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Journal articles on the topic 'Optical centres in solids'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Selg, M. "Theory of Vibrational Relaxation of R2★ Centres in Rare-Gas Solids. Application to Ne2★." physica status solidi (b) 129, no. 2 (June 1, 1985): 775–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.2221290238.

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2

Mai, Xuan-Dung, Yen Thi Hai Phan, and Van-Quang Nguyen. "Excitation-Independent Emission of Carbon Quantum Dot Solids." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (December 10, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9643168.

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Solid assemblies of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are important for diverse applications including LEDs, solar cells, and photosensors; their optical and electrical properties have not been explored yet. Herein, we used amphiphilic CQDs synthesized from citric acid and thiourea by a solvothermal method to fabricate CQD solid films. Optical properties of CQDs studied by UV-Vis and photoluminescence spectroscopies indicate that CQDs possess three different emission centers at 425 nm, 525 nm, and 625 nm originating from C sp2 states, N-states, and S-states, respectively. In a solid state, π-π stacking quenched the blue emission, while the red emission increased. Importantly, CQD films exhibited excitation independence, which is important to design solid-state lighting applications.

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3

Mu, Jiliang, Zhang Qu, Zongmin Ma, Shaowen Zhang, Yunbo Shi, Jian Gao, Xiaoming Zhang, et al. "Ensemble spin fabrication and manipulation of NV centres for magnetic sensing in diamond." Sensor Review 37, no. 4 (September 18, 2017): 419–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-09-2016-0163.

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Purpose This study aims to fabricate and manipulate ensemble spin of negative nitrogen-vacancy (NV−) centres optimally for future solid atomic magnetometers/gyroscope. Parameters for sample preparation most related to magnetometers/gyroscope are, in particular, the concentration and homogeneity of the NV− centres, the parameters’ microwave antenna of resonance frequency and the strength of the microwave on NV− centres. Besides, the abundance of other impurities such as neutral NV centres (NV0) and substitutional nitrogen in the lattice also plays a critical role in magnetic sensing. Design/methodology/approach The authors succeeded in fabricating the assembly of NV centres in diamond and they determined its concentration of (2-3) × 1016 cm−3 with irradiation followed by annealing under a high temperature condition. They explored a novel magnetic resonance approach to detect the weak magnetic fields that takes advantage of the solid-state electron ensemble spin of NV− centres in diamond. In particular, the authors set up a magnetic sensor on the basis of the assembly of NV centres. They succeeded in fabricating the assembly of NV centres in diamond and determined its concentration. They also clarified the magnetic field intensity measured at different positions along the antenna with different lengths, and they found the optimal position where the signal of the magnetic field reaches the maximum. Findings The authors mainly reported preparation, initialization, manipulation and measurement of the ensemble spin of the NV centres in diamond using optical excitation and microwave radiation methods with variation of the external magnetic field. They determined the optimal parameters of irradiation and annealing to generate the ensemble NV centres, and a concentration of NV− centres as high as 1016 cm−3 in diamond was obtained. In addition, they found that sensitivity of the magnetometer using this method can reach as low as 5.22 µT/Hz currently. Practical implications This research can shed light on the development of an atomic magnetometer and a gyroscope on the basis of the ensemble spin of NV centres in diamond. Social implications High concentration spin of NV− in diamond is one of the advantages compared with that of the atomic vapor cells, because it can obtain a higher concentration. When increasing the spin concentration, the spin signal is easy to detect, and macro-atomic spin magnetometer become possible. This research is the first step for solid atomic magnetometers with high spin density and high sensitivity potentially with further optimization. It has a wide range of applications from fundamental physics tests, sensor applications and navigation to detection of NMR signals. Originality/value As has been pointed out, in this research, the authors mainly worked on fabricating NV− centres with high concentration (1015-1016 cm−3) in diamond by using optimal irradiation and annealing processes, and they quantitatively defined the NV− concentration, which is important for the design of higher concentration processes in the magnetometer and gyroscope. Until now, few groups can directly define the NV− concentration. Besides, the authors optimized the microwave antenna parameters experimentally and explored the dependence between the splitting of the magnetic resonance and the magnetic fields, which dictated the minimum detectable magnetic field.

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Lyutovich, A. S., K. L. Lyutovich, V. P. Popov, and L. N. Safronov. "Radiative Recombination at Centres in Germanium–Silicon Solid Solutions." physica status solidi (b) 129, no. 1 (May 1, 1985): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.2221290131.

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5

Merdasa, Aboma, Marina Gerhard, Boris Louis, Jun Li, Alexander Dobrovolsky, Yuxi Tian, Johan Hofkens, Rafael Camacho, Eva Unger, and Ivan G. Scheblykin. "Non-radiative processes in metal halide perovskite semiconductors probed by photoluminescence microscopy." EPJ Web of Conferences 190 (2018): 02011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201819002011.

