Academic literature on the topic 'Opportunity belief'
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Journal articles on the topic "Opportunity belief"
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Pietropaoli, Matthew. "A Fruitful Crisis of Belief." Proceedings of the American Catholic Philosophical Association 91 (2017): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/acpaproc201991288.
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The philosopher Hans Jonas penned several essays illustrating how modern thought represents a revolutionary overturning of previously held religious beliefs. The new paradigms of thought toppled prior worldviews of Christianity. Thus, modernity represents a crisis for religious belief. Yet, Jonas contends that modern thought may paradoxically provide the occasion for a deeper encounter with God. This paper will examine Jonas’s discussions on both the challenge and opportunity which modern thought presents to Christianity. First, I will address Jonas’s understanding of how modern science transformed the Christian, God-centered view of the universe, showing, instead, a world following from impersonal laws. Second, I look briefly at Jonas’s understanding of how Rudolph Bultmann responded to this crisis by attempting to “de-mythologize” belief. Third, I will show how Jonas argues that the challenge of modern science to Christian cosmology allows the believer the opportunity for a closer connection to God, moving beyond beliefs and into relationship.
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Alston, Lee J. "Beyond Institutions: Beliefs and Leadership." Journal of Economic History 77, no. 2 (June 2017): 353–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050717000523.
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Beliefs shape the choices of institutions. Beliefs are generally stable, but shocks that cause sufficiently unexpected economic and political outcomes make beliefs malleable. Within these windows of opportunity, leadership can play a role in shaping a new belief among the dominant organizations that in turn generates new institutions and over time a possible transition to a new developmental trajectory.
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Dutko, Joseph Lee. "Beyond Ordinance: Pentecostals and a Sacramental Understanding of the Lord’s Supper." Journal of Pentecostal Theology 26, no. 2 (September 10, 2017): 252–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455251-02602006.
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Most Pentecostal churches define the Lord’s Supper as an ordinance, and they practice it mainly as a cognitive act of remembrance. This article argues that this ordinance/memorialist position is inconsistent with Pentecostal belief and practice in other areas and that a more sacramental understanding of the Lord’s Supper would provide an opportunity for an intensification and revival of other Pentecostals core beliefs, particularly in the areas of pneumatology, eschatology, and ecclesiology. Despite a problematic and inconsistent history with sacramental thought, this study shows that Pentecostals inherently hold a sacramental worldview in their most distinctive belief of glossolalia, which provides a launching point for all other sacramental discussions in Pentecostal theology. The conclusion emerges that a more sacramental understanding of the Lord’s Supper within Pentecostalism will provide a unique opportunity to promote, extend, and at times revive core Pentecostal beliefs and values and reinvigorate Spirit-centered worship in Pentecostal churches.
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Ivanova, Stela, Theresa Treffers, and Fred Langerak. "Emotional paths leading to opportunity desirability and feasibility beliefs through controllability." International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship 36, no. 5 (January 24, 2018): 546–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266242617751596.
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Extant studies promote opportunity belief as an antecedent of entrepreneurial action. However, we do not sufficiently understand how beliefs about the desirability and feasibility of an entrepreneurial opportunity are formed. We argue that desirability and feasibility are related but distinct micro-foundations of entrepreneurial action formed through different cognitive-emotional mechanisms. Drawing on the appraisal tendency framework, we investigate the indirect effects of three basic emotions (anger, fear and happiness) on desirability and feasibility through the appraisal tendency of controllability. In an experimental study ( N = 191), we find evidence for the distinctiveness and interconnectedness of desirability and feasibility beliefs. In addition, our findings show that desirability can be predicted by emotions through controllability, but we cannot predict feasibility through the same appraisal process. Our study seeks insights concerning how desirability and feasibility beliefs regarding an entrepreneurial opportunity are distinctively formed based on the inner cognitive and emotional processes of individuals.
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Keh, Hean Tat, Maw Der Foo, and Boon Chong Lim. "Opportunity Evaluation under Risky Conditions: The Cognitive Processes of Entrepreneurs." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 27, no. 2 (April 2002): 125–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-8520.00003.
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Even though the entrepreneurship literature places much emphasis on opportunity recognition, little is known about how entrepreneurs actually evaluate opportunities. This study uses a cognitive approach to examine opportunity evaluation, as the perception of opportunity is essentially a cognitive phenomenon. We present a model that consists of four independent variables (overconfidence, belief in the law of small numbers, planning fallacy, and illusion of control), a mediating variable (risk perception), two control variables (demographics and risk propensity), and the dependent variable (opportunity evaluation). We find that illusion of control and belief in the law of small numbers are related to how entrepreneurs evaluate opportunities. Our results also indicate that risk perception mediates opportunity evaluation.
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Meester, Ronald. "Classical probabilities and belief functions in legal cases." Law, Probability and Risk 19, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/lpr/mgaa005.
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Abstract I critically discuss a recent suggestion in Nance (Belief Functions and Burdens of Proof. Law, Probability and Risk, 18:53–76, 2018) concerning the question which ratios of beliefs are appropriate when in criminal or civil cases one works with belief functions instead of classical probabilities. I do not call into question the use of belief functions themselves in this context, and I agree with in Nance (Belief Functions and Burdens of Proof. Law, Probability and Risk, 18:53–76, 2018) that so-called ‘uncommitted support’, possible in the framework of belief functions, should not be taken into account in a decision-theoretic framework. However, I argue against in Nance (Belief Functions and Burdens of Proof. Law, Probability and Risk, 18:53–76, 2018) in that, at least in criminal law, relative sizes of beliefs should not be used for decision-making at all. I will argue that only the individual, absolute beliefs should be considered. Since belief functions generalize classical probabilities, this position seems at first sight to conflict with the fact that odds are abundant when we use classical probabilities in a legal context. I will take the opportunity, then, to point out that also in the classical setting, odds are not our primary concern either. They are convenient since they appear, together with the likelihood ratio, in the odds form of Bayes’ rule. Apart from that, they do not have any individual significance. I also note that in civil law the conclusions might be different.
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Harding, Kim, and Abby Day. "Vegan YouTubers Performing Ethical Beliefs." Religions 12, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12010007.
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In Great Britain, “religion or belief” is one of nine “protected characteristics” under the Equality Act 2010, which protects citizens from discrimination in the workplace and in wider society. This paper begins with a discussion about a 2020 ruling, “Jordi Casamitjana vs. LACS”, which concluded that ethical vegans are entitled to similar legal protections in British workplaces as those who hold philosophical religious beliefs. While not all vegans hold a philosophical belief to the same extent as Casamitjana, the ruling is significant and will be of interest to scholars investigating non-religious ethical beliefs. To explore this, we have analysed a sample of YouTube videos on the theme of “my vegan story”, showing how vloggers circulate narratives about ethical veganism and the process of their conversion to vegan beliefs and practices. The story format can be understood as what Abby Day has described as a performative “belief narrative”, offering a greater opportunity to understand research participants’ beliefs and related identities than, for example, findings from a closed-question survey. We suggest that through performative acts, YouTubers create “ethical beliefs” through the social, mediatised, transformative, performative and relational practice of their digital content. In doing so, we incorporate a digital perspective to enrich academic discussions of non-religious beliefs.
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Lindsay, John, Adhieu Arok, Seth M. Bybee, Walter Cho, April Maskiewicz Cordero, Daniel G. Ferguson, Leontine L. Galante, et al. "Using a Reconciliation Module Leads to Large Gains in Evolution Acceptance." CBE—Life Sciences Education 18, no. 4 (December 2019): ar58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1187/cbe.19-04-0080.
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Too many students reject the theory of evolution because they view it as incompatible with their religious beliefs. Some have argued that abandoning religious belief is the only way to help religious individuals accept evolution. Conversely, our data support that highlighting faith/evolution compatibility is an effective means to increase student acceptance. We surveyed students enrolled in entry-level biology courses at four religiously affiliated institutions. At each university, teachers gave students a presentation that demonstrated potential compatibility between evolution and faith within the teachings of each university’s respective religious affiliation. Students were asked to evaluate their own beliefs about evolution both before and after this instruction. After instruction at each university, students showed significant gains in evolution acceptance without abandoning their religious beliefs. These results demonstrate that giving religious students the opportunity to reconcile their religious beliefs with the theory of evolution under the influence of intentional instruction on the compatibility of belief and evolution can lead to increased evolution acceptance among religious students.
