic based flame detector device. Chemiluminescence, the light given off by molecules formed in their excited states, has long been recognized as a diagnostics method for use in combustion. The recent advent of higher quality optical fibers with improved transmission properties in the UV, as well as UV optical detectors, has made the use of chemiluminescence for gas turbine diagnostics and monitoring practical. Advances in combustor designs on new low-emissions machines as well as reliability issues with some existing machines are creating the need for improved flame dynamics measurements as well as improvements in reliability for existing measurements such as combustor flame detection. This paper discusses the technology, principle of operation, and detectors that operate on the chemiluminescence principle.

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Zhang, Hanfu, Jie Liu, Qichang An, and Jianli Wang. "Time Coding-Based Single-Photon-Counting Lidar for Obtaining Spatial Location." Photonics 10, no. 4 (April 15, 2023): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10040457.

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This paper proposes a single-photon-counting lidar based on time coding that can obtain the target’s spatial location and measure the distance and azimuth angle in real time without needing a scanning device. Multiple optical fibers were used to introduce laser echo photons into a single-pixel single-photon detector. According to the deviation in the detection time of the echo photons passing through different optical fibers, multiple distances can be obtained simultaneously. Combining the measured distances with the fiber spacing allows the calculation of the distance, azimuth angle, and spatial coordinates of the target. This lidar has the advantages of high photon detection efficiency, short signal acquisition time, and low cost compared to array detectors.

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Hwang, G. J., and W. H. Ko. "A Multi-Range Fiber-Optical Non-Contact Displacement Micrometer." Key Engineering Materials 295-296 (October 2005): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.295-296.307.

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A multi-fiber reflection displacement micrometer is developed. The device consists of a light source and a receiving fiber-array of identical fibers and photo detectors that detect the light reflected from the surface being measured. The differential output of each neighboring fiber pair is proportional to the surface displacement in a section of the total range. The light intensity variation of the source and the reflectance change of the surface are compensated when the differential output is divided by the summation output. A scale voltage is given to each output of neighboring fibers in order to shift each output to correspond to the actual displacement within the total range, which can be varied by selecting the number of fibers in the receiving fiber array. The micrometer offers the advantages of wide range, non-contact, no electrical interference, simplicity, and low cost. It can be used in medical experiments and laboratory instruments.

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Yahya, Adnan Haj, Nezah Balal, Avi Klein, Jacob Gerasimov, and Aharon Friedman. "Improvement of the Electro-Optical Process in GaAs for Terahertz Single Pulse Detection by Using a Fiber-Coupling System." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (July 26, 2021): 6859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11156859.

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The electro-optical process is a popular method for terahertz radiation detection. Detectors based on the electro-optical process have large bandwidth, and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is relatively high. Further, this detector can be applied to detect high-power signals without using radiation attenuation. This paper presents a method to improve the electro-optic process to THz radiation detection based on GaAs crystals by coupling the optical output signal into fiber. Results demonstrated an improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio that means an increase in the dynamic range of the electro-optical detector.

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Lu, Peizhi, Fengpeng An, Yu Chen, Min Li, Yichen Li, Guang Luo, Wei Wang, Zhimin Wang, Xiang Xiao, and Y. K. Hor. "Study in the optical performance of plastic scintillator with WLS fiber." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 04 (April 1, 2023): T04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/04/t04002.

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Abstract Muon veto is an important technique of many low background experiments. With the push in improving the sensitivity and statistics, the size of the detector for particle experiments has also been increasing. Therefore, there is a greater demand on the size of the muon veto system to efficiently identify muon events passing through the detector, minimizing the associated dead time of the target detector, and simultaneously fitting in the space requirements. In this paper, two designs of muon veto detectors composed of 200 cm×20 cm×2 cm plastic scintillator strip and a wavelength shifting(WLS) fiber coupled with SiPM, are tested. We use cosmic muons to examine the plastic scintillator along the length by scintillator cubes as probes and therefore measuring photoelectron numbers as a function of position. The design of layout-4 meets the needs of JUNO-TAO and is a compact and cheap candidate.

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Archibald, D. D., L. T. Lin, and D. E. Honigs. "Remote Near-IR Spectroscopy over an Optical Fiber with a Modified FT Spectrometer." Applied Spectroscopy 42, no. 3 (March 1988): 468–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702884427843.

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A Fourier transform (FT) spectrometer was configured to measure near-infrared (near-IR) transmission spectra using 80 meters of a 206-μm optical fiber. The single-beam signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) was evaluated for the remote-sensing spectrometer for both Ge and InSb detectors. The instrumental performance was compared with that of the conventional FT spectrometer. The optical attenuation of several different fibers was measured and their possible use as transmission sensors was evaluated. Some advantages and implications of combining an FT spectrometer with optical-fiber sensor measurements are discussed.

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Häußler, Matthias, Robin Terhaar, Martin A. Wolff, Helge Gehring, Fabian Beutel, Wladick Hartmann, Nicolai Walter, et al. "Scaling waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detector solutions to large numbers of independent optical channels." Review of Scientific Instruments 94, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 013103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0114903.

