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Journal articles on the topic 'Optical attenuators'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 January 2023

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1

WATANABE, Shin-ichiro, and Masayoshi ESASHI. "MEMS Optical Attenuators for DWDM." Review of Laser Engineering 33, no. 11 (2005): 750–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2184/lsj.33.750.

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2

Stevenson, M., C. Martelli, J. Canning, B. Ashton, and K. Lyytikainen. "Photonic crystal fibre optical attenuators." Electronics Letters 41, no. 21 (2005): 1167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20052649.

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3

Sun, Youwen, Mathias Palm, Christine Weinzierl, Christof Petri, Justus Notholt, Yuting Wang, and Cheng Liu. "Technical note: Sensitivity of instrumental line shape monitoring for the ground-based high-resolution FTIR spectrometer with respect to different optical attenuators." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 10, no. 3 (March 13, 2017): 989–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-989-2017.

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Abstract. The TCCON (Total Carbon Column Observing Network) and most NDACC (Network for Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change) sites assume an ideal ILS (instrumental line shape) for analysis of the spectra. In order to adapt the radiant energy received by the detector, an attenuator or different sizes of field stop can be inserted in the light path. These processes may alter the alignment of a high-resolution FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectrometer, and may result in bias due to ILS drift. In this paper, we first investigated the sensitivity of the ILS monitoring with respect to application of different kinds of attenuators for ground-based high-resolution FTIR spectrometers within the TCCON and NDACC networks. Both lamp and sun cell measurements were conducted after the insertion of five different attenuators in front of and behind the interferometer. The ILS characteristics derived from lamp and sun spectra are in good agreement. ILSs deduced from all lamp cell measurements were compared. As a result, the disturbances to the ILS of a high-resolution FTIR spectrometer with respect to the insertion of different attenuators at different positions were quantified. A potential strategy to adapt the incident intensity of a detector was finally deduced.
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4

Mital, P. Bhushan. "Optically Controlled Microwave Attenuators." Active and Passive Electronic Components 17, no. 4 (1995): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1995/67190.

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The concept of photoconductivity is utilized in a number of microwave applications such as switches and attenuators. Optically controlled microwave attenuators prove an alternative to the conventional attenuators due to their simplicity, easy of operation, and very narrow ranges of continuously varying attenuation levels available. This paper describes the design of such configurations of optically controlled attenuators on a microstrip line fabricated on a semiconductor substrate.
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5

Chongjia Huang, Chongjia Huang, and Erwin H. W. Chan Erwin H. W. Chan. "Variable optical attenuators with ability to independently control two orthogonal linearly polarized light amplitudes." Chinese Optics Letters 16, no. 4 (2018): 042301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201816.042301.

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6

Martín Ortega, Álvaro, Ana Lacoste, and Tiberiu Minea. "Hybrid modelling of a high-power X-ray attenuator plasma." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 25, no. 3 (March 27, 2018): 671–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577518002679.

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X-ray gas attenuators act as stress-free high-pass filters for synchrotron and free-electron laser beamlines to reduce the heat load in downstream optical elements without affecting other properties of the X-ray beam. The absorption of the X-ray beam triggers a cascade of processes that ionize and heat up the gas locally, changing its density and therefore the X-ray absorption. Aiming to understand and predict the behaviour of the gas attenuator in terms of efficiencyversusgas pressure, a hybrid model has been developed, combining three approaches: an analytical description of the X-ray absorption; Monte Carlo for the electron thermalization; and a fluid treatment for the electron diffusion, recombination and excited-states relaxation. The model was applied to an argon-filled attenuator prototype built and tested at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, at a pressure of 200 mbar and assuming stationary conditions. The results of the model showed that the electron population thermalizes within a few nanoseconds after the X-ray pulse arrival and it occurs just around the X-ray beam path, recombining in the bulk of the gas rather than diffusing to the attenuator walls. The gas temperature along the beam path reached 850 K for 770 W of incident power and 182 W m−1of absorbed power. Around 70% of the absorbed power is released as visible and UV radiation rather than as heat to the gas. Comparison of the power absorption with the experiment showed an overall agreement both with the plasma radial profile and power absorption trend, the latter within an error smaller than 20%. This model can be used for the design and operation of synchrotron gas attenuators and as a base for a time-dependent model for free-electron laser attenuators.
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7

Lee, Chengkuo. "Monolithic-integrated 8CH MEMS variable optical attenuators." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 123-124 (September 2005): 596–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2005.04.032.

