Academic literature on the topic 'Oppositional knowledge'
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Journal articles on the topic "Oppositional knowledge"
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Collins, Patricia Hill. "Black Feminist Thought as Oppositional Knowledge." Departures in Critical Qualitative Research 5, no. 3 (2016): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/dcqr.2016.5.3.133.
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How might Black feminist thought remain oppositional, reflexive, resistant, and visionary in the context of contemporary intellectual and political challenges? This essay examines this challenge by engaging two questions. First, is Black feminist thought still oppositional and, if so, in what ways is it oppositional in this era? Second, what will it take for Black feminist thought to remain oppositional under current social and political conditions that appear inclusionary?
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Lee, Francis L. F. "Internet Alternative Media Use and Oppositional Knowledge." International Journal of Public Opinion Research 27, no. 3 (February 3, 2015): 318–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edu040.
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Sigov, Aleksandr Sergeevich, and Viktor Yakovlevich Tsvetkov. "Tacit knowledge: Oppositional logical analysis and typologization." Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences 85, no. 5 (September 2015): 429–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1019331615040073.
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Coy, Patrick G., Lynne M. Woehrle, and Gregory M. Maney. "A Typology of Oppositional Knowledge: Democracy and the U.S. Peace Movement." Sociological Research Online 13, no. 4 (July 2008): 82–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.1739.
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Institutionally privileged political discourses not only legitimate the policy agendas of power-holders, but also de-legitimate dissent. Oppositional discourses are social movement responses to these cultural obstacles to mass mobilisation. Integrating discourse analysis and framing theory, we argue that the production of oppositional knowledge constitutes a long-term, counter-hegemonic project that connects macro-level discourses with meso and micro-level efforts at political persuasion, mobilisation, and change. Drawing examples from statements issued by U.S. peace movement organisations (PMOs) over fifteen years, we map the production of oppositional discourses across five conflict periods. Using qualitative data analysis and both inductive and deductive theorising, we develop a typology of the U.S. peace movement's discourses on democracy. We show that four forms of oppositional knowledge were generated by PMOs to facilitate policy dialogue and accountability. Through their statements, peace movement organisations crafted a shared conception of democracy that is antithetical to military intervention abroad and political repression at home.
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WARD, CALEB. "Feeling, Knowledge, Self-Preservation: Audre Lorde's Oppositional Agency and Some Implications for Ethics." Journal of the American Philosophical Association 6, no. 4 (2020): 463–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/apa.2020.4.
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AbstractThroughout her work, Audre Lorde maintains that her self-preservation in the face of oppression depends on acting from the recognition and valorization of her feelings as a deep source of knowledge. This claim, taken as a portrayal of agency, poses challenges to standard positions in ethics, epistemology, and moral psychology. This article examines the oppositional agency articulated by Lorde's thought, locating feeling, poetry, and the power she calls ‘the erotic’ within her avowed project of self-preservation. It then explores the implications of taking seriously Lorde's account, particularly for theorists examining ethics and epistemology under nonideal social conditions. For situations of sexual intimacy, for example, Lorde's account unsettles prevailing assumptions about the role of consent in responsibility between sexual partners. I argue that obligations to solicit consent and respect refusal are not sufficient to acknowledge the value of agency in intimate encounters when agency is oppositional in the way Lorde describes.
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Waldron, Thea, and Erin Baines. "Gender and Embodied War Knowledge." Journal of Human Rights Practice 11, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 393–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huz021.
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Abstract UN Security Council Resolution 1325 (adopted in 2000) seeks to protect women’s bodily integrity in war and promote women’s rights to participate in decisions affecting them in the realm of peace and security. Its normative framework offers potential to transform how peace and security is framed in the UN Security Council. At the same time, critics charge that the Women, Peace and Security agenda reproduces problematic categories, including women as a static, homogeneous social group, binaries such as peace and war as clearly delineated events, and victims and perpetrators as gendered, oppositional groups. In this article, we strive to think critically about gender and human rights through the rubric of the Women, Peace and Security agenda and problematic categories that underpin its design. We do so by exploring gender and embodied knowledge in war.
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Gutman, Yifat. "Looking backward to the future: Counter-memory as oppositional knowledge-production in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict." Current Sociology 65, no. 1 (July 9, 2016): 54–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011392115584644.
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This article examines a strategy of peace activism that gained visibility in the last decades: memory activism. Memory activists manifest a temporal shift in transnational politics: first the past, then the future. Affiliated with the globally-circulating paradigm of historical justice, memory activist groups assume that a new understanding of the past could lead to a new perception of present problems and project alternative solutions for the future. Based on ethnographic fieldwork and discourse analysis among memory activists of the 1948 war in Israel since 2001, the article examines the activist production of counter-memory during active conflict. Using Coy et al.’s typology of oppositional knowledge-production, the article shows how the largest group of memory activism in Israel produced ‘new’ information on the war, critically assessed the dominant historical narrative, offered an alternative shared narrative, and began to envision practical solutions for Palestinian refugees. However, the analysis raises additional concerns that reach beyond the scope of the typology, primarily regarding the unequal power relations that exist not only between the dominant and activist production of oppositional knowledge, but also among activists.
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Labidi, Imed Ben. "On naming Arab revolutions and oppositional media narratives." International Journal of Cultural Studies 22, no. 3 (March 2, 2018): 450–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367877918759555.
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The unfinished Arab revolutions produced unsettling conditions, sectarian wars, counter-revolutionary wars, proxy wars and transitional democracies. US and Arab media responses could not find effective words to describe them and their underlying geopolitical implications. Whether to name them ‘protest’ or ‘unrest’, American mainstream media initially welcomed the events with a cautious curiosity while Arab media favoured a romanticized coverage. But as the protests spread fast and continued, a more dominant popular narrative in the US shaped by the ‘exceptionalist’ perspective about the Middle East emerged. This article explains how dominant discursive framings deployed a form of ‘nature talk’, specifically through names, phrases and locutions such as ‘Arab Spring’, ‘Jasmine revolution’, ‘Arab transition’, and horticultural words like ‘flower’, ‘rose’ and ‘blossom’ to describe the Arab uprisings. Because of an intellectually limiting media-produced racial vernacular during the period of mass protest, this dominant mainstream narrative spoke about the events either by using neo-imperial language that characterized the revolutions as an Islamist threat or by employing culturally reductionist vocabulary which infantilized protesters. The goal here is to place specific media frames and images that such linguistic constructions create and disseminate within the context of power relations, the politics of naming and knowledge production.