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Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors are an enabling technology for modern quantum information science and are gaining attractiveness for the most demanding photon counting tasks in other fields. Embedding such detectors in photonic integrated circuits enables additional counting capabilities through nanophotonic functionalization. Here, we show how a scalable number of waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors can be interfaced with independent fiber optic channels on the same chip. Our plug-and-play detector package is hosted inside a compact and portable closed-cycle cryostat providing cryogenic signal amplification for up to 64 channels. We demonstrate state-of-the-art multi-channel photon counting performance with average system detection efficiency of (40.5 ± 9.4)% and dark count rate of (123 ± 34) Hz for 32 individually addressable detectors at minimal noise-equivalent power of (5.1 ± 1.2) · 10−18 W/[Formula: see text]. Our detectors achieve timing jitter as low as 26 ps, which increases to (114 ± 17) ps for high-speed multi-channel operation using dedicated time-correlated single photon counting electronics. Our multi-channel single photon receiver offers exciting measurement capabilities for future quantum communication, remote sensing, and imaging applications.

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Yang, Lei, and Xiao-Fang Zhao. "Intelligent pulse light source in the performance calibration system of two-dimensional neutron detector." Modern Physics Letters B 31, no. 19-21 (July 27, 2017): 1740022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021798491740022x.

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Chinese Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) project will use numerous two-dimensional (2D) neutron detectors whose ZnS (Ag) scintillator is doped with 6Li. To ensure the consistency of all neutron detectors, a calibration system for the performance of 2D neutron detectors is designed. For radiation protection, the state control of the radiation source gets more and more strict. It is impossible to directly carry out experiments with massive radioactive particles. Thus, the following scheme has been designed. The controlled pulsed laser light source on a 2D mobile platform is used to replace the neutron bombardment to generate the photon. The pulse signal drives the laser diode to generate pulse light. The pulse light source located on the 2D platform is controlled by the core controller, and goes to the wavelength shift fiber through the optical fiber. The host computer (PC) receives the signal from the electronics system, processes data, and automatically calibrates the performance parameters. As shown by the experimental results, the pulse light source can perfectly meet all requirements of 2D neutron detector calibration system.

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Andarawis, Emad, Cheng-Po (Paul) Chen, and Baokai Cheng. "300°C Optical Communications." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2021, HiTEC (April 1, 2021): 000013–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2380-4491.2021.hitec.000013.

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Abstract A high temperature optical link capable of multi-megabits per second data rates at 300°C is presented. The system utilizes wide bandgap optical sources and detectors to achieve extreme temperature operation. Testing was conducted at multiple temperatures between room temperature and 325°C and at multiple light source currents. Light coupling into and out of a UV capable optical fiber was evaluated, and a model was created utilizing the test data of the photodiode dark current and the fiber optic cable insertion loss and attenuation and assess optical communications capability to 325°C and beyond.

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Shikoski, Jovan, Rumen Arnaudov, and Tinko Eftimov. "A study of the frequency characteristics of a photovoltaic convertor РРС-4Е." Photonics Letters of Poland 10, no. 3 (October 1, 2018): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v10i3.839.

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The paper considers the possibility to use the fiber-compatible photovoltaic converter РРС-4Е simultaneously as a detection photodetector for the combined transmission of photonic power and optical communication signals along a single fiber. We have studied the frequency transfer characteristics of the specialized converter РРС-4Е designed primarily for photovoltaic conversion. Full Text: PDF ReferencesPowering Remote Data Links over Fiber, www.lumentum.com, Lumentum LLC, 2015. DirectLink Basanskaya, A.: Electricity over Glass. Spectrum, IEEE, Vol. 40, No. 10, page 18, 2005. DirectLink Cohen, M.: Power-over-fibre drives remote data exchange. OPTO and Laser Europe, pages 27-29, 2006. DirectLink Yasui, T.; Ohwaki, J.; Mino, M.; Sakai, T.: A Stable 2-W Supply Optical-Powering System. 28th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, pages 1614-1617, 2000. CrossRef Werthen, J.-G.: Powering Next Generation Networks by Laser Light over Fiber. Optical Fiber communication/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, pages 1-3, 2008. DirectLink Iniewski K., Medical Imaging: Principles, Detectors and Electronics, p. 292, New Jersey, 2009. DirectLink Kartalopoulos, S., Optical Bit Error Rate: An Estimation Methodology (2004) Willey- IEEE Press. DirectLink Electronic Devices and Circuits: Discrete and integrated, Chapter 14 Active filters, Denton J. Daily, Prentice Hall, 2001. DirectLink

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Song, Siwon, Jae Hyung Park, Jinhong Kim, Seunghyeon Kim, Seokhyeon Jegal, Sangjun Lee, and Bongsoo Lee. "Acquiring Gamma-Ray Energy Spectrum Using a Plastic Scintillation Optical Fiber Detector." Photonics 11, no. 6 (May 23, 2024): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics11060493.

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The plastic scintillation optical fiber (PSOF) detector, characterized by its large contact area with measurement targets, effectively detects and quantifies radiation in diverse radiation-contaminated areas and liquid environments. While it is extensively utilized for measuring alpha, beta, gamma, and neutron radiations, comprehensive documentation on the spectrum measurement and energy calibration methods for gamma nuclides has not been reported. Accurate energy calibration is crucial for the precise quantification of radiation doses from various sources. The pulse-height spectrum produced by the PSOF detector does not display a Compton maximum because of the significant Gaussian energy broadening. Additionally, this spectrum compresses as the distance increases between the radiation source and the light measurement device. In this study, the energy spectrum of a PSOF for gamma nuclides was characterized by energy calibrations using Compton edge (CE). The CE channel in the measurement spectrum of the PSOF detector for three gamma nuclides was identified using the first-order differentiation method. This technique was successfully applied to spectra measured at various radiation source positions to determine the attenuation coefficients. The proposed energy calibration method allows for the conversion of pulse-height spectra obtained from alpha, beta, and neutron radiation measured with PSOF detectors into energy spectra.