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Organo metal halide perovskites are solution processed semiconductors that recently attracted a great attention. They possess a rather “soft” and (photo) chemically active solid structure allowing for ion migration and other mass diffusion processes. This is a likely reason why non-radiative recombination centres in these materials are activated and deactivated on relatively slow time-scales. This dynamics reveals as photoluminescence (PL) fluctuations (blinking) of individual microcrystals and local areas of films and allows for application of a broad range of single molecule spectroscopy methods including optical super-resolution. Studying PL blinking resolves properties of individual non-radiative centres and helps to unravel their chemical nature.

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6

Weiss, Alarich. "Approaches to the Study of van der Waals Interactions in Solids." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 48, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 471–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1993-0306.

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Abstract Van der Waals forces are of short range. In molecular crystals the interacting atoms or groups of atoms of a molecule are fixed in their position with respect to the atoms of the neighboring molecules. From measurements of the intermolecular interactions via properties which can be assigned to the individual atoms (groups), such as hyperfine interactions or vibrational frequencies, as a function of the intermolecular distances, the van der Waals (vdW) potentials may be evaluated. We propose the use of discrete changes of intermolecular distances for studying vdW-interactions, the method of “Several Solid States”, a) by combining a molecule A with different moleculs Bi, in stoichiometric proportions and in a crystallographically ordered way to molecular solid complexes; b) by investigating the changes of atomic (group) properties in systems with two ore more solid phases appearing in the phase diagram as a function of temperature (pressure). This way of using several solid states is offered only by chance; c) by using the fact that in many molecular solids there is more than one molecule in the asymmetric unit of the elementary cell in the crystal structure, and therefore several vdW-potentials for chemically identical intermolecular neighbors; d) by the synthesis of compounds containing the atoms (groups), the vdW-interactions of which one wants to study, with one or more centers of chirality. With one center of asymmetry in the molecule one finds the molecule considered in two different situations of vdW-contacts at least, and, in first approximation, one can assume identical intramolecular interactions (besides the optical activity). Two chirality centers within the molecule lead to three (at least) different crystal fields: a) (±); b) (− −) respectively (+ +); c) (− −, + +). Examples of hyperfine interaction studies, based on this "Several Solid States" concept are discussed.

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7

Langer, Reinhard, and Reinhard Tidecks. "The temperature dependence of the work function of oxide electrodes in fluorescent lamps." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 92, no. 1 (October 2020): 11301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2020190363.

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In the present work the temperature dependence of the work function of oxide cathodes in operating fluorescent lamps was investigated experimentally. A detailed review on the theory is presented, including a thermodynamic and a quantum mechanical view on the problem. Aspects such as the role of the electrochemical potential, external and internal potentials, the constituents of the electron affinity, the patch effect and surface states are discussed. For solids in contact the Volta and Galvani potentials are related to their work functions. The importance of colour centres in oxide electrodes on the temperature dependence of the work function and the impact of ultraviolet radiation is emphasized. The measurements have been carried out under zero field emission of electrons from the electrode, using the Waymouth (rf) and Eisenmann (visual) methods as indicators. By inserting an empirical ansatz into the Richardson equation, it was possible to determine the temperature dependence of the work function from the experiments.

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8

Gerasimchuk, Nikolay, Lauri Kivijarvi, Bruce Noll, Meriem Goudjil, Soma Khanra, Yu Ping, Miles Pearson, and Frank Röminger. "New Solids in As-O-Mo, As(P)-O-Mo(W) and As(P)-O-Nb(W) Systems That Exhibit Nonlinear Optical Properties." Molecules 26, no. 5 (March 9, 2021): 1494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051494.

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Interactions between well-mixed fine powders of As2O3, P2O5, MoO3, WO3 and Nb2O5 at different stoichiometry in quartz ampoules under vacuum at ~1000 °C in the presence of metallic molybdenum (or niobium), over several weeks, led to shiny dichroic crystalline materials being formed in cooler parts of the reaction vessel. An addition of small quantities of metals-Mo or Nb-was made with the aim of partially reducing their highly oxidized Mo(VI), W(VI) or Nb(V) species to corresponding Mo(V), W(V) and Nb(IV) centers, in order to form mixed valence solids. Sublimed crystals of four new compounds were investigated using a variety of techniques, with prime emphasis on the X-ray analysis, followed by spectroscopy (diffusion reflectance, IR, Raman and EPR), second harmonic generation (SHG), thermal analysis under N2 and air atmosphere, and single crystals electrical conductivity studies. The results evidenced the formation of new complex solids of previously unknown compositions and structures. Three out of four compounds crystallized in non-centrosymmetric space groups and represent layered 2D polymeric puckered structures that being stacked on each other form 3D lattices. All new solids exhibit strong second-harmonic-generation (SHG effect; based on YAG 1064 nm tests with detection of 532 nm photons), and a rare photosalient effect when crystals physically move in the laser beam. Single crystals’ electrical conductivity of the four new synthesized compounds was measured, and the results showed their semiconductor behavior. Values of band gaps of these new solids were determined using diffusion reflectance spectroscopy in the visible region. Aspects of new solids’ practical usefulness are discussed.