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8

Boudreau, M., J. Yan, and L. Hobbs. "Optical breakdown of InGaAsP/InP based multiquantum well optical attenuators." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films 18, no. 2 (March 2000): 574–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.582228.

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9

Cadarso, V. J., A. Llobera, G. Villanueva, V. Seidemann, S. Büttgenbach, and J. A. Plaza. "Polymer microoptoelectromechanical systems: Accelerometers and variable optical attenuators." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 145-146 (July 2008): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2007.11.007.

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10

Martín Ortega, Álvaro, Ana Lacoste, Stéphane Béchu, Alexandre Bès, and Nader Sadeghi. "Characterization of X-ray gas attenuator plasmas by optical emission and tunable laser absorption spectroscopies." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 24, no. 6 (October 6, 2017): 1195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577517012000.

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X-ray gas attenuators are used in high-energy synchrotron beamlines as high-pass filters to reduce the incident power on downstream optical elements. The absorption of the X-ray beam ionizes and heats up the gas, creating plasma around the beam path and hence temperature and density gradients between the center and the walls of the attenuator vessel. The objective of this work is to demonstrate experimentally the generation of plasma by the X-ray beam and to investigate its spatial distribution by measuring some of its parameters, simultaneously with the X-ray power absorption. The gases used in this study were argon and krypton between 13 and 530 mbar. The distribution of the 2pexcited states of both gases was measured using optical emission spectroscopy, and the density of argon metastable atoms in the 1s5state was deduced using tunable laser absorption spectroscopy. The amount of power absorbed was measured using calorimetry and X-ray transmission. The results showed a plasma confined around the X-ray beam path, its size determined mainly by the spatial dimensions of the X-ray beam and not by the absorbed power or the gas pressure. In addition, the X-ray absorption showed a hot central region at a temperature varying between 400 and 1100 K, depending on the incident beam power and on the gas used. The results show that the plasma generated by the X-ray beam plays an essential role in the X-ray absorption. Therefore, plasma processes must be taken into account in the design and modeling of gas attenuators.
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11

Tao, Jin, Xu Guang Huang, Ji Huan Chen, and Jia Hu Zhu. "All-optical broadband variable optical attenuators and switches in plasmonic teeth waveguides." Optics Communications 283, no. 18 (September 2010): 3536–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2010.05.010.

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12

Liao, Bo-Ting, Hsin-Hong Shen, Hsin-Hung Liao, and Yao-Joe Yang. "A bi-stable 2x2 optical switch monolithically integrated with variable optical attenuators." Optics Express 17, no. 22 (October 19, 2009): 19919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.17.019919.

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13

Poleshchuk, A. G., A. R. Sametov, V. V. Dontsova, and R. V. Shimanskii. "Diffractive attenuators of laser radiation: Fabrication and optical characteristics." Optoelectronics, Instrumentation and Data Processing 49, no. 1 (January 2013): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s875669901301010x.

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14

Kiselyov, V. K., M. S. Yanovsky, V. I. Bezborodov, and Ye M. Kuleshov. "Quasi-Optical Polarization Attenuators in the Terahertz Frequency Band." Telecommunications and Radio Engineering 67, no. 13 (2008): 1207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/telecomradeng.v67.i13.80.

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15

Yeh, J. A., Shiue-Shr Jiang, and Chengkuo Lee. "MOEMS variable optical attenuators using rotary comb drive actuators." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 18, no. 10 (May 2006): 1170–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2006.873959.