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Araki, Yosuke, Ryutaro Tanaka, Yuto Kojima, Katsuhiko Sekiya, Keiji Yamada, and Shuho Koseki. "Relationship between Cutting Heat and Tool Edge Temperature in End Milling of Titanium Alloy." Key Engineering Materials 749 (August 2017): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.749.15.

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In this study, tool edge temperature was measured by a two-color pyrometer with an optional fiber. During one revolution of spindle, the tool edge passes over the fine hole at workpiece after cutting workpiece. An optical fiber inserted into the fine hole transmits infrared ray radiated from tool edge to two detectors with different spectral sensitivities. One peak signal from each detector can be obtained by each spindle revolution. The tool edge temperature can be calculated by taking the ratio of outputs from these two detectors. The relation between cutting heat calculated from cutting force and tool edge temperature was discussed. The tool edge temperature at the same cutting heat could be compared. The wet cutting condition caused lower tool edge temperature than the others at the same cutting heat. MQL and dry showed almost same tool edge temperature. The dispersion of tool edge temperature in wet cutting is wider than that in dry cutting and MQL cutting.

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Li Yang, 李阳, 孙铁平 Sun Tieping, 盛亮 Sheng Liang, 张美 Zhang Mei, 岳志勤 Yue Zhiqin, 魏福利 Wei Fuli, and 王培伟 Wang Peiwei. "Diagnosis of multi-gap gas switch with optical fiber detectors." High Power Laser and Particle Beams 24, no. 8 (2012): 2000–2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/hplpb20122408.2000.

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Civinini, C., R. D'Alessandro, and M. Meschini. "An optical fiber based DAQ system for silicon microstrip detectors." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 46, no. 6 (1999): 1979–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/23.819266.

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Zivkovic, Irena, Aleksandar Kojovic, Milos Tomic, Ljiljana Brajovic, and Radoslav Aleksic. "The usage of optical fibers for damage detection in ballistic protection composite laminates." Chemical Industry 60, no. 1-2 (2006): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0602039z.

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This paper describes the procedure of embedding fiber optic sensors in laminar thermoplastic composite material, as well as damage investigation after ballistic loading. Thermoplastic-reinforced composite materials were made for increased material damage resistance during ballistic loading. Damage inside the composite material was detected by observing the intensity drop of the light signal transmitted through the optical fibers. Experimental testing was carried out in order to observe and analyze the response of the material under various load conditions. Different types of Kevlar reinforced composite materials (thermoplastic, thermo reactive and thermoplastic with ceramic plate as the impact face) were made. Material damage resistance during ballistic loading was investigated and compared. Specimens were tested under multiple load conditions. The opto-electronic part of the measurement system consists of two light-emitting diodes as light sources for the optical fibers, and two photo detectors for the light intensity measurement. The output signal was acquired from photo detectors by means of a data acquisition board and personal computer. The measurements showed an intensity drop of the transmitted light signal as a result of the applied loading on composite structure for all the optical fibers. All the diagrams show similar behavior of the light signal intensity. In fact, all of them may be divided into three zones: the zone of penetration of the first composite layer, the bullet traveling zone through the composite material till its final stop, and the material relaxation zone. The attenuation of the light signal intensity during impact is caused by the influence of the applied dynamic stress on the embedded optical fibers. The applied stress caused micro bending of the optical fiber, changes in the shape of the cross-section and the unequal changes of the indices of refraction of the core and cladding due to the stress-optic effect. The main goal of the experiment was to develop a system for thermoplastic composite structure health monitoring during real life exploitation. The results of the experiments confirmed that optical fibers could be applied as intensity sensors in the real-time monitoring of structural changes in thermoplastic laminar composite materials under ballistic loading. The light signal intensity drops in an optical fiber in response to the applied loading on the composite material.

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Weller, W. G., and T. E. Ingerson. "An optical fiber feed for small telescopes." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 118 (1986): 115–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s007418090015123x.

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We have constructed an optical fiber link between the CTIO 1.5 meter telescope and the instrument development laboratory located in the 4 meter telescope building. We have successfully observed a variety of objects using the 4 meter échelle spectrograph fed with light from the 1.5 meter telescope. These first observations indicate that the system is extremely stable, both in its spectral response and in wavelength calibration. The principal aim of the project was to provide the capability of recording high resolution spectra at the 1.5 meter, using linear detectors. Even with the loss of light associated with the use of the fiber, a conservative estimate of the speed of the system indicates a factor of 20 increase in speed over the existing coudé spectrograph.

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Taboada, Alvaro. "Preliminary results of the AMIGA engineering array at the Pierre Auger Observatory." EPJ Web of Conferences 210 (2019): 02016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921002016.