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Feldman, Alice. "Othering Knowledge and Unknowing Law: Oppositional Narratives in the Struggle for American Indian Religious Freedom." Social & Legal Studies 9, no. 4 (December 2000): 557–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096466390000900405.
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Martínez, Samuel. "The masking of history : popular images of the nation on a Dominican sugar plantation." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 71, no. 3-4 (January 1, 1997): 227–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002606.
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Examines how popular, oppositional historical consciousness is formed and expressed among poor and marginalized rural proletarians of Haitian descent living in the Dominican Republic. Author addresses the incomplete and contested nature of hegemony in the Caribbean and raises questions about the relationship between 'vernacular' and 'official' knowledge about the past, whether they always oppose each other or whether there is overlap.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Oppositional knowledge"
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ZAIMI, AVGUSTINA. "Alternative media in Greece : Diving into the pool of millennials' attitudes." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informatik och media, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-447348.
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This thesis aimed at examining, in the middle of an intense sociopolitical crisis in the Greek landscape, how young users of alternative media in Greece reflect on traditional media, how they view alternative media and how they use them in order to mobilize, engage politically and acquire types of oppositional knowledge. In-depth interviews on Greek millennials indicated a cognitive-driven relationship to mainstream media while a generic tendency towards alternative media was notived, however, accompanied by a critical stance. Political participation was present on both ffline and online version, with an apparent inclination to online types through e-petitions and expressive forms of action, such as content sharing and posts on social media. Oppositional types of knowledge were identified through the millennials' responses, though, with a presence of reservedness and critique. The shift towards alternative media depicted the emergence of a concrete digital familiarization of Greek millennials who seriously engage to sociopolitical issues and at the same time preserve their doubts as far as credibility or objectivity of news are concerned. Future research could be conducted focusing on the content analysis of alternative media news platforms. Therefore, micro-organizational aspects, such as agenda-setting and news production along with ethical lines that are followed, would enrich the picture of alternative media landscape in Greece and maybe provide the motivation to examine the aforementioned conditions in other media systems, as well.
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Meyers, Lateasha Nicol. "Seeing Education Through A Black Girls' Lens: A Qualitative Photovoice Study Through Their Eyes." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1586263706742763.
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Leach, Sarah Elizabeth, and kimg@deakin edu au. "Nursing Work and Nursing Knowledge: Exploring the Work of Womens' Health Nurses Patterns of Power and Praxis." Deakin University. Nursing, 1998. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20031126.084144.
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The majority of women's health nurses in this study work in generalist community health centres. They have developed their praxis within the philosophy and policies of the broader women's health movement and primary health care principles in Australia. The fundamental assumption underlying this study is that women's health nurses possess a unique body of knowledge and clinical wisdom that has not been previously documented and explored. The epistemological base from which these nurses' operate offers important insights into the substantive issues that create and continually shape the practice world of nurses and their clients. Whether this represents a (re)construction of the dominant forms of health care service delivery for women is examined in this study.
The study specifically aims at exploring the practice issues and experience of women's health service provision by women's health nurses in the context of the provision of cervical cancer screening services. In mapping this particular group of nurses practice, it sets out to examine the professional and theoretical issues in contemporary nursing and women's health care.
In critically analysing the powerful discourses that shape and reshape nursing work, the study raises the concern that previous analyses of pursing work tend to universalise the structural and social subordination of nurses and nursing knowledge. This universalism is most often based on examples of midwifery and nursing work in hospital settings, and subsequently, because of these conceptualisations, all of nursing is too often deemed as a dependent occupation, with little agency, and is analysed as always in relation to medicine, to hospitals, to other knowledge forms.
Denoting certain discourses as dominant proposes a relationship of power and knowledge and the thesis argues that all work relations and practices in health are structured by certain power/knowledge relations. This analysis reveals that there
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are many competing and complimentary power/knowledge relations that structure nursing, but that nursing, and in particular women's health nurses, also challenge the power/knowledge relations around them. Through examining theories of power and knowledge the analysis, argues that theoretical eclecticism is necessary to address the complex and varied nature of nursing work. In particular it identifies that postmodern and radical feminist theorising provide the most appropriate framework to further analyse and interpret the work of women's health nurses.
Fundamental to the position argued in this thesis is a feminist perspective. This position creates important theoretical and methodological links throughout the whole study. Feminist methodology was employed to guide the design, the collection and the analysis. Intrinsic to this process was the use of the 'voices' of women's health nurses as the basis for theorising. The 'voices' of these nurses are highlighted in the chapters as italicised bold script. A constant companion along the way in examining women's health nurses' work, was the reflexivity with feminist research processes, the theoretical discussions and their 'voices'. Capturing and analysing descriptive accounts of nursing praxis is seen in this thesis as providing a way to theorise about nursing work. This methodology is able to demonstrate the knowledge forms embedded in clinical nursing praxis.
Three conceptual threads emerge throughout the discussions: one focuses on nursing praxis as a distinct process, with its own distinct epistemological base rather than in relation to 'other' knowledge forms; another describes the medical restriction and opposition as experienced by this group of nurses, but also of their resistance to medical opposition. The third theme apparent from the interviews, and which was conceptualised as beyond resistance, was the description of the alternative discourses evident in nursing work, and this focused on notions of being a professional and on autonomous nursing praxis.