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16

Maese-Novo, Alejandro, Ziyang Zhang, Gelani Irmscher, Andrzej Polatynski, Tim Mueller, David de Felipe, Moritz Kleinert, Walter Brinker, Crispin Zawadzki, and Norbert Keil. "Thermally optimized variable optical attenuators on a polymer platform." Applied Optics 54, no. 3 (January 20, 2015): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.54.000569.

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17

Dupont, Samuel H., Jean-Claude Kastelik, and Joseph Gazalet. "340 nm Bandwidth Automatic Dynamic Optical Equalizer for CWDM Networks." Advances in Optical Technologies 2013 (October 23, 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/420140.

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This paper presents an automatic optical equalizer based on a pair of in-house developed high efficiency, acousto-optic variable optical attenuators (AO-VOAs). The system is polarization insensitive and presents a wide bandwidth compatible with coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) requirements: 340 nm. The system operation is automatic and bidirectional and equalization is obtained in one single iteration of algorithm loop.
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18

Chen, Ying Jun, Yan Mei Li, Qing Hua Chen, and Wen Gang Wu. "Fabrication of the Open-Loop MEMS-Based Tilting Mirror Using the Compound Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 529 (June 2014): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.529.169.

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In this paper, a kind of novel open-loop two-stage torsion-mirror optical actuators has been demonstrated. The mirrors are fabricated in SOI wafers, and exhibit good basic electromechanical characteristics. They provide an impetus to being brought into use as optical switches or attenuators, etc. for fiber communication applications.
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19

Yang, M. S., Y. O. Noh, Y. H. Won, and W. Y. Hwang. "Very low crosstalk 1×2 digital optical switch integrated with variable optical attenuators." Electronics Letters 37, no. 9 (2001): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20010394.

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20

Hirabayashi, K., M. Wada, and C. Amano. "Liquid crystal variable optical attenuators integrated on planar lightwave circuits." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 13, no. 6 (June 2001): 609–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/68.924039.

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21

Yeh, J. Andrew. "Development and evolution of MOEMS technology in variable optical attenuators." Journal of Micro/Nanolithography, MEMS, and MOEMS 7, no. 2 (April 1, 2008): 021003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.2949816.

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22

Lee, Chengkuo, and J. Andrew Yeh. "Development of electrothermal actuation based planar variable optical attenuators (VOAs)." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 34 (April 1, 2006): 1026–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/34/1/170.

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23

Karppinen, A., S. Lottholz, R. Myllylä, G. Andersson, M. Matuszczyk, K. Skarp, I. Dahl, and S. T. Lagerwall. "Electrically controlled optical attenuators and switches with ferroelectric liquid crystals." Ferroelectrics 114, no. 1 (February 1991): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150199108221572.

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24

Shi, Zhimin, Ksenia Dolgaleva, and Robert W. Boyd. "Quantum noise properties of non-ideal optical amplifiers and attenuators." Journal of Optics 13, no. 12 (November 24, 2011): 125201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2040-8978/13/12/125201.

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25

de Pedro, S., V. J. Cadarso, T. N. Ackermann, X. Muñoz-Berbel, J. A. Plaza, J. Brugger, S. Büttgenbach, and A. Llobera. "Polymeric variable optical attenuators based on magnetic sensitive stimuli materials." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 24, no. 12 (November 12, 2014): 125008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/24/12/125008.

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26

Hah, Dooyoung. "Linear variable optical attenuators with shaped-finger comb-drive actuators." Applied Optics 59, no. 2 (January 6, 2020): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.59.000277.

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27

Bagdasarian, Alexander, Mikhail Samoylovich, Alpik Mkrtchyan, Anatoly Rinkevich, Alexey Belyanin, Sergey Bagdasarian, Artak Mkrtchyan, and Anastasia Afanasieva. "Technology of Synthesis of Opal Matrix Metamaterials." Advanced Materials Research 1084 (January 2015): 58–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1084.58.

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This work describes the technology of growing crystal metamaterials spinel ferrites. Metamaterials is one of the most promising classes of materials for use in optical devices in the microwave range and features, which can be used for creation of controlled attenuators, phase shifters, and other devices.
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28

Giles, C. Randy, David Bishop, and Vladimir Aksyuk. "MEMS for Light-Wave Networks." MRS Bulletin 26, no. 4 (April 2001): 328–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2001.73.