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The Auger Muons and Infill for the Ground Array (AMIGA) aims to both extend the detection range of the Pierre Auger Observatory down to energies ~ 1016.5 eV and to measure the muon content of extensive air showers. To accomplish these goals, its detection system is composed of an array of coupled water-Cherenkov and scintillation detectors deployed in a graded triangular grid of 433 and 750 m spacings. At each position, the scintillation detector is buried 2.3 m deep so as to shield it from the air shower electromagnetic component and thus only measure the muon component. These muon detectors have 30 m2 area split into modules, each of them highly segmented in 64 plastic-scintillator strips with an embedded wavelength-shifter optical fiber to transport light to an optical sensor located at the center of the module. During the engineering array phase (finished in November 2017) two module areas (5 m2 and 10 m2) and two optical sensors (photo-multiplier tubes and silicon-photomultipliers) were tested. In this work, we present the final performance of the muon detectors equipped with silicon-photomultipliers which were thereafter selected as the baseline design for the AMIGA production phase. Analyses and results are based both on laboratory and field measurements.

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Dai, Yun, Zhonghan Zhang, Xibin Wang, Zhuowei Lu, Huamin Kou, Liangbi Su, and Anhua Wu. "Growth and Characterization of Ce-Doped Luag Single Crystal Fibers from Transparent Ceramics by Laser-Heated Pedestal Method." Crystals 11, no. 9 (September 21, 2021): 1149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11091149.

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Scintillation single crystal fibers (SCFs) have great potential applications in the new generation of high-energy ray and particle detectors due to their morphological advantages. In this work; Ce:LuAG SCFs with a diameter of 1 mm were grown along the direction of [111] by laser-heated pedestal growth (LHPG) method using a transparent ceramic as the source rod; and a doping concentration was 0.1 at%, 0.3 at%, 1 at%, respectively. The effects of growth rate and annealing in air on the scintillation and optical properties of SCF are discussed in detail. The results of analyzing the absorption spectra; radioluminescence (RL) spectra; pulse-height spectra and fluorescence lifetime of SCFs show that the SCF maintains excellent scintillation performance while having a fiber structure. Therefore; Ce:LuAG SCF is a potential candidate material for detector.

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Chiavaioli, Francesco, Francesco Baldini, Sara Tombelli, Cosimo Trono, and Ambra Giannetti. "Biosensing with optical fiber gratings." Nanophotonics 6, no. 4 (June 7, 2017): 663–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2016-0178.

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AbstractOptical fiber gratings (OFGs), especially long-period gratings (LPGs) and etched or tilted fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs), are playing an increasing role in the chemical and biochemical sensing based on the measurement of a surface refractive index (RI) change through a label-free configuration. In these devices, the electric field evanescent wave at the fiber/surrounding medium interface changes its optical properties (i.e. intensity and wavelength) as a result of the RI variation due to the interaction between a biological recognition layer deposited over the fiber and the analyte under investigation. The use of OFG-based technology platforms takes the advantages of optical fiber peculiarities, which are hardly offered by the other sensing systems, such as compactness, lightness, high compatibility with optoelectronic devices (both sources and detectors), and multiplexing and remote measurement capability as the signal is spectrally modulated. During the last decade, the growing request in practical applications pushed the technology behind the OFG-based sensors over its limits by means of the deposition of thin film overlays, nanocoatings, and nanostructures, in general. Here, we review efforts toward utilizing these nanomaterials as coatings for high-performance and low-detection limit devices. Moreover, we review the recent development in OFG-based biosensing and identify some of the key challenges for practical applications. While high-performance metrics are starting to be achieved experimentally, there are still open questions pertaining to an effective and reliable detection of small molecules, possibly up to single molecule, sensing in vivo and multi-target detection using OFG-based technology platforms.

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Cheng, Zhang, Tanaka, Li, Yan, Zhang, Suzuki, and Ohishi. "Ultrafast All-Optical Signal Modulation Induced by Optical Kerr Effect in a Tellurite Photonic Bandgap Fiber." Photonics 6, no. 4 (October 29, 2019): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics6040113.

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Ultrafast all-optical signal modulation induced by optical Kerr effect (OKE) was demonstrated in an all-solid tellurite photonic bandgap fiber (PBGF) which was designed and fabricated based on TeO2–Li2O–WO3–MoO3–Nb2O5 (TLWMN, high-index rods), TeO2–ZnO–Na2O–La2O3 (TZNL, background), and TeO2-ZnO-Li2O-K2O-Al2O3-P2O5 (TZLKAP, cladding) glasses. At the input of a control pulse with high intensity, OKE occurred in the tellurite PBGF and the transmission bands of the tellurite PBGF shifted. The signal at 1.57 μm transmitting in the fiber core can be ultrafast all-optically modulated by the ultrafast single pulse (200 kW, 200 fs) under OKE, where the modulation speed can reach 50 GHz, faster than some commercial LiNbO3 modulators. The results in this paper can be applied to multi-monitors, local area network, detectors, multi-sources, etc.

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Alkhazragi, Omar, Abderrahmen Trichili, Islam Ashry, Tien Khee Ng, Mohamed-Slim Alouini, and Boon S. Ooi. "Wide-field-of-view optical detectors using fused fiber-optic tapers." Optics Letters 46, no. 8 (April 12, 2021): 1916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.423437.