This study concludes that rather than accepting the totalising discourses about nursing there are examples within nursing of resistanceboth ideologically and
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in practiceto these dominant discourses. Women's health nurses represent an important model of women's health service delivery, an analysis of which can contribute to critically reflecting on the 'paradigm of oppression' cited in nursing and about nursing more generally. Reflecting on women's health service delivery also has relevance in today's policy environment, where structural shifts in Commonwealth/State funding arrangements in community based care, may undermine women's health programs.
In summary this study identifies three important propositions for nursing:
nursing praxis can reconstruct traditional models of health care;
nursing praxis is powerful and able to 'resist' dominant discourses; and
nursing praxis can be transformative.
Joining feminist perspectives and alternative analyses of power provides a pluralistic and emancipatory politics for viewing, describing and analysing 'other' nursing work. At the micro sites of power and knowledge relationsin the everyday practice worlds of nurses, of negotiation and renegotiation, of work on the margins and at the centrewomen's health nurses' praxis operates as a positive, productive and reconstructive force in health care.
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Jonasson, Cecilia. "Klarsynthet : om den filosofiska innebörden av "det närvarande och verkliga" i Clara - or, On Nature's Connection to the Spirit World av F. W. J. Schelling." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för kultur och kommunikation, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-14839.
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This essay aims to explore the philosophical meaning of the expression ”present and real” in Clara – or, On Nature’s Connection to the Spirit World by F. W. J. Schelling. Clara is unique among the works of Schelling since it is written as a discussion embedded in a symbolic and fictional context. One of the reasons for this is its aim to ground all scientific knowledge in that which is “present and real”. After having presented an overview of the life and philosophy of Schelling, as well as his relevance in contemporary philosophy, this essay is constituted by a thorough textual analysis of Clara. The analysis reveals how the text through descriptions of emotions, environments and a symbolic story highlights a certain “qualitative aspect” of the present and real. As what is simultaneously ”the ideal in the real” and “the real in the ideal” this aspect escapes rational quantifying reason, revealing a foundational indivisible unity of life. An awareness of this intuitively known aspect of life can give rise to an immediate knowing, and felt as inspiration it can trigger the mind into the process of making what is immediately known into scientific “realized” knowledge. This way, an awareness of the pre-rational can lead to a permanent clairvoyance – a cognition in which that, which initially appears as irrational, can be made comprehensible. Interestingly, “the ideal in the real” coincides with the concept of “qualia”, the potential existence of which is lively debated within the field of consciousness studies today. Not much has been written about Clara so far, possibly partly because it concerns “the Spirit World” in its substantial sense. However, this essay hopes to show that Clara is phenomenologically, ontologically and epistemologically relevant and that it has a philosophical value of its own.Denna uppsats syftar till att analysera den filosofiska innebörden av uttrycket ”närvarande och verkligt” i F. W. J Schellings verk Clara – or, On Nature’s Connection to the Spirit World. Detta verk är unikt bland Schellings övriga verk då det är utformat som en diskussion satt i en symbolisk och fiktiv kontext, bland annat i syfte att förankra all vetenskaplig kunskap i det närvarande och verkliga. Efter en presentation av Schellings liv, filosofi och dagsaktualitet utgörs uppsatsen av en ingående textanalys som visar hur Schelling med hjälp av känslo- miljö- och händelseskildringar i Clara framhäver en särskild ”kvalitativ aspekt” av det närvarande och verkliga. Denna undflyr det rationella kvantifierande förnuftet och uppenbarar livets grundläggande odelbara enhet. Såsom det ideala i det reala sammanfaller denna aspekt med begreppet ”kvalia” vars existens livligt debatteras inom medvetandefilosofin idag. Clara visar dock att det ideala i det reala även är detsamma som det reala i det ideala och att en medvetandegörning om denna kvalitativt, omedelbart och intuitivt kända aspekt av livet kan ge upphov till ett omedelbart vetande och inspiration som kan realiseras vetenskapligt. I samverkan med förnuftet kan denna förrationella medvetenhet leda till en beständig klarsynthet inom vilket allt, även det som först förefaller irrationellt, kan göras begripligt. Inte mycket har tidigare skrivits om Clara, möjligen delvis beroende på att den berör andevärlden i konkret bemärkelse, vilket kan verka vetenskapligt avskräckande. Denna uppsats hoppas dock visa på verkets fenomenologiska relevans och dess filosofiska egenvärde. [1]För mer info om kvaliadebatten se exempelvis: Edmond Wright (editor). The case for qualia. (Cambridge: MIT press, 2008)
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Le, Roux Elizabeth Henriette. "Between complicity and resistance : a social history of the university presses in apartheid South Africa." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25429.
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University press publishing, while often associated with the promotion of academic freedom, may be situated between the poles of resistance and complicity when considering intellectual responses to apartheid. Yet the history of this form of scholarly publishing has largely been ignored thus far, due to a perception that it had little to tell us about either apartheid or the struggle against it. However, the social history of South Africa’s university presses – at Wits, Natal and Unisa, in particular – provides a new angle for examining academic freedom and knowledge production during the apartheid era. Using a hybrid methodology including archival research, historical bibliography, and political sociology, this study aims to examine the origins, publishing lists and philosophies of the university presses through the lens of a continuum of intellectual responses: ranging from collaboration and complicity, to opposition and dissidence. Results show that, over time, the positions and publishing strategies adopted by the South African university presses shifted, becoming more liberal. It is argued, however, that the university presses should not be considered oppositional or anti-apartheid publishers, in part because they did not resist the censorship regime of the government, and in part because they operated within the constraints of publicly funded, bureaucratic institutions of higher education. They nonetheless produced an important, if under-valued, body of work and provided a platform for a variety of academic opinions. Moreover, the university presses faced a variety of challenges in their struggle to survive over the years, including financial pressures, international competition, and wavering institutional support. But perhaps the greatest challenge was a delicate balancing act: an attempt to promote academic freedom within a climate of political repression, censorship and ideology. The study demonstrates the significance of publishing history for an examination of broader issues of social history, as well as the applicability of a wide range of methodological tools for the field of Book History.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
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Books on the topic "Oppositional knowledge"
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Das Widerstandsargument in der Erkenntnistheorie: Ein Angriff auf die Automatisierung des Wissens. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1985.