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9

Lobanov, Ye, G. Nikitsky, O. Petchenko, and G. Petchenko. "The Essence and Application of the Optical Absorption Method for Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Radiation Defects in Optical Crystals." Lighting engineering and power engineering 3, no. 59 (November 27, 2020): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2079-424x-2020-3-59-97-100.

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Today ionic crystals are widely used in devices for various purposes. In X-ray spectral optics they are widely used as crystal monochromators; ionic crystals are used in optical devices where lenses and transparent optical media (light filters) are made of optically pure materials - ionic crystals. In general, the main positive feature of these materials is transparency regarding the transmission of radiation in the visible region of the spectrum (transmittance of about 0.9) and neutrality - that is, approximately the same reaction of the medium to different spectral ranges of radiation. Ionic crystals are also widely used in detectors (scintillators, ionizing radiation dosimeters) and lasers. They are also widely used in acousto-optics and electrical engineering (lines of electrical signals delay, which gain efficiency due to the relatively small absorption of ultrasonic waves, and, therefore, it is possible to work with a wide sequence of signals probing the crystal). It is known that when ionizing radiation passes through ionic crystals, color centers appear in them, which can change the spectral composition of radiation both in the UV region and in the visible range. For example, the simplest configurations of color centers (F-centers) lead to the appearance in optical materials of additional absorption bands localized on the wavelength axis with a maximum at the wavelength lmax = 248 нм , but more complex configurations of radiation damage in solids already lead to the appearance of absorption bands at wavelengths in the visible range. This already presents some difficulties for developers and designers of relevant equipment, as changes in the spectral composition of radiation passing through the optical system of the device can lead, for example, to loss of efficiency of the selected radiation receiver, the main characteristic of which is primarily spectral sensitivity. Taking into account possible changes in the spectral composition of radiation is an important and urgent task of modern optical instrumentation. The purpose of this work is the analysis and justification of a method that takes into account structural changes in externally irradiated ionic crystals.

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10

Orzechowska, Zuzanna, Mariusz Mrózek, Wojciech Gawlik, and Adam Wojciechowski. "Preparation and characterization of AFM tips with nitrogen-vacancy and nitrogen-vacancy-nitrogen color centers." Photonics Letters of Poland 13, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v13i2.1095.

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We demonstrate a simple dip-coating method of covering standard AFM tips with nanodiamonds containing color centers. Such coating enables convenient visualization of AFM tips above transparent samples as well as using the tip for performing spatially resolved magnetometry. Full Text: PDF ReferencesG. Binnig, C. F. Quate, C. Gerber, "Atomic Force Microscope", Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 930 (1986). CrossRef F .J. Giessibl, "Advances in atomic force microscopy", Rev. Mod. Phys. 75, 949 (2003). CrossRef S. Kasas, G. Dietler, "Probing nanomechanical properties from biomolecules to living cells", Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 456, 13 (2008). CrossRef C. Roduit et al., "Stiffness Tomography by Atomic Force Microscopy", Biophys. J. 97, 674 (2009). CrossRef L. A. Kolodny et al., "Spatially Correlated Fluorescence/AFM of Individual Nanosized Particles and Biomolecules", Anal. Chem. 73, 1959 (2001). CrossRef L. Rondin et al., "Magnetometry with nitrogen-vacancy defects in diamond", Rep. Prog. Phys. 77, 056503 (2014). CrossRef C. L. Degen, "Scanning magnetic field microscope with a diamond single-spin sensor", Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 243111 (2008). CrossRef J. M. Taylor et al., "High-sensitivity diamond magnetometer with nanoscale resolution", Nat. Phys. 4, 810 (2008). CrossRef J. R. Maze et al., "Nanoscale magnetic sensing with an individual electronic spin in diamond", Nature 455, 644 (2008). CrossRef L. Rondin et al., "Nanoscale magnetic field mapping with a single spin scanning probe magnetometer", Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 153118 (2012). CrossRef J. P. Tetienne et al., "Nanoscale imaging and control of domain-wall hopping with a nitrogen-vacancy center microscope", Science 344, 1366 (2014). CrossRef R. Nelz et al., "Color center fluorescence and spin manipulation in single crystal, pyramidal diamond tips", Appl. Phys. Lett. 109, 193105 (2016). CrossRef G. Balasubramanian et al., "Nanoscale imaging magnetometry with diamond spins under ambient conditions", Nature 455, 648 (2008). CrossRef P. Maletinsky et al., "A robust scanning diamond sensor for nanoscale imaging with single nitrogen-vacancy centres", Nat. nanotechnol. 7, 320 (2012). CrossRef L. Thiel et al., "Quantitative nanoscale vortex imaging using a cryogenic quantum magnetometer", Nat. nanotechnol. 11, 677 (2016). CrossRef F. Jelezko et al., "Single spin states in a defect center resolved by optical spectroscopy", Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 2160 (2002). CrossRef M. W. Doherty et al., "The nitrogen-vacancy colour centre in diamond", Phys. Rep. 528, 1 (2013). CrossRef C. Kurtsiefer, S. Mayer, P. Zarda, H. Weinfurter, "Stable Solid-State Source of Single Photons", Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 290 (2000). CrossRef A. Gruber, A. Dräbenstedt, C. Tietz, L. Fleury, J. Wrachtrup, C. Von Borczyskowski, "Scanning Confocal Optical Microscopy and Magnetic Resonance on Single Defect Centers", Science 276, 2012 (1997). CrossRef F. Dolde et al., "Electric-field sensing using single diamond spins", Nat. Phys. 7, 459 (2011). CrossRef K. Sasaki et al., "Broadband, large-area microwave antenna for optically detected magnetic resonance of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond", Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87, 053904 (2016). CrossRef A. M. Wojciechowski et al., "Optical Magnetometry Based on Nanodiamonds with Nitrogen-Vacancy Color Centers", Materials 12, 2951 (2019). CrossRef I. V. Fedotov et al., "Fiber-optic magnetometry with randomly oriented spins", Opt. Lett. 39, 6755 (2014). CrossRef

