Journal articles: 'Opportunismo'

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Karamanoli, Vassia, Kyriaki Fousiani, and Maria Sakalaki. "Preference for Non-Cooperative Economic Strategies is Associated with Lower Perceived Self-Efficacy, Fewer Positive Emotions, and Less Optimism." Psychological Reports 115, no. 1 (August 2014): 199–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/09.07.pr0.115c10z5.

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The goal was to investigate the association of economic opportunism with self-efficacy, optimism, and positive emotion. It was hypothesized that economic opportunists should experience lower self-efficacy, less positive thinking, and less optimism. Study 1 ( N = 206) showed that economic opportunism was negatively correlated with self-efficacy, optimism, and positive affect, and positively correlated with negative affect. Study 2 ( N = 128) indicated that individuals reporting higher self-efficacy were less likely to defect on their counterparts in a game situation. These findings show the negative association of opportunistic propensity with self-efficacy and positive emotions. Implications for experimental research on economic opportunism and positive emotions are discussed.

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Semenova, I. A., and A. S. Gerbulova. "CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF OPPORTUNISTIC BEHAVIOUR OF FIRM's PERSONNEL." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Economics and Law 31, no. 1 (February 12, 2021): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9593-2021-31-1-30-36.

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The article discusses the importance of implementing mechanisms of optimization of employee opportunistic behaviour in a company. With growing transactional and transformational expenses of the firm, employees’ dissatisfaction with their salary rates, reduced control over the activities of employees by employers, the emergence of opportunities to organize a remote form of labor relations and the lack of effective evaluation systems and incentives for labor, the costs of opportunistic behavior of company personnel increase. The problem connected with employee opportunistic behaviour in companies is becoming crucial due to the complication of qualitative and quantitative estimation of the costs of opportunistic behaviour. The article analyzes causes of opportunism emerging in firms’ internal relations. The authors define the term of “opportunistic behaviour”. The role of a company director is also assessed. The article discovers the essence and content of opportunism’s consequences in firms. The classification of forms of opportunism in firms is given. The authors analyze the practical experience of opportunism restriction by the example of “Essen Production AG” company and other Russian enterprises. The authors discuss the major mechanism of opportunistic behaviour restriction and evaluate the method of motion and time study used in the process of identifying opportunism. The effect, which is likely to be obtained as a result of opportunism restriction, is substantiated.

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Fennimore, Anne. "Natural born opportunists." Management Decision 55, no. 8 (September 18, 2017): 1629–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-11-2016-0786.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to adapt research conducted on subclinical psychopaths and Machiavellians to conceptualise false agents in transaction cost economics (TCE). Both opportunism and information asymmetry provide a means to manipulate contractual relationships, pursuing existing loopholes for self-interest, while uncertainty and small-numbers bargaining allow false agents to exploit existing agreements during periods of rapid change, growth, and development. Considering differences in contract length preference may inform our understanding of subclinical psychopaths and Machiavellians. Contextually, the rise of “quasi-governmental” hybrid organisations may produce an ideal prospect for “natural born” opportunists to reap self-interested benefits through contractual loopholes. Design/methodology/approach This theoretical paper addresses social norms and blind trust in contractual relationships. In turn, blind trust may provide clues about the environmental conditions that facilitate manipulation by subclinical psychopaths and Machiavellians during negotiations of contract term length. Findings Williamson’s (1975) TCE framework provides a novel approach to subclinical psychopathic and Machiavellian behaviour by agents. Assumptions about behavioural norms may differ between the contracting party and the agent, leading to positive behavioural expectations of trust such as confidence, reciprocity, and history. The length of the contractual relationship may distinguish subclinical psychopaths from Machiavellians. The subclinical psychopath is more likely to behave opportunistically in short-term contracts, while Machiavellians more likely amass goodwill to behave opportunistically in long-term contracts. The role of uncertainty, small-numbers bargaining, information asymmetry, and opportunism is particularly relevant in quasi-governmental organisations when agents are “natural born” opportunists. Originality/value This theoretical paper adds to discussion of TCE related problems in organisations. “Natural born” opportunistic agents are more likely to take advantage of principals who extend trust as a goodwill gesture in a contractual relationship. Trust often represents a mental shortcut, based on “gut” reactions to save time, especially in dynamic environments. Hybrid organisations represent one such environment, in which contracting of goods and services renders comprehensive monitoring impracticable. Yet, scholarship adheres to legal mechanisms as safeguards against opportunism without acknowledging social norms that guide blind trust. Finally, contrasting motives between principals and false agents creates an inherent relationship asymmetry.

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Tan, Yean Chu, and Chin Chuan Gan. "The Role of Post-Purchase Emotional Dissonance on Product Return Intentions." GATR Global Journal of Business Social Sciences Review 2, no. 1 (January 14, 2014): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2014.2.1(10).

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Objective Retailers often impose strict returning policies to control product returns without understanding the consumers' returned intention in the first place. Past research has shown that product return policies have little effect on product returns. As such, the aim of this research is to identify the underlying factors of emotional dissonance, which focus on high product involvement, consumer opportunism and switching barriers, and as well as its effect on product return intentions. Methodology/Technique - A total of 250 respondents who is smartphone users and aged between 17 and 35 were invited to participate in the self-administered online questionnaire with a total of 24 items included to measure the construct. Findings A The finding reveals that high product involvement has no significant effect on emotional dissonance and product return intentions. Whereas, switching barriers has significant effect on emotional dissonance, but no significant effect on product return intentions. Consumer opportunisms havea significant effect on emotional dissonance, thus forming product return intentions. Novelty This study is important in assisting the retailers in managing their customer relationships better, whereby consumers deem the connection with the purchased product as part of the buying experience with the retailers. Type of Paper: Empirical paper Keywords: Customer Opportunism; Emotional Dissonance; Post-Purchase; Product Involvement; Return Intensions; Switching Barriers.