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Filatova, Mariia. "The concept of «warrant» of the christian belief in Alvin Plantinga`S theistic philosophy." Grani 23, no. 4 (July 5, 2020): 108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/172046.
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The study focuses on the concept of warranted Christian belief, which was introduced by A. Plantinga. The purpose of the research is to consider the warrant as a property of the Christian belief, moreover through which it can become knowledge. The study scrutinizes the possibility of accepting faith without theistic arguments. The author analyzes A. Plantinga's classification of a warrant, for example, deontologism, coherentism and reliabilism. The author gives a general characteristic of warranted belief, moreover, the study stresses that belief has a warrant for a person if it is produced by cognitive faculties functioning properly, if a belief is formed in an appropriate epistemic environment, if cognitive faculties are operating according to a design plan reliably aimed at truth, if a person has no defeaters for that belief. The article emphasizes that if A. Plantinga's A/C model is true, then theistic belief is truly warranted, consequently a warrant of theistic belief depends on the proof of the existence of God. The author of the research contends that beliefs can have different degrees of the warrant, and if this degree becomes sufficient, belief becomes knowledge. Moreover, the author points out that one of the basic beliefs admitted by A. Plantinga is belief in God. The study analyzes four types of human interaction with God: internal instigation of the Holy Spirit, perception of God (sensus divinitatis), Holy Scripture, and faith. The main function of the internal instigation of the Holy Spirit is to inspire a human to have faith in God. Moreover, the author emphasizes that Christian beliefs, acquired by the internal instigation of the Holy Spirit, are not only warranted but have sufficient justification to be knowledge. The complex action of the perception of God and internal instigation of the Holy Spirit provide reliable, properly basic beliefs that are referred to the truth written in the Holy Gospel. As a result, the author comes to the conclusion that there are no convincing arguments for the Christian belief for those who have not accepted it. In the conclusion, the author points out that forming an A/C model, A. Plantinga creates a double problem, on the one hand, his goal is to warrant the truth of the theistic belief, and he performs his task, but, on the other hand, he tries to demonstrate warrant of the Christian belief, and presents the same opportunity to representatives of other theistic religions. Thus, instead of arguing with atheism, A. Plantinga turns to a discussion with non-Christian theistic religions.
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Perkins, David R., Kristin Timm, Teresa Myers, and Edward Maibach. "Broadcast Meteorologists’ Views on Climate Change: A State-of-the-Community Review." Weather, Climate, and Society 12, no. 2 (April 2020): 249–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-19-0003.1.
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AbstractBroadcast meteorologists—highly skilled professionals who work at the intersection between climate scientists and the public—have considerable opportunity to educate their viewers about the local impacts of global climate change. Prior research has shown that, within the broadcast meteorology community, views of climate change have evolved rapidly over the past decade. Here, using data from three census surveys of U.S. broadcast meteorologists conducted annually between 2015 and 2017, is a comprehensive analysis of broadcast meteorologists’ views about climate change. Specifically, this research describes weathercasters’ beliefs about climate change and certainty in those beliefs, perceived causes of climate change, perceived scientific consensus and interest in learning more about climate change, belief that climate change is occurring (and the certainty of that belief), belief that climate change is human caused, perceptions of any local impacts of climate change, and perceptions of the solvability of climate change. Today’s weathercaster community appears to be sharing the same viewpoints and outlooks as most climate scientists—in particular, that climate change is already affecting the United States and that present-day trends are largely a result of human activity.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Opportunity belief"
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Cal, Gabriel. "Opportunity to Learn (OTL) and the Alignment of Upper Division Mathematics Learning Outcomes, Textbooks, and the National Assessment in Belize." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3027.
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Sattari, Rose [Verfasser], Holger [Akademischer Betreuer] Patzelt, Holger [Gutachter] Patzelt, and Reiner [Gutachter] Braun. "The development of entrepreneurial opportunities : Understanding the nexus between founding teams, opportunity beliefs, and communities of inquiry / Rose Sattari ; Gutachter: Holger Patzelt, Reiner Braun ; Betreuer: Holger Patzelt." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1190818809/34.
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Sattari, Rose Verfasser], Holger [Akademischer Betreuer] [Patzelt, Holger Gutachter] Patzelt, and Reiner [Gutachter] [Braun. "The development of entrepreneurial opportunities : Understanding the nexus between founding teams, opportunity beliefs, and communities of inquiry / Rose Sattari ; Gutachter: Holger Patzelt, Reiner Braun ; Betreuer: Holger Patzelt." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2019. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:91-diss-20190617-1484530-1-3.
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Alemayehu, Binyam Zewde. "Opportunity attitude - extending entrepreneurial opportunity evaluation beyond cognition." Thesis, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2440/134330.
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Opportunity evaluation is an important concept in entrepreneurship, central to our understanding of how individuals evaluate specific opportunities, develop entrepreneurial intentions and (possibly) engage in entrepreneurial behaviour. Yet, our understanding of opportunity evaluation is incomplete due to the cognitive centric approach taken within the extant literature. To help address this, the thesis builds on the trilogy of the mind theory and the attitude literature to develop a new construct, opportunity attitude, which moves beyond cognition to incorporate affect and conation. It presents opportunity attitude as a dynamic, tri-component construct that comprises all three aspects of mind—a congruence of opportunity evaluation across cognitive, affective and conative components. This conceptualisation provides a more complete account of the way in which entrepreneurs evaluate entrepreneurial opportunities. The thesis stresses the dynamic nature of opportunity attitude and identifies the pathways and mechanisms that facilitate the change in opportunity attitude. It explains the crucial role that the central route system plays in elevating the influence of the cognitive component in the formation of and change in opportunity attitude. It also discusses how the peripheral route works to advance affectively entrenched interests and explains the impact of mood congruence and mood dependence in the opportunity attitude formation and change process. Similarly, it identifies and explicates the role of self-perception in driving conatively oriented opportunity attitudes. In addition, using four studies involving nascent Australian entrepreneurs and business owners, an international sample of nascent entrepreneurs, master students enrolled at least in one entrepreneurship course, and a general population sample, the thesis validates a 15-item opportunity attitude scale and confirms the multidimensionality of the opportunity attitude construct. The scale measures an entrepreneur’s attitude towards a specific entrepreneurial opportunity using cognitive assessment, affective attachment and conative engagement. Both the scale development and validation, and the empirical study ascertained the multidimensional nature of opportunity attitude and supported most of the propositions. Moreover, the thesis contributes to the entrepreneurship literature by providing a robust novel construct, opportunity attitude, to measure and predict different entrepreneurial outcomes. The results from the empirical study show that opportunity attitude and its components can explain significant variations in entrepreneurial intention. The results highlight that the opportunity attitude construct can be a better construct due to its ability to account for influences that other similar or related constructs cannot capture. Most importantly, the results reveal that, in general, affect and conation play a stronger role in driving entrepreneurial intentions than cognition. In fact, the cognitive assessment component has no additional influence over entrepreneurial intention in a joint component model once affective attachment and conative engagement are accounted for. Furthermore, the thesis identifies psychological distress and entrepreneurial effort intensity as antecedents of opportunity attitude. While psychological distress decreases opportunity attitude, entrepreneurial effort intensity increases opportunity attitude.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Adelaide Business School, 2021
Books on the topic "Opportunity belief"
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Hunt, Matthew O., and Heather E. Bullock. Ideologies and Beliefs about Poverty. Edited by David Brady and Linda M. Burton. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199914050.013.6.
