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Journal articles on the topic 'Optical beam deflection'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

Last updated: 26 July 2025

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1

Faris, Gregory W., and Robert L. Byer. "Beam-deflection optical tomography." Optics Letters 12, no. 2 (1987): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.12.000072.

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2

Dobosz, Marek, Michał Jankowski, and Jakub Mruk. "Two-Axial Measurement of the Angular Microdeflection of a Laser Beam Using One Single-Axis Sensor." Sensors 23, no. 22 (2023): 9276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23229276.

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The majority of current methods for measuring the angular deflection of a laser beam enable measurement only in one selected plane. However, there are tasks in which measurements of laser beam deflections in 3D are required. In this paper, we present a way of enabling two-axial measurements of the deflection of a beam based on a single-axis sensor. The key idea is to direct a laser beam, alternately, into one of two arms of a measurement system. In the first arm, the beam is transmitted directly to the angular sensor, while in the second, the beam is directed to the sensor via a special optica

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3

Fei Pan, Fei Pan, Lingjiang Kong Lingjiang Kong, Xiaobo Yang Xiaobo Yang, Yue Ai Yue Ai, and Yan Zhou Yan Zhou. "Dual beam deflection of liquid crystal optical phased array." Chinese Optics Letters 10, s2 (2012): S20502–320506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201210.s20502.

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4

Kucherenko, Oleg K. "DETERMINATION OF THE ACOUSTO-OPTICAL DEFLECTOR PARAMETERS FOR A LASER-RADIATION ROCKET GUIDANCE SYSTEM." Bulletin of Kyiv Polytechnic Institute. Series Instrument Making, no. 62(2) (December 24, 2021): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/1970.62(2).2021.249110.

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The work is devoted to the development of an acousto-optic deflector for a laser-beam guidance system (LLSN) of missiles. LLSN is used in semiautomatic portable missile systems to destroy hostile targets of various types. An analysis of the methods for constructing such systems has shown that the most promising devices with pulse-code modulation using semiconductor pulsed lasers. The article provides a diagram and describes the principle of operation of the LLSN with pulse-code modulation. A problematic issue in the implementation of such a system is the development of a device for defle

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5

Hayden, Victor C., and Luc Y. Beaulieu. "Modeling Rectangular Cantilevers during Torsion and Deflection for Application to Frictional Force Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 15, no. 3 (2009): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927609090382.

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AbstractA numerical and experimental analysis of the optical beam deflection system used to monitor microcantilevers subjected to simultaneous deflection and twisting such as in lateral or frictional force microscopy was performed. This study focused on two optical beam deflection orientations where in the first case the optical beam and the detector are at a right angle to the length of the cantilever and the second case, which is the more standard orientation, the optical beam is parallel to the length of the lever. This study finds that it is possible to model the twist and the deflection s

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6

Verly, Pierre G. "Low-loss liquid-crystal-clad waveguide switch with a large angular separation of the optical beams." Canadian Journal of Physics 65, no. 5 (1987): 476–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p87-064.

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We propose a new nematic liquid-crystal-clad electrooptic waveguide beamsplitter simultaneously capable of very high beam deflections and relatively low losses. A trade-off between the deflection and the cross talk due to unswitched spatial frequencies of a realistic diverging beam is discussed with respect to waveguide materials and geometries.

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7

Xu, Guo Ya, Jun Hua He, Fan Sen, and Yuan Tao Zhu. "Research of a New All-Optical Solid-State Scanner Based on GaAs." Advanced Materials Research 710 (June 2013): 269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.710.269.

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Design an all-optical solid-state scanner chip, which can realize high speed light deflection in a very small space, instead of electron beam deflection scan image converter tube and opto-mechanical scanner, cancel the complicated mechanical components, use the all-optical scanning to realize the super fast phenomenon observation. The beam deflection system is based on semiconductor optical waveguide core layer carrier induced refractive index change effect to realize, its development work is mainly divided into semiconductor optical waveguide and saw prisms two parts. And through the experime

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8

Caron, James N., James B. Mehl, and Karl V. Steiner. "Acoustic‐wave detection by optical beam deflection." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 103, no. 5 (1998): 2795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.421838.