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Chai, Linlin, Jin Li, Thomas Clauss, and Chanchai Tangpong. "The influences of interdependence, opportunism and technology uncertainty on interfirm coopetition." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 34, no. 5 (June 3, 2019): 948–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-07-2018-0208.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the antecedents and the conditions of coopetition at the inter-organizational level. Design/methodology/approach This study is based on survey research methodology and analyzes the data from 138 companies regarding the antecedents and the conditions of their coopetition. Findings The results indicate that the interdependence between partners (i.e. the antecedent) positively affects interfirm coopetition, and that this relationship is contingent on the joint occurrence of opportunism (a behavioral condition) and technology uncertainty (a contextual condition). Specifically, highly interdependent firms are more likely to be involved in a coopetitive relationship when both opportunism and technology uncertainty are high. Interestingly, the authors’ data also show that opportunism or technology uncertainty alone may not be adequate in moderating the interdependence–coopetition relationship. Research limitations/implications This study contributes to the current literature in two meaningful ways. First, it empirically examines interdependence as a potential antecedent of interfirm coopetition. Second, it improves our understanding of the behavioral and contextual conditions that facilitate the formation of coopetitive relationships by examining the moderating roles of opportunisms and technology uncertainty in the relationship between interdependence and interfirm coopetition. The limitations of this study lie in its confined method of cross-sectional survey from the focal firm’s perspective. Future research may advance beyond this study through experimental and/or longitudinal research designs. Practical implications This study provides managers with two important practical insights in coopetition management. First, the findings suggest a two-step approach to help a firm assess and manage the level of coopetition in its relationship with a business partner. In addition, the findings provide a counterintuitive suggestion to managers that the joint conditions of high opportunism and high technology uncertainty indeed prime the relationship for the rise of coopetition, provided that managerial efforts are made to somewhat increase the level of interdependence in the relationship. Originality/value Despite the growing number of studies on coopetition, research still lacks knowledge about the antecedents and the conditions of inter-organizational coopetition, and this study aims to fill this gap.

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Tse, Wicky W. K. "Opportunism in Foreign Affairs in First Century BCE China: Chen Tang, His Fellows, and Their Patrons." T’oung Pao 107, no. 3-4 (September 8, 2021): 233–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10703010.

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Abstract By examining the career of a contingent of action-prone mid-level military officers and diplomats, this article aims to explore how opportunism functioned in foreign affairs during the last decades of the Former Han dynasty (202 BCE–9 CE). To safeguard and advance the empire’s interests, especially in Central Asia, these characters would carry out their missions with expediency, usually by the means of assassination and surprise attacks, and sometimes without formal authorization. Yet their successful operations always earned, if retrospectively, the endorsement of the imperial court, which in turn encouraged further ventures. The investigation of the front-line opportunists and their patrons presents a lively picture of the politics and political culture of the time.

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Reolid, Matías. "Microfossil assemblages and geochemistry for interpreting the incidence of the Jenkyns Event (early Toarcian) in the south-eastern Iberian Palaeomargin (External Subbetic, SE Spain)." Journal of Micropalaeontology 39, no. 2 (December 4, 2020): 233–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jm-39-233-2020.

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Abstract. By studying the facies, geochemistry, and microfossil assemblages of the uppermost Pliensbachian and lower Toarcian of the Cueva del Agua section, I was able to appraise the impact of the Jenkyns Event in the eastern part of the South Iberian Palaeomargin (Western Tethys). Depleted oxygen conditions are envisaged for the Polymorphum–Serpentinum Zone boundary (lower Toarcian), represented by dark marls, precisely in a laminated interval. The decrease in the α diversity of foraminifera and ostracods, along with greater proportions of opportunists such as Lenticulina, Eoguttulina, and Cytherella just before the negative carbon isotopic excursion (CIE), would indicate a disturbance of the environmental conditions during the initial phase of the biotic crisis. The peak of the biotic crisis is characterized by an absence of trace fossils, increased organic matter content, an increased Mo∕Al ratio, and negative CIE and δ18O, as well as fewer specialist forms and more opportunists. This biotic crisis peak is related to oxygen-depleted conditions in the bottom waters and in the sediment pore water, while warming negatively affected microfauna – to the point of leaving a barren benthic horizon in the record. Recovery is evidenced by the occurrence of carbonate layers with hummocky cross-stratification and a decrease in organic matter content, the Mo∕Al ratio, and the trace fossil record. In terms of microfauna, the first phase of recovery shows highly abundant foraminifera, ostracods, and microgastropods, mainly opportunist forms. After the proliferation of opportunist forms, a second phase of recovery is marked by a progressive increase in α diversity.

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LePage, C., and P. Cury. "Population viability and spatial fish reproductive strategies in constant and changing environments: an individual-based modelling approach." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54, no. 10 (October 1, 1997): 2235–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f97-132.