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Vallejo Maldonado, Pablo Ramon, and Nikolay Chaynov. Kinematics and dynamics of automobile piston engines. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/989072.
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The fundamentals of kinematics and dynamics of transport piston internal combustion engines made using different layout schemes are presented. Along with the traditional in-line, V-shaped, including oppositional, arrangement of cylinders, schemes with "staggered" arrangement of cylinders in the block at the displaced connecting rod necks of the crankshaft of the engine are considered. The kinematics of the coaxial crank mechanism is considered in detail. The questions of dynamics with reduction of calculated dependences of forces, moments, a choice of a rational order of work of cylinders in relation to the considered kinematic schemes are in detail stated. Considerable attention is paid to the unevenness of the crankshaft rotation speed and engine balancing. The loads on the main and connecting rod bearings of the crankshaft, the knowledge of which is necessary in determining the bearing capacity of bearing units, are also considered.
Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation.
For students of higher educational institutions studying in the direction of training 23.03.03 "Operation of transport and technological machines and complexes" and related areas.
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Lord Byron and Madame de Staël: Born for opposition. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate, 1999.
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DasGupta, Sayantani. The Politics of the Pedagogy: Cripping, Queering and Un-homing Health Humanities. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360192.003.0007.
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Drawing upon progressive pedagogical theorists and her own experiences, the author examines the potential effects and ethical responsibility of the health humanities workshop/classroom. Is it possible to search for oppositional knowledge—as described by Talpade Mohanty—within the health humanities disciplines; what does it mean to crip, queer, or un-home these many fields? In what ways might narrative work pose risks to students when it is practiced without attention to the operation of power and privilege? The author describes the evolution of her own pedagogical approach and proposes three pedagogical pillars to guide socially just narrative practices: narrative humility, structural competency, and engaged pedagogy. By embracing the state of being “un-homed”, the health humanities may strive to become a multiply layered space and time that both affirms difference and provides an alternative to authoritarian power and oppression.
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Agathangelou, Anna M., and Heather M. Turcotte. “Feminist” Theoretical Inquiries and “IR”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.374.
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Feminist international relations (IR) theories have long provided interventions and insights into the embedded asymmetrical gender relations of global politics, particularly in areas such as security, state-nationalism, rights–citizenship, and global political economies. Yet despite the histories of struggle to increase attention to gender analysis, and women in particular, within world politics, IR knowledge and practice continues to segregate gendered and feminist analyses as if they are outside its own formation. IR as a field, discipline, and site of contestation of power has been one of the last fields to open up to gender and feminist analyses. One reason for this is the link between social science and international institutions like the United Nations, and its dominant role in the formation of foreign policy. Raising the inferior status of feminism within IR, that is, making possible the mainstreaming of gender and feminism, will require multiple centers of power and multiple marginalities. However, these institutional struggles for recognition through exclusion may themselves perpetuate similar exploitative relationships of drawing boundaries around legitimate academic and other institutional orders. In engaging, listening and writing these struggles, it is important to recognize that feminisms, feminist IR, and IR are intimately linked through disciplinary struggles and larger geopolitical struggles of world affairs and thus necessitate knowledge terrains attentive to intersectional and oppositional gendered struggles (i.e., race, sexuality, nation, class, religion, and gender itself).
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Cooper, Brittney C. Organized Anxiety. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040993.003.0003.
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This chapter expands the intellectual geography mapped in Beyond Respectability by examining the National Association of Colored Women (NACW) as a site of Black female knowledge production. In particular, this chapter uses the work of Fannie Barrier Williams, a Chicago based clubwoman, to map many of the key intellectual interventions of the NACW as a school of social thought. Drawing on Williams’ theorization of what she calls organized anxiety, Brittney Cooper takes up and critically examines her claim that the NACW was responsible for creating “race public opinion” and, by extension, giving shape and form to an emergent Black public sphere. As a concept, organized anxiety politicizes the emotional lives of Black women and constitutes one more iteration of the ways that race women invoked embodied discourse in their public intellectual work. The chapter also examines Williams’s invocation of a discourse the author terms American peculiarity, a kind of oppositional discourse challenging claims of American exceptionalism. Finally, the chapter interrogates her concept of racial sociality, a sophisticated way to think about ideas of racial unity and social connections between African Americans of different geographic and class backgrounds. Williams was a formidable political theorist, who, through her work in the NACW, introduced a rich conceptual milieu through which to think about Black politics, Black organizations, and gender politics in the late nineteenth century.
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Kallestrup, Jesper, Emma C. Gordon, and Duncan Pritchard. Epistemic Supervenience, Anti-individualism, and Knowledge-First Epistemology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198716310.003.0010.
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This chapter investigates connections between Knowledge-First epistemology and a meta-epistemological thesis defended elsewhere by the authors (and in opposition to robust forms of virtue epistemology) under the description of epistemic anti-individualism. Epistemic anti-individualism is a denial of the epistemic individualist’s claim that warrant—i.e. what converts true belief into knowledge—supervenes on internal physical properties of individuals, perhaps in conjunction with local environmental properties. The chapter has two central aims. First, it argues that ‘epistemic twin earth’ thought experiments which reveal robust virtue epistemology (RVE) are problematically committed to epistemic individualism also show that evidentialist mentalism is likewise committed to individualism. Second, it argues that, even though a knowledge-first approach in epistemology is in principle (unlike RVE and evidentialist mentalism) consistent with epistemic anti-individualism, this approach fails to offer a plausible account of epistemic supervenience. The chapter suggests this point is a reason to pursue epistemic anti-individualism outside the knowledge-first framework.
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Anderson, Greg. Being in a Different World. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190886646.003.0017.