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As demonstrated in this issue, the emerging field of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) is beginning to impact almost every area of science and technology. MEMS have the potential to revolutionize light-wave systems. Microdevices such as optical switches, variable attenuators, active equalizers, add/drop multiplexers (ADMs), optical cross-connects (OXCs), gain tilt equalizers, data transmitters, and many others are beginning to find ubiquitous application in advanced light-wave systems.
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29

Khalil, D., H. Maaty, A. Bashir, and B. Saadany. "The effect of shutter thickness on opto-mechanical variable optical attenuators." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 36, no. 2 (December 18, 2002): 110–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.10690.

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30

Braiwish, Mohammad I., Brent L. Bachim, and Thomas K. Gaylord. "Prototype CO_2 laser-induced long-period fiber grating variable optical attenuators and optical tunable filters." Applied Optics 43, no. 9 (March 19, 2004): 1789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.43.001789.

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31

Chigrinov, Vladimir, Jiatong Sun, and Xiaoqian Wang. "Photoaligning and Photopatterning: New LC Technology." Crystals 10, no. 4 (April 20, 2020): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10040323.

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We demonstrate a physical model of photoalignment and photopatterning based on rotational diffusion in solid azo-dye nanolayers. We also highlight the new applications of photoalignment and photopatterning in display and photonics such as: (i) liquid crystal (LC) E-paper devices, including optically rewritable LC E-paper on flexible substrates as 3D E-paper, as well as optically rewritable technology for photonics devices; (ii) photonics LC devices, such as LC Switches, polarization controllers and polarization rotators, variable optical attenuators, LC filled photonic crystal fiber, switchable diffraction grating; (iii) patterned micro-polarizer array using photo-alignment technology for image sensor; (iv) electrically tunable liquid crystal q-plates; (v) electrically switchable liquid crystal Fresnel lens; (vi) liquid crystal optical elements with integrated Pancharatnam-Berry phases. We are sure, that in the field of (LC), the main point is no longer display research, but new photonic applications of LC are emerging in telecommunication, fiber optical communication systems, sensors, switchable lenses, LC light converters and other LC photonics devices.
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32

Syms, R. R. A. "Principles of free-space optical microelectromechanical systems." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 222, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes662.

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Optical microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) combine miniature optical components with precision fixtures, elastic suspensions, and microactuators, and allow complex functionality at low cost. However, the effect of the bounded nature of the beams propagating through the system on design is profound. The current paper reviews the fundamental consequences. Using a Gaussian beam formulation, models of guided modes in gradient index media, bounded beams and imaging components are constructed. Propagation algorithms are described. The alignment tolerances for common component trains such as fibre-to-fibre and beam-to-fibre connections are derived, limits on the curvature of reflecting surfaces are established, the scaling laws of free-space optical MEMS are presented and the effect of beam size on filter performance is clarified. Examples such as variable optical attenuators, optical cross-connect switches, filters and tunable lasers are discussed.
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33

Neill, Samuel O., and Kevin S. Gould. "Anthocyanins in leaves: light attenuators or antioxidants?" Functional Plant Biology 30, no. 8 (2003): 865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp03118.

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Anthocyanins have the potential to mitigate photooxidative injury in leaves, both by shielding chloroplasts from excess high-energy quanta, and by scavenging reactive oxygen species. To distinguish between the impacts of these two putative mechanisms, superoxide (O2•–) concentration and chlorophyll oxidation were measured for Lactuca sativa L. chloroplast suspensions under various light and antioxidant-supplemented environments. A red cellulose filter, the optical properties of which approximated that of anthocyanin, effected a 33% decline in rate of O2•– generation and 37% reduction in chlorophyll bleaching, when used to shield irradiated chloroplasts. Colourless and blue tautomers of cyanidin 3-(6-malonyl)glucoside at pH 7 removed up to 17% of O2•– generated by chloroplasts, indicating that cytosolic anthocyanins can serve as effective antioxidants. Red tautomers, typical of vacuolar anthocyanins, also showed strong reducing potentials as indicated by cyclic voltammetry. These potentials declined by 40% after 15 min exposure to O2•–. Maximum quantum efficiencies of photosynthesis were similar for red and green portions of intact L. sativa leaves, but the red regions were less photoinhibited, and recovered more extensively after exposures to strong light. Anthocyanins evidently offer effective and versatile protection to leaves without significantly compromising photosynthesis.
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34