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A spatially explicit individual-based model (IBM) helps to explain how two reproductive strategies, described as obstinate and opportunist, may be acting at the population level. Factors such as the spatial structure and the dynamics of the environment, the shape of the reproductive function, and spawning season duration are considered. Five simulations are presented to explore the importance of these factors in the success of two reproductive strategies experiencing in a first step, a constant, and in a second step, a changing environment. Simulations show that the obstinate strategy is characterized by high inertia and mainly selects optimal environmental conditions in the long term, whereas the opportunist strategy maintains diversity in site choice and allows the individual to explore environmental variability. Under drastic environmental changes, only a population combining both strategies avoids extinction. A low percentage of opportunists (about 1%) coupled with a high proportion of obstinates (about 99%) ensure population viability. Similar percentages have been observed in nature for philopatric species. The respective percentages of inertia and innovation that are needed in the functioning of natural systems are discussed.

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Pothmann, Ute. "Ein gescheiterter Opportunist." Vierteljahrschrift f??r Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte 108, no. 3 (2021): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.25162/vswg-2021-0011.

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Popov, Evgeny V., and Evgenia V. Ersh. "Institutions for Decreasing of Employee Opportunism." MONTENEGRIN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 12, no. 2 (May 20, 2016): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/1800-5845.2016/12-1/2.

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Pettay, D. Tye, Drew C. Wham, Robin T. Smith, Roberto Iglesias-Prieto, and Todd C. LaJeunesse. "Microbial invasion of the Caribbean by an Indo-Pacific coral zooxanthella." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 24 (June 1, 2015): 7513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1502283112.

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Human-induced environmental changes have ushered in the rapid decline of coral reef ecosystems, particularly by disrupting the symbioses between reef-building corals and their photosymbionts. However, escalating stressful conditions enable some symbionts to thrive as opportunists. We present evidence that a stress-tolerant “zooxanthella” from the Indo-Pacific Ocean, Symbiodinium trenchii, has rapidly spread to coral communities across the Greater Caribbean. In marked contrast to populations from the Indo-Pacific, Atlantic populations of S. trenchii contained exceptionally low genetic diversity, including several widespread and genetically similar clones. Colonies with this symbiont tolerate temperatures 1–2 °C higher than other host–symbiont combinations; however, calcification by hosts harboring S. trenchii is reduced by nearly half, compared with those harboring natives, and suggests that these new symbioses are maladapted. Unforeseen opportunism and geographical expansion by invasive mutualistic microbes could profoundly influence the response of reef coral symbioses to major environmental perturbations but may ultimately compromise ecosystem stability and function.

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Wall, Christopher B., Mario Kaluhiokalani, Brian N. Popp, Megan J. Donahue, and Ruth D. Gates. "Divergent symbiont communities determine the physiology and nutrition of a reef coral across a light-availability gradient." ISME Journal 14, no. 4 (January 3, 2020): 945–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41396-019-0570-1.

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AbstractReef corals are mixotrophic organisms relying on symbiont-derived photoautotrophy and water column heterotrophy. Coral endosymbionts (Family: Symbiodiniaceae), while typically considered mutualists, display a range of species-specific and environmentally mediated opportunism in their interactions with coral hosts, potentially requiring corals to rely more on heterotrophy to avoid declines in performance. To test the influence of symbiont communities on coral physiology (tissue biomass, symbiont density, photopigmentation) and nutrition (δ13C, δ15N), we sampled Montipora capitata colonies dominated by a specialist symbiont Cladocopium spp. or a putative opportunist Durusdinium glynnii (hereafter, C- or D-colonies) from Kāne‘ohe Bay, Hawai‘i, across gradients in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) during summer and winter. We report for the first time that isotope values of reef corals are influenced by Symbiodiniaceae communities, indicative of different autotrophic capacities among symbiont species. D-colonies had on average 56% higher symbiont densities, but lower photopigments per symbiont cell and consistently lower δ13C values in host and symbiont tissues; this pattern in isotope values is consistent with lower symbiont carbon assimilation and translocation to the host. Neither C- nor D-colonies showed signs of greater heterotrophy or nutritional plasticity; instead changes in δ13C values were driven by PAR availability and photoacclimation attributes that differed between symbiont communities. Together, these results reveal Symbiodiniaceae functional diversity produces distinct holobionts with different capacities for autotrophic nutrition, and energy tradeoffs from associating with opportunist symbionts are not met with increased heterotrophy.

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De Ridder, Matthijs. ""Ook een politieke invloed moet van onze Alma Mater uitgaan". Staatkunde en activisme bij Robert Van Genechten." WT. Tijdschrift over de geschiedenis van de Vlaamse beweging 70, no. 2 (July 4, 2011): 172–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/wt.v70i2.12320.

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Hoewel er geen twijfel over mogelijk is dat het activisme een weinig democratische beweging was, laat een analyse van de ‘Staatkundige kroniek’ van Robert Van Genechten zien dat het staatkundige denken van de activisten veel complexer is dan tot nut toe werd aangenomen. Opportunisme is maar een van de vele facetten van het activistische denken. Voor een beter begrip van de collaboratie tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog kan een onderzoek naar het discours van het activisme – in nationaal én internationaal verband – dan ook voor veel nuancerende inzichten zorgen.________“Our Alma Mater should also exert a political influence”. Political science and activism by Robert Van GenechtenAlthough we cannot doubt that activism was hardly a democratic movement, an analysis of the ‘Political chronicle’ by Robert Van Genechten demonstrates that the political thinking of the activists is far more complex than had so far been assumed. Opportunism is only one of the many facets of activist thinking. To gain a better understanding of the collaboration during the First World War, an investigation of the discourse of activism – both in the national and in the international context – could therefore provide much more differentiated insights.