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This article examines ideologies and beliefs about poverty. In 1981, Kluegel and Smith provided the first comprehensive summary and critique of scholarly research on beliefs about social stratification. Focusing primarily on the United States and Great Britain, they reviewed research on public beliefs in three primary areas: opportunity, the distributive process, and social class. In so doing, they identified four key questions that continue to define research in this area: What is believed about social inequality? What principles organize thought around social inequality? What determines what is believed? What are the consequences of these beliefs? This article considers what Americans (and to a lesser extent, the British) perceive and believe about social inequality; the nature of ideologies and other social psychological processes governing the intrapersonal organization of beliefs; selected factors that shape patterns of belief; and selected consequences that stratification beliefs hold for the person and for politics.
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McCall, Leslie. Undeserving Rich: American Beliefs about Inequality, Opportunity, and Redistribution. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, 2013.
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McCall, Leslie. Undeserving Rich: American Beliefs about Inequality, Opportunity, and Redistribution. Cambridge University Press, 2013.
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McCall, Leslie. Undeserving Rich: American Beliefs about Inequality, Opportunity, and Redistribution. Cambridge University Press, 2013.
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McCall, Leslie. Undeserving Rich: American Beliefs about Inequality, Opportunity, and Redistribution. Cambridge University Press, 2013.
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The Undeserving Rich American Beliefs About Inequality Opportunity And Redistribution. Cambridge University Press, 2013.
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Harris, Andrea. Lincoln Kirstein’s Social Modernism and the Cultural Front. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199342235.003.0004.
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This chapter takes a biographical approach to Lincoln Kirstein’s creation of a modernist theory of ballet to situate its development in the 1930s cultural wing of the Popular Front and explore its evolution through and after World War II. Fueled by the cultural front’s belief in the role of the arts in social revolution, Kirstein seized the opportunity to decouple ballet from existing biases about its elitism and triviality, and formulate new ideas about its social relevance in the Depression period. After exploring the development of Kirstein’s social modernism in the cultural front, chapter 2 then turns to the challenges posed to the 1930s belief that art could be productively combined with politics through two major turning points in Kirstein’s life. These are his experiences in World War II, and the erosion of his own artistic role in the ballet company after the formation of the New York City Ballet and the ascendance of George Balanchine’s dance-for-dance-sake aesthetic in the late 1940s. The chapter illustrates Kirstein’s attempts to negotiate the social modernist aesthetic he crafted under the wing of the cultural front within the volatile political, economic, and artistic circumstances of World War II, anticommunism, and the Cold War.
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Archer, Richard. Miles to Go. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676643.003.0014.
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This epilogue examines the breakdown (but not the disappearance) of the struggle for equal rights after the Civil War. Reform-minded New Englanders dispersed in various directions. Some focused on the newly liberated freedmen to the south and on reconstructing that region. Others concentrated on such causes as women's rights, temperance, and labor. No one denied that forms of racism persisted in New England, but many shared Garrison's belief that the basic work for equal rights had been accomplished or soon would be and welcomed the opportunity to invest in their own lives. And some of the black leaders died far too soon. The book concludes with a brief examination of why New England was in advance of the rest of the nation in providing equal rights but far from an equal society.
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Davidson, Jane W., and Gary E. McPherson. Learning to perform. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199346677.003.0002.
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To perform any skilled activity to expert level requires committed and intensely motivated learning. This chapter explores how musical development, particularly as it applies to learning an instrument, depends crucially on inventive and productive opportunities that coalesce in configurations unique to each learner. It reveals how an obsession with gifts and talents on the parts of researchers, teachers, parents and musicians alike has led to confusion over the nature and acquisition of the skills required for high-level music performance. It traces key theories on family scripts and self-determination to illustrate the ways in which psychological constructs shape belief and thus motivate learning. Environmental catalysts such as practice support and opportunity for creative expression offer additional significant influences. These factors are shown to align with intrapersonal characteristics and are described as syzygies, or inventive configurations, that provide pathways to committed music learning.
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Sugden, Robert. Psychological Stability. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825142.003.0008.
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Chapter 8 asks what properties a market economy must have if it is to be psychologically stable—that is, if it is to reproduce a general belief that its governing principles are fair. I argue that, because of the division of knowledge and because the opportunities open to each person depend on how other people choose to use their opportunities, full equality of opportunity is not compatible with a market economy. Psychological stability has to rest on continuing expectations of mutual benefit, defined relative to a baseline that evolves over time and that cannot be justified in terms of abstract principles of fairness. However, if the market is to be recommended to each individual separately, each individual must be able to expect to share in the benefits that markets create. Maintaining such expectations typically requires redistributive mechanisms.
Book chapters on the topic "Opportunity belief"
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Wu, Qianhui, Yu Feng, and Biqing Huang. "RUL Prediction of Bearings Based on Mixture of Gaussians Bayesian Belief Network and Support Vector Data Description." In Challenges and Opportunity with Big Data, 139–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61994-1_14.
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Shepherd, Dean A., and Holger Patzelt. "Attending to the External Environment to Identify Potential Opportunities." In Entrepreneurial Strategy, 1–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78935-0_1.
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AbstractBuilding on a recent study (Shepherd et al. in Strategic Management Journal 38:626–644, 2017), this chapter highlights the importance of noticingopportunities as an initial step toward new venture creation. Unsurprisingly, there has been considerable interest in the processes of allocating attention to notice potential opportunities arising from changes in the external environment. We know a great deal about the role of top-down (i.e., based on knowledge and experience) processes of allocating attention to the environment in forming opportunity beliefs worthy of entrepreneurial action. However, in this chapter, we illustrate how bottom-up processes, whereby environmental changes capture entrepreneurs’ attention, shape opportunity identification. Building on the notion of guided attention, we detail an attention model of forming opportunity beliefs for entrepreneurial action that includes both top-down and bottom-up processes for allocating attention. This chapter explains how entrepreneurs can allocate their transient attention to identify potential opportunities from environmental changes. This chapter also describes how allocating sustained entrepreneurial attention influences belief formation about radicaland incremental opportunities requiring entrepreneurial action.
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Schmidt, William, and Leland Cogan. "Greater Expectations in Lower Secondary Mathematics Teacher Preparation: An Examination of Future Teachers’ Opportunity to Learn Profiles." In International Perspectives on Teacher Knowledge, Beliefs and Opportunities to Learn, 393–414. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6437-8_18.
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Morawetz, Ulrich B., and Dieter Koemle. "Contingent Valuation: How Opportunity Costs Influence the Stated Willingness to Pay." In Alpine Landgesellschaften zwischen Urbanisierung und Globalisierung, 119–34. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-36562-2_7.
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AbstractThe contingent valuation method is often used to estimate the willingness to pay for changes in a public good (e.g., water quality, public transport or food safety). We show how the stated willingness to pay changes when respondents to a contingent valuation survey believe their response affects not only the provision of the public good offered, but also the provision of an alternative public good in case the government cannot provide both goods. Empirical evidence suggests that at least 10 % of respondents consider alternative public goods when responding to contingent valuation surveys. Consequently, practitioners need to make sure that respondents are not influenced by the value of alternative public goods.
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Kristianssen, Ann-Catrin. "Establishing Vision Zero in New York City – The Story of a Pioneer." In The Vision Zero Handbook, 1–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23176-7_20-1.