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11

van Wyk, Lisa M., Leigh Loots, and Leonard J. Barbour. "Tuning extreme anisotropic thermal expansion in 1D coordination polymers through metal selection and solid solutions." Chemical Communications 57, no. 62 (2021): 7693–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cc01717a.

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A series of related coordination polymers undergo extreme anisotropic thermal expansion. Mixing metal centres by means of forming solid solutions provides a viable means of tuning the expansion coefficients.

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12

Marchesi, Stefano, Chiara Bisio, and Fabio Carniato. "Enhancement of the Luminescence Properties of Eu (III) Containing Paramagnetic Saponite Clays." Applied Sciences 11, no. 19 (September 24, 2021): 8903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11198903.

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In this study, 1,10-phenanthroline molecules were introduced in the interlayer space of a paramagnetic synthetic saponite clay containing both Eu3+ and Gd3+ ions in structural positions. Two samples with different loading of phenanthroline dye were prepared. The resulting hybrid materials possessed improved optical emission properties due to an efficient antenna effect from the phenanthroline to the Eu3+ centers; this effect was demonstrated to be higher than the metal-to-metal Gd3+-Eu3+ energy transfer previously studied. Insights on the relaxometric properties in aqueous solution of the solids after incorporation of the antenna groups were also obtained through NMR relaxometric analyses.

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13

Tran, Toan Trong, Blake Regan, Evgeny A. Ekimov, Zhao Mu, Yu Zhou, Wei-bo Gao, Prineha Narang, et al. "Anti-Stokes excitation of solid-state quantum emitters for nanoscale thermometry." Science Advances 5, no. 5 (May 2019): eaav9180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav9180.

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Color centers in solids are the fundamental constituents of a plethora of applications such as lasers, light-emitting diodes, and sensors, as well as the foundation of advanced quantum information and communication technologies. Their photoluminescence properties are usually studied under Stokes excitation, in which the emitted photons are at a lower energy than the excitation ones. In this work, we explore the opposite anti-Stokes process, where excitation is performed with lower-energy photons. We report that the process is sufficiently efficient to excite even a single quantum system—namely, the germanium-vacancy center in diamond. Consequently, we leverage the temperature-dependent, phonon-assisted mechanism to realize an all-optical nanoscale thermometry scheme that outperforms any homologous optical method used to date. Our results frame a promising approach for exploring fundamental light-matter interactions in isolated quantum systems and harness it toward the realization of practical nanoscale thermometry and sensing.

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14

Nasredinov, F. S., E. Yu Turaev, P. P. Seregin, H. B. Rakhmatullaev, and M. K. Bakhadirkhanov. "Mechanism of Two-Electron Exchange between Neutral and Ionized Centres of Tin in PbS1−xSex Solid Solutions." physica status solidi (a) 121, no. 2 (October 16, 1990): 571–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.2211210228.

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15

Dabagov, Sultan B. "Advanced Channeling Technologies in Plasma and Laser Fields." EPJ Web of Conferences 167 (2018): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201816701002.

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Channeling is the phenomenon well known in the world mostly related to the motion of the beams of charged particles in aligned crystals. However, recent studies have shown the feasibility of channeling phenomenology application for description of other various mechanisms of interaction of charged as well as neutral particle beams in solids, plasmas and electromagnetic fields covering the research fields from crystal based undulators, collimators and accelerators to capillary based X-ray and neutron optical elements. This brief review is devoted to the status of channeling-based researches at different centers within international and national collaborations. Present and future possible developments in channeling tools applied to electron interactions in strong plasma and laser fields will be analyzed.

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16

Crosland, James M., Emily K. Corlett, Dave Scapens, Nathalie Guillou, Steven P. Brown, and Richard I. Walton. "Isolated zirconium centres captured from aqueous solution: the structure of zirconium mandelate revealed from NMR crystallography." Chemical Communications 56, no. 70 (2020): 10159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc03647a.

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Zirconium tetramandelate forms from aqueous solution and unusually contains isolated cations; its structure is determined ab initio from a polycrystalline sample using a combined synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction and solid-state NMR approach.