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9

Faris, Gregory W., and Robert L. Byer. "Beam-deflection optical tomography of a flame." Optics Letters 12, no. 3 (1987): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.12.000155.

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10

Sakamoto, João M. S., Renan B. Marques, Cláudio Kitano, Nicolau A. S. Rodrigues, and Rudimar Riva. "Optical beam deflection sensor: design and experiments." Applied Optics 56, no. 28 (2017): 8005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.56.008005.

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11

Salloum, Akil, and Yomen Atassi. "On calorimetry by optical beam deflection method." Thermochimica Acta 409, no. 1 (2004): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6031(03)00330-7.

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12

Matsuoka, Tatsuro, Akihiro Kumata, Shinobu Koda, and Hiroyasu Nomura. "Ultrasonic Velocity Measurement Using Optical Beam Deflection." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 34, Part 1, No. 5B (1995): 2778–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.34.2778.

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13

HASSAN, QUSAY MOHAMMED ALI. "OPTICAL SWITCHING OF ERYTHROSINE B BASED POLY (METHACRYLATE) FILMS." Modern Physics Letters B 23, no. 26 (2009): 3137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984909021181.

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Erythrosine B based poly (methacrylate) films with varying even number of methylene spacers have been prepared by the free radical polymerization method. All optical switching and beam deflection effects of polymer films have been investigated by using Nd :YAG laser (532 nm) as a pump beam and a He – Ne laser (632.8 nm) as a probe beam. The nonlinear refractive indices of polymer films are determined using the Z-scan technique. The optical switching and beam deflection effects are due to the change of the refractive index of polymer under the pump beam. The experimental results show that eryth

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14

Shen, Yanchun, Jinlan Wang, Qiaolian Wang, Ximing Qiao, Yuye Wang, and Degang Xu. "Broadband Tunable Terahertz Beam Deflector Based on Liquid Crystals and Graphene." Crystals 11, no. 9 (2021): 1141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11091141.

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Terahertz (THz) technology has unique applications in, for example, wireless communication, biochemical characterization, and security inspection. However, high-efficiency, low-cost, and actively tunable THz modulators are still scarce. We propose a broadband tunable THz beam deflector based on liquid crystals (LCs). By a periodic gradual distribution of the orientation of the LC in one direction, a frequency-independent geometric phase modulation is obtained. The LC device with this specific orientation distribution was obtained through ultraviolet polarization exposure. We have verified the

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15

KONAR, S., P. K. BARHAI, and SARANG MEDHEKAR. "DISPLACEMENT AND DEFLECTION OF OPTICAL BEAMS BY NONLINEAR PLANAR WAVEGUIDE." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 12, no. 01 (2003): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863503001286.

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In this paper we investigate the propagation characteristics of an end fired Gaussian optical beam through a planar nonlinear waveguide. Using variational formalism we have derived three coupled second order dynamical equations for the beam widths and centre of gravity of the propagating optical beam. Using these equations, we have investigated numerically the beam deflection, displacement and their possible control by nonlinearity. We have shown that intensity dependent control is possible only when the waveguide core possesses nonlinearity and the substrate is linear. In addition, we have de

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16

Kurkov, A. P. "Optical Measurement of Unducted Fan Blade Deflections." Journal of Turbomachinery 112, no. 4 (1990): 751–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2927718.

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A nonintrusive optical method for measuring unducted fan (or propeller) blade deflections is described and evaluated. The measurement does not depend on blade surface reflectivity. Deflection of a point at the leading edge and a point at the trailing edge in a plane nearly perpendicular to the pitch axis is obtained with a single light beam generated by a low-power, helium-neon laser. Quantitative analyses are performed from taped signals on a digital computer. Averaging techniques are employed to reduce random errors. Measured static deflections from a series of high-speed wind tunnel tests o

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17

Li, Hongliang, Changyi Zhou, Woo-Bin Lee, Duk-Yong Choi, and Sang-Shin Lee. "Flat telescope based on an all-dielectric metasurface doublet enabling polarization-controllable enhanced beam steering." Nanophotonics 11, no. 2 (2021): 405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2021-0609.