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After summarizing the book’ s alternative recursive analysis of the Athenian politeia, the chapter confronts three possible objections to this new account. First, despite possible appearances to the contrary, this kind of ontological history can in fact accommodate the “messiness” of “real life.” While its primary purpose is to recover the ontological and metaphysical commitments which were presupposed by Athenian demokratia, it is not necessarily contradicted by evidence for conduct that might seem to defy those commitments. Second, nor is this kind of analysis necessarily contradicted by the texts of, say, Plato, Thucydides, or other contemporary intellectuals which seem to offer us very different accounts of Greek “realities.” Such texts represent the thought of only a tiny elite minority, intellectuals who were expressly challenging conventional presuppositions about the givens of existence. And it is those conventional presuppositions which the book is primarily concerned with, since they constituted the “world-making common sense” of the age, the social knowledge that was at once presupposed and reproduced by the most vital life-sustaining practices of the Athenians, the thought which actively helped to make their world whatever it really was at the time. By contrast, elite oppositional claims were merely ideational constructs, mere renegade “worldviews.” Third, while the book’ s ontological history is written in the synchronic mode, treating the classical era as a single extended moment, this does not mean that it is incapable of accounting for change. Indeed, as the chapter shows, it is quite possible to imagine a diachronic ontological history.
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Demopoulos, William, and Peter Clark. The Logicism of Frege, Dedekind, and Russell. Edited by Stewart Shapiro. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195325928.003.0005.
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This article is organized around logicism's answers to the following questions: What is the basis for our knowledge of the infinity of the numbers? How is arithmetic applicable to reality? Why is reasoning by induction justified? Although there are, as is seen in this article, important differences, the common thread that runs through all three of the authors discussed in this article their opposition to the Kantian thesis that reflection on reasoning with mere concepts (i.e., without attention to intuitions formed a priori) can never succeed in providing satisfactory answers to these three questions. This description of the core of the view differs from more usual formulations which represent the opposition to Kant as an opposition to the contention that mathematics in general, and arithmetic in particular, are synthetic a priori rather than analytic.
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Fantl, Jeremy. The Epistemic Efficacy of Amateurism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807957.003.0003.
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This chapter discusses when knowledge can survive exposure to counterarguments, even if you find each step compelling and can’t expose a flaw. One consequence of Bayesian epistemology is that knowledge can survive if you lack the expertise to reliably evaluate the counterargument. Knowers can retain knowledge in the face of an apparently flawless counterargument as long as the counterargument is too sophisticated for them, and as long as their knowledge has a basis with which they have sufficient facility (this is one of the lessons of the literature on higher-order evidence). This is one reason why it is so important, in academic writing, to emphasize the case for the opposition. If you train your reader adequately, and they still find the steps in your argument compelling and are unable to locate a flaw, then it becomes harder for them to closed-mindedly dismiss your argument while retaining knowledge that you’re wrong.
Book chapters on the topic "Oppositional knowledge"
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Worthen, Helena. "Labor Education and ‘Oppositional Knowledge’." In We Saved the Best for You, 161–64. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-122-1_36.
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Richards, Assata. "Creating Oppositional Knowledge as a Black Feminist." In Black Feminist Sociology, 217–27. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003199113-22.
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Higgins, Marc. "Serious Play: Inflecting the Multicultural Science Education Debate Through and for (Socratic) Dialogue." In Unsettling Responsibility in Science Education, 81–129. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61299-3_3.
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AbstractThe purpose of this chapter is to differentially revisit the multicultural science education debate, a central curricular location that acts as both a potential entry point and problematic gate-keeping device for Indigenous science to-come, by inflecting it with a potentially less oppositional mode of meaning-making: serious play. Within this debate, it is generally agreed upon that there is a clear moral imperative to respect students from diverse cultural backgrounds within the multicultural science education classroom. However, what constitutes respect and how it is enacted continues to be hotly debated due to differing considerations of “what counts” as science. This has produced two largely incommensurable positions around the inclusion of Indigenous ways-of-living-with-Nature (e.g., ethnoscience, Indigenous science): those who contest its status as scientific knowledge and those who champion it. However, as the process of debate enacted is commonly one of opposition, there is little room for meaning-made across positions. Above and beyond addressing the sources of knowledge that continue to uphold this serious debate, this chapter plays with/in the debate processes as a means of opening these foreclosed spaces in science education as both form and content lead to the excluding, differing, and deferring of Indigenous science to-come.
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Simons, Peter. "Opposition, Obversion, and Duality." In Consciousness, Knowledge, and Truth, 107–24. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2060-9_7.
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Pérez-Rodríguez, Adriana M. "“At Least They Know We Exist”. Claiming Their Right to Appear: The Gender Studies Research Group in Cúcuta, Colombia, as Maker of Oppositional Knowledge." In Queer Epistemologies in Education, 203–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50305-5_12.
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Ciucci, Davide, Didier Dubois, and Henri Prade. "Oppositions in Rough Set Theory." In Rough Sets and Knowledge Technology, 504–13. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31900-6_62.
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Lenzen, Wolfgang. "How to Square Knowledge and Belief." In Around and Beyond the Square of Opposition, 305–11. Basel: Springer Basel, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-0379-3_21.
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Miclet, Laurent, and Henri Prade. "Analogical Proportions and Square of Oppositions." In Information Processing and Management of Uncertainty in Knowledge-Based Systems, 324–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08855-6_33.
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Scott, Michael. "Knowledge of Governance as Knowledge for Governance: Spatialized Techniques of Neutralization." In Knowledge for Governance, 51–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47150-7_3.
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AbstractThe term governance often evokes processes of negotiation and collaboration between civil society, private sector, and state actors. Yet, governance processes also involve a contest of ideas in efforts to legitimate state-backed decision making. Drawing on empirical cases of coastal property developments in South Australia, this chapter investigates how key actors in land-use governance—such as developers, planners, politicians, and scientists—reflexively deploy “techniques of neutralization” to deflect critiques and manage opposition to contentious new developments. The author explores how these techniques draw on particular spatial metaphors and images to suggest that, somewhat ironically, a tacit meta technique is to neutralize the projected environmental risks to coastal space through narratives of time. By outlining these everyday techniques of neutralization, the author argues that such routines are a form of knowledge of governance—knowing what can be said and ways of speaking within governance processes—that is in turn a form of knowledge for governance.