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Cross, J., A. Lopez-Lagunas, B. Buchanan, L. Carastro, Shih-Cheng Wang, N. H. Jokerst, S. Wills, M. Brooke, and M. A. Ingram. "A single-fiber bidirectional optical link using colocated emitters and detectors." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 8, no. 10 (October 1996): 1385–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/68.536663.

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Kaneda, Takao, and Takashi Mikawa. "Special edition Optical devices. 5 Recent progress in detectors for optical fiber communication systems." Journal of the Institute of Television Engineers of Japan 39, no. 11 (1985): 1050–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3169/itej1978.39.1050.

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Eid, Mahmoud M. A., Shabana Urooj, Norah Muhammad Alwadai, and Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed. "AlGaInP optical source integrated with fiber links and silicon avalanche photo detectors in fiber optic systems." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 23, no. 2 (August 1, 2021): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v23.i2.pp847-854.

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This study has clarified aluminium gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP) optical source integrated with fiber links and silicon avalanche photodetectors in fiber optic systems. The output spectral power, rise time, signal frequency and resonance frequency for AlGaInP laser diode. The laser diode rise time, output spectral power and resonance/signal frequencies versus injection current and ambient temperatures are sketched. The silica doped germanium fiber link pulse broadening and the signal fiber bandwidth are investigated against temperature variations. The signal per noise ratio is related to Q value and bit error rate (BER) at the receiving point (Si avalanche photodetector (APD)) are sketched with temperature.

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LIU Deng-kuan, 刘登宽, 陈思井 CHEN Si-jing, 尤立星 YOU Li-xing, 何宇昊 HE Yu-hao, and 张玲 ZHANG Ling. "Fiber coupling of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors." Optics and Precision Engineering 21, no. 6 (2013): 1496–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/ope.20132106.1496.

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M. Alatwi, Aadel, and Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed. "A pulse amplitude modulation scheme based on in-line semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) for optical soliton systems." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 21, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i2.pp1014-1021.

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<p>The objective of this work is to simulate a pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) scheme based on in-line semiconductor optical amplifiers for optical soliton systems. The max. power for soliton systems, based on various bits/symbol PAM modulation schemes after a fiber length of 100 km, is simulated and clarified. In addition to the max. Q factor for soliton systems, PAM modulation schemes with various in-line SOA injection currents and a fiber length of 100 km are also simulated and demonstrated in the results. The total electrical power after photo-detectors for soliton systems, based on PAM modulation schemes with various in-line SOA injection currents and a fiber length of 100 km, is also simulated and clarified in the results. The study emphasizes that the higher the SOA injection current, the higher the electrical power and the lower the Q factor that can be achieved in the soliton system.</p>

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Kim, Hyung-Sik, and Yong-Sik Lim. "Optical Autocorrelation Measurement for Ultrafast Pulses at NIR Wavelengths Using GaP, GaAsP, and Si Photoconductive Detectors." Applied Sciences 13, no. 12 (June 8, 2023): 6957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13126957.

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In this article, we report on an optical real-time autocorrelator readout with a 5 Hz refresh rate, equipped with a transimpedance amplified photodetector based on the two-photon absorption (TPA) of semiconductor photodiodes (PDs) for ultrashort (1 < ps) pulse measurement. By replacing the GaP PD of a commercial TPA detector with GaAsP and Si PD elements, we demonstrated that the spectral response based on the TPA of each photodetector followed the linear response of the corresponding semiconductor PD within accessible wavelength regions. The TPA spectral response of the GaAsP detector exhibited a peak at 1200 nm and a long wavelength limit near 1300 nm. The TPA spectral response of the Si detector exhibited a short wavelength limit near 1170 nm and a linear response up to 1300 nm. The two types of PD were compared with the characteristics of the GaP photodiode. These photoconductive detectors are efficient, compact, and robust sensors and can be used to diagnose the pulse characteristics of ultrafast fiber lasers and light sources near IR wavelengths.

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McKinley, B. J., Sang Sheem, John Lutz, and Fred P. Milanovich. "A non-imaging concentrator for fiber optic mediated remote micro-Raman spectroscopy." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 2 (August 1992): 1518–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100132224.

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The recent availability of moderate power near-infrared diode lasers (780nm) and near-infrared sensitive ccd detectors have caused a noticeable resurgence in the application of Raman spectroscopy in analytical chemistry. We have long maintained an interest in Raman spectroscopy and have established a micro-Raman facility within the Chemistry Department of our organization. Recently, we have taken advantage of the aforementioned progress in spectroscopic equipment and have upgraded our micro-Raman facility to include a ccd detector and an imaging spectrograph.Since our micro-Raman spectrometer is designed around an ellipsoidal collection mirror, with Raman signal being directed through the illumination sample stage it has application to microscopic or small transparent samples. The improved performance of the device and the availability of highly transmissive optical fibers led one of us (B.J.M.) to propose an apparatus that could replace the existing illuminator with a miniature device that maintains a high collection efficiency and can be used remotely or in-situ by utilizing optical fibers.

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Varshney, Aarti, and Vishal Goyal. "Fiber Optics Communication: Evolution of Guided Media." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, no. 1 (January 31, 2024): 959–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.58076.