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Abstract A flat telescope (FTS), which incorporates an all-dielectric metasurface doublet (MD) based on hydrogenated amorphous silicon nanoposts, is proposed and demonstrated to achieve flexibly magnified angular beam steering that is sensitive to both light polarization and deflection direction. Specifically, for transverse-electric-polarized incident beams, the MD exhibits deflection magnification factors of +5 and +2, while for transverse magnetic polarization, the beam is steered in reverse to yield magnification factors of −5 and −2 in the horizontal and vertical directions, respectively.

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18

Henkel, Andreas, Christopher Knoth, Maximilian Buchmüller, and Patrick Görrn. "Electric Control of the In-Plane Deflection of Laser Beam Pairs within a Photonic Slab Waveguide." Optics 5, no. 3 (2024): 342–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/opt5030025.

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A symmetric laser beam pair can provide unique control over light–matter interactions. When propagating within a symmetric slab waveguide, its non-conical diffraction at a specially designed symmetric leaky waveguide grating can be completely suppressed, a phenomenon we term zero diffraction. This allows for infinite contrast control of light detrapping from the slab waveguide. In this paper, we demonstrate the electric control of the local deflection of a beam pair while preserving its properties. This introduces a novel method for routing optical signals across a planar waveguide. We utilize

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19

Schweitzer, M. A., and J. F. Power. "Optical Depth Profiling of Thin Films by Impulse Mirage Effect Spectroscopy. Part I: Theory." Applied Spectroscopy 48, no. 9 (1994): 1054–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702944029550.

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Impulse mirage effect/photothermal deflection spectrometry may be used to detect depth-dependent optical absorption in materials, through the time dependence of the probe beam deflection signal occurring in response to sample irradiation with a short excitation pulse. In this work a theoretical expression was derived for the normal and transverse photothermal deflection signals which occur in a sample with homogeneous thermal properties but where optical absorptivity varies with depth from the surface. An analytical solution of moderate simplicity is obtained for several cases of experimental

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20

Park, Kuen Tea, Moon G. Lee, Dae Sik Jeong, et al. "Analytical Study of the Thermal and Optical Properties Effect on the Collinear Deflection Method." Advanced Materials Research 811 (September 2013): 353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.811.353.

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Recently, study of transparent materials, such as thin film form, have an important field for the development of advanced electronic devices. Therefore, the need for the precision thermal property measurement techniques of transparent thin film materials becomes increasing according to the development of these material. The ideal methods for optically measurements of these properties are noncontact method. However, optically measurements are often difficult due to the transparency. So, transparent materials have not enough temperature gradient in the air layer above thin films. To solve this p

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21

Torres, David, Sarah Dooley, and LaVern A. Starman. "Large Out-of-Plane Deflection MEMS Actuators for Optical Applications." Proceedings 2, no. 13 (2018): 1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2131072.

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The design and fabrication of an electrothermal MEMS actuation structure which is capable of producing large out-of-plane deflection is presented. The actuators are used to move a 1 mm2 mirror structure, where the large deflection allows one to achieve large beam steering angles. The electrothermal actuators are designed to operate via joule heating with a monolithically integrated heater. The proposed design was analyzed using finite element method simulation software (COMSOL 5.3a), to determine the thickness of each material layer, the initial out-of-plane upward deflections, the configurati

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22

Choi, Pak-Kon. "Broadband ultrasonic absorption measurements using optical beam deflection." Journal of the Acoustical Society of Japan (E) 13, no. 4 (1992): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1250/ast.13.209.

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23

Wu, Jiaqi, Takehiko Kitamori, and Tsuguo Sawada. "Optical beam deflection signal from a single microparticle." Applied Physics Letters 57, no. 1 (1990): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.103569.

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24

Csahók, E., E. Vieil, and G. Inzelt. "Optical beam deflection study of indium-hexacyanoferrate films." Synthetic Metals 103, no. 1-3 (1999): 2687–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-6779(98)01321-6.