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17

Xiang, Zheng, Yue-Bin Shan, Tao Li, Chang-Cang Huang, Xi-He Huang, and Mei-Jin Lin. "Four isostructural lanthanide(III) coordination compounds based on a new N-oxydic pyridyl naphthalenediimide ligand: synthesis and characterization." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 75, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053229618017357.

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Naphthalenediimides, an attractive class of electron-deficient organic dyes with rich redox and photoredox properties, have been investigated extensively as building blocks for coordination networks or metal–organic frameworks in recent decades. However, most of the available work has focused on d-block metal cations rather than f-block lanthanide ions, whose complexes exhibit a large variability in coordination numbers. In this article, four coordination polymers composed of naphthalenediimides and lanthanide cations, namely catena-poly[[[tris(nitrato-κ2 O,O′)lanthanide]-bis{μ-N,N′-bis[(1-oxidopyridin-1-ium-3-yl)methyl]-1,8:4,5-naphthalenetetracarboxdiimide-κ2 O:O′}-[tris(nitrato-κ2 O,O′)lanthanide]-μ-N,N′-bis[(1-oxidopyridin-1-ium-3-yl)methyl]-1,8:4,5-naphthalenetetracarboxdiimide-κ2 O:O′] methanol disolvate], {[Ln(C26H16N4O4)1.5(NO3)3]·CH3OH} n , with Ln = Eu, 1, Gd, 2, Dy, 3, and Er, 4, have been successfully synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that the four compounds are isomorphic and that each asymmetric unit contains one nine-coordinated Ln centre, one and a half diimide ligands, three nitrate anions and one uncoordinated methanol molecule. In addition, each metal centre is surrounded by nine O atoms in a distorted tricapped trigonal–prismatic geometry. Two centres are bridged by two cis ligands to form a ring, which is further bridged by trans ligands to generate one-dimensional chains. Neighbouring chains are stacked via π–π interactions between pyridine rings to give a two-dimensional structure, which is stabilized by π–π interactions between naphthalene rings, forming the final three-dimensional supermolecular network. Solid-state optical diffuse-reflectance spectral studies indicate that compound 4 is a potential wide band gap semiconductor.

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18

Zhong, Tian, and Philippe Goldner. "Emerging rare-earth doped material platforms for quantum nanophotonics." Nanophotonics 8, no. 11 (September 27, 2019): 2003–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2019-0185.

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AbstractRare-earth dopants are arguably one of the most studied optical centers in solids, with applications spanning from laser optoelectronics, biosensing, lighting to displays. Nevertheless, harnessing rare-earth dopants’ extraordinary coherence properties for quantum information technologies is a relatively new endeavor, and has been rapidly advancing in recent years. Leveraging the state-of-the-art photonic technologies, on-chip rare-earth quantum devices functioning as quantum memories, single photon sources and transducers have emerged, often with potential performances unrivaled by other solid-state quantum technologies. These existing quantum devices, however, nearly exclusively rely on macroscopic bulk materials as substrates, which may limit future scalability and functionalities of such quantum systems. Thus, the development of new platforms beyond single crystal bulk materials has become an interesting approach. In this review article, we summarize the latest progress towards nanoscale, low-dimensional rare-earth doped materials for enabling next generation rare-earth quantum devices. Different platforms with a variety of synthesis methods are surveyed. Their key metrics measured to date are presented and compared. Special attention is placed on the connection between the topology of each platform to its target device applications. Lastly, an outlook for near term prospects of these platforms are given, with a hope to spur broader interests in rare-earth doped materials as a promising candidate for quantum information technologies.

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Dhareshwar, L. J., N. Gopi, C. G. Murali, B. S. Narayan, and U. K. Chatterjee. "Studies on laser-driven shocks using a Nd:glass laser." Laser and Particle Beams 15, no. 2 (June 1997): 297–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600010600.

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A review of work done on laser generated shocks in solids using a high-peak-power Nd:glass laser in the Laser and Plasma Technology Division of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre is presented in this paper. The 20-J/5-ns Nd:glass laser used in the experiments is able to produce focused laser intensities in the range of 5 × 1011-1013 W/cm2 and a shock pressure in the range of 0.1–5 Mbar. A l-J/100-ps Nd:glass laser is also being developed for laser shock studies, details of which are presented. Several diagnostics have been developed for laser shock studies of which the main diagnostics are optical shadowgraphy, optical interferometry, and laser velocity interferometry for particle velocity measurement. The measurement of ablation pressure in various types of targets, the scaling of ablation pressure with laser intensity, the effect of laser beam nonuniformity on shockfront or ablation pressure uniformity, the smoothing of shockfront and pressure profiles in high-Z coated and high-Z doped targets, and so on, are the various experimental studies conducted. We have tried to study X-ray driven ablation in aluminum and plastic targets using gold and copper as X-ray producing targets. Uniform pressure of about 0.1 Mbar has been generated over an area of 4 mm2

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20

Jacobs, V. L. "Reduced-density-matrix description of decoherence and relaxation processes for electron-spin systems: Applications to trapped atomic systems in optical lattices, semiconductor quantum dots, and vacancy defect centers in solids." Canadian Journal of Physics 96, no. 8 (August 2018): 887–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2017-0594.