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Boffa, Stefania, Petra Murinová, and Vilém Novák. "Graded Decagon of Opposition with Fuzzy Quantifier-Based Concept-Forming Operators." In Information Processing and Management of Uncertainty in Knowledge-Based Systems, 131–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50153-2_10.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Oppositional knowledge"
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Zhangjun Wu, Zhiwei Ni, Chang Zhang, and Lichuan Gu. "Opposition based comprehensive learning particle swarm optimization." In 2008 3rd International Conference on Intelligent System and Knowledge Engineering (ISKE 2008). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iske.2008.4731078.
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ČIULDĖ, Edvardas, and Asta STEIKŪNIENĖ. "SOCRATES AND KNOWLEDGE-BASED SOCIETY, OR RURAL TRACE IN THE DIALOGUE CULTURE." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.112.
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Knowledge is the engine of change in every society, and within this structure, training of philosophical perception is essential. This article analyses how modern philosophical education is compatible with the ideal of knowledge society – how teaching material changes when knowledge becomes a commodity. The article searches for parallels between the opposition among the sophists and Socrates and the modern day approach to fostering a culture of dialogue, focusing on knowledge and innovation society.
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Ahandani, Morteza Alinia, Reza Banimahd, and Naser Pourqorban Shrjoposht. "Solving the parameter identification problem using shuffled frog leaping with opposition-based initialization." In 2011 International eConference on Computer and Knowledge Engineering (ICCKE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccke.2011.6413323.
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Ebeling, Régis, Carlos Córdova Sáenz, Jeferson Campos Nobre, and Karin Becker. "Quarenteners vs. Cloroquiners: a framework to analyze the effect of political polarization on social distance stances." In Symposium on Knowledge Discovery, Mining and Learning. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/kdmile.2020.11963.
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The worldwide COVID-19 pandemic has struck people’s lives overnight. With an alarming contagious rate and no effective treatments or vaccines, it has evoked all sorts of reactions. In this paper, we propose a framework to analyze how political polarization affects groups’ behavior with opposed stances, using the Brazilian COVID polarized scenario as a case study. Two Twitter groups represent the pro/against social isolation stances referred to as Chloroquiners and Quarenteners. The framework encompasses: a) techniques to automatically infer from users political orientation, b) topic modeling to discover the homogeneity of concerns expressed by each group; c) network analysis and community detection to characterize their behavior as a social network group and d) analysis of linguistic characteristics to identify psychological aspects. Our main findings confirm that Cloroquiners are right-wing partisans, whereas Quarenteners are more related to the left-wing. The political polarization of Chloroquiners and Quarenteners influence the arguments of economy and life, and support/opposition to the president. As a group, the network of Chloroquiners is more closed and connected, and Quarenteners have a more diverse political engagement. In terms of psychological aspects, polarized groups come together on cognitive issues and negative emotions.
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Cazzulani, G., S. Moschini, F. Ripamonti, and F. Resta. "A Real-Time Algorithm for Fault Detection in Construction Machinery." In ASME 2012 11th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2012-82603.
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The laws concerning safety on worksite have become more strict year on year being that topic always more important. The main causes of injuries are workers unawareness and structural failures of machineries, i.e. cranes, or scaffolds. In order to prevent injuries, an accurate maintenance is mandatory. During the last years a new trend in maintenance has arisen in opposition to programmed maintenance. Monitoring the system, the condition based maintenance may prevent accidents avoiding unnecessary stops of the machineries and the corresponding reduced returns. In this paper a health monitoring algorithm for a typology of construction machinery (the concrete displacing booms) is proposed. The proposed algorithm is based on the knowledge of geometrical and dynamical parameters of the boom, estimated through a stand-alone self-learning procedure. This feature makes the developed diagnostics system predisposed to be easily extended to other machineries or work fields. The common failure conditions, such as an overload or a crack propagation, are readily signaled. The algorithm has been numerically and experimentally validated on a specific test rig which reproduces a reduced scale concrete displacing boom. The results, referred to the detection of two simulated common failure conditions, are presented and discussed.
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Seel, Kevin, and Adam Phillips. "Combining Expert Knowledge and Automation to Maximize Pipeline Route Optionality and Defensibility: A Case Study of the Aurora Pipeline." In 2018 12th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2018-78289.
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It has become increasingly difficult to successfully develop pipeline projects in North America. This stems from complex matters including environmental opposition, Indigenous rights, regulatory uncertainty, investor indecision and evolving policy. To manage these challenges, developers are advised to consider a route development methodology that provides both optionality and defensibility. This can be achieved through a process that characterizes the landscape based on level of constraint related to environmental and social factors, construction and operational limitations, strategic drivers and cost. Such a process must be analytically robust and able to adapt to new information and priorities emerging throughout the development phase. Particularly in the case of large-scale pipeline projects, traditional routing methods may prove too costly and time-consuming to undertake this analysis in a practical manner. Consequently, proponents may be left with fewer and less defensible route options. Recently, the Aurora Pipeline Team sought to advance preliminary corridor routing under a paradigm of maximum optionality and defensibility in evaluating pipeline routes across northern British Columbia, inclusive of strategic interconnections. Implementing Golder Associates Ltd. automated routing decision support system called “GoldSET” the team was able to rapidly perform a robust corridor options analysis covering over 400,000 km2. This systematic, data-driven process involved subject matter expert assessment of the level of constraint or opportunity associated with individual data layers in consideration of multiple, thematic scenarios. Having consolidated and mapped the aggregated level of constraint across northern BC, routes were generated along paths of least constraint with segments tested for agreement across multiple scenarios. In total, 72 routes comprising more than 50,000 km in total length were developed and evaluated for feasibility. This refinement process ultimately resulted in an interconnected network of approximately 180 pre-screened route segments totaling nearly 12,237 km of potential routes. The advantage provided in subsequent stages of the project was the ability to recognize, quantify and evaluate the tradeoffs between segments, and adapt the route as fatal flaws were encountered. During ensuing, constructability-focused phases of the routing process, optionality had been pre-established, and route changes were able to be made quickly where required. The automated process, in companion to subject matter expert participation, also provided a clear and defensible rationale as to why routes were considered optimal, and how potential impacts to sensitive features were addressed. The evaluation was completed in far less time and more cost-effectively than otherwise possible with traditional methods.