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Golovchin, Maksim. "Institutional Roles of Teachers in the Region: between Conformism and Nonconformism." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Political, Sociological and Economic sciences 2021, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2500-3372-2021-6-1-28-38.

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The research objective was to determine the institutional roles chosen by the teachers in the Vologda Oblast, as well as the social and professional phenomena that shape these roles. The study featured the degree of trust that teachers put on local institutions and their participation in the implementation of institutional rules. The agents were clustered according to their institutional roles based on a sociological online survey of the local teacher community. The obtained classification showed that teachers are more likely to choose the role of opportunistic agents that tend to support new institutions but stick to traditions in their professional activities. The formation of such institutional roles as nonconformists, conformists, and opportunists depends largely on the social and professional well-being of the agents, which, in the case of nonconformism, acquires conflict features. The opportunism displayed by the teaching community can be associated with an attempt to avoid conflicts with colleagues and management. Maximum protection from deviant behavior can improve the educational environment if introduced in the process of institutional planning.

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Dippel, Anne. "Ontological Opportunism." Anthropological Journal of European Cultures 30, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 27–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ajec.2021.300103.

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Understanding inanimate ‘nature-as-such’ is traditionally considered the object of physics in Europe. The discipline acts as exemplary discursive practice of scientific knowledge production. However, as my ethnographic investigation of doing and communicating high energy physics demonstrates, animist conceptions seep into the ontological understanding of physics’ ‘objects’, resonating with contemporary concepts of new materialism, new animism and feminist science and technology studies, signifying an atmospheric shift in the understanding of ‘nature’. Drawing on my fieldwork at CERN, I argue that scientists take an opportunist stance to animate concepts of ‘nature’, depending on whom they’re talking to. I am showing how the inanimate in physics is reanimated especially in scientific outreach activities and how the universalist scientific cosmology overlaps with indigenous cosmologies, as for example the Lakota ones.

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Jackson, Stuart E. "Strategic opportunism." Journal of Business Strategy 29, no. 1 (January 4, 2008): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02756660810845705.

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Carlson, Eric R. "Strategic Opportunism." Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 72, no. 10 (October 2014): 1874–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2014.06.446.

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Schubert, Ingo, and Ulrich Wobus. "Opportunism knocks?" Nature 404, no. 6774 (March 2000): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35004754.

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Dixon, Bernard. "Blatant Opportunism." Microbe Magazine 2, no. 7 (July 1, 2007): 324–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/microbe.2.324.1.

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Steinle, Claus, Holger Schiele, and Tobias Bohnenkamp. "Does supplier opportunism lead to buyer opportunism? A social capital perspective." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 35, no. 2 (November 21, 2019): 362–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-05-2018-0148.

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Purpose In light of increasingly tight buyer–supplier relationships, opportunism is a problem of increasing relevance. So far, opportunism has mainly been researched as a detrimental action by suppliers and interpreted with an institutional economics lens. Recent conceptual work, however, has argued more for a behavioral approach to operations management, suggesting benefits of taking a social capital perspective on opportunism. Based on a large empirical sample of buyer–supplier relations, this paper aims to provide an empirical study using social capital as theoretical lens. Further, it analyzes both supplier and buyer opportunism at the same time. Design/methodology/approach The paper, through following a quantitative approach, considers the interacting dyad of buyer and supplier opportunism, its antecedents as well as its performance implications. Findings Findings did not support the expectation that supplier opportunism will be countered by buyer opportunism in a single relationship. However, social capital in the form of cognitive and relational capital has been found as a good predictor of opportunism. This study proposes new measures for structural capital. Further the study confirms the detrimental effect of opportunism on performance of the buyer–supplier relationship, highlighting the mediating role of innovation as building block of relational competitive advantage. Research limitations/implications Previous studies on opportunism in buyer–supplier relations were mostly transaction cost-oriented, thus neglecting the behavioral aspects of exchange processes. Introducing social capital theory revealed to be a rewarding amplification of the perspective. Next, most research up till now was focused on explaining supplier opportunism only. This study contributes by analyzing both sides of the interacting dyad. Finally, this research closes a research gap by not only explaining the occurrence of opportunism but by also testing its performance outcomes. Accordingly, this study contributes to the opportunism literature, social capital theory development and to the management of buyer–supplier relations. Practical implications Building up cognitive and relational capital is likely to be a tool to reduce the danger of opportunism – both with the partner firm, as well as inside the own organization. As such, firms need to make sure that both forms of social capital are present to a higher extent. If this is not the case, opportunistic actions on both buying and supplying side might occur which have damaging impacts on the generation of innovation as well as the achievement of strategic advantages. Originality/value While previous studies have focused on explaining supplier opportunism, an analysis of both sides of the interacting dyad between buyer and supplier opportunism is missing. Not only does this research provides further insights with regard to the latter, but further considers the role of social capital as underlying factor explaining both buyer and supplier opportunism. Also, this research answers the call on more research about the relation between opportunism and performance, specifically focusing on innovation and strategic advantage generation.