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AbstractVision Zero was established in 2014 as the foundation of the New York City road safety policy. The purpose of this chapter is to understand why and how Vision Zero was introduced as well as by whom and with what tools. The chapter focuses on understanding this policy change in New York City and is based on a document study and 18 semi-structured interview with 19 respondents city administration staff, researchers, media, and NGOs. The analysis is made by looking closer at the state of four aspects by the time of the establishment of Vision Zero – problem framing, policy formulation, political actors, and proposed solutions. This theoretical framework is mainly based on the work of John Kingdon (Agenda, Alternatives, and Public Policies. Little, Brown, Boston, 1984) and Michael Howlett (Public Policy Adm 34(4):405–430, 2019). The chapter states that there were several factors leading to the adoption of Vision Zero. First, the road safety problems were not as serious as in many other regions of the USA, but compared to other major cities in the western world, the fatalities and serious injuries in New York City were deemed unacceptable by politicians, NGOs, and the public. The imminent problem on the ground was further emphasized by several high-profile cases of child fatalities in traffic crashes. Second, the Vision Zero policy or philosophy was a coherent and above all a successfully tested policy based on a scientific foundation. The credit for introducing Vision Zero in the New York City context is given to non-governmental organizations such as Transportation Alternatives and Families for Safe Streets and specific public administrators in key positions. These actors were all searching for new solutions, and as the politicians placed road safety high on the agenda, a window of opportunity was opened to Vision Zero. In addition, politicians, with the support and pressure from NGOs, established a policy program based on Vision Zero, and this program further established a belief in Vision Zero as a credible way forward. There was and is criticism directed towards the policy based on equity and that Vision Zero risks strengthening discriminatory structures. The basic idea of adapting the physical infrastructure to accommodate human mistakes is challenging in many American contexts, but in a diverse city such as New York, this approach may be able to address equity, according to several respondents, if based on solid crash data. The Vision Zero in New York City differs from the original Swedish version in mainly two ways: the focus in New York on law enforcement and on the behavior of the individual road user.
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Kristianssen, Ann-Catrin. "Establishing Vision Zero in New York City: The Story of a Pioneer." In The Vision Zero Handbook, 571–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76505-7_20.
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AbstractVision Zero was established in 2014 as the foundation of the New York City road safety policy. The purpose of this chapter is to understand why and how Vision Zero was introduced as well as by whom and with what tools. The chapter focuses on understanding this policy change in New York City and is based on a document study and 18 semi-structured interview with 19 respondents city administration staff, researchers, media, and NGOs. The analysis is made by looking closer at the state of four aspects by the time of the establishment of Vision Zero – problem framing, policy formulation, political actors, and proposed solutions. This theoretical framework is mainly based on the work of John Kingdon (Agenda, Alternatives, and Public Policies. Little, Brown, Boston, 1984) and Michael Howlett (Public Policy Adm 34(4):405–430, 2019). The chapter states that there were several factors leading to the adoption of Vision Zero. First, the road safety problems were not as serious as in many other regions of the USA, but compared to other major cities in the western world, the fatalities and serious injuries in New York City were deemed unacceptable by politicians, NGOs, and the public. The imminent problem on the ground was further emphasized by several high-profile cases of child fatalities in traffic crashes. Second, the Vision Zero policy or philosophy was a coherent and above all a successfully tested policy based on a scientific foundation. The credit for introducing Vision Zero in the New York City context is given to non-governmental organizations such as Transportation Alternatives and Families for Safe Streets and specific public administrators in key positions. These actors were all searching for new solutions, and as the politicians placed road safety high on the agenda, a window of opportunity was opened to Vision Zero. In addition, politicians, with the support and pressure from NGOs, established a policy program based on Vision Zero, and this program further established a belief in Vision Zero as a credible way forward. There was and is criticism directed towards the policy based on equity and that Vision Zero risks strengthening discriminatory structures. The basic idea of adapting the physical infrastructure to accommodate human mistakes is challenging in many American contexts, but in a diverse city such as New York, this approach may be able to address equity, according to several respondents, if based on solid crash data. The Vision Zero in New York City differs from the original Swedish version in mainly two ways: the focus in New York on law enforcement and on the behavior of the individual road user.
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Scudder, Thayer. "1956–1973: I Believe Large Dams Provide an Exceptional Opportunity for Integrated River Basin Development." In Large Dams, 27–96. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2550-2_2.
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King, Pamela Ebstyne, Susan Mangan, and Rodrigo Riveros. "Religion, Spirituality, and Youth Thriving: Investigating the Roles of the Developing Mind and Meaning-Making." In Handbook of Positive Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality, 263–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10274-5_17.
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AbstractIn this chapter, we draw on positive developmental psychology, psychology of religion and spirituality, and developmental neuroscience to explore how youth religiousness and spirituality contribute to thriving through the process of meaning-making. Thriving involves the individual, relational, and aspirational development necessary to pursue a life purpose that is meaningful to the self and one’s surroundings. Meaning-making is the process of constructing and internalizing abstract beliefs (about oneself, the world, and one’s priorities) into salient values that contribute to the moral development necessary to thrive. When youth consider abstract ideas in the context of their actions, transcendent emotions, and the broader world, then their meaning-making can result in values-based goals and behaviors. Adolescents are naturally motivated to explore identity-related issues of meaning, values, roles, and belonging. In particular, meaning-making occurs when youth are given the opportunity to reflect in an enriching dialogue with caring adults. In more ways than most youth contexts, religion and spirituality provide young people with opportunities to seek and form meaning by being prompted to process transcendent beliefs and emotions through the narratives, intergenerational relationships, and transcendent experiences that religion and spirituality often provide.
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Brink, David O. "Blame, Punishment, and Predominant Retributivism." In Fair Opportunity and Responsibility, 117–51. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198859468.003.0006.
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Blame is a directed attitude that involves a core aversive reaction based on a belief that the target is blameworthy but gives rise to a syndrome of familiar expressive and communicative functions. Punishment involves blame and sanctions. Retributivist essentials are explained and defended, and it is argued that retributivism must be part of the truth about the justification of punishment. Predominant retributivism should be preferred to pure retributivism.
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Kiper, Jordan. "Belief in Human Rights: An Opportunity for Cross-Cultural Cognitive Science." In The Cognitive Science of Belief, 515–35. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781009001021.036.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Opportunity belief"
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Shekhawat, Dushyant Singh, Vishal Devgun, Bhartendu Bhatt, Rajeev Ranjan Sinha, Praprut Songchitruksa, Karthick Vadivel, Adarsh Dhiman, Apurv Jain, Parimal Unmesh Shaha, and Ralf Holy. "Well Intervention Opportunity Management Using Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211824-ms.
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Abstract Operators face many challenges when selecting well-intervention candidates and evaluating a field’s potential because the process is highly time consuming, labor intensive, and susceptible to cognitive biases. An operator can lose up to USD 10 million/year because of ineffective well-intervention strategies in a single field. The objective of this study is to reduce such losses and standardize the well-intervention process by intelligently using the domain knowledge with artificial-intelligence (AI) and machine-learning (ML) techniques. The workflow developed in this study can automatically and autonomously analyze the surface-subsurface data to expeditiously recommend the top intervention candidates. The workflow leverages proven petroleum-engineering methods and customizable business logic to identify underperforming wells and then recommend workover techniques, post-workover production, success probability, and profitability. It uses production, petrophysics, reservoir, and economics data to run a series of AI/ML techniques. The data-analytics engine runs k-nearest neighbors to predict post-workover rates, followed by a decision tree to identify the remedies. Artificial neural network, random forest, and Monte-Carlo simulation are adapted to identify new perforation opportunities in existing wells. Analytic hierarchy process ranks the top intervention candidates based on post-workover rate, permeability, remaining reserves, and reservoir-production trends. Finally, Bayesian belief network calculates the probability of success. With this implementation, the manual benchmarking process of opportunity identification, which usually takes weeks to months, can now be completed within minutes. Once the opportunity is identified and reviewed, it gets registered in the opportunity tracker list for the final evaluation by the asset team. The results are displayed on web-based applications with customizable dashboards and can be integrated with any existing online/offline systems. Because the whole process is now automated and takes very little execution time, petroleum engineers can review the field’s performance on a daily basis. With more than 80% predictive accuracy and 90% time saving compared to the manual process, this workflow presents a step-change in the operator’s well-intervention management capacity. In this paper, the authors discuss the adaptations to the industry-standard AI/ML algorithms and the best practices to provide a faster, more accurate, and efficient well-intervention advisory system.
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Farid, Farzad, Raed Lubbad, and Kenneth Eik. "A Hybrid Bayesian Belief Network Model for Risk Modeling of Arctic Marine Operations." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-23926.