YANG, LIN, YULIANG LIU, FANG LI, YI CHENG, HAIJUN QIU, and QIMING WANG. "SIMULATION AND FABRICATION OF THERMO-OPTIC VARIABLE OPTICAL ATTENUATORS BASED ON MULTIMODE INTERFERENCE COUPLER." International Journal of Modern Physics B 16, no. 28n29 (November 20, 2002): 4275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021797920201525x.

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A type of thermo-optic variable optical attenuator based on multimode interference coupler is proposed. The optical field propagation properties of the devices are simulated using finite difference beam propagation method. The propagation loss of the fabricated device is 2-4.2 dB at the wavelength range 1510-1610 nm. The total power consumption is 370 mW and the maximum attenuation is more than 25 dB, which almost can meet the requirements of optical fiber communication systems.
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35

Singh, Rishabh, Ghanendra Kumar, and Chakresh Kumar. "Impact of encryption and decryption techniques for high speed optical domain." Computer Science and Information Technologies 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/csit.v2i1.p11-15.

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This project proposes the design of ultrafast communication circuit which can enable the high speed secured data transmission at 50 Gb/s and 100 Gb/s by the use of distributed Raman amplifier, EDFA (Erbium – doped fiber amplifier), filter, single mode fiber along with Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) and attenuators. The simulation of the suggested optical circuit involves the use of parameters of Raman amplifier and EDFA and other components included in the optical structure. The design also includes the use of encryption and decryption techniques to ensure secured communication. Thus, realization of these circuits at 50 Gb/s and 100 Gb/s will enable the future optical communication applications for ultrafast data transmission to large distances.
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36

Wu, Qianqian, Linjie Zhou, Xiaomeng Sun, Haike Zhu, Liangjun Lu, and Jianping Chen. "Silicon thermo-optic variable optical attenuators based on Mach–Zehnder interference structures." Optics Communications 341 (April 2015): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2014.12.013.

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37

Yuan, Pei, Yue Wang, Yuanda Wu, and Junming An. "Variable optical attenuators based on SOI with 3 μm top silicon layer." Applied Optics 58, no. 17 (June 4, 2019): 4630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.58.004630.

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38

Sun, Huangqingbo, Wei Zhou, Zijing Zhang, and Zhujun Wan. "A MEMS Variable Optical Attenuator with Ultra-Low Wavelength-Dependent Loss and Polarization-Dependent Loss." Micromachines 9, no. 12 (November 29, 2018): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi9120632.

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Applications in broadband optical fiber communication system need variable optical attenuators (VOAs) with low wavelength-dependent loss (WDL). Based on analysis on the dispersion of the optical system of a MEMS-based VOA, we provide a method to reduce the WDL significantly with minor revision on the end-face angle of the collimating lens. Two samples are assembled, and the measured WDL is <0.4 dB over the C-band (1.53–1.57 μm) at a 0–20 dB attenuation range. Meanwhile, the new structure helps to reduce the polarization-dependent loss (PDL) to <0.15 dB, which is only half that of conventional devices.
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39

Zheng, Ji Hong, Ken Wen, Ling Juan Gu, and Song Lin Zhuang. "Design and Study of Optical Devices Based on Holographic Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal Technology." Key Engineering Materials 428-429 (January 2010): 356–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.428-429.356.