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Xue, Jinjie, Shaokai Lu, Benshan Shi, and Haiping Zheng. "Trust, guanxi, and cooperation: a study on partner opportunism in Chinese joint-venture manufacturing." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 33, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-07-2016-0159.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a conceptual model for examining the effects of trust (competence trust, goodwill trust) and cooperation on partner opportunism and for exploring the moderating effects of guanxi on the relationships among trust, cooperation and opportunism in joint ventures. Design/methodology/approach The sample for this paper comprises 981 manufacturing joint ventures from various industrial sectors. A total of 354 valid questionnaires were collected, representing a 36 per cent response rate. The conceptual model is tested with structural equation modeling adopting AMOS software. Findings The empirical findings indicate that both competence trust and goodwill trust reduce partner opportunism in a joint venture through fostering cooperation. Competence trust also exerts significant influence on preventing opportunism, whereas opportunistic behavior is not greatly affected by goodwill trust. Additionally, the results reveal that guanxi helps strengthen the negative relationship between cooperation and opportunism. Originality value This paper makes a threefold contribution: First, it investigates empirically the direct influence of two types of trust on partner opportunism. Second, it tests indirect influence of trust on partner opportunism through the path of cooperation. Third, it explores the moderating effects of guanxi in relationships on trust, cooperation and partner opportunism. Implications offers suggestions for management practice to reduce partner opportunism in joint-venture manufacturing.

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Flahaut, Sigrid, Yanick Auffray, and Philippe Boutibonnes. "Les entérocoques dans l'environnement proche de l'homme." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 43, no. 8 (August 1, 1997): 699–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m97-101.

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Enterococci, fomerly confounded with faecal streptococci, are recognized since the beginning of the century as being faecal in origin and are generally searched for in waste waters and food products; their detection may in fact indicate the presence of enteropathogenic organisms. Although nearly ubiquitous, their preferred ecological niche is the intestine sphere. Rejected in the environment by means of human faeces or animal dejecta, they are scattered afterwards in diverse niches. Once in the external environment, their survival is linked with their exceptional aptitude to resist or grow in hostile environments that are usually detrimental to the development of most mesophilic microorganisms. However, a certain ambiguity exists concerning their relationships with human beings. In fact, certain enterococcus strains or species are used in the elaboration of some milk products. Conversely, others are opportunists and may cause severe infections to people from infants to adults. Moreover, undergoing adaptation perpetually, they present a multiresistance pattern to antibiotics. Thus, the barrier that separates bacteria as nonoffensive contaminants from powerful pathogens appears most fragile, suggesting that people must systematically consider suspect the presence of enterococci in their near environment.Key words: enterococci, biochemical properties, resistance, biotopes, opportunism.

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Shou, Zhigang, Yu Gong, and Qiyuan Zhang. "How boundary spanners' guanxi matters: managing supply chain dependence in China." International Journal of Operations & Production Management 42, no. 3 (February 15, 2022): 384–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijopm-08-2021-0492.

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PurposeInterorganizational dependence is considered as a liability for each firm and needs to be managed properly. Rather than exploring the opportunistic outcome of dependence, the authors focus on the moderating role of supply chain boundary spanners' guanxi. This study tends to uncover the way and the conditions under which boundary spanners' guanxi influences dependence-opportunism relationships.Design/methodology/approachUsing a survey of 380 buyer–supplier exchanges in China, this study first examines the relationship between dependence and opportunism, then assesses the contingent role of boundary spanners' guanxi and further tests how unfairness perception and legal inefficiency alter the role of guanxi in managing dependence.FindingsThis study finds that buyer dependence increases supplier opportunism while supplier dependence lowers supplier opportunism. Boundary spanners' guanxi weakens the opportunism-facilitating impact of buyer dependence and mitigates the opportunism-restricting effect of supplier dependence. However, unfairness perception would attenuate the value of guanxi in restricting depended sides' opportunism but strengthen the value of guanxi in motivating depending sides' opportunism; legal inefficiency would amplify the value of guanxi in facilitating depending suppliers' opportunism.Originality/valueFirst, the study enriches supply chain dependence studies by incorporating interpersonal guanxi into the investigation of dependence-opportunism relationships. Second, the study adds to the supply chain management literature by uncovering a contrasting role of guanxi in influencing the dependence-opportunism relationship. Third, the study incorporates an agency view to uncover two boundary conditions under which guanxi is mobilized for personal interest seeking or for organizational purposes.

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Pletnev, Dmitri, and Elena Kozlova. "Employee’s Behavioral Opportunism and Alienation: Exploring the Factors." Contemporary Economics 16, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 106–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.471.

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The article aims to identify factors influencing the behavioural opportunism and alienation of Russian employees. The study is based on a survey of 298 Russian employees, conducted in October 2020. Normalized indicators were used to assess the alienation degree, opportunism willingness and opportunism level, based on processing the respondents’ answers; the Z-test was used for statistical analysis of these indicators, and to examine the influence of 14 social and organizational factors on alienation and opportunism. The study showed that employees’ alienation degree is influenced by marital status, having children, motivation type, organization size, work in a managerial position, position and salary improvement, and Adizes’ management styles. Their opportunism willingness is influenced by gender, age, management style, organization-side work experience, and position improvement. The results support the hypotheses of the interdependence of opportunism level and age, marital status, motivation type, organization size, and salary improvement. It was found that education level, job profile and diploma compliance, and ownership do not affect alienation and opportunism. The research results can help develop corporate programmes to increase employees’ involvement in solving corporate problems and reducing opportunism.