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Optimizing the design of offshore structures to withstand ice loads is a challenging task and various efforts are under way to develop robust concepts with acceptable structural safety. To ameliorate the deficiencies of structural design, as well as to reduce the costs of such Arctic offshore field developments, ice management operations may be considered to reduce the ice severity. Ice management in sea ice will typically involve use of 1 to 4 icebreakers depending on the operating environment. The ice management fleet is aimed at protecting the offshore installation by breaking the incoming ice into smaller pieces and by reducing the confinement in the ice cover. Failure of such a marine operation in the demanding Arctic environment can threaten the integrity of the offshore platforms or drilling units, e.g. by increasing the chances of failure of mooring lines in the occurrence of extreme events. Therefore, understanding the causes of such potential failure, as well as the factors influencing it is of crucial importance in order to plan for and mitigate the risks. Factors with an influence on the risk are called risk influencing factors (RIFs) and can be technical, organizational and human. RIFs are identified and structured in this study in a way that they affect the basic events of a conventional fault tree analysis and consequently the total risk. In this study, the RIFs are treated as uncertain variables. The established model is called a hybrid model because it is a merger of a Bayesian belief network (BBN) for the RIF structure and a conventional fault tree model. The Bayesian framework provides the opportunity for updating of the model constituents as more evidence becomes available over time. Case studies are defined to illustrate the methodology. Results show how the improvement in the status of the RIFs (better practices) can improve the reliability of the mooring lines of a floating unit and how the precision in data and other model parameters affect the results. At the end, an investment priority measure is proposed that can help in determining where among the various influencing factors the available limited resources should be spent in a way that it results in maximum gain in ultimate reliability.
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Mamonov, Stanislav, and Marios Koufaris. "It’s cool! analysis of factors that influence smart thermostat adoption intention." In Enabling Technology for a Sustainable Society. University of Maribor Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-362-3.5.
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Smart thermostats represent an innovative smart home technology and a growing commercial opportunity, yet little is known about the salient factors that affect the adoption of such devices. To address this gap in research, we conduct a three-stage study that progresses through belief elicitation, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factory analysis within a nomological network. We leverage the mixed methods approach to explore the factorial structure of salient perceived benefits and concerns associated with smart thermostats, and we examine the effects of the emergent factors on the adoption intention. We discover that a novel factor, which we term techno-coolness, is the key predictor of the smart thermostat adoption intention. Techno-coolness encompasses the perceptions that a smart thermostat can make a home look modern and futuristic, be fun to use, and make the user feel technologically advanced. We also find that compatibility concerns as well as privacy concerns are significant impediments to the smart thermostat adoption intention.
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Blašková, Martina, and Hideyuki Kokubo. "PARANORMAL EXPERIENCE RELATED TO IMPROVING ACADEMIC MOTIVATION OF SLOVAK UNIVERSITY STUDENTS." In NORDSCI Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/nordsci2021/b1/v4/10.
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Currently, at the beginning of the 21st century‘s third decade, scientific attention must be focused on modern topics. These challenges include also the paranormal experience of university students. However, many of university executives either downplay it or even reject it. With this behavior, they fail to reveal the important potentials that are contained in the intra-motivational system of each student. In this way, they lose the opportunity to properly target the university's motivational efforts and programs aimed at strengthening academic motivation. The aim of paper is to fulfill this gap. It analyzes, compares and synthesizes theoretical views in the field, and completes them in terms of positive and negative impacts on intrapsychic balance and motivation of the student. In an effort to increase the scientific relevance of paper, two hypotheses are set. H1: There exist relevant relations among searched paranormal phenomena, H2: Occurrence of paranormal phenomena depends on the gender. The empirical part presents the results of a unique survey participated by Slovak HE students. With the use of frequency analysis, χ2 test and Product-Moment Correlation, the most important findings include that among paranormal events, students experience the most especially déjà vu, presentiment, and 6th sense belief. The most frequently un-experienced events are: out of body experience, telepathy, and signs of ghosts. Almost half of the phenomena show significant relationships. Also, the statistical significance of gender dependence was approved for 4 of 8 searched phenomena: déjà vu, telepathy, 6th sense belief, and signs of ghosts. Confirming both hypotheses, it can be deduced that consider for anomalousness could be a great inspiration for academic motivation increase. Several ways for improvement of motivation are suggested, and recommendations for the university management with regard to master the negative impacts of these phenomena are formulated in the conclusion.
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Lynch, Kathy, Aleksej Heinze, and Elsje Scott. "Information Technology Team Projects in Higher Education: An International Viewpoint." In InSITE 2007: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3059.
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It is common to find final or near final year undergraduate Information Technology students undertaking a substantial development project; a project where the students have the opportunity to be fully involved in the analysis, design, and development of an information technology service or product. This involvement has been catalyzed and prepared for during their previous studies where the students have been told and shown how to develop similar systems. It is the belief that only through this ‘real’ project do they get the chance to experience something similar to what is expected of them when they embark on their chosen profession; that is, as an information technology professional. The high value of ‘near real life’ educational experience is recognized by many universities across the globe. The aim of this paper is to present examples from three countries - Australia, United Kingdom and South Africa, of the delivery of these team, capstone or industrial experience projects; their curricula and management processes. Academics from institutions in each of the countries share experiences, challenges and pitfalls encountered during the delivery of these information technology projects within their institutions. An overview of each institution’s strategies is provided and highlights specific issues such as the selection of projects, allocation of teams to projects, legal requirements, assessment methods, challenges and benefits.
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Pierrakos, Olga. "A Study of Mechanical Engineering Students’ Learning Outcomes During Summer Undergraduate Research Experiences." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-68041.
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Undergraduate research experiences, which are highly promoted and supported by NSF and other agencies, present a great opportunity for our students to learn essential problem solving skills. The National Science Foundation’s Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) program is one of the largest initiatives supporting active research participation by undergraduate students in all of the areas of research funded by NSF. The REU program, with more than 600 sites around the world, presently funds over 1000 active awards, totaling over $327 million. From these active REU awards, 384 (38% of the total active awards) are related to engineering (determined by having ‘engineering’ as a keyword in the title and abstract) and account for about $170 million, about half of the total amount of awards to date. In spite of such widespread support and belief in the value of undergraduate research, limited well-grounded research and evaluation studies exist [1]. Most of the existing literature reveals the predominance of program descriptions, explanation of models, and evaluation efforts, rather than studies grounded on research. Only recently have research and evaluation studies focused on assessing the benefits of undergraduate research [1–8]. Some of these benefits are (a) retention for underrepresented groups, (b) increased interest in the discipline, (c) gaining critical thinking skills, (d) increased self-confidence, and (e) clarification of career goals. Moreover, most of these studies on undergraduate research have focused on the sciences, whereas undergraduate research experiences in engineering have been understudied.
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Mavuru, Lydia, and Oniccah Koketso Pila. "PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS’ PREPAREDNESS AND CONFIDENCE IN TEACHING LIFE SCIENCES TOPICS: WHAT DO THEY LACK?" In International Conference on Education and New Developments. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021end023.
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Pre-service teachers’ preparedness and confidence levels to teach is a topical subject in higher education. Previous studies have commented on the role of teacher in-service training in preparing teachers for provision of meaningful classroom experiences to their learners, but many researchers regard pre-service teacher development as the cornerstone. Whilst teacher competence can be measured in terms of different variables e.g. pedagogy, knowledge of the curriculum, technological knowledge etc., the present study focused on teacher competency in terms of Life Sciences subject matter knowledge (SMK). The study was framed by pedagogical content knowledge (PCK). The study sought to answer the research question: How do preservice teachers perceive their levels of preparedness and confidence in teaching high school Life Sciences topics at the end of their four years of professional development? In a qualitative study, a total of 77 pre-service teachers enrolled for the Methodology and Practicum Life Sciences course at a university in South Africa participated in the study. Each participant was tasked to identify topic(s)/concept(s) in Life Sciences they felt challenged to teach, provide a critical analysis of the reasons for that and map the way forward to overcome the challenges. This task was meant to provide the pre-service teachers with an opportunity to reflect and at the same time evaluate the goals of the learning programme they had gone through. Pre-service teachers’ perspectives show their attitudes, values and beliefs based on their personal experiences which therefore help them to interpret their teaching practices. The qualitative data was analysed using content analysis. The findings showed that whilst pre-service teachers were competent to teach other topics, the majority felt that they were not fully prepared and hence lacked confidence to teach the history of life on earth and plant and animal tissues in grade 10; excretion in animals particularly the functions of the nephron in grade 11; and evolution and genetics in grade 12. Different reasons were proffered for the lack of preparedness to teach these topics. The participants regarded some of these topics as difficult and complex e.g. genetics. Evolution was considered to be antagonistic to the participants’ and learners’ cultural and religious belief systems. Hence the participants had negative attitudes towards them. Some of the pre-service teachers indicated that they lacked interest in some of the topics particularly the history of life on earth which they considered to be more aligned to Geography, a subject they did not like. As remedies for their shortcomings in the content, the pre-service teachers planned to co-teach these topics with colleagues, and others planned to enrol for content enrichment programmes. These findings have implications for teacher professional development programmes.