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Abstract: Fiber Optic Communication system is a key element in modern day telecommunication network used all around the globe. Larger bandwidth signal transmission where data received with lowest possible delay serves as a big edge to both, the telecommunication industry and consumer. Recently, optical fiber communication technology has made great progress, where constantly exploring new technologies has greatly enhanced communications capabilities in the traditional sense. This paper gives an overview of fiber optic communication systems including their key technologies, and also discusses their technological trend towards the next generation. The recent developments in the area of fiber optic communication as well as the advances in different Fiber types, their properties, optical sources, detectors, system limitations and applications are also discussed in the paper.

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Li, C., C. Q. Feng, D. Y. Zhu, S. B. Liu, and Q. An. "An optical fiber-based flexible readout system for micro-pattern gas detectors." Journal of Instrumentation 13, no. 04 (April 9, 2018): P04013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/13/04/p04013.

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Cruz, J. L., J. Marzal, and M. V. Andres. "An all-fiber RF modulation technique: frequency response calibration of optical detectors." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 43, no. 9 (1995): 2361–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/22.414589.

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Thompson, Richard B., Michael Levine, and Lynne Kondracki. "Component Selection for Fiber-Optic Fluorometry." Applied Spectroscopy 44, no. 1 (January 1990): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702904085958.

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A wide variety of fiber-optic sensors based on fluorescence have been developed for important applications in the last few years. Unfortunately, no systematic study describing an optimized design has appeared. A fiber-optic fluorescence sensor testbed was constructed, and different optical designs and components were compared for sensitivity in detecting fluorescence. Different beamsplitters, launching objectives, filters, detectors, and configurations were evaluated on the basis of their measured signal-to-noise ratio in detecting 100 picomolar fluorescein. Sources of noise and background were identified, and generally applicable means for minimizing them are described.

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Jiang, Jiali, Xin Zhou, Jiaying Liu, Likang Pan, Ziting Pan, Fan Zou, Ziqiang Li, et al. "Optical Fiber Bundle-Based High-Speed and Precise Micro-Scanning for Image High-Resolution Reconstruction." Sensors 22, no. 1 (December 25, 2021): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22010127.

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We propose an imaging method based on optical fiber bundle combined with micro-scanning technique for improving image quality without complex image reconstruction algorithms. In the proposed method, a piezoelectric-ceramic-chip is used as the micro-displacement driver of the optical fiber bundle, which has the advantages of small volume, fast response speed and high precision. The corresponding displacement of the optical fiber bundle can be generated by precise voltage controlling. An optical fiber bundle with core/cladding diameter 4/80 μm and hexagonal arrangement is used to scan the 1951 USAF target. The scanning step is 1 μm, which is equivalent to the diffraction limit resolution of the optical system. The corresponding information is recorded at high speed through photo-detectors and a high-resolution image is obtained by image stitching processing. The minimum distinguishable stripe width of the proposed imaging technique with piezoelectric-ceramic-chip driven micro-scanning is approximately 2.1 μm, which is 1 time higher than that of direct imaging with a CCD camera whose pixel size is close to the fiber core size. The experimental results indicate that the optical fiber bundle combined with piezoelectric-ceramic-chip driven micro-scanning is a high-speed and high-precision technique for high-resolution imaging.

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Li, Xiao Juan, Zhi Yong Xie, Xiao Bin Liang, Xian Long Zhao, and Ze Gui Chen. "Application Situation of Distributed Optical Fiber Temperature Measurement Technology in Power System." Advanced Materials Research 846-847 (November 2013): 918–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.846-847.918.

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Temperature is an important operating parameter of electrical equipment, electrical equipment operating condition obtained by monitoring the temperature information has become research focus for power system fault prediction and diagnosis[1-. Distributed fiber optic temperature measurement system is a method for real-time measurement of the spatial distribution of temperature field sensing system. The system uses optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) and laser Raman spectroscopy, amplifies temperature information and processes signal from wavelength division multiplexer and optical detectors, then the temperature information is displayed in real time[4-. Distributed fiber optic temperature measurement technology has several characteristics with insulation, anti-electromagnetic interference, resistance to high voltage, resistance to chemical corrosion, and security[6-. This article outlines the basic power system temperature monitoring content, studies the current distributed optical fiber temperature measurement technology applications in power system and prospects for its development trend.

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Haj Yahya, Adnan, Michael Gerasimov, Johnathan Ciplis, Nezah Balal, and Aharon Friedman. "Determination of a High-Power THz Detector for EA-FEL Radiation Using Optical Sampling of GaAs and ZnTe Crystals." Designs 6, no. 6 (November 3, 2022): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/designs6060109.

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This paper presents a diagnostic method for THz pulses produced by EA-FEL. Experimental results present a comparison between ZnTe and GaAs crystals for the detection of a single terahertz pulse using electro-optic sampling. In order to match an electro-optic detector for the EA-FEL radiation, the THz pulse from a source was simultaneously detected by ZnTe and GaAs electro-optic detectors. The GaAs detection system was found to have a shorter response time but low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) compared to the ZnTe system. The GaAs crystal is suitable for the detection of short THz pulses due to fiber coupling, and the SNR of the GaAs system can be improved using a faster and more sensitive photodetector.

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Wang, Z., Z. W. Pan, Z. Chen, Z. Y. He, Z. B. Lin, T. Y. Yang, Y. Yuan, et al. "Simulation study of the light collection efficiency and the dependency on position resolution in plastic scintillator-based muography detectors." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 10 (October 1, 2023): P10034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/10/p10034.