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Islamutdinov, Vadim F. "Measures for Limiting Opportunism in The Islamic Banking." Journal of Institutional Studies 14, no. 4 (December 25, 2022): 110–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17835/2076-6297.2022.14.4.110-121.

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The article analyzes the sources and manifestations of opportunism, as well as the measures against opportunism in banking. A deep literature review on the problem of opportunism has been carried out. The sources and forms of manifestation of opportunism in Islamic banking have been identified in the paper. The measures against opportunism have been divided into measures to prevent adverse selection and measures to reduce moral hazard. The measures against opportunism specific to Islamic banking have also been described in the article. It is shown that not all common measures to reduce moral hazard have analogues in Islamic banking. Suggestions are made as to which of the Islamic banking-specific measures against opportunism can be borrowed to be exploited in traditional banking. The prospects for the use of smart contracts in Islamic banking as a fundamentally new measure to limit opportunism have been considered. The technical and legal problems of implementing smart contracts as well as the specific problems of implementing smart contracts in Islamic banking are shown. We argue that the widespread introduction of smart contracts is very unlikely in Islamic banking as the principles of smart contracts contradict the principles and spirit of Shariah.

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Möller, Sabine. "Opportunismus." WiSt - Wirtschaftswissenschaftliches Studium 35, no. 7 (2006): 402–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.15358/0340-1650-2006-7-402.

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Popov, E., and V. Simonova. "Endogenous Opportunism in the Principal-Agent Theory." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 3 (March 20, 2005): 118–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2005-3-118-130.

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The point of the article is studying basic problems of the firm institutional theory - opportunism behavior problem in a principal-agent relationship system on the firm level. The article is devoted to the analysis of the essence of opportunism as economic category, definition of basic forms of inside opportunism and estimation of their influence on performance of firms of the Ural region. Factors that influence the level of opportunism are classified.

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Eyaa, Sarah, Ramaswami Sridharan, and Suzanne Ryan. "Determinants of opportunism in Uganda’s manufacturing sector:a comparison of two sectors." Journal of Global Operations and Strategic Sourcing 14, no. 3 (July 5, 2021): 414–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jgoss-01-2020-0009.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose a conceptual model investigating the impact of three constructs, environmental uncertainty, power asymmetry and information sharing on opportunism engagement in exchange relationships. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from procurement or sales managers of 99 manufacturing firms in Kampala, Uganda’s capital using a cross-sectional survey. Hypotheses were tested in both the agricultural and non-agricultural manufacturing sectors using multiple regression runs in the SPSS software. Findings Environmental uncertainty increases opportunism in the agricultural sector whilst power asymmetry increases opportunism in the non-agricultural sector. Across both sectors, information sharing does not have a significant impact on opportunism. Originality/value This paper contributes to a deeper understanding of opportunism in a developing country context by highlighting the contextual factors within the agricultural and non-agricultural manufacturing sectors that influence opportunism engagement under conditions of environmental uncertainty, power asymmetry and information sharing. This paper presents implications for practice and policy to minimise opportunism with the goal of enhancing the participation of Ugandan manufacturing firms in global supply chains.

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Dion, Michel. "Agency theory and financial crime: the paradox of the opportunistic executive." Journal of Financial Crime 23, no. 3 (July 4, 2016): 574–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-03-2015-0012.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to philosophically address the issue of managerial opportunism and to describe the paradox of the opportunistic executive, particularly when the CEO could be considered as a “criminal-to-be”. Design/methodology/approach It will be seen to what extent governance mechanisms really contribute to prevent managerial opportunism, particularly through compensation packages (“financial carrots”). Then, Oliver E. Williamson’s viewpoint will be analyzed on opportunism, as his theory has largely influenced the way agency theories actually define managerial opportunism. Williamson was thinking opportunism without referring to philosophical works. The gap in exploring three basic types of opportunism will be filled: the Smithian egoist, the Hobbesian egoist and the Machiavellian egoist. Findings The Smithian egoist tries to reach an equilibrium between self-interest and compassion, while the Hobbesian egoist is motivated by self-interest, desire of power and the attitude of prudence. The Machiavellian egoist is always searching for power and makes followers’ fear arising. The way governance mechanisms and structures should be designed and implemented could be quite different if the CEO actually behaves as a Smithian, Hobbesian or Machiavellian egoist. CEO’s propensity to commit financial crime could largely vary from one type to another: low risk (Smithian egoist), medium risk (Hobbesian egoist) or high risk (Machiavellian egoist). Research limitation/implications Smith’s, Hobbes’ and Machiavelli’s philosophy was chosen because the agency theory sometimes refers to it, when defining the notion of opportunism. Other philosophies could also be analyzed to see to what extent they are opening the door to opportunism (for example, Spinoza). Originality/value The paper analyzes managerial opportunism from a philosophical viewpoint. Whether executives are Smithian, Hobbesian or Machiavellian egoists, their opportunism cannot give birth to similar behaviors.

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Brown, James R., Scott K. Weaven, Rajiv P. Dant, and Jody L. Crosno. "Boosting the effectiveness of channel governance options." European Journal of Marketing 50, no. 1/2 (February 8, 2016): 29–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-04-2014-0231.