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25

Wu, Jiaqi, Takehiko Kitamori, and Tsuguo Sawada. "Theory of optical beam deflection for single microparticles." Journal of Applied Physics 69, no. 10 (1991): 7015–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.347640.

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26

Wetsel Jr., Grover C., and James B. Spicer. "Nonlinear effects in photothermal-optical-beam-deflection imaging." Canadian Journal of Physics 64, no. 9 (1986): 1269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p86-219.

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Nonlinear phenomena have been observed during photothermal-optical-beam-deflection imaging experiments on samples of both high-purity aluminum and aluminum alloys. Evidence for nonlinear optical and thermal effects have been measured. Theoretical models have been developed as aids in understanding the different contrast mechanisms observed in linear and nonlinear photothermal images.

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27

Ja, Y. H. "Optical beam deflection using dynamic volume reflection gratings." Optical and Quantum Electronics 21, no. 2 (1989): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02190081.

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28

Mishra, Rohit, Wilfried Grange, and Martin Hegner. "Rapid and Reliable Calibration of Laser Beam Deflection System for Microcantilever-Based Sensor Setups." Journal of Sensors 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/617386.

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Cantilever array-based sensor devices widely utilise the laser-based optical deflection method for measuring static cantilever deflections mostly with home-built devices with individual geometries. In contrast to scanning probe microscopes, cantilever array devices have no additional positioning device like a piezo stage. As the cantilevers are used in more and more sensitive measurements, it is important to have a simple, rapid, and reliable calibration relating the deflection of the cantilever to the change in position measured by the position-sensitive detector. We present here a simple met

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29

Chen, Huan, Zixin Wang, Xin Chen, and Junli Wang. "Tunable Beam Steering Metasurface Based on a PMN-PT Crystal with a High Electro-Optic Coefficient." Sensors 25, no. 1 (2024): 55. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25010055.

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Existing tunable optical metasurfaces based on the electro-optic effect are either complex in structure or have a limited phase modulation range. In this paper, a simple rectangular metasurface structure based on a Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) crystal with high electro-optic coefficient of 120 pm/V was designed to demonstrate its electrically tunable performance in the optical communication band through simulations. By optimizing the structure parameters, a tunable metasurface was generated that can induce a complete 2π phase shift for beam deflection while maintaining relatively uniform t

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30

Kashani Ilkhechi, Afshin Kashani, Matthew Martell, and Roger Zemp. "Miniature Deformable MEMS Mirrors for Ultrafast Optical Focusing." Micromachines 14, no. 1 (2022): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14010040.

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Here, we introduce ultrafast tunable MEMS mirrors consisting of a miniature circular mirrored membrane, which can be electrostatically actuated to change the mirror curvature at unprecedented speeds. The central deflection zone is a close approximation to a parabolic mirror. The device is fabricated with a minimal membrane diameter, but at least double the size of a focused optical spot. The theory and simulations are used to predict maximum relative focal shifts as a function of membrane size and deflection, beam waist, and incident focal position. These devices are demonstrated to enable fas

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31

Larsen, Kyle, Stefan Lehnardt, Bryce Anderson, Joseph Rowley, Richard Vanfleet, and Robert Davis. "Determining local modulus and strength of heterogeneous films by force–deflection mapping of microcantilevers." Review of Scientific Instruments 94, no. 3 (2023): 033904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0092934.

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Estimating the elastic modulus and strength of heterogeneous films requires local measurement techniques. For local mechanical film testing, microcantilevers were cut into suspended many-layer graphene using a focused ion beam. An optical transmittance technique was used to map thickness near the cantilevers, and multipoint force–deflection mapping with an atomic force microscope was used to record the compliance of the cantilevers. These data were used to estimate the elastic modulus of the film by fitting the compliance at multiple locations along the cantilever to a fixed-free Euler–Bernoul

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32

Li, Bingcheng, Yanzhuo Deng, and Jieke Cheng. "Pulsed Photothermal Deflection Spectroscopy with Optically Dense Samples." Applied Spectroscopy 49, no. 3 (1995): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702953963436.