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Micro/nanoscale liquid crystal (LC) droplets are dispersed within polymer matrix, known as polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs). LC molecules can be reoriented under an applied voltage, which makes PDLC-based devices have wide applications in optical communications, integrated optics, and panel displays, etc. In this paper, we summarized our work on holographic PDLC (H-PDLC) devices including variable attenuators, dynamic gain equalizers and focus-switchable lenses. More importantly, a specially designed H-PDLC chopper array was demonstrated, which will be applied in the new-born frequency division multiplexed high-speed fluorescence confocal microscope system.
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40

Yoshiaki, KANAMORI, Taiyo TAKAHASHI, and Kazuhiro HANE. "Fabrication of Optical Attenuators for Optical Communication Based on Integration of Metal- Nanophotonic Resonators and Silicon Waveguides." Review of Laser Engineering 44, no. 1 (2016): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2184/lsj.44.1_42.

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41

Wang§, Qian, and Sailing He. "Analysis and design of variable optical attenuators based on nematic liquid-crystal cells." Journal of Modern Optics 53, no. 4 (March 10, 2006): 481–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500340500420290.

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42

Park, Sungbong, Tai Tsuchizawa, Toshifumi Watanabe, Hiroyuki Shinojima, Hidetaka Nishi, Koji Yamada, Yasuhiko Ishikawa, Kazumi Wada, and Seiichi Itabashi. "Monolithic integration and synchronous operation of germanium photodetectors and silicon variable optical attenuators." Optics Express 18, no. 8 (April 6, 2010): 8412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.18.008412.

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43

Takeuchi, Y., S. Mitachi, and R. Nagase. "Suppression of oscillation in attenuation with wavelength in SC-type fixed optical attenuators." Electronics Letters 33, no. 14 (1997): 1245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19970821.

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44

El-Fiky, Eslam, Maxime Jacques, Alireza Samani, Luhua Xu, Md Ghulam Saber, and David V. Plant. "C-Band and O-Band Silicon Photonic Based Low-Power Variable Optical Attenuators." IEEE Photonics Journal 11, no. 4 (August 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphot.2019.2930503.

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45

Zhang, Zhiyi, Gao Zhi Xiao, and Chander P. Grover. "Dynamic polarization-dependent loss (DPDL) of planar-waveguide-based variable optical attenuators (VOAs)." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 43, no. 6 (2004): 498–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.20514.

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46

Facchini, L. M., and T. Q. Ho. "Spectral-domain analysis of shielded microstrip attenuators." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 12, no. 1 (May 1996): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2760(199605)12:1<8::aid-mop3>3.0.co;2-m.

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47

Annovazzi-Lodi, Valerio, Sabina Merlo, Dario Beltrami, and Roberto Galeotti. "Metal-Film Fiber Attenuators with Flat Spectral Response." Optical Fiber Technology 5, no. 3 (July 1999): 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/ofte.1999.0301.

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48

Liao, Zhen-Liang, and Ricky W. Chuang. "1 ×3 Silicon Oxynitride Tunable Optical Waveguide Attenuators Based on the Multimode Interference Effect." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 48, no. 4 (April 20, 2009): 04C118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.48.04c118.

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Zhang, X. M., A. Q. Liu, and C. Lu. "New near-field and far-field attenuation models for free-space variable optical attenuators." Journal of Lightwave Technology 21, no. 12 (December 2003): 3417–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2003.822253.

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Wang, Z. Y., J. Zhang, X. Wu, Maria Birau, Guomin Yu, Hongan Yu, Y. Qi, et al. "Near-infrared absorbing organic materials." Pure and Applied Chemistry 76, no. 7-8 (January 1, 2004): 1435–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200476071435.

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Abstract:
Organic solids and polymers that absorb in the near-infrared (NIR) region (1000–2000 nm) represent a class of emerging materials and show a great potential for use in photonics and telecommunications. The radical anions of stacked aromatic imides, fused phorphyrin arrays, polythiophenes, sandwich-type lanthanide bisphthalocyanines, semiquinones, and mixed-valence dinuclear metal complexes are a few known examples of NIR-absorbing organic materials. Most of these NIR-absorbing materials are also electro- chemically active or electrochromic (EC). This brief review covers several types of NIR-absorbing organic materials and discusses their potential for applications in EC variable optical attenuators (VOAs).
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