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The quantum dynamics of many-electron spin systems is investigated using a reduced-density-matrix description. Applications of interest include trapped atomic systems in optical lattices, semiconductor quantum dots, and vacancy defect centers in solids. Complimentary time-domain (equation-of-motion) and frequency-domain (resolvent-operator) formulations are self-consistently developed. The general non-perturbative and non-Markovian formulations provide a fundamental framework for systematic evaluations of corrections to the standard Born (lowest-order-perturbation) and Markov (short-memory-time) approximations. Particular attention is given to decoherence and relaxation processes, together with spectral-line broadening phenomena, that are induced by interactions of many-electron spin systems with photons, phonons, nuclear spins, external electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields. Within the framework of a quantum-open-systems (reduced-density-operator) approach, these processes are treated either as coherent interactions or as environmental interactions. The environmental interactions are incorporated by means of the general expressions that are derived for the time-domain and frequency-domain Liouville-space self-energy operators, for which the tetradic-matrix elements are explicitly evaluated in the diagonal-resolvent, lowest-order, and Markov (short-memory time) approximations.

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21

Kantorovich, L. N. "Multipole Theory of the Polarization of Solids by Point Defects. IV. Electronic and Spatial Structure of Single Electronic and Hole Centers and Their Pairs in LiF, KCl Crystals." physica status solidi (b) 144, no. 2 (December 1, 1987): 719–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.2221440230.

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22

Cox, S. F. J., and M. C. R. Symons. "Molecular radical models for the muonium centres in solids." Chemical Physics Letters 126, no. 6 (May 1986): 516–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2614(86)80167-1.

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23

Majerová, M., R. Klement, A. Prnová, J. Kraxner, E. Bruneel, and D. Galusek. "Crystallization and visible–near-infrared luminescence of Bi-doped gehlenite glass." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 12 (December 2018): 181667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181667.

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Gehlenite glass microspheres, doped with a different concentration of Bi 3+ ions (0.5, 1, 3 mol%), were prepared by a combination of solid-state reaction followed by flame synthesis. The prepared glass microspheres were characterized from the point of view of surface morphology, phase composition, thermal and photoluminescence (PL) properties by optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and PL spectroscopy. The closer inspection of glass microsphere surface by SEM confirmed a smooth surface. This was further verified by XRD. The basic thermal characteristics of prepared glasses, i.e. T g (glass transition temperature), T x (onset of crystallization peak temperature), T f (temperature of the inflection point of the crystallization peak) and T p (maximum of crystallization peak temperature), were estimated from the DSC records. High-temperature XRD experiments in the temperature interval range 600–1100°C were also performed. The PL emission properties of prepared glasses and their polycrystalline analogues (glass crystallized at 1000°C for 10 h) were studied in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) spectral range. When excited at 300 nm, the glasses, as well as their polycrystalline analogues, exhibit broad emission in the visible spectral range from 350 to 650 nm centred at about 410–450 nm, corresponding to Bi 3+ luminescence centres. The emission intensity of polycrystalline samples was found to be at least 30 times higher than the emission of their glass analogues. In addition, a weak emission band was observed around 775 nm under 300 nm excitation. This band was attributed to the presence of a minor amount of Bi 2+ species in prepared samples. In the NIR spectral range, the broad band emission was observed in the spectral range of 1200–1600 nm with the maxima at 1350 nm. The chemistry of Bi and its oxidation state equilibrium in glasses and polycrystalline matrices is discussed in detail.

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24

Blasse, George. "Luminescence of inorganic solids: From isolated centres to concentrated systems." Progress in Solid State Chemistry 18, no. 2 (January 1988): 79–171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0079-6786(88)90004-0.

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25

Deckers, Ch, J. Ehmann, H. Greif, F. Keuser, W. Knichel, U. Lauff, K. Maier, A. Siegle, and M. Tongbhoyai. "Polarized Positrons as Spin Detectors for Paramagnetic Centres in Solids." Le Journal de Physique IV 05, no. C1 (January 1995): C1–81—C1–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:1995109.

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26

Lauff, U., J. Major, A. Seeger, H. Stoll, A. Siegle, Ch Deckers, H. Greif, K. Maier, and M. Tongbhoyai. "Polarized positrons as spin detectors for paramagnetic centres in solids." Physics Letters A 182, no. 1 (November 1993): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(93)90073-9.

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27

Fox, Mark, and George F. Bertsch. "Optical Properties of Solids." American Journal of Physics 70, no. 12 (December 2002): 1269–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.1691372.

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28

Dragoman, Daniela, and Mircea Dragoman. "Optical Characterization of Solids." Measurement Science and Technology 13, no. 10 (September 19, 2002): 1652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/13/10/704.

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29

Harker, A. H. "Optical effects in solids." Contemporary Physics 60, no. 3 (July 3, 2019): 273–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00107514.2019.1660724.

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30

Zinov'ev, P. V., N. B. Silaeva, and Yu E. Sheibut. "Optical superradiance in solids." Russian Physics Journal 36, no. 7 (July 1993): 676–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00559087.