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Azmi, Santriawan, Hadjar Pamadhi, and I. Wayan Suardana. "The Opportunity Space in the Lombok’s Art of Gendang Beleq and its Relevance to the Character Education." In Joint proceedings of the International Conference on Social Science and Character Educations (IcoSSCE 2018) and International Conference on Social Studies, Moral, and Character Education (ICSMC 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icossce-icsmc-18.2019.16.
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Aughenbaugh, Jason Matthew, and Jeffrey W. Herrmann. "Updating Uncertainty Assessments: A Comparison of Statistical Approaches." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-35158.
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The performance of a product that is being designed is affected by variations in material, manufacturing process, use, and environmental variables. As a consequence of uncertainties in these factors, some items may fail. Failure is taken very generally, but we assume that it is a random event that occurs at most once in the lifetime of an item. The designer wants the probability of failure to be less than a given threshold. In this paper, we consider three approaches for modeling the uncertainty in whether or not the failure probability meets this threshold: a classical approach, a precise Bayesian approach, and a robust Bayesian (or imprecise probability) approach. In some scenarios, the designer may have some initial beliefs about the failure probability. The designer also has the opportunity to obtain more information about product performance (e.g. from either experiments with actual items or runs of a simulation program that provides an acceptable surrogate for actual performance). The different approaches for forming and updating the designer’s beliefs about the failure probability are illustrated and compared under different assumptions of available information. The goal is to gain insight into the relative strengths and weaknesses of the approaches. Examples are presented for illustrating the conclusions.
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Wang, Qiang, Wei He, Yi Hong, William R. Wagner, and David A. Vorp. "Microfibrillar Elastic Polymer Wrapping of Rat Vena Cava for the Study of Engineered Arterial Vein Grafts." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19460.
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The autologous saphenous vein graft remains the graft of choice for 95% of surgeons performing coronary artery or peripheral bypass procedures. Within the first 5 years after implantation, 20%–40% of arterial vein grafts (AVG) fail due to intimal hyperplasia (IH)1. This adverse pathological response by AVGs may be in part due to their abrupt exposure to the significantly elevated circumferential wall stress associated with the arterial system2. We believe that if an AVG is given an ample opportunity to adapt and remodel to the stresses of the arterial environment, cellular injury may be reduced, thus limiting the initiating mechanisms of IH.
Reports on the topic "Opportunity belief"
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Dmytrovskyi, Zenon. THE TEXTBOOK, THAT TEACHES AND BRINGS UP. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2022.51.11414.
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The review is about textbook on television and radio communication for students, teachers of faculties and departments of journalism, as well as journalists-practitioners, prepared by the author’s team edited by Vasyl Lyzanchuk. Textbok absorbed some considerations and conclusions from previous theoretical developments, which found a new meaning here, deeper argumentation, supplemented by many interesting observations that correspond to the spirit of the time, the innovations that have appeared in recent years in the media space of Ukraine. The textbook has ten sections, each of which is designed to enrich the student with knowledge of television and radio communications, teach him or her all that a media professional should know and be able to apply it in practice. The titles of the sections indicate their practical orientation: «Basic methodical measures of functioning of information radio and television genres», «How we analyze, interpret, explain facts, events, phenomena», «Features of the creation of artistic programs on radio and television» and others. All sections of the textbook are meaningfully connected and constructed in such a way as to provide students with the opportunity to gradually, step by step to deepen their theoretical and practical knowledge of television and radio communications. This is undoubtedly the merit of the authors of the edition. The student will benefit from the numerous examples of television and radio materials prepared by the students themselves. Their creative work should convince that this work can serve as a stimulus for creative work for future journalists during their years of study. In addition to professional competence, as rightly emphasized in the textbook by Professor Vasyl Lyzanchuk, “It is very important to form in students, future journalists, socio-national competence, deep understanding of the essence of freedom of speech and responsibility for the content of the spoken word and image, to develop the belief that they are active participants in the Ukrainian state-building processes, and not intermediaries or repeaters of information”. It should be noted that the educational element is present throughout the textbook starting with the first chapter, historical (author Professor Ivan Krupskyi). While studying this textbook, students should realize that from the honor of journalists, their dignity, patriotism depends on the honor, authority, bright name of Ukraine, its future; that their assertion of Ukrainian national identity is the key to further prosperity of our state.
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Smith, Hinekura, Aotea Frandi, Danielle Squire, Irene Farnham, Eruera Morgan, Dan Keepa, and Piripi Morunga. Growing Kaupapa Māori Research Capabilities and Confidence Through Whanaungatanga as Research Mentorship. Unitec ePress, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34074/ocds.098.
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The Ngā Wai a Te Tūī – Hiringa Hauora Summer Research Mentorship is a kaupapa Māori collaboration to increase hauora Māori (Māori wellbeing) research capacity. The idea of research internships is not new, nor is a focus on hauora Māori. What is distinctive about this summer mentorship is its kaupapa Māori approach to support a diverse range of Māori into research that is by Māori, for Māori, and holds Māori values, beliefs and aspirations at its centre. Holding fast to our ways of being throughout the programme has produced a set of learnings and experiences amongst six ‘interns’ that we suggest offers a useful example of how to grow kaupapa Māori research in the hauora space, and beyond. Like many great Māori ideas, this mentorship programme was enabled through whanaungatanga (relationships) – in this case an email from one colleague to another that went something like, “Hey mete I have an idea I want to run past you.” A senior researcher at Te Hiringa Hauora, an evidence-based health-promotions organisation, approached her colleague, co-author Hinekura Smith, a senior lecturer and researcher at Unitec’s Ngā Wai a Te Tūī Māori and Indigenous Research Centre, with a funding opportunity to develop and facilitate a summer internship programme.
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Lazonick, William, Philip Moss, and Joshua Weitz. The Unmaking of the Black Blue-Collar Middle Class. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp159.