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Abstract Cosmic-ray muon imaging (muography) has been applied in various fields in recent years, in which plastic scintillators are one of the frequently selected detectors internationally. Therefore, a triangular scintillator strip based muography detection system has been proposed in the development of the μ Scattering and Transmission imaging faCility (μSTC). Before the mass production of detector units, this work studied the impacts of multiple factors on the light collection efficiency (LCE) and the position resolution (σ) of plastic scintillators. These factors include configurations of wavelength shifting (WLS) fibers, fiber grooves on scintillators, coupling optical glues and silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) readout mode. According to the simulated results, an empirical formula was proposed to quantitatively describe the relation between the LCE and σ, which has seldom been studied before. In this formula, σ reduces as a power-law function of the LCE. The SiPM readout mode (single-end or double-end output) and fiber groove treatments show no significant influence on the σ-LCE relation. LCE variations due to different factors lead to a difference in σ of less than 0.2 mm in the whole range of LCE. Accordingly, these factors are nearly equivalent in the improvement of detector position resolution. In comparison, the muon hit position reconstruction method nearly halves the σ after using angular and gap corrections. Thus, a better reconstruction method shows greater importance than the efforts made to increase LCEs. The simulation study in this work will provide good references for the construction of plastic scintillators of the μSTC platform in the near future.

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Yin, Zhenping, Qianyuan Chen, Yang Yi, Zhichao Bu, Longlong Wang, and Xuan Wang. "Low Blind Zone Atmospheric Lidar Based on Fiber Bundle Receiving." Remote Sensing 15, no. 19 (September 22, 2023): 4643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15194643.

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Atmospheric constituents feature a large vertical gradient in concentration, especially at the first few hundred meters over the earth’s surface. Atmospheric lidar usually cannot cover this range due to the incomplete overlap effect or the limited dynamic range of detectors. This drawback is well known as the blind zone effect, which hinders the application of atmospheric lidars in many aspects. In this work, a method based on an optical fiber bundle was proposed to mitigate the blind zone effect. An optical fiber head with several stages, installed at the focal plane of the telescope, is used to receive backscatter light from different range levels. The design of the optical fiber head is analyzed with the ray-tracing technique. The optical fiber installed at the highest stage of the fiber head can collect far-range light like a small aperture, and all the other optical fibers are bundled into a near-range detection channel to receive backscatter light from the first few hundred meters. This special design can avoid the near-range light loss in conventional lidar systems, usually equipped with a small aperture. Different optical attenuations are then applied to near-range and far-range channels to suppress the overall signal dynamic range. This light-receiving method was applied in a 1030 nm elastic lidar, in which a fiber bundle with a three-stage fiber head was fabricated and installed. A test experiment was performed to verify this approach. A good agreement between simulations and in-system results was found. Based on this design, the blind zone of the lidar system is less than 50 m, and the detectable range can be over 10 km along the lidar’s line of sight with a single telescope receiver. This approach brings a new way of designing atmospheric lidar with a low blind zone and can strengthen our ability to monitor urban pollution and promote land-atmosphere interaction research.

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Ahmed, R. A., N. K. Hassan, and I. M. Ibrahim. "The structural and figure of merit photodetector of PVP-doped with lanthanum." Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures 17, no. 3 (August 1, 2022): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/djnb.2022.173.759.

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This study describes the fabrication and characterization of PVP and PVP/La thin films from a mixture of high molecular weight polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and (1, 2, and 3)% lanthanum chloride using an electrospinning process on glass and silicon. It includes an N- type (Si) (111) substrate at room temperature. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) analysis reveals fibers with an average diameter in the range of 125-250 nm. The mean fiber diameter decreases with increasing concentration (La). The optical energy gap was determined from the analysis of the transmission spectrum in the UV-visible region. The optical gap (Eg) gradually decreases from 4 eV to 3.64 eV for undoped PVP films due to the increase in La ion content at 3%, which determines the feasibility of using these obtained fibers in the manufacturing process. PVP/La nanofibers as detectors.

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Alexopoulos, T., T. Geralis, P. Gkountoumis, L. Levinson, I. Mesolongitis, and O. Zormpa. "Ultra-low jitter clock distribution for the trigger electronics of the New Small Wheel for the ATLAS experiment." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 05 (May 1, 2022): C05012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/05/c05012.

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Abstract The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN plans to have a series of upgrades to increase its instantaneous luminosity to 7.5 × 1034 cm−2 s−1. The increased luminosity drastically impacts the ATLAS trigger and readout data rates. The inner-most station of the ATLAS muon spectrometer, the so-called Small Wheels is being replaced with a New Small Wheel (NSW) system, consisting of Micromegas and small-strip Thin Gap Chambers (sTGC) detectors. The on-detector radiation levels required radiation tolerant electronics. The lower radiation levels on the rim of the NSW allowed utilizing commercial electronic chips, such as Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), in the trigger chain of the sTGC detectors. Those FPGAs require an ultra-low jitter clock for the proper operation of their Gigabit transceivers (4.8 Gb/s serial links). The initial design was based on a clock provided by a radiation tolerant ASIC designed at CERN, but due to its intrinsic jitter and consequent marginal error rate on the transmission lines, a different approach had to be chosen. An additional clock source based on commercial jitter cleaners, fanout chips and optical transmitters driving dedicated fibers was built. The new scheme provides 64 low-jitter clocks (32 main and 32 redundant) from the radiation-protected area (USA15) to the trigger electronics over 60 m of OM3 fiber.