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31

Kuchinsky, S. "Comment on ‘Post UV irradiation annealing of E′ centers in silica controlled by H2 diffusion’ by M. Cannas et al. [J. Non-Cryst. Solids 337 (2004) 9–14]." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 352, no. 30-31 (September 2006): 3356–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2006.06.004.

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32

Липина, O. А., Л. Л. Сурат, А. А. Меленцова, Я. В. Бакланова, А. Ю. Чуфаров, А. П. Тютюнник, and В. Г. Зубков. "BaYb-=SUB=-2-x-=/SUB=-Er-=SUB=-x-=/SUB=-Ge-=SUB=-3-=/SUB=-O-=SUB=-10-=/SUB=- и BaY-=SUB=-2-10y-=/SUB=-Yb-=SUB=-9y-=/SUB=-Er-=SUB=-y-=/SUB=-Ge-=SUB=-3-=/SUB=-O-=SUB=-10-=/SUB=-: люминесцентные свойства, перспективы использования для бесконтактного определения температуры." Физика твердого тела 63, no. 7 (2021): 944. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftt.2021.07.51046.050.

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Triorthogermanates BaYb2-xErxGe3O10 (x = 0.1–0.3) and BaY2-10yYb9yEryGe3O10 (y = 0.015–0.15) have been synthesized by the solid-state method. According to X-ray powder diffraction data, the compounds crystallize in the monoclinic system, S.G. P21/m, Z = 2. The concentration and power pump dependences studies have been carried out for the lines in the 510–720 nm spectral range under 980 nm excitation. The mechanisms of energy transfer between optical centers have been also proposed and the optimal composition of the phosphor has been determined. The influence of temperature on the intensity ratio of the luminescence bands with maxima at 521 nm and 552 nm (2H11/2 → 4I15/2 and 4S3/2 → 4I15/2 transitions in Er3+) has been investigated, and conclusions about the possibility of using the germanates as materials for optical temperature sensors have been drawn.

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33

Reinen, Dirk, and Gottlieb-Georg Lindner. "The nature of the chalcogen colour centres in ultramarine-type solids." Chemical Society Reviews 28, no. 2 (1999): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a704920j.

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34

Feng, Yuan-Yao, Zhong-Hao Li, Yang Zhang, Ling-Xiao Cui, Qi Guo, Hao Guo, Huan-Fei Wen, Wen-Yao Liu, Jun Tang, and Jun Liu. "Optimization of optical control of nitrogen vacancy centers in solid diamond." Acta Physica Sinica 69, no. 14 (2020): 147601. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.69.20200072.

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35

Macfarlane, Roger M. "Optical Stark spectroscopy of solids." Journal of Luminescence 125, no. 1-2 (July 2007): 156–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2006.08.012.

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36

Hayes, W. "Optical Spectroscopy of Inorganic Solids." Journal of Modern Optics 37, no. 6 (June 1990): 1149–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500349014551181.

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37

Osad'ko, I. S., and S. N. Gladenkova. "Ultrafast optical dephasing in solids." Chemical Physics Letters 198, no. 6 (October 1992): 531–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(92)85027-8.

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38

Monteiro, T., M. J. Soares, A. Neves, S. Pereira, M. R. Correia, M. Peres, E. Alves, et al. "Optical active centres in ZnO samples." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 352, no. 9-20 (June 2006): 1453–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2005.10.034.

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39

Batty, Paul, Gary Moore, Sean Platton, James Maloney, Ben Palmer, Louise Bowles, John Pasi, Savita Rangarajan, and Daniel Hart. "Diagnostic accuracy study of a factor VIII ELISA for detection of factor VIII antibodies in congenital and acquired haemophilia A." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 114, no. 10 (2015): 804–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th14-12-1062.

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SummaryAntibody formation to factor VIII (FVIII) remains the greatest clinical and diagnostic challenge to the haemophilia-treating physician. Current guidance for testing for inhibitory FVIII antibodies (inhibitors) recommends the functional Nijmegen-Bethesda assay (NBA). A FVIII ELISA offers a complementary, immunological approach for FVIII antibody testing. It was the aim of this study to retrospectively evaluate the performance of a FVIII ELISA (index) for detection of FVIII antibodies, compared with the NBA (reference). All samples sent for routine FVIII antibody testing at two haemophilia Comprehensive Care Centres, were tested in parallel using the NBA and a solid-phase, indirect FVIII ELISA kit (Immucor). A total of 497 samples from 239 patients (severe haemophilia A=140, non-severe haemophilia A=85, acquired haemophilia A=14) were available for analysis. Sixty-THree samples tested positive by the NBA (prevalence 12.7 %, 95 % confidence interval [CI], 9.9–15.9 %), with a median inhibitor titre of 1.2 BU/ml (range 0.7–978.0). The FVIII ELISA demonstrated a specificity of 94.0 % (95 %CI, 91.3–96.0), sensitivity of 77.8 % (95 %CI, 65.5–87.3), negative predictive value of 96.7 % (95 %CI, 94.5–98.2), positive predictive value 65.3 % (95 %CI, 53.5–76.0), negative likelihood ratio 0.2 (95 %CI, 0.1–0.4), positive likelihood ratio 13.0 (95 %CI, 8.7–19.3) and a diagnostic odds ratio of 54.9 (95 %CI, 27.0–112.0). Strong positive correlation (r=0.77, p< 0.001) was seen between the results of the NBA (log adjusted) and FVIII ELISA optical density. In conclusion, FVIII ELISA offers a simple, specific, surveillance method enabling batch testing of non-urgent samples for the presence of FVIII antibodies.