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In the decade after the Civil Rights Act of 1964, African Americans made historic gains in accessing employment opportunities in racially integrated workplaces in U.S. business firms and government agencies. In the previous working papers in this series, we have shown that in the 1960s and 1970s, Blacks without college degrees were gaining access to the American middle class by moving into well-paid unionized jobs in capital-intensive mass production industries. At that time, major U.S. companies paid these blue-collar workers middle-class wages, offered stable employment, and provided employees with health and retirement benefits. Of particular importance to Blacks was the opening up to them of unionized semiskilled operative and skilled craft jobs, for which in a number of industries, and particularly those in the automobile and electronic manufacturing sectors, there was strong demand. In addition, by the end of the 1970s, buoyed by affirmative action and the growth of public-service employment, Blacks were experiencing upward mobility through employment in government agencies at local, state, and federal levels as well as in civil-society organizations, largely funded by government, to operate social and community development programs aimed at urban areas where Blacks lived. By the end of the 1970s, there was an emergent blue-collar Black middle class in the United States. Most of these workers had no more than high-school educations but had sufficient earnings and benefits to provide their families with economic security, including realistic expectations that their children would have the opportunity to move up the economic ladder to join the ranks of the college-educated white-collar middle class. That is what had happened for whites in the post-World War II decades, and given the momentum provided by the dominant position of the United States in global manufacturing and the nation’s equal employment opportunity legislation, there was every reason to believe that Blacks would experience intergenerational upward mobility along a similar education-and-employment career path. That did not happen. Overall, the 1980s and 1990s were decades of economic growth in the United States. For the emerging blue-collar Black middle class, however, the experience was of job loss, economic insecurity, and downward mobility. As the twentieth century ended and the twenty-first century began, moreover, it became apparent that this downward spiral was not confined to Blacks. Whites with only high-school educations also saw their blue-collar employment opportunities disappear, accompanied by lower wages, fewer benefits, and less security for those who continued to find employment in these jobs. The distress experienced by white Americans with the decline of the blue-collar middle class follows the downward trajectory that has adversely affected the socioeconomic positions of the much more vulnerable blue-collar Black middle class from the early 1980s. In this paper, we document when, how, and why the unmaking of the blue-collar Black middle class occurred and intergenerational upward mobility of Blacks to the college-educated middle class was stifled. We focus on blue-collar layoffs and manufacturing-plant closings in an important sector for Black employment, the automobile industry from the early 1980s. We then document the adverse impact on Blacks that has occurred in government-sector employment in a financialized economy in which the dominant ideology is that concentration of income among the richest households promotes productive investment, with government spending only impeding that objective. Reduction of taxes primarily on the wealthy and the corporate sector, the ascendancy of political and economic beliefs that celebrate the efficiency and dynamism of “free market” business enterprise, and the denigration of the idea that government can solve social problems all combined to shrink government budgets, diminish regulatory enforcement, and scuttle initiatives that previously provided greater opportunity for African Americans in the government and civil-society sectors.
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Phillips, Jake. Understanding the impact of inspection on probation. Sheffield Hallam University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7190/shu.hkcij.05.2021.
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This research sought to understand the impact of probation inspection on probation policy, practice and practitioners. This important but neglected area of study has significant ramifications because the Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Probation has considerable power to influence policy through its inspection regime and research activities. The study utilised a mixed methodological approach comprising observations of inspections and interviews with people who work in probation, the Inspectorate and external stakeholders. In total, 77 people were interviewed or took part in focus groups. Probation practitioners, managers and leaders were interviewed in the weeks after an inspection to find out how they experienced the process of inspection. Staff at HMI Probation were interviewed to understand what inspection is for and how it works. External stakeholders representing people from the voluntary sector, politics and other non-departmental bodies were interviewed to find out how they used the work of inspection in their own roles. Finally, leaders within the National Probation Service and Her Majesty’s Prisons and Probation Service were interviewed to see how inspection impacts on policy more broadly. The data were analysed thematically with five key themes being identified. Overall, participants were positive about the way inspection is carried out in the field of probation. The main findings are: 1. Inspection places a burden on practitioners and organisations. Practitioners talked about the anxiety that a looming inspection created and how management teams created additional pressures which were hard to cope with on top of already high workloads. Staff responsible for managing the inspection and with leadership positions talked about the amount of time the process of inspection took up. Importantly, inspection was seen to take people away from their day jobs and meant other priorities were side-lined, even if temporarily. However, the case interviews that practitioners take part in were seen as incredibly valuable exercises which gave staff the opportunity to reflect on their practice and receive positive feedback and validation for their work. 2. Providers said that the findings and conclusions from inspections were often accurate and, to some extent, unsurprising. However, they sometimes find it difficult to implement recommendations due to reports failing to take context into account. Negative reports have a serious impact on staff morale, especially for CRCs and there was concern about the impact of negative findings on a provider’s reputation. 3. External stakeholders value the work of the Inspectorate. The Inspectorate is seen to generate highly valid and meaningful data which stakeholders can use in their own roles. This can include pushing for policy reform or holding government to account from different perspectives. In particular, thematic inspections were seen to be useful here. 4. The regulatory landscape in probation is complex with an array of actors working to hold providers to account. When compared to other forms of regulation such as audit or contract management the Inspectorate was perceived positively due to its methodological approach as well as the way it reflects the values of probation itself. 5. Overall, the inspectorate appears to garner considerable legitimacy from those it inspects. This should, in theory, support the way it can impact on policy and practice. There are some areas for development here though such as more engagement with service users. While recognising that the Inspectorate has made a concerted effort to do this in the last two years participants all felt that more needs to be done to increase that trust between the inspectorate and service users. Overall, the Inspectorate was seen to be independent and 3 impartial although this belief was less prevalent amongst people in CRCs who argued that the Inspectorate has been biased towards supporting its own arguments around reversing the now failed policy of Transforming Rehabilitation. There was some debate amongst participants about how the Inspectorate could, or should, enforce compliance with its recommendations although most people were happy with the primarily relational way of encouraging compliance with sanctions for non-compliance being considered relatively unnecessary. To conclude, the work of the Inspectorate has a significant impact on probation policy, practice and practitioners. The majority of participants were positive about the process of inspection and the Inspectorate more broadly, notwithstanding some of the issues raised in the findings. There are some developments which the Inspectorate could consider to reduce the burden inspection places on providers and practitioners and enhance its impact such as amending the frequency of inspection, improving the feedback given to practitioners and providing more localised feedback, and working to reduce or limit perceptions of bias amongst people in CRCs. The Inspectorate could also do more to capture the impact it has on providers and practitioners – both positive and negative - through existing procedures that are in place such as post-case interview surveys and tracking the implementation of recommendations.
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Lavadenz, Magaly, Sheila Cassidy, Elvira G. Armas, Rachel Salivar, Grecya V. Lopez, and Amanda A. Ross. Sobrato Early Academic Language (SEAL) Model: Final Report of Findings from a Four-Year Study. Center for Equity for English Learners, Loyola Marymount University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15365/ceel.seal2020.
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The Sobrato Early Academic Language (SEAL) Model Research and Evaluation Final Report is comprised of three sets of studies that took place between 2015 and 2019 to examine the effectiveness of the SEAL Model in 67 schools within 12 districts across the state of California. Over a decade ago, the Sobrato Family Foundation responded to the enduring opportunity gaps and low academic outcomes for the state’s 1.2 million English Learners by investing in the design of the SEAL Model. The SEAL PreK–Grade 3 Model was created as a whole-school initiative to develop students’ language, literacy, and academic skills. The pilot study revealed promising findings, and the large-scale implementation of SEAL was launched in 2013. This report addresses a set of research questions and corresponding studies focused on: 1) the perceptions of school and district-level leaders regarding district and school site implementation of the SEAL Model, 2) teachers’ development and practices, and 3) student outcomes. The report is organized in five sections, within which are twelve research briefs that address the three areas of study. Technical appendices are included in each major section. A developmental evaluation process with mixed methods research design was used to answer the research questions. Key findings indicate that the implementation of the SEAL Model has taken root in many schools and districts where there is evidence of systemic efforts or instructional improvement for the English Learners they serve. In regards to teachers’ development and practices, there were statistically significant increases in the use of research-based practices for English Learners. Teachers indicated a greater sense of efficacy in addressing the needs of this population and believe the model has had a positive impact on their knowledge and skills to support the language and literacy development of PreK- Grade 3 English Learners. Student outcome data reveal that despite SEAL schools averaging higher rates of poverty compared to the statewide rate, SEAL English Learners in grades 2–4 performed comparably or better than California English Learners in developing their English proficiency; additional findings show that an overwhelming majority of SEAL students are rapidly progressing towards proficiency thus preventing them from becoming long-term English Learners. English Learners in bilingual programs advanced in their development of Spanish, while other English Learners suffered from language loss in Spanish. The final section of the report provides considerations and implications for further SEAL replication, sustainability, additional research and policy.
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McEntee, Alice, Sonia Hines, Joshua Trigg, Kate Fairweather, Ashleigh Guillaumier, Jane Fischer, Billie Bonevski, James A. Smith, Carlene Wilson, and Jacqueline Bowden. Tobacco cessation in CALD communities. The Sax Institute, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/sneg4189.