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Novikov, A. N., and M. S. Novikova. "МИРОВОЗЗРЕНЧЕСКИЕ ФОРМУЛЫ В ГЕОГРАФИИ:ОСОБЕННОСТИ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ В НАУКЕ И ОБРАЗОВАНИИ." In Geosistemy vostochnyh raionov Rossii: osobennosti ih struktur i prostranstvennogo razvitiia. ИП Мироманова Ирина Витальевна, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.35735/tig.2019.20.67.004.
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География это мировоззренческая наука. Сложившаяся за десятилетия структура курса обучения географии в российской средней школе знакома каждому из нас и состоит из четырёх этапов. В университете система обучения будущих учителей географии состоит из тех же самых этапов, однако, это не просто углублённое повторение школьной программы, это совершенно новый, более высокий уровень географического образования. Как на школьном, так и на университетском уровнях изменения происходят в масштабе тем и разделов отдельных этапов, но этапы остаются неизменными. Межэтапный уровень является предельным, его осознание не попадает в область рефлексии педагогов и методистов. Отсутствуют и научные труды по его анализу. В качестве метода исследования выступает диалектика, законы которой срабатывают в виде мировоззренческих формул. В школьном географическом образовании проблема формирования восприятия не проявляется чётко и поэтому не осознаётся. Проблемы начинают проявляться на межэтапном уровне. Мировоззренческая формула дихотомии перестала работать в виде противопоставления отраслевая география районная география, взаимодействие в этой бинарной оппозиции строилось по принципу отраслевой анализ региональный синтез. В разделах районной географии исчезли механизмы (энергопроизводственные циклы) и формы синтеза (природнотерриториальные и территориальнопроизводственные комплексы). Произошла утрата целесообразности изучения районной географии. Новых форм синтеза в постсоветское время на вооружение российской школьной и университетской географией принято не было. В университетском курсе, который был направлен на осознание диалектических знаний школьного курса и развитие их, невозможно провести рефлексию, так как основы географических знаний у абитуриентов бесформенные. Владение мировоззренческими формулами это вопрос отражения географической реальности. В переходе с уровня на уровень возрастает самостоятельность географического мышления и удаление от стереотипов, возрастает эвристический потенциал за счёт сочетания формул, которое даёт вариативность отражения географической реальности. Geography is a worldview science. The structure of the geography course in the Russian secondary school, which has developed over the decades, is familiar to each of us and consists of four stages. At the University, the system of teaching future teachers of geography consists of the same stages, however, it is not just an indepth repetition of the school curriculum, it is a completely new, higher level of geographical education. At both the school and University levels, changes occur in the scale of topics and sections of individual stages, but the stages remain the same. The interstage level is the limit, its awareness does not fall into the field of reflection of teachers and methodologists. There are no scientific papers on its analysis. The method of research is dialectics, the laws of which work in the form of worldview formulas. In school geographic education, the problem of perception formation is not clearly manifested and therefore is not realized. Problems begin to emerge at the interstage level. The worldview formula of dichotomy ceased to work in the form of the opposition sectoral geography regional geography, the interaction in this binary opposition was based on the principle of sectoral analysis regional synthesis. Mechanisms (energy production cycles) and forms of synthesis (naturalterritorial and territorialproduction complexes) have disappeared in the sections of the district geography. There was a loss of expediency of studying of regional geography. New forms of synthesis in the postSoviet period were not adopted by the Russian school and University geography. In the University course, which was aimed at understanding the dialectical knowledge of the school course and their development, it is impossible to reflect, as the basis of geographical knowledge of students formless. The possession of ideological formulas is the question of geographic reality. In the transition from level to level increases the independence of geographical thinking and the distance from stereotypes, heuristic potential increases due to the combination of formulas, which gives variability of reflection of geographical reality.
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Novikov, A. N., and M. S. Novikova. "МИРОВОЗЗРЕНЧЕСКИЕ ФОРМУЛЫ В ГЕОГРАФИИ:ОСОБЕННОСТИ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ В НАУКЕ И ОБРАЗОВАНИИ." In Geosistemy vostochnyh raionov Rossii: osobennosti ih struktur i prostranstvennogo razvitiia. ИП Мироманова Ирина Витальевна, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33833/tig.2019.20.67.004.