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40

Jiaqi, Yu, and Shen Yongrong. "Calculation of the impact cross section of rare-earth centres in solids." Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics 21, no. 17 (June 20, 1988): 3381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3719/21/17/026.

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41

Shabanian, Jaber, Mojtaba Mokhtari, and Jamal Chaouki. "Calibration of solids concentration optical fibre probes with solids‐polymer blocks." Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 99, no. 7 (April 14, 2021): 1627–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.24028.

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42

Murzakhanov, Fadis, Boris Yavkin, Georgiy Mamin, Sergei Orlinskii, Ivan Mumdzhi, Irina Gracheva, Bulat Gabbasov, Alexander Smirnov, Valery Davydov, and Victor Soltamov. "Creation of Negatively Charged Boron Vacancies in Hexagonal Boron Nitride Crystal by Electron Irradiation and Mechanism of Inhomogeneous Broadening of Boron Vacancy-Related Spin Resonance Lines." Nanomaterials 11, no. 6 (May 22, 2021): 1373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11061373.

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Optically addressable high-spin states (S ≥ 1) of defects in semiconductors are the basis for the development of solid-state quantum technologies. Recently, one such defect has been found in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and identified as a negatively charged boron vacancy (VB−). To explore and utilize the properties of this defect, one needs to design a robust way for its creation in an hBN crystal. We investigate the possibility of creating VB− centers in an hBN single crystal by means of irradiation with a high-energy (E = 2 MeV) electron flux. Optical excitation of the irradiated sample induces fluorescence in the near-infrared range together with the electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrum of the triplet centers with a zero-field splitting value of D = 3.6 GHz, manifesting an optically induced population inversion of the ground state spin sublevels. These observations are the signatures of the VB− centers and demonstrate that electron irradiation can be reliably used to create these centers in hBN. Exploration of the VB− spin resonance line shape allowed us to establish the source of the line broadening, which occurs due to the slight deviation in orientation of the two-dimensional B-N atomic plains being exactly parallel relative to each other. The results of the analysis of the broadening mechanism can be used for the crystalline quality control of the 2D materials, using the VB− spin embedded in the hBN as a probe.

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43

Matsuki, S., K. Shimomura, I. Ogawa, K. Suzuki, S. Hamada, T. Nakamura, H. Okuno, et al. "Radiation-detected optical pumping in solids." Hyperfine Interactions 74, no. 1-4 (October 1992): 223–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02398632.

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44

Berman, P. R., and R. G. Brewer. "Modified optical Bloch equations for solids." Physical Review A 32, no. 5 (November 1, 1985): 2784–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.32.2784.

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45

Lovesey, S. W. "Optical Interactions in Solids, 2nd edn." Contemporary Physics 53, no. 1 (January 2012): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00107514.2011.610522.

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46

Eklund, P. C., A. M. Rao, Ping Zhou, Ying Wang, Kai-An Wang, G. T. Hager, and J. M. Holden. "Optical studies of fullerene-based solids." Materials Science and Engineering: B 19, no. 1-2 (April 1993): 154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-5107(93)90181-l.

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47

McDonald, C. R., A. Ben Taher, and T. Brabec. "Strong optical field ionisation of solids." Journal of Optics 19, no. 11 (October 20, 2017): 114005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2040-8986/aa8e5b.

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48

Steel, Duncan G., and Stephen C. Rand. "Ultranarrow Nonlinear Optical Resonances in Solids." Physical Review Letters 55, no. 21 (November 18, 1985): 2285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.55.2285.

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49

Jerrard, H. G. "Handbook of optical constant of solids." Optics & Laser Technology 18, no. 2 (April 1986): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-3992(86)90047-2.

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50

ZOLOTOVSKY, A. A. "THEORETICAL STUDY OF INHOMOGENEOUSLY-BROADENED-LINE SHAPES OF LUMINESCENT AND LASER f-ELEMENT TRANSITIONS IN SEMICONDUCTOR AND DIELECTRIC DIES." International Journal of Modern Physics B 18, no. 07 (March 20, 2004): 1069–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979204024458.

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The many-body problem is solved for f-element complexes in solids. Multielectron orbitals are constructed from single-electron ones. Complexes of f-ions surrounded by sulphur, oxygen and fluoride ligands (atoms or ions) are employed as a model of radiating centres in order to describe the optoelectronic behavior of materials in the cluster approximation. Probabilities and intensities of luminescent- and laser-transition Stark components are calculated. Inhomogeneous broadening of line shapes in solids is studied for various excitation regimes.

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