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Kalizhanova, Aliya, Ainur Kozbakova, Murat Kunelbayev, and Zhalau Aitkulov. "Development of an Optoelectronic System for Recording and Processing Signals From Fiber-optic Sensors." International Journal of Mechanics 17 (October 24, 2023): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/9104.2023.17.13.

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Natural disasters, in particular earthquakes, can damage bridges, tunnels, dams, high-rise buildings, railways, oil platforms, buildings, and pipelines with catastrophic humanitarian, social, economic, and environmental consequences. Thus, automatic assessment of damage to industrial and civil construction structures after an earthquake in real-time or on request is necessary for early emergency response, effective preparation of rescue plans, and mitigation of these catastrophic consequences. The article presents the use of a system of distributed fiber-optic sensors based on Bragg fiber arrays, which will allow periodic measurements and monitoring of the condition of structures, assessing trends in its technical condition and thereby facilitating the identification of possible threats. The given research presents assembling and testing optoelectronic systems to record and process signals from fiber-optic sensors. The main optoelectronic systems to record and process the signals from fiber-optic sensors are light source controllers and optical power detectors. There was an assembled controller diagram, which apart from the light source includes the current source for its adequate operation, as well as the systems necessary for stabilizing its working point. The scheme was modeled for specifying nominal and maximum operation criteria. Construction has been designed in a way, that the light source controller includes structures of the current regulation and stabilization SLED (super luminescent diode) and temperature stabilization. Apart from that, there was assembled the microsystem of the optical power detector additionally to the light detector, which includes the microsystems of intensification and filtration of the signal measured, processing analog data into digital form, and microcontroller, used for preliminary data analysis. Data of optoelectronic systems diagram to record and process the signals from fiber-optic sensors has high response speed, low noise level, and sufficient progress. type your abstract here.

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Lagarto, João L., Caterina Credi, Federica Villa, Simone Tisa, Franco Zappa, Vladislav Shcheslavskiy, Francesco Saverio Pavone, and Riccardo Cicchi. "Multispectral Depth-Resolved Fluorescence Lifetime Spectroscopy Using SPAD Array Detectors and Fiber Probes." Sensors 19, no. 12 (June 13, 2019): 2678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19122678.

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Single Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) arrays are increasingly exploited and have demonstrated potential in biochemical and biomedical research, both for imaging and single-point spectroscopy applications. In this study, we explore the application of SPADs together with fiber-optic-based delivery and collection geometry to realize fast and simultaneous single-point time-, spectral-, and depth-resolved fluorescence measurements at 375 nm excitation light. Spectral information is encoded across the columns of the array through grating-based dispersion, while depth information is encoded across the rows thanks to a linear arrangement of probe collecting fibers. The initial characterization and validation were realized against layered fluorescent agarose-based phantoms. To verify the practicality and feasibility of this approach in biological specimens, we measured the fluorescence signature of formalin-fixed rabbit aorta samples derived from an animal model of atherosclerosis. The initial results demonstrate that this detection configuration can report fluorescence spectral and lifetime contrast originating at different depths within the specimens. We believe that our optical scheme, based on SPAD array detectors and fiber-optic probes, constitute a powerful and versatile approach for the deployment of multidimensional fluorescence spectroscopy in clinical applications where information from deeper tissue layers is important for diagnosis.

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Li, Hongqiang, Sai Zhang, Zhen Zhang, Shasha Zuo, Shanshan Zhang, Yaqiang Sun, Ding Zhao, and Zanyun Zhang. "Silicon Waveguide Integrated with Germanium Photodetector for a Photonic-Integrated FBG Interrogator." Nanomaterials 10, no. 9 (August 27, 2020): 1683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10091683.

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We report a vertically coupled germanium (Ge) waveguide detector integrated on silicon-on-insulator waveguides and an optimized device structure through the analysis of the optical field distribution and absorption efficiency of the device. The photodetector we designed is manufactured by IMEC, and the tests show that the device has good performance. This study theoretically and experimentally explains the structure of Ge PIN and the effect of the photodetector (PD) waveguide parameters on the performance of the device. Simulation and optimization of waveguide detectors with different structures are carried out. The device’s structure, quantum efficiency, spectral response, response current, changes with incident light strength, and dark current of PIN-type Ge waveguide detector are calculated. The test results show that approximately 90% of the light is absorbed by a Ge waveguide with 20 μm Ge length and 500 nm Ge thickness. The quantum efficiency of the PD can reach 90.63%. Under the reverse bias of 1 V, 2 V and 3 V, the detector’s average responsiveness in C-band reached 1.02 A/W, 1.09 A/W and 1.16 A/W and the response time is 200 ns. The dark current is only 3.7 nA at the reverse bias voltage of −1 V. The proposed silicon-based Ge PIN PD is beneficial to the integration of the detector array for photonic integrated arrayed waveguide grating (AWG)-based fiber Bragg grating (FBG) interrogators.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Optical fiber detectors'

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