Full textAbstract:
География это мировоззренческая наука. Сложившаяся за десятилетия структура курса обучения географии в российской средней школе знакома каждому из нас и состоит из четырёх этапов. В университете система обучения будущих учителей географии состоит из тех же самых этапов, однако, это не просто углублённое повторение школьной программы, это совершенно новый, более высокий уровень географического образования. Как на школьном, так и на университетском уровнях изменения происходят в масштабе тем и разделов отдельных этапов, но этапы остаются неизменными. Межэтапный уровень является предельным, его осознание не попадает в область рефлексии педагогов и методистов. Отсутствуют и научные труды по его анализу. В качестве метода исследования выступает диалектика, законы которой срабатывают в виде мировоззренческих формул. В школьном географическом образовании проблема формирования восприятия не проявляется чётко и поэтому не осознаётся. Проблемы начинают проявляться на межэтапном уровне. Мировоззренческая формула дихотомии перестала работать в виде противопоставления отраслевая география районная география, взаимодействие в этой бинарной оппозиции строилось по принципу отраслевой анализ региональный синтез. В разделах районной географии исчезли механизмы (энергопроизводственные циклы) и формы синтеза (природнотерриториальные и территориальнопроизводственные комплексы). Произошла утрата целесообразности изучения районной географии. Новых форм синтеза в постсоветское время на вооружение российской школьной и университетской географией принято не было. В университетском курсе, который был направлен на осознание диалектических знаний школьного курса и развитие их, невозможно провести рефлексию, так как основы географических знаний у абитуриентов бесформенные. Владение мировоззренческими формулами это вопрос отражения географической реальности. В переходе с уровня на уровень возрастает самостоятельность географического мышления и удаление от стереотипов, возрастает эвристический потенциал за счёт сочетания формул, которое даёт вариативность отражения географической реальности. Geography is a worldview science. The structure of the geography course in the Russian secondary school, which has developed over the decades, is familiar to each of us and consists of four stages. At the University, the system of teaching future teachers of geography consists of the same stages, however, it is not just an indepth repetition of the school curriculum, it is a completely new, higher level of geographical education. At both the school and University levels, changes occur in the scale of topics and sections of individual stages, but the stages remain the same. The interstage level is the limit, its awareness does not fall into the field of reflection of teachers and methodologists. There are no scientific papers on its analysis. The method of research is dialectics, the laws of which work in the form of worldview formulas. In school geographic education, the problem of perception formation is not clearly manifested and therefore is not realized. Problems begin to emerge at the interstage level. The worldview formula of dichotomy ceased to work in the form of the opposition sectoral geography regional geography, the interaction in this binary opposition was based on the principle of sectoral analysis regional synthesis. Mechanisms (energy production cycles) and forms of synthesis (naturalterritorial and territorialproduction complexes) have disappeared in the sections of the district geography. There was a loss of expediency of studying of regional geography. New forms of synthesis in the postSoviet period were not adopted by the Russian school and University geography. In the University course, which was aimed at understanding the dialectical knowledge of the school course and their development, it is impossible to reflect, as the basis of geographical knowledge of students formless. The possession of ideological formulas is the question of geographic reality. In the transition from level to level increases the independence of geographical thinking and the distance from stereotypes, heuristic potential increases due to the combination of formulas, which gives variability of reflection of geographical reality.
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Bergamini, Isabella, and Daniele Fanzini. "Design education learning: developing skills of observing and managing intangible system in young generations." In Systems & Design: Beyond Processes and Thinking. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ifdp.2016.3328.
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There is consensus among researchers are recognizing that managing and projecting in complexity multidimensionality (Manzini, Baule, & Bertola, 2004) represents one of the mains challenges and constants of contemporaries’ processes of innovation. This systemic distinguishing peculiarity makes impossible to standardize the design processes because every single situation needs to be solve by adopting different strategies (Celaschi & Deserti, 2007). Nevertheless, those innovative processes can be developed and managed by refer us to tools and practices of design into the paradigms of multidisciplinary and multidimensional. However, what happens when professors have to transmit those concepts to young students of design faculties? We have to consider that normally those students are coming from second-degree schools, which programs usually still insist on content rigidly divided in disciplines and don´t consider how the contemporary relation between space and time has overturned for them (Morin, 2001). Young students generally disclaim their past in the meaning of heritage, values and techniques knowledge; they live in the present, a time that does not exist; a time that today results enormously expanded by globalization processes. They still living in a reality of which territorial capital subsystems are characterized by an entropic strong dichotomy of entities in opposition but, on the other hand, in balance within themselves, as for example topics as material/immaterial, collective/identity, culture/industry, etc. So, which are the design didactic challenges to provide horizontal skills for allowing young students to understand complexity and manage knowledge of the reality? This article will discuss the case study of the perception among design of a newly generation admitted at the Innovation and Design Engineering Degree of the Universidad Panamericana – Guadalajara Campus. As expected, in this new generation we can especially observe a resistance to consider the sociocultural, business, technological and territorial dimensions as systems that strategically characterized and affected plural aspects of the design innovation processes. The contribute then proceed in analyzing case studies of didactic activities for creating skills and sensibility able to develop this capability to observe, select and manage the intangible in order to optimize the design of the tangible in the young generations.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/IFDP.2016.3328
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Guillaume, S., Bernard Mouroux, and J. M. Hoorelbeke. "Retrievability, Reversibility and Monitoring of Geological Disposal in France." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1296.
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Abstract The reversibility for repositories is frequently quoted in the media, and opponents to nuclear energy or to waste burial often justify their opposition by the impossibility of reversibility in deep geological formations, as an echo to the supposed absence of reversibility in everything associated with nuclear energy in general. Reversibility responds to various motivations: in case of error or of unpredicted events, it must be possible to intervene; inversely, it must also be possible to recycle certain materials many years after disposal; due to a potential lack of confidence, it must finally be possible to progress in a stepwise approach in order to ensure that every generation may orient the process. That approach leads to a wide definition of reversibility no longer restricted to demonstrating that it is possible to remove a package technically (“retrievability”), but rather encompassing the possibility to modify the process at each step throughout the lifetime of the repository. Confronted with this definition for reversibility, the preliminary design options of repositories selected for the Meuse/Haute-Marne site in France appear at this stage to be sufficiently flexible to allow further progress in the feasibility study of a reversible repository. Four main areas of study need to be emphasised: • It is necessary to further the knowledge concerning the evolution of a repository: What phenomena control the evolution of the repository? What characteristics of the different components do they affect? • It is necessary to define reversibility levels and their specific characteristics while modulating them, if necessary, according to the different waste types; • It is necessary to define a monitoring programme in close relationship with the phenomena modelling ensuring the representation of the repository evolution over time and the analysis of the safety conditions during each phase; • Finally is it necessary to examine the effects of the different states of the repository on the implementation of technologies: for example, what characteristics or what state of the components may complicate package retrieval, in other words make the proposed technological means inadequate to intervene at each reversibility level?