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Background Australia is a multi-cultural society with increasing rates of people from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds. On average, CALD groups have higher rates of tobacco use, lower participation in cancer screening programs, and poorer health outcomes than the general Australian population. Lower cancer screening and smoking cessation rates are due to differing cultural norms, health-related attitudes, and beliefs, and language barriers. Interventions can help address these potential barriers and increase tobacco cessation and cancer screening rates among CALD groups. Cancer Council NSW (CCNSW) aims to reduce the impact of cancer and improve cancer outcomes for priority populations including CALD communities. In line with this objective, CCNSW commissioned this rapid review of interventions implemented in Australia and comparable countries. Review questions This review aimed to address the following specific questions: Question 1 (Q1): What smoking cessation interventions have been proven effective in reducing or preventing smoking among culturally and linguistically diverse communities? Question 2 (Q2): What screening interventions have proven effective in increasing participation in population cancer screening programs among culturally and linguistically diverse populations? This review focused on Chinese-, Vietnamese- and Arabic-speaking people as they are the largest CALD groups in Australia and have high rates of tobacco use and poor screening adherence in NSW. Summary of methods An extensive search of peer-reviewed and grey literature published between January 2013-March 2022 identified 19 eligible studies for inclusion in the Q1 review and 49 studies for the Q2 review. The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Levels of Evidence and Joanna Briggs Institute’s (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tools were used to assess the robustness and quality of the included studies, respectively. Key findings Findings are reported by components of an intervention overall and for each CALD group. By understanding the effectiveness of individual components, results will demonstrate key building blocks of an effective intervention. Question 1: What smoking cessation interventions have been proven effective in reducing or preventing smoking among culturally and linguistically diverse communities? Thirteen of the 19 studies were Level IV (L4) evidence, four were Level III (L3), one was Level II (L2), none were L1 (highest level of evidence) and one study’s evidence level was unable to be determined. The quality of included studies varied. Fifteen tobacco cessation intervention components were included, with most interventions involving at least three components (range 2-6). Written information (14 studies), and education sessions (10 studies) were the most common components included in an intervention. Eight of the 15 intervention components explored had promising evidence for use with Chinese-speaking participants (written information, education sessions, visual information, counselling, involving a family member or friend, nicotine replacement therapy, branded merchandise, and mobile messaging). Another two components (media campaign and telephone follow-up) had evidence aggregated across CALD groups (i.e., results for Chinese-speaking participants were combined with other CALD group(s)). No intervention component was deemed of sufficient evidence for use with Vietnamese-speaking participants and four intervention components had aggregated evidence (written information, education sessions, counselling, nicotine replacement therapy). Counselling was the only intervention component to have promising evidence for use with Arabic-speaking participants and one had mixed evidence (written information). Question 2: What screening interventions have proven effective in increasing participation in population cancer screening programs among culturally and linguistically diverse populations? Two of the 49 studies were Level I (L1) evidence, 13 L2, seven L3, 25 L4 and two studies’ level of evidence was unable to be determined. Eighteen intervention components were assessed with most interventions involving 3-4 components (range 1-6). Education sessions (32 studies), written information (23 studies) and patient navigation (10 studies) were the most common components. Seven of the 18 cancer screening intervention components had promising evidence to support their use with Vietnamese-speaking participants (education sessions, written information, patient navigation, visual information, peer/community health worker, counselling, and peer experience). The component, opportunity to be screened (e.g. mailed or handed a bowel screening test), had aggregated evidence regarding its use with Vietnamese-speaking participants. Seven intervention components (education session, written information, visual information, peer/community health worker, opportunity to be screened, counselling, and branded merchandise) also had promising evidence to support their use with Chinese-speaking participants whilst two components had mixed (patient navigation) or aggregated (media campaign) evidence. One intervention component for use with Arabic-speaking participants had promising evidence to support its use (opportunity to be screened) and eight intervention components had mixed or aggregated support (education sessions, written information, patient navigation, visual information, peer/community health worker, peer experience, media campaign, and anatomical models). Gaps in the evidence There were four noteworthy gaps in the evidence: 1. No systematic review was captured for Q1, and only two studies were randomised controlled trials. Much of the evidence is therefore based on lower level study designs, with risk of bias. 2. Many studies provided inadequate detail regarding their intervention design which impacts both the quality appraisal and how mixed finding results can be interpreted. 3. Several intervention components were found to have supportive evidence available only at the aggregate level. Further research is warranted to determine the interventions effectiveness with the individual CALD participant group only. 4. The evidence regarding the effectiveness of certain intervention components were either unknown (no studies) or insufficient (only one study) across CALD groups. This was the predominately the case for Arabic-speaking participants for both Q1 and Q2, and for Vietnamese-speaking participants for Q1. Further research is therefore warranted. Applicability Most of the intervention components included in this review are applicable for use in the Australian context, and NSW specifically. However, intervention components assessed as having insufficient, mixed, or no evidence require further research. Cancer screening and tobacco cessation interventions targeting Chinese-speaking participants were more common and therefore showed more evidence of effectiveness for the intervention components explored. There was support for cancer screening intervention components targeting Vietnamese-speaking participants but not for tobacco cessation interventions. There were few interventions implemented for Arabic-speaking participants that addressed tobacco cessation and screening adherence. Much of the evidence for Vietnamese and Arabic-speaking participants was further limited by studies co-recruiting multiple CALD groups and reporting aggregate results. Conclusion There is sound evidence for use of a range of intervention components to address tobacco cessation and cancer screening adherence among Chinese-speaking populations, and cancer screening adherence among Vietnamese-speaking populations. Evidence is lacking regarding the effectiveness of tobacco cessation interventions with Vietnamese- and Arabic-speaking participants, and cancer screening interventions for Arabic-speaking participants. More research is required to determine whether components considered effective for use in one CALD group are applicable to other CALD populations.
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In Conversation… Philosophy of Mind. ACAMH, November 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.13056/acamh.5933.
Full textAbstract:
André Tomlin, The Mental Elf, interviews the Project PERFECT team at the University of Birmingham to find out how unusual beliefs offer philosophers of mind the opportunity to challenge mental health stigma.
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Male involvement in family planning: A KABP study of Agra District, Uttar Pradesh. Population Council, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1997.1008.
Full textAbstract:
Although lack of male involvement in family planning has been a topic of research and discussion since the early 1980s, during the last five years it has become an important issue for women advocates, researchers, and many international agencies that are committed to reproductive health and gender equality. The large number of articles on this subject and growing number of conferences, research projects, and debates are testimonies to the importance of the issue, both from the programmatic point of view and as a process for bringing about a gender balance in men's and women's reproductive rights and responsibility. This paper addresses the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices of rural males toward various aspects of family formation including reproduction and contraceptive use. The study was undertaken in the rural areas of Agra district, in Uttar Pradesh. To assess the knowledge and attitudes of males, 517 currently married males were interviewed. Out of those interviewed, 317 of their wives were also interviewed. The two sets of data provide an opportunity to compare the attitudes of males and females on issues related to family formation.
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Diversity & Inclusion End of Year Progress Report 2020. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003332.
Full textAbstract:
As a development institution, the IDB Group is committed to improving the lives of all people in Latin America and the Caribbean by providing the most innovative and pragmatic solutions to our Regions most pressing development challenges. We also understand that our human capital is our greatest asset and therein lies the key to our success. We believe that our diversity and not just visible diversity but diversity in experiences, perspectives and working styles is not only a large part of who we are but is deeply intertwined with how we leverage the multitude of differences in our workforce. We therefore understand that to deliver on our commitment to our clients, our differences must not just be tolerated or accepted but valued and embraced. We aim to be the workplace where all employees are given an opportunity to succeed regardless of how they identify and we strive to create a workplace culture that values diversity, equity, and inclusion, is unafraid to tackle those tough conversations about the obstacles which may impede progress in our agenda such as racism, disrespect, or discrimination in any form, and is prepared to address these issues.