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The pulsed photothermal deflection spectroscopy (PTDS) method to determine the large optical absorption coefficient from the transverse PTDS magnitude and to measure spectroscopic data of optically dense sample from the normal-to-transverse magnitude ratio of the PTDS signal is presented and has been examined both theoretically and experimentally. Saturation at high absorption, effects of thermal inhomogeneity of the sample, and energy or power fluctuation of both the excitation and probe beams are avoided by this method. Together with the transverse PTDS technique, the dynamic range of spectr

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33

Garcia-Cadena, Carlos. "Optical device for thermal effusivity estimation of liquids." Revista Mexicana de Física 64, no. 2 (2018): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.31349/revmexfis.64.101.

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We determined the thermal effusivity of liquids using an optical sensor based on the laser beam deflection technique, without directly heat the samples and thus minimally altering them. Applying a heat pulse in a thermo-optical slab we generate a unidimensional temperature distribution. This temperature distribution modifies the refractive index in the slab that finally causes the deflection of a laser beam that propagates perpendicularly to the direction of the heat propagation. The deflection of the laser beam depends on the interaction of the thermal energy with the sample at the slab inter

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34

Gagné, M. C., P. Galarneau, and S. L. Chin. "Photorefractive deflection technique using parallel and overlaping probe and pump beams." Canadian Journal of Physics 64, no. 9 (1986): 1116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p86-192.

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The present work provides an experimental study of a pulsed photorefractive technique to diagnose the interior of an irradiated region. Results obtained in a mixture of SF6 and Ar are presented to illustrate the experimental technique. Three distinct areas have been studied, (i) The two beams are parallel and their optical axes are coincident (collinear). At this particular position, the probe beam suffers a defocusing effect that is used to align collinearly two laser beams with a precision of ±3 μm. (ii) The two beams are parallel but slightly off axis. In this case, the probe beam suffers a

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35

Sakhnenko, N. K. "Complex source point concept in the modelling of dynamic control for optical beam deflection." Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics and Optoelectronics 15, no. 3 (2012): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/spqeo15.03.209.

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36

Spivak-Lavrov, I. F., S. U. Sharipov, A. B. Seiten та A. A. Trubitsyn. "Еdgе fiеld of dеflеctorplаtes with expanding screens". Bulletin of the Karaganda University "Physics Series" 11329, № 1 (2024): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2024ph1/99-105.

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Deflector plates consist of two parallel conductive plates that create a deflecting electric field. They can be used to control the flow of charged particles ― electrons or ions. The effect of the еdgе fiеld of deflector plates leads to a change in the velocity of charged particles in the longitudinal and transverse directions, consequently of which their real trajectories change, deviating from ideal ones, which violates the space-time resolution of corpuscular optical devices in which they are used. Apart from that, the electric field at the input to the plates of deflector can vary over tim

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37

Bialkowski, Stephen E., Xiaoyun Gu, Pete E. Poston, and Linda S. Powers. "Pulsed-Laser Excited Differential Photothermal Deflection Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 46, no. 9 (1992): 1335–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702924123845.

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This paper describes a differential photothermal optical absorbance apparatus that uses two excitation beams at different wavelengths. A single probe beam monitors the difference in heats generated by the two wavelengths. The theory is developed for the operational principles of the apparatus, and theoretical signals are compared with those obtained with a conventional absorption spectrophotometer. The differential photothermal apparatus has a theoretical advantage over conventional spectrophotometry for samples with less than unit absorbance. Experiments are described which verify the operati

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38

Chang, G. Y., R. B. Givens, J. W. M. Spicer, R. Osiander, and J. C. Murphy. "Optical beam deflection imaging of the electron beam interaction volume in semiconductors." Applied Physics Letters 63, no. 5 (1993): 645–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.109977.

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39

Sugihara, Kazuyoshi. "Optical beam-deflection scanning force microscope with easy cantilever-laser beam alignment." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 12, no. 2 (1994): 620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.587400.

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40

Ma, Yuemin, Di Sang, Yi Lin, Qiang An, Zhanshan Sun, and Yunqi Fu. "Polarization-Dependent Fiber Metasurface with Beam Collimating and Deflecting." Photonics 11, no. 5 (2024): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics11050474.