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Purpose – The aim of this study is to explore possible contingent variables that might explain these twin contradictory effects of marketing channel governance. Franchisors govern their systems to limit opportunism and enhance performance. However, the exact opposite often occurs. Design/methodology/approach – This paper develops an integrative conceptual model of franchisor governance of its franchisees. This model is tested empirically with data collected from 197 Australian franchisees. Findings – Under strong relational norms, goal congruence and outcome monitoring limit franchisee opportunism; compliance enhances franchisee performance, while opportunism reduces it. With weaker norms, outcome monitoring facilitates compliance, and goal congruence boosts franchisee performance, as does franchisee opportunism. However, norms fail to mitigate behavioral monitoring’s negative impact on opportunism. Research limitations/implications – This research confirms the positive and negative effects of franchisor governance. It also shows that norms can reverse the positive link between franchisee opportunism and performance. It additionally illustrates how goal congruence and compliance can limit opportunism and boost performance. Future research should refine this study’s measures, incorporate additional constructs into the conceptual model and test the generalizability of these findings in lesser-developed economies. Practical implications – This research shows that monitoring has both positive and negative effects on franchisee opportunism and performance. To avoid monitoring’s adverse effects, franchisors are advised to enhance goal congruence, boost franchisee compliance and develop strong relational norms. Originality/value – This paper shows that goal congruence, as well as franchisor outcome monitoring, can mitigate the negative effects of franchisor behavioral monitoring on franchisee opportunism, as do relational norms.

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Luo, Yadong. "Opportunism in Inter-firm Exchanges in Emerging Markets." Management and Organization Review 2, no. 1 (March 2006): 121–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2006.00032.x.

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AbstractThis article develops a theoretical model of opportunism in inter-organizational exchanges in emerging markets. I decompose opportunism into ‘strong form’ (contractual norm violation) and ‘weak form’ (relational norm violation), and suggest that strong form tends to be more observable, measurable and remediable than weak form and its adverse effect on cooperation tends to be stronger but less enduring than weak form. I address how external uncertainty, a multidimensional concept that includes market volatility, legal unprotectability, information unverifiability and regulatory variability, along with internal uncertainty that reflects dyadic tensions such as goal disparity, resource misfit, cultural dissimilarity and bargaining asymmetry, together affect exchange members' opportunism. This is followed by further discussions on conditions under which firms will opt for strong form or weak form opportunism in the face of such external and internal uncertainties. I suggest that suppressing forces against opportunism necessitates not only economic ordering, such as contractual mechanisms and structural mechanisms, but also social ordering, such as relational mechanisms and justice mechanisms. I expect that economic ordering is more effective in resisting strong form opportunism while social ordering is more forceful in curtailing weak form opportunism.

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Reynolds, Gordon M. "Opportunism & Duty." Medieval Feminist Forum 54, no. 2 (August 6, 2017): 5–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/1536-8742.2096.

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Silverman, W. A. "Compassion or Opportunism?" PEDIATRICS 113, no. 2 (January 30, 2004): 402–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.113.2.402.

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Vafaï, Kouroche. "Delegation and Opportunism." Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 160, no. 3 (2004): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/0932456041960542.

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Van Hoven, M. B. "Compassion or Opportunism?" PEDIATRICS 114, no. 3 (September 1, 2004): 896–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2003-0630a.

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Fallon, K. "Compassion or Opportunism?" PEDIATRICS 114, no. 3 (September 1, 2004): 897. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2003-0630b.

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Whitfield, J. "Compassion or Opportunism?" PEDIATRICS 114, no. 5 (November 1, 2004): 1371–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2004-0848.

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Laviollette, Patrick. "Mobile Co-opportunism." Anthropology News 49, no. 9 (December 2008): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/an.2008.49.9.6.

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Pittz, Thomas G., Philip G. Benson, Melissa Intindola, and Manos Kalargiros. "Opportunity or Opportunism?" Business and Professional Ethics Journal 36, no. 2 (2017): 157–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/bpej201742655.

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Tambovtsev, V. "Planning and opportunism." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 1 (January 20, 2017): 22–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2017-1-22-39.

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The paper analyzes the occurrence of opportunistic behaviour opportunities in the planning processes. The following types of planning are distinguished: self-planning, collective planning, planning on behalf (or by contract), and directive (or prescriptive) planning. It is shown that any type of it excluding self-planning generates incentives to opportunistic behavior. Within this frame-work, two popular approaches in the planning theory are analyzed: participative planning and communicative one; it is shown that they are open to opportunism too. Basing on this analysis, the spheres of economy where government planning can be more efficient than market coordination mechanism are outlined.

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Vafai, K. "Opportunism in Organizations." Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 26, no. 1 (January 16, 2009): 158–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jleo/ewn025.

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Doolittle, Russell F. "More molecular opportunism." Nature 336, no. 6194 (November 1988): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/336018a0.

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Brinig, Margaret F., and Steven M. Crafton. "Marriage and Opportunism." Journal of Legal Studies 23, no. 2 (June 1994): 869–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/467948.

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Häfner, Sophia. "Candida: Or, opportunism." Microbes and Infection 17, no. 4 (April 2015): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2015.01.006.

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Jap, Sandy D., Diana C. Robertson, Aric Rindfleisch, and Ryan Hamilton. "Low-Stakes Opportunism." Journal of Marketing Research 50, no. 2 (April 2013): 216–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmr.10.0121.

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Huo, Baofeng, Min Tian, Yu Tian, and Qiyuan Zhang. "The dilemma of inter-organizational relationships." International Journal of Operations & Production Management 39, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 2–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijopm-07-2017-0383.

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Purpose Power is central to inter-organizational relationships. The literature distinguishes between structural power (i.e. dependence) and behavioral power (i.e. use of power), yet few studies considered them simultaneously. Opportunism is generally linked to use of power, but it remains unclear whether use of power deters or invites opportunism. In this study, the authors treat dependence as a driver of use of power and opportunism as its outcome, and empirically test relationships among dependence, power, and opportunism from both buyer and supplier perspectives. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach This study examines how buyer and supplier dependence influence the other’s and their own use of coercive and non-coercive power, which lead to opportunism of two parties, based on data from 240 companies in China on their perceived relationships with major suppliers. Findings Results show that buyer/supplier dependence is positively related to supplier’s/buyer’s use of coercive and non-coercive power. Buyer’s and supplier’s use of coercive power also positively influences their opportunism. Buyer’s use of non-coercive power is negatively related to both partners’ opportunism, whereas supplier’s use of non-coercive power is not significantly related to either partner’s opportunism. Originality/value This study contributes to literature in two ways. First, the authors distinguish the structural aspect of power from its behavioral aspect and demonstrate that dependence, which represents structural power, generates different patterns of influence on use of coercive and non-coercive power when considered from buyer’s and supplier’s perspectives. Second, the authors reexamine relationships between use of power and opportunism and show that buyers and suppliers react differently to use of different types of power.

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Wang, Lei, Chun Zhang, Jun Li, Dong Huo, and Xing Fan. "The influence of unilateral supplier transaction-specific investments on international buyer opportunism: empirical findings from local suppliers in China." International Marketing Review 37, no. 2 (January 29, 2020): 213–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imr-05-2018-0177.

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PurposeThis study examines how unilateral supplier transaction-specific investments (TSIs), directly and indirectly, influence international buyer opportunism and the extent to which detailed contracts enable suppliers to safeguard against international buyer opportunism. The study also examines whether relationship length affects the efficacy of detailed contracts in cross-border outsourcing relationships.Design/methodology/approachThe hypotheses are tested by using data collected from multiple informants working for 229 manufacturing suppliers in China. Multiple regression with a three-way interaction is used to test the hypotheses.FindingsUnilateral supplier TSIs encourage international buyer opportunism through increased supplier dependence. Contract specificity negatively moderates the effect of supplier dependence on international buyer opportunism. This moderating effect is stronger in long-term cross-border buyer–supplier relationships than in short-term ones.Originality/valueThe current study extends the cross-border outsourcing literature by examining how emerging-market suppliers in a weak power position can proactively safeguard against international buyer opportunism by using detailed contracts. Our findings show that supplier dependence mediates the relationship between unilateral supplier TSIs and international buyer opportunism; detailed contracts, however, can help dependent suppliers safeguard against international buyer opportunism. In particular, the findings highlight the importance of long-term buyer–supplier relationships that enhance the efficacy of detailed contracts.

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Chaudhry, Smita. "Partner opportunism and willingness to engage in project relationships." Journal of Strategy and Management 13, no. 3 (May 12, 2020): 413–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsma-11-2019-0200.

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PurposeThe paper seeks to understand the implications of partner opportunism for project relationships.Design/methodology/approachBased on the theoretical literature, the paper presents a conceptual model considering the perspective of the organization impacted by partner opportunism.FindingsThe model proposes that partner opportunism lowers willingness to engage by creating perception of loss. The undesirable impact of opportunism on perceived loss is less if the partner has made high relation-specific investments. Also, the negative impact of perceived loss on willingness to engage is less if the partner is difficult to substitute.Research limitations/implicationsThe model can be tested in the context of information technology (IT) relationships because of scope for opportunism in IT project relationships. Data can be collected through experimental vignettes.Originality/valueThe model contributes by investigating novel aspects of governance, behavioral consequences of opportunism and relation-specific investments in project relationships. The paper suggests that organizations can protect themselves against the ill effects of partner opportunism by enabling their stakeholders to invest substantial time and effort in the relationship and fortify relational quality and bonding.

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Brown, James R., Chekitan S. Dev, and Dong-Jin Lee. "Managing Marketing Channel Opportunism: The Efficacy of Alternative Governance Mechanisms." Journal of Marketing 64, no. 2 (April 2000): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.64.2.51.17995.

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The authors examine three governance mechanisms according to how well they mitigate opportunism in marketing channels. Using the U.S. hotel industry as the research context, the authors investigate how opportunism is limited by (1) ownership, (2) investment in transaction-specific assets, and (3) norms of relational exchange. They also investigate how various combinations of these governance mechanisms affect opportunistic behavior in hotel channels. Overall, the results generally support emphasizing relational norms in managing opportunism in marketing channels. The results also indicate that opportunism can be exacerbated when ownership or investments in transaction-specific assets are accentuated as governance mechanisms.

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Kim, Kyung Soon, Yun W. Park, and Jin Hwon Lee. "Combined Dividend and Earnings Reporting Policies: Signaling or Managerial Opportunism?" Korean Accounting Review 47, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 205–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24056/kar.2022.06.007.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Opportunismo'

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