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Metasurfaces can arbitrarily manipulate the amplitude, phase, and polarization of optical fields on subwavelength scales. Due to their arbitrary manipulation and compact size, the metasurface can be well integrated with optical fibers. Herein, we demonstrate a polarization-dependent metasurface using birefringent meta-atoms, which can independently control X- and Y-polarization incident light. Each meta-atom allows for the division of phase into 16 steps ranging from 0 to 2π for both X- and Y-polarization, resulting in 256 nanopillars selected from the meta-atom library to satisfy the required

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41

Vattulainen, Juha, and Rolf Hernberg. "A versatile laser beam deflection sensor utilizing optical fibers." Review of Scientific Instruments 64, no. 6 (1993): 1451–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144061.

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42

Kowalski, Frank V., Thomas E. Milner, and Mickel J. Stanich. "Beam deflection as a method for testing optical components." Applied Optics 25, no. 20 (1986): 3735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.25.003735.

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43

Sell, Jeffrey A. "Optical ray tracing for crossed beam photothermal deflection spectroscopy." Applied Optics 26, no. 2 (1987): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.26.000336.

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44

Liang, Lingliang, Jinshou Tian, Tao Wang, et al. "Ultrafast optical beam deflection in a pump probe configuration." Chinese Physics B 25, no. 9 (2016): 090602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/25/9/090602.

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45

Yamaguchi, Kouki, and Pak-Kon Choi. "Probing Focused Sound Fields Using Optical-Beam Deflection Method." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 45, no. 5B (2006): 4621–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.45.4621.

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46

Janik, G. R., B. D. Cannon, R. Ogorzalek-Loo, and B. A. Bushaw. "Isotopically selective optical deflection of a krypton atomic beam." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 6, no. 9 (1989): 1617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.6.001617.

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47

Shwartz, Sharon, Mordechai Segev, and Uri El-Hanany. "Self-deflection and all-optical beam steering in CdZnTe." Optics Letters 29, no. 7 (2004): 760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.29.000760.

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48

Yusupbekov, N. R., and N. M. Zakhidov. "AUTOMATIC LASER BEAM DEFLECTION RECORDER WITH FIBER-OPTICAL CONVERTER." Journal of Science and Innovative Development 6, no. 5 (2023): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.36522/2181-9637-2023-5-6.

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This article discusses the issue of improving geodetic instruments and methods for conducting alignment measurements using photoelectric and optoelectronic means of recording displacements relative to a given reference line with a laser radiation source. The relevance of the need to increase the efficiency and level of automation of cross-section measurements when performing field observations of deformations, displacements, and settlements of dams and hydraulic structures is substantiated. The table shows the main types of alignment measurements, which present the methods and means of each ty

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49

Cheng, Lin, Kun Huang, Yu Wang, and Fan Wu. "Dynamic Tunable Deflection of Radiation Based on Epsilon-Near-Zero Material." Photonics 10, no. 6 (2023): 688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10060688.

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Epsilon-near-zero nanoantennas can be used to tune the far-field radiation pattern due to their exceptionally large intensity-dependent refractive index. In this study, we propose a hybrid optical antenna based on indium tin oxide (ITO) to enable optical tuning of the deflection of radiation, specifically a hybrid structure antenna of ITO and dielectric material, which makes the deflection angle changes 17∘ as incident intensities increase. Moreover, by employing an array of ITO or hybrid nanodisks, we can enhance the unidirectionality of the radiation pattern, resulting in a needle-like shape

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Geckeler, Ralf D. "Achieving Nanorad Level Stability of Beam Deflection with Scanning Pentaprisms." Key Engineering Materials 381-382 (June 2008): 547–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.381-382.547.

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Abstract:

A movable pentaprism is a key element in deflectometric profilers, where it directs the beam of an angle measuring device towards the surface under test and enables at the same time the flexible lateral displacement of the beam footprint on the surface. The beam deflection angle of the pentaprism is robust with regard to changes in its angular orientation. Optimal stability is achieved, however, only when the angle measuring device, the pentaprism, and the surface have initially been properly aligned. A newly developed procedure enables the rapid and accurate in-situ adjustment of